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Objective: The study clarifies the conditions and circumstances of the birth of Nguyen Trai's thought of respecting the people, for the people, the authors focus on describing some contents of his ideology of respecting the people, for the people, from which several articles emerged a learning experience for Vietnam today. Methods: Studying Nguyen Trai's ideological values ​​of tolerance and solidarity in building a consensual, harmonious, humane, and compassionate society in Vietnam today requires an interdisciplinary scientific approach, such as ethics, Philosophy, Literature, Psychology, and Sociology. In the process of approaching the issue, the authors use research methods such as Text analysis, logic - history, the unity between synchronic and diachronic perspective, analysis-synthesis, etc. These research methods are applied in a consistent dialectical way by the authors to provide a comprehensive and specific research approach suitable for the task at hand. Results: Nguyen Trai's contributions to the Vietnamese people at that time were enormous, but today's humanity has little access to his contributions. Therefore, in this article, besides generalizing the conditions and circumstances for the birth of Nguyen Trai's thought of respecting the people, and for the people, the authors focus on clarifying some contents of his ideology of respecting the people and for the people, thereby highlighting some lessons learned for Vietnam today. Conclusions: Nguyen Trai's thought of respecting the people for the people is one of the ideas inherited and summarized by Nguyen Trai during his life of working with the people against the enemy to save the country. That thought, not only has historical value in repelling invaders, building an independent and free country, steadfastly supporting the people, uniting the army and people, and keeping peace with the enemy, but still today, remains valid, these are lessons learned, always taking the people as the root, consta

This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of stories on EFL adult learners’ vocabulary retention. Thirty-six elementary EFL learners of the age group between 18 and 37 were assigned to the experimental and control groups. The control group received the traditional method of teaching vocabulary using definitions, translations into the mother tongue, drilling and etc., while the experimental one was exposed to stories as a treatment. The results of the ten-week experimental study revealed that the effects of stories-based activities on participants’ vocabulary retention on the two groups are not significantly different. However, adult learners consciously recognized the benefits and enjoyment in learning vocabulary with story-based technique.

This thesis focuses on high-level modelling and analysis of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). The rationale is that: since modelling and analysis phases are closely related to the design phase, having better modelling and analysis techniques would tremendously increase quality of designs. Moreover, better designs have positive impacts on the product quality, development time and price, etc. We developed tools, theories and techniques that make use of SMT solving as a back-end engine for analysis and employ Duration Calculus as a front-end technology for modelling. The proposed techniques have been validated via a few interesting case studies. In particular, a combination of techniques including reduction to SMT solving, novel simplification for quantified formulas in Linear Integer Arithmetic and multicore parallelism has been used to make Duration Calculus feasible for practical use. Duration Calculus has shown its potential as a domain specific language in a Smart Meter case study. Moreover, counting semantics has proven useful in connection with tool-based support for Duration Calculus. To extend SMT techniques towards better support for analysis of CPS, we proposed algorithms for handling quantifier alternations and implemented SMTbased optimization procedures. The optimization procedures, available as an extension to Z3 SMT solver, have been instrumental to provide solutions for our case studies in a natural way.

vZ is a part of the SMT solver Z3. It allows users to pose and solve optimization problems modulo theories. Many SMT applications use models to provide satisfying assignments, and a growing number of these build on top of Z3 to get optimal assignments with respect to objective functions. vZ provides a portfolio of approaches for solving linear optimization problems over SMT formulas, MaxSMT, and their combinations. Objective functions are combined as either Pareto fronts, lexicographically, or each objective is optimized independently. We describe usage scenarios of vZ, outline the tool architecture that allows dispatching problems to special purpose solvers, and examine use cases.

We report on work in progress to generalize an algorithm recently introduced in [10] for checking satisfiability of formulas with quantifier alternation. The algorithm uses two auxiliary procedures: a procedure for producing a candidate formula for quantifier elimination and a procedure for eliminating or partially eliminating quantifiers. We also apply the algorithm for Presburger Arithmetic formulas and evaluate it on formulas from a model checker for Duration Calculus [8]. We report on experiments on different variants of the auxiliary procedures. So far, there is an edge to applying SMT-TEST proposed in [10], while we found that a simpler approach which just eliminates quantified variables per round is almost as good. Both approaches offer drastic improvements to applying default quantifier elimination.

We report on work in progress to generalize an algorithm recently introduced in [10] for checking satisfiability of formulas with quantifier alternation. The algorithm uses two auxiliary procedures: a procedure for producing a candidate formula for quantifier elimination and a procedure for eliminating or partially eliminating quantifiers. We also apply the algorithm for Presburger Arithmetic formulas and evaluate it on formulas from a model checker for Duration Calculus [8]. We report on experiments on different variants of the auxiliary procedures. So far, there is an edge to applying SMT-TEST proposed in [10], while we found that a simpler approach which just eliminates quantified variables per round is almost as good. Both approaches offer drastic improvements to applying default quantifier elimination.

We report on work in progress to generalize an algorithm recently introduced in [10] for checking satisfiability of formulas with quantifier alternation. The algorithm uses two auxiliary procedures: a procedure for producing a candidate formula for quantifier elimination and a procedure for eliminating or partially eliminating quantifiers. We also apply the algorithm for Presburger Arithmetic formulas and evaluate it on formulas from a model checker for Duration Calculus [8]. We report on experiments on different variants of the auxiliary procedures. So far, there is an edge to applying SMT-TEST proposed in [10], while we found that a simpler approach which just eliminates quantified variables per round is almost as good. Both approaches offer drastic improvements to applying default quantifier elimination.

The overall goal of this work is studying parallelization of functional programs with the specific case study of decision procedures for Presburger Arithmetic (PA). PA is a first order theory of integers accepting addition as its only operation. Whereas it has wide applications in different areas, we are interested in using PA in connection with the Duration Calculus Model Checker (DCMC) [5]. There are effective decision procedures for PA including Cooper’s algorithm and the Omega Test; however, their complexity is extremely high with doubly exponential lower bound and triply exponential upper bound [7]. We investigate these decision procedures in the context of multicore parallelism with the hope of exploiting multicore powers. Unfortunately, we are not aware of any prior parallelism research related to decision procedures for PA. The closest work is the preliminary results on parallelism in the SMT-solver Z3 [8] which has the capability of solving Presburger formulas. Functional programming is well-suited for the domain of decision procedures, and its immutability feature helps to reduce parallelization effort. While Haskell has progressed with a lot of parallelismrelated research [6], we choose F# to be able to have explicit control over parallelism on the .NET framework and utilize its option to resort to mutation when optimizing performance.

The overall goal of this work is studying parallelization of functional programs with the specific case study of decision procedures for Presburger Arithmetic (PA). PA is a first order theory of integers accepting addition as its only operation. Whereas it has wide applications in different areas, we are interested in using PA in connection with the Duration Calculus Model Checker (DCMC) [5]. There are effective decision procedures for PA including Cooper’s algorithm and the Omega Test; however, their complexity is extremely high with doubly exponential lower bound and triply exponential upper bound [7]. We investigate these decision procedures in the context of multicore parallelism with the hope of exploiting multicore powers. Unfortunately, we are not aware of any prior parallelism research related to decision procedures for PA. The closest work is the preliminary results on parallelism in the SMT-solver Z3 [8] which has the capability of solving Presburger formulas. Functional programming is well-suited for the domain of decision procedures, and its immutability feature helps to reduce parallelization effort. While Haskell has progressed with a lot of parallelismrelated research [6], we choose F# to be able to have explicit control over parallelism on the .NET framework and utilize its option to resort to mutation when optimizing performance.

Principally, the fisheries sector has developed greatly and taken more important role in Viet Nam. However, a number of turtles have incident been killed during fishing activities. The purposes of this paper is primary assement on the interaction and options of reducing sea turtle mortality in tuna fishing and other operation. Some prevailing methodologies have been used to gather information concerned, such as : annually scientific reports on national fisheries resource management, field observer's survey, questionnaires and logbook collections...The sea turtle and tuna research program has being implemented in collecting of data of species composition, regional and seasonal distribution in Vietnamese seawaters. There has been identified 10 tuna species, which landing of the annually total yield of 30-40 thousands tones. The favour tuna species are catching by purse seiner, longline. The valuable tuna and other-like those targeting tuna species, which have a distribution that overlaps in the migration routes and feeding grounds of 5 turtle species. There is some provincial information involved to sea turtles as accidental catchments and caused killing sea turtles by J-hook style that almost tuna fishing boats have being used.This paper is also discussed the ration of other kind of fishing gears, use of new kinds of hook as circle hook and smarter fishing which can help to prevent sea turtles mortality from by-catch. The current interest of Viet Nam, through the Ministry of Fisheries (MoFI), is promoting the suitable exploitation, especially, tuna resource and sustainable conservation of sea turtle resources., Organized by Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University ; JSPS Bangkok Liaison Office ; Japanese Society of Bio-logging Science ; Informatics Research Center for Development of Knowledge Society Infrastructure, December 13-14, 2005, Siam City Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand

Principally, the fisheries sector has developed greatly and taken more important role in Viet Nam. However, a number of turtles have incident been killed during fishing activities. The purposes of this paper is primary assement on the interaction and options of reducing sea turtle mortality in tuna fishing and other operation. Some prevailing methodologies have been used to gather information concerned, such as : annually scientific reports on national fisheries resource management, field observer's survey, questionnaires and logbook collections...The sea turtle and tuna research program has being implemented in collecting of data of species composition, regional and seasonal distribution in Vietnamese seawaters. There has been identified 10 tuna species, which landing of the annually total yield of 30-40 thousands tones. The favour tuna species are catching by purse seiner, longline. The valuable tuna and other-like those targeting tuna species, which have a distribution that overlaps in the migration routes and feeding grounds of 5 turtle species. There is some provincial information involved to sea turtles as accidental catchments and caused killing sea turtles by J-hook style that almost tuna fishing boats have being used.This paper is also discussed the ration of other kind of fishing gears, use of new kinds of hook as circle hook and smarter fishing which can help to prevent sea turtles mortality from by-catch. The current interest of Viet Nam, through the Ministry of Fisheries (MoFI), is promoting the suitable exploitation, especially, tuna resource and sustainable conservation of sea turtle resources.

An information agent is viewed as a deductive database consisting of 3 parts: an observation database containing the facts the agent has observed or sensed from its surrounding environment, an input database containing the information the agent has obtained from other agents, and an intensional database which is a set of rules for computing derived information from the information stored in the observation and input databases. Stabilization of a system of information agents represents a capability of the agents to eventually get correct information about their surrounding despite unpredictable environment changes and the incapability of many agents to sense such changes causing them to have temporary incorrect information. We argue that the stabilization of a system of cooperative information agents could be understood as the convergence of the behavior of the whole system toward the behavior of a "superagent", who has the sensing and computing capabilities of all agents combined. We show that unfortunately, stabilization is not guaranteed in general, even if the agents are fully cooperative and do not hide any information from each other. We give sufficient conditions for stabilization and discuss the consequences of our results., Comment: To appear in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP)

It is recognized that there are five species of sea turtle to reside in Viet Nam. However, there are only three species often nest on beaches. Major nesting beaches are concentrated on offshore-islands in the Tonkin Gulf, Central Coasts and Islands in the Southern part of Viet Nam. Our results showed that locals have harvested nesting turtles and approximately amount of 50% of eggs for each species during nesting season, with the exception of Tho Chu Island, Con Dao National Park and Nui Chua Natural Reserve Area. Continuation of those threats will lead to the extinction of sea turtles in Viet Nam in the forthcoming decades. The current threats for marine turtles are including: (i) the incidental and opportunistic capture by fishermen and locals; (ii) the direct take of nesting females and their eggs at beaches; (iii) the urbanization, illegal trade issues, sand mining, tourism development and marine debris... The largest risk for marine turtles are bottom trawlers, especially in "Cao bay" trawling with big mesh-size net, gillnet operation, long-line net with several hook operators and diving activities. In general, most green, hawksbill and olive ridley turtles are captured by those methods. The immediately taken action to preserve sea turtles and other wildlife, based upon the collaboration between Local, National Sectors and Regional Organizations are the best choice., Organized by Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University ; Fisheries Laboratory of Kinki University ; JSPS Bangkok Liaison Office ; Informatics Research Center for Development of Knowledge Society Infrastructure, December 11-13, 2003, Bangkok, Thailand

It is recognized that there are five species of sea turtle to reside in Viet Nam. However, there are only three species often nest on beaches. Major nesting beaches are concentrated on offshore-islands in the Tonkin Gulf, Central Coasts and Islands in the Southern part of Viet Nam. Our results showed that locals have harvested nesting turtles and approximately amount of 50% of eggs for each species during nesting season, with the exception of Tho Chu Island, Con Dao National Park and Nui Chua Natural Reserve Area. Continuation of those threats will lead to the extinction of sea turtles in Viet Nam in the forthcoming decades. The current threats for marine turtles are including: (i) the incidental and opportunistic capture by fishermen and locals; (ii) the direct take of nesting females and their eggs at beaches; (iii) the urbanization, illegal trade issues, sand mining, tourism development and marine debris... The largest risk for marine turtles are bottom trawlers, especially in "Cao bay" trawling with big mesh-size net, gillnet operation, long-line net with several hook operators and diving activities. In general, most green, hawksbill and olive ridley turtles are captured by those methods. The immediately taken action to preserve sea turtles and other wildlife, based upon the collaboration between Local, National Sectors and Regional Organizations are the best choice.

The biggest dugong reaches to 3m in length and weighs more than 500 kilograms. Dugongs swim in the shallow coastal waters of southern part, which have protected them from large waves and storms. Dugongs float up only to breathe, and never come on to land. There is still lack of information on the population status of dugong. The Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF) and other institutions estimated that there are approximately 25 to 100 dugong individuals still living in the Southern part of Viet Nam. However, 5-6 dugongs were incidentally died each year in Phu Quoc, Con Dao and Tho Chu Islands as well as their adjacent, where are the most important seagrass meadows in Vietnam Seawaters. Dugongs are considered as a protected species listed in "Red Data Book" of Viet Nam as well as listed by CITES under the highest at-risk category. They only live in or in the vicinity of plentiful seaweed and seagrass, which has been destroyed due to the pollution, dredging and farm soil being washed into the sea. Dugongs have the dramatic decline in their numbers. Serious threats include the environmental degradation, serious typhoons (Linda hurricane for example), which destroy their favor habitats, and the accidental catch of dugongs in fishing operations, especially by trawling with big mesh-size and open-mouth net. The results of this study add important information about this species to the sparse information currently available, and recommend further research required particularly for Vietnam and neighbouring countries. Additionally, exchanging information, experiences and constructive discussions on proper actions and cooperation in terms of the scientific research, coastal management and the responsible fishing operation will be positive direction towards a better future for the dugong population in Vietnam.

It is recognized that there are five species of sea turtles in Vietnam's seawaters (loggerhead, olive ridley, leatherback, green and hawksbill turtles), but there are only four species often nest on Vietnam's beaches. Major nesting beaches are not concentrated in the northern part or the southern one of Viet Nam seawaters. In addition, there may be nests on most offshore islands. Determined nesting beaches were found in the Tonkin Gulf, central coasts and the islands in the Gulf of Thailand. It is significant that declines have occurred in both foraging and nesting populations of all five sea turtle species found in Viet Nam. In addition to the protection of nesting turtles and their nests, reduction in the mortality of juvenile and adult life stages is pertinent to the protection of sea turtles in Viet Nam (Le Xuan Ai., 2001; Mark Hamann., 2002). The largest current threats for marine turtles in Viet Nam are : * the accidental and opportunistic capture by fishermen and locals, * the direct take of nesting females and their eggs at beaches. The specific fisheries sectors that pose the largest risk for marine turtles are bottom trawlers, purse seine operators, long-line net with several hook operators and diving activities. In general, most green, hawksbill and olive ridley turtles that are captured by these methods are either killed for food or the production of souvenirs. Based upon our research project which has been conducted since 1998, these results showed that over the last two to three decades, most of the eggs and nesting turtles were collected for food or their shell. With the exception of Tho Chu Island (Kien Giang), Con Dao National Park (Vung Tau) and Nui Chua Reserve Area (Ninh Thuan Province), and harvest of nesting turtles and nearly to 100% of eggs still occurring for each species nesting in Viet Nam (the final result will be published in 2004's national report as the end of project). Most sea turtles that are killed (indirectly or directly) are eate, Southeast Asia Sea Turtle Associative Research, Bangkok, Thailand, 16-19 December 2002

It is recognized that there are five species of sea turtles in Vietnam's seawaters (loggerhead, olive ridley, leatherback, green and hawksbill turtles), but there are only four species often nest on Vietnam's beaches. Major nesting beaches are not concentrated in the northern part or the southern one of Viet Nam seawaters. In addition, there may be nests on most offshore islands. Determined nesting beaches were found in the Tonkin Gulf, central coasts and the islands in the Gulf of Thailand. It is significant that declines have occurred in both foraging and nesting populations of all five sea turtle species found in Viet Nam. In addition to the protection of nesting turtles and their nests, reduction in the mortality of juvenile and adult life stages is pertinent to the protection of sea turtles in Viet Nam (Le Xuan Ai., 2001; Mark Hamann., 2002). The largest current threats for marine turtles in Viet Nam are : * the accidental and opportunistic capture by fishermen and locals, * the direct take of nesting females and their eggs at beaches. The specific fisheries sectors that pose the largest risk for marine turtles are bottom trawlers, purse seine operators, long-line net with several hook operators and diving activities. In general, most green, hawksbill and olive ridley turtles that are captured by these methods are either killed for food or the production of souvenirs. Based upon our research project which has been conducted since 1998, these results showed that over the last two to three decades, most of the eggs and nesting turtles were collected for food or their shell. With the exception of Tho Chu Island (Kien Giang), Con Dao National Park (Vung Tau) and Nui Chua Reserve Area (Ninh Thuan Province), and harvest of nesting turtles and nearly to 100% of eggs still occurring for each species nesting in Viet Nam (the final result will be published in 2004's national report as the end of project). Most sea turtles that are killed (indirectly or directly) are eate

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt.) Wei from infected rubber leaves in Sungai Buloh (two isolates) and Serdang (two isolates) were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). All four isolates exhibited variability in colony colour and growth rates on artificial media (PDA, PSA, RLEA and WA). The optimum temperature for growth on PDA was 28°C. Significant increase in sporulation was recorded on Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA) when exposed to uv light for 2 h daily for three days. Exposure to nuv light also increased sporulation significantly but maximum sporulation occurred only with 4 h daily treatment. Conidial size, hilum width and septal number of isolates cultured on , PSA were variable and were not affected by uv light treatment. The size and shape of conidia on PSA differed from those on naturally infected rubber leaves. On rubber leaves, the average conidial and hilum width were longer, and the average septal number was higher. Conidia were long, slender and stick-like in culture, but were curved, with a broader based on rubber leaves. Maximulll sporulation was achieved when cultures on PSA were scraped once, and maintained for three days under continuous fluorescent light with 2 h exposure to uv light daily. By this method, variation of uv light exposure of between 15 mi n to 4 h daily was found to have no negative effect on conidial germination and germ tube growth. PSA was the best medium for sporulation compared to PDA and RLEA. The addition of yeast extract in these media did not improve sporulation.

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curt.) Wei from infected rubber leaves in Sungai Buloh (two isolates) and Serdang (two isolates) were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). All four isolates exhibited variability in colony colour and growth rates on artificial media (PDA, PSA, RLEA and WA). The optimum temperature for growth on PDA was 28°C. Significant increase in sporulation was recorded on Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA) when exposed to uv light for 2 h daily for three days. Exposure to nuv light also increased sporulation significantly but maximum sporulation occurred only with 4 h daily treatment. Conidial size, hilum width and septal number of isolates cultured on , PSA were variable and were not affected by uv light treatment. The size and shape of conidia on PSA differed from those on naturally infected rubber leaves. On rubber leaves, the average conidial and hilum width were longer, and the average septal number was higher. Conidia were long, slender and stick-like in culture, but were curved, with a broader based on rubber leaves. Maximulll sporulation was achieved when cultures on PSA were scraped once, and maintained for three days under continuous fluorescent light with 2 h exposure to uv light daily. By this method, variation of uv light exposure of between 15 mi n to 4 h daily was found to have no negative effect on conidial germination and germ tube growth. PSA was the best medium for sporulation compared to PDA and RLEA. The addition of yeast extract in these media did not improve sporulation.