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Contains fulltext : 248670.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), An in vitro/in silico method that determines the risk of human drug induced liver injury in relation to oral doses and blood concentrations of drugs was recently introduced. This method utilizes information on the maximal blood concentration (C(max)) for a specific dose of a test compound, which can be estimated using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling, and a cytotoxicity test in cultured human hepatocytes. In the present study, we analyzed if the addition of an assay that measures the inhibition of bile acid export carriers, like BSEP and/or MRP2, to the existing method improves the differentiation of hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds. Therefore, an export assay for 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) was established. We tested 36 compounds in a concentration-dependent manner for which the risk of hepatotoxicity for specific oral doses and the capacity to inhibit hepatocyte export carriers are known. Compared to the CTB cytotoxicity test, substantially lower EC(10) values were obtained using the CMFDA assay for several known BSEP and/or MRP2 inhibitors. To quantify if the addition of the CMFDA assay to our test system improves the overall separation of hepatotoxic from non-hepatotoxic compounds, the toxicity separation index (TSI) was calculated. We obtained a better TSI using the lower alert concentration from either the CMFDA or the CTB test (TSI: 0.886) compared to considering the CTB test alone (TSI: 0.775). In conclusion, the data show that integration of the CMFDA assay with an in vitro test battery improves the differentiation of hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds in a set of compounds that includes bile acid export carrier inhibitors.

Contains fulltext : 248670.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), An in vitro/in silico method that determines the risk of human drug induced liver injury in relation to oral doses and blood concentrations of drugs was recently introduced. This method utilizes information on the maximal blood concentration (C(max)) for a specific dose of a test compound, which can be estimated using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling, and a cytotoxicity test in cultured human hepatocytes. In the present study, we analyzed if the addition of an assay that measures the inhibition of bile acid export carriers, like BSEP and/or MRP2, to the existing method improves the differentiation of hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds. Therefore, an export assay for 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) was established. We tested 36 compounds in a concentration-dependent manner for which the risk of hepatotoxicity for specific oral doses and the capacity to inhibit hepatocyte export carriers are known. Compared to the CTB cytotoxicity test, substantially lower EC(10) values were obtained using the CMFDA assay for several known BSEP and/or MRP2 inhibitors. To quantify if the addition of the CMFDA assay to our test system improves the overall separation of hepatotoxic from non-hepatotoxic compounds, the toxicity separation index (TSI) was calculated. We obtained a better TSI using the lower alert concentration from either the CMFDA or the CTB test (TSI: 0.886) compared to considering the CTB test alone (TSI: 0.775). In conclusion, the data show that integration of the CMFDA assay with an in vitro test battery improves the differentiation of hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds in a set of compounds that includes bile acid export carrier inhibitors.

Contains fulltext : 248670.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access), An in vitro/in silico method that determines the risk of human drug induced liver injury in relation to oral doses and blood concentrations of drugs was recently introduced. This method utilizes information on the maximal blood concentration (C(max)) for a specific dose of a test compound, which can be estimated using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling, and a cytotoxicity test in cultured human hepatocytes. In the present study, we analyzed if the addition of an assay that measures the inhibition of bile acid export carriers, like BSEP and/or MRP2, to the existing method improves the differentiation of hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds. Therefore, an export assay for 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) was established. We tested 36 compounds in a concentration-dependent manner for which the risk of hepatotoxicity for specific oral doses and the capacity to inhibit hepatocyte export carriers are known. Compared to the CTB cytotoxicity test, substantially lower EC(10) values were obtained using the CMFDA assay for several known BSEP and/or MRP2 inhibitors. To quantify if the addition of the CMFDA assay to our test system improves the overall separation of hepatotoxic from non-hepatotoxic compounds, the toxicity separation index (TSI) was calculated. We obtained a better TSI using the lower alert concentration from either the CMFDA or the CTB test (TSI: 0.886) compared to considering the CTB test alone (TSI: 0.775). In conclusion, the data show that integration of the CMFDA assay with an in vitro test battery improves the differentiation of hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic compounds in a set of compounds that includes bile acid export carrier inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a debilitating form of atypical Parkinsonism. People living with PSP experience movement disorders affecting walking, balance and eye movements. The role of exercise in optimising movement remains unclear. AIMS: To identify beliefs about exercise and structured physical activity through the experience of people with PSP. METHODS: Using a phenomenological theoretical framework, qualitative methods were employed to obtain the views of people living with PSP, and their care partners, by in-depth interviews. Questions derived from a systematic review and expert opinions guided the interviews which were audio-recorded, transcribed and de-identified. Two researchers independently conducted thematic analysis and reached consensus on emerging themes. RESULTS: There were 16 participants. Four themes were identified: (i) there are beliefs and preferences about exercise and physical activity that can impact on engagement; (ii) difficulty coping with disease progression impacts activities; (iii) facilitators to exercise include individual preferences, access to facilities and expert advice; and (iv) perceived barriers include beliefs about limited exercise options, falls risk, cost, transport and access to credible information. DISCUSSION: People living with PSP want early guidance about the condition and the role of exercise. It is important to quickly enable people to have access to evidence and resources supporting exercise and structured physical activities. Consideration of individual preferences and access to expert advice facilitate engagement. Individual barriers need to be identified and solutions found. CONCLUSION: People living with PSP are amenable to exercise, especially early in the disease process. Clear guidelines are warranted to document which exercises, and physical activities are most beneficial.

© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company. Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT) suggests that autonomy-supportive teachers can promote the satisfaction of students' three basic psychological needs (i.e., the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and this is essential for optimal functioning and personal well-being. The role of need satisfaction as a determinant of well-being is understood to be invariant across contexts and cultures. The aim of this study is to test the invariance in the relationships between students' perceptions of their teachers' autonomy support and their psychological need satisfaction, enjoyment, concentration, and boredom across different school subjects (math, English, and physical education lessons) and across different cultures (England and Turkey). Questionnaires tapping the targeted variables in the three different lesson types were completed by students in schools in England and Turkey. Results from multilevel modeling analyses showed some support for the tenets of BPNT, albeit there were inconsistences among the strengths of the hypothesized relationships based on country and/or lesson type.

Ova doktorska disertacija treba da dokaže da je u današnim uslovima funkcionisanja organizacija, čovek kao resurs najznačajniji činilac poslovanja, da se vrednost organizacija zasniva na kvalitetnom ljudskom kapitalu koji direktno utiče na stvaranje veće konkurentnosti jedne organizacije u odnosu na drugu bazirajući se na znanje u ljudima, njihovu kreativnost, inovativnost, snalažljivost u moru stalnih promena uslova poslovanja.

Objectives: This investigation extended the goal striving literature by examining motives for two goals being pursued simultaneously. Grounded in self-determination theory, we examined how student-athletes' motives for their sporting and academic goals were associated with inter-goal facilitation and interference. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: UK university student-athletes (n = 204) identified their most important sporting and academic goals. They then rated their extrinsic, introjected, identified and intrinsic motives for these goals and completed questionnaires assessing inter-goal facilitation and interference. Results: Using a person-centered approach via latent profile analysis, we identified three distinct profiles of goal motives. Auxiliary analyses showed that the profile with high identified motives for both goals reported greater inter-goal facilitation. Conclusions: Extending the previous literature, the findings demonstrate the benefits of autonomous motives when simultaneously pursing goals in sport and academia.

This article employs Duda's (2013) hierarchical conceptualization of the coach-created motivational climate to inform the validation of a questionnaire (Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire-Coach; EDMCQ-C) that assesses junior athletes' perceptions of the social environmental dimensions proposed by achievement goal theory and self-determination theory. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were initially employed to reduce the number of items required to measure the targeted climate dimensions. A series of competing models were then tested to determine the best representation of the questionnaire's factor structure. The findings revealed that exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) provided a better fit of the data to the hypothesised model than CFA solutions. Specifically, the bi-factor ESEM provided the best fit, although parameter estimates suggest that none of the ESEM solutions replicated the underlying theoretical model of the motivational climate proposed by Duda (2013). The evidence from this study suggests that the EDMCQ-C is a promising, parsimonious questionnaire to assess empowering and disempowering facets of the motivational climate albeit the development of the questionnaire remains a work in progress.

© 2016 The Author(s)Few short messaging service (SMS) studies to support behaviour change have used a theoretical underpinning. Using a self-determination theory perspective, we explored the effects of need supportive (NS) SMS on physical activity in 65 (BMI = 24.06 kg/m2, SD = 5.49; M = 25.76 years, SD = 10.23) insufficiently active individuals embarking on an existing exercise programme. For 10 weeks participants were randomised to an intervention group (NS) or control group (neutral). SMS were sent twice weekly, randomly, via an online SMS service. Mixed design ANCOVA and MANCOVA analyses of measures taken at baseline, mid and post intervention revealed increased levels of perceived autonomy support and psychological need satisfaction in the intervention group post intervention. Both groups reported increases in intrinsic motivation from pre to post intervention. Moderate intensity physical activity was greater in the intervention than the control group at 4-month post intervention with control group returning to baseline levels. Findings provide preliminary causal evidence to support the use of NS SMS to optimise physical activity behaviour change in individuals who are insufficiently active.

To date, the majority of research grounded in Achievement Goal frameworks (AGT) and Self-determination Theory (SDT), which has examined the coach-created motivational environment and its correlates, has relied exclusively on athletes’ self-reported perceptions. This limits progress in the field as objective data on real-life events could be used to further identify what coaches and teachers do and say to ‘motivate’ their athletes and students to influence their skill development, performance and well-being. Such information may help inform how coaches and teachers should be trained to create more motivationally adaptive environments and could help extend results derived from self-report measures. This review outlines the observational systems that are currently available and the research related to AGT and/or SDT-based objective assessments of motivational dimensions of the coaching and physical education (PE) environment. Future research could utilise information in this review to employ and/or amend one of the available observation systems to address important questions related to the observed motivational environment in sport and PE.

Objectives: The majority of research examining the relationship between the coach-created motivational and athlete motivation has relied on self-report measures. Grounded in Duda's (2013) theoretically integrated model, the present study examined: (1) athletes', coaches' and observers' reports of the multidimensional motivational coaching environment in four European countries, (2) the interrelationships of these different perspectives of the motivational environment, and (3) links between the multidimensional environment and athletes' autonomous, controlled and amotivation. Design: We employed a cross-sectional study design and utilized mixed methods to tap the variables of interest. Both descriptive and more sophisticated multi-level statistical analyses were employed to test our hypotheses. Methods: Seventy-four grassroots soccer coaches and 882 youth athletes from England, France, Greece and Spain were recruited. Coaches were video-recorded during a training session and observers rated the degree to which the coaching climate was autonomy supportive, controlling, task-involving, ego-involving and relatedness supportive. Athletes and coaches completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of the coach created climate in relation to the aforementioned dimensions of the environment. Athletes also completed measure of their sport-based motivation regulations. Results: A profile of the motivational environment and athlete motivation was presented actoss four countries. There were weak associations found between different perspectives of the multidimensional coaching environment. However, athletes', coaches' and observers' reports of features of the motivational environment emerged as significant predictors of athletes' autonomous, controlled and amotivation. Conclusions: Results provide partial support for findings of previous studies examining athlete motivation correlates of the motivational environment relying solely on self-report measures. Findings also poi

BACKGROUND: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) with poor parasympathetic function being implicated as an underlying factor. Factors related to parasympathetic function, commonly assessed by heart rate recovery (HRR) following maximal exercise, are currently not known in RA. We aimed to explore the association between HRR with CVD risk factors, inflammatory markers, and wellbeing in patients with RA. METHODS: Ninety-six RA patients (54.4?±?12.6 years, 68 % women) completed a treadmill exercise test, during which heart rate (HR) was monitored. HRR1 and HRR2 were defined as the absolute change from HR peak to HRR 1 min post HR peak and 2 min post HR peak, respectively. Cardiorespiratory fitness, CVD risk factors, and serological markers of inflammation were measured in all patients. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was used as an assessment of global risk for CVD events, and wellbeing was assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS: Mean HRR1 and HRR2 were 29.1?±?13.2 bpm and 46.4?±?15.3 bpm, respectively. CVD risk factors as well as most inflammatory markers and measures of wellbeing were inversely correlated with HRR1 and HRR2. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that 27.9 % of the variance in HRR1 and 37.9 % of the variance in HRR2 was explained collectively by CVD risk factors, measures of inflammation, and wellbeing (p?=?0.009, p?=?0.001 respectively), however no individual measure was independently associated with HRR1 or HRR2. CONCLUSION: Parasympathetic activation was associated with overall CVD risk, arthritis-related burden and wellbeing in patients with RA. TRIAL REGISTRATION: [Exercise, cardiovascular disease and rheumatoid arthritis, ISRCTN04121489 ].

Adopting an integrated achievement goal (Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.) and self-determination theory (Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01) perspective as proffered by Duda, J. L. (2013). (The conceptual and empirical foundations of empowering coachingTM: Setting the stage for the PAPA project. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 311–318. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2013.839414), the aim of the current study was to observe empowering and disempowering features of the multidimensional motivational coaching environment in training and competition in youth sport. Seventeen grass-roots soccer coaches were observed and rated in training and competitive settings using the multidimensional motivational climate observation system (MMCOS; Smith, N., Tessier, D., Tzioumakis, Y., Quested, E., Appleton, P., Sarrazin, P., … Duda, J. L. (2015). Development and validation of the multidimensional motivational climate observation system (MMCOS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37, 4–22. doi:10.1123/jsep.2014-0059). In line with our hypotheses, coaches created different motivational environments in the two contexts. More specifically, coaches were observed to create a less empowering and more disempowering environment in competition compared to in training. The observed differences were underpinned by distinctive motivational strategies used by coaches in the two contexts. Findings have implications for the assessment of the coach-created motivational environment and the promotion of quality motivation for young athletes taking part in grass-roots-level sport.

This study describes the development and psychometric characteristics of an observational instrument that examines four aspects of interpersonal support (or lack of) provided during physical activity (PA) promotion consultations (i.e., Autonomy Support, Involvement, Structure and Interpersonal Control), as identified by Self-determination Theory (SDT). The reliability and validity of the Interpersonal Support in Physical Activity Consultations Observational Tool (ISPACOT) were examined within an exploratory randomised control trial. Recorded consultations (N = 42) conducted by qualified PA advisors (N = 14) at 13 leisure centres across the West Midlands (UK) were rated. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) indicated moderate to high inter-rater reliability for overall interpersonal support (0.80), and the Autonomy Support (0.74), Involvement (0.73) and Structure (0.91) dimensions, but low reliability for Interpersonal Control (0.35). The advisors, who conducted PA promotion consultations that were rated as low in their interpersonally supportive features, were perceived by their clients as being less supportive (F(1,10) = 5.0, p <.05). Ratings on the ISPACOT differentiated advisors who were trained in SDT principles and those who were not. Overall, the findings provided preliminary evidence for the reliability and convergent validity of the ISPACOT.

Introduction: People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) frequently suffer from compromised physical and psychological health, however, little is known about positive indicators of health, due to a lack of validated outcome measures. This study aims to validate a clinically relevant outcome measure of positive psychological well-being for people with RA. The first study examined the reliability and factorial validity of the Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS), whilst study 2 tested the instruments convergent validity. Methods: In study 1, National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society members (N = 333; M age = 59.82 years SD = 11.00) completed a postal questionnaire. For study 2, participants (N = 106; M age = 56 years, SD = 12 years) were those recruited to a randomized control trial comparing two physical activity interventions who completed a range of health-related questionnaires. Results: The SVS had a high level of internal consistency (α = .93, Rho = .92). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the uni-dimensional factor structure of the questionnaire among RA patients [χ = 1327 (10), CFI = 1.0, SRMSR = .01 and RMSEA = .00 (.00 - .08)]. Support for the scales convergent validity was revealed by significant (p < .05) relationships, in expected directions, with health related quality of life (r = .59), physical function (r = .58), feelings of fatigue (r = −.70), anxiety (r = −.57) and depression (r = −.73). Conclusions: Results from two studies have provided support for the internal consistency, factorial structure and convergent validity of the Subjective Vitality Scale. Researchers and healthcare providers may employ this clinically relevant, freely available and brief assessment with the confidence that it is a valid and reliable measure of positive psychological well-being for RA patients.

Limited self-report data suggest that South Asian (SA) women fail to meet physical activity (PA) recommendations. Recent research using objective measures reveals SA women living in the UK have higher PA levels than previously reported, and a pattern of under-reporting PA and sedentary time (ST). There is limited research on SA women's understanding and experiences of PA/ST, and the cultural contexts and conditions within which they occur. Therefore the aims of this mixed-methods study were to compare perceived PA and ST to objectively measured data and explore PA- and ST-specific contexts, experiences, and sources of PA and ST amongst SA women in the UK.|24 women were purposively sampled to participate in a semi-structured interview from a larger study of 140 women who wore an accelerometer for 7 days. Demographic and anthropometric data were also collected.|Notable qualitative themes on contextualisation were of adequate PA as "keeping busy" or "being healthy", and of ST as "lazy" or "resting in old age". Few participants reported being sedentary, and most believed they were sufficiently physically active. Objectively measured PA/ST indicated that 66% women were less active than perceived (with regard to duration and intensity), with none able to estimate duration of ST.|Findings suggest that overall, SA women have contextualisations of PA/ST that may not coincide with those of researchers, health professionals and policy makers, and lack awareness of the intensity of PA in which they engage and the health risks of high levels of ST. These findings highlight the need for objective measures of PA and ST in this population combined with in-depth qualitative assessments to provide more accurate assessments of these behaviours. This information can subsequently be used to develop health promotion messages and interventions focusing on increasing duration and/or intensity levels of daily activities (e.g., walking, housework) and reducing ST in this population.

Limited self-report data suggest that South Asian (SA) women fail to meet physical activity (PA) recommendations. Recent research using objective measures reveals SA women living in the UK have higher PA levels than previously reported, and a pattern of under-reporting PA and sedentary time (ST). There is limited research on SA women's understanding and experiences of PA/ST, and the cultural contexts and conditions within which they occur. Therefore the aims of this mixed-methods study were to compare perceived PA and ST to objectively measured data and explore PA- and ST-specific contexts, experiences, and sources of PA and ST amongst SA women in the UK.|24 women were purposively sampled to participate in a semi-structured interview from a larger study of 140 women who wore an accelerometer for 7 days. Demographic and anthropometric data were also collected.|Notable qualitative themes on contextualisation were of adequate PA as "keeping busy" or "being healthy", and of ST as "lazy" or "resting in old age". Few participants reported being sedentary, and most believed they were sufficiently physically active. Objectively measured PA/ST indicated that 66% women were less active than perceived (with regard to duration and intensity), with none able to estimate duration of ST.|Findings suggest that overall, SA women have contextualisations of PA/ST that may not coincide with those of researchers, health professionals and policy makers, and lack awareness of the intensity of PA in which they engage and the health risks of high levels of ST. These findings highlight the need for objective measures of PA and ST in this population combined with in-depth qualitative assessments to provide more accurate assessments of these behaviours. This information can subsequently be used to develop health promotion messages and interventions focusing on increasing duration and/or intensity levels of daily activities (e.g., walking, housework) and reducing ST in this population.

Physical activity may regulate affective experiences at work, but controlled studies are needed and there has been a reliance on retrospective accounts of experience. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of lunchtime walks on momentary work affect at the individual and group levels. Physically inactive employees (N=56; M age=47.68; 92.86% female) from a large university in the UK were randomized to immediate treatment or delayed treatment (DT). The DT participants completed both a control and intervention period. During the intervention period, participants partook in three weekly 30-min lunchtime group-led walks for 10 weeks. They completed twice daily affective reports at work (morning and afternoon) using mobile phones on two randomly chosen days per week. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze the data. Lunchtime walks improved enthusiasm, relaxation, and nervousness at work, although the pattern of results differed depending on whether between-group or within-person analyses were conducted. The intervention was effective in changing some affective states and may have broader implications for public health and workplace performance.

This article outlines the development and validation of the Multidimensional Motivational Climate Observation System (MMCOS). Drawing from an integration of the dimensions of the social environment emphasized within achievement goal theory and self-determination theory (as assumed within Duda's [2013] conceptualization of "empowering" and "disempowering" climates), the MMCOS was developed to enable an objective assessment of the coach-created motivational environment in sport. Study 1 supported the initial validity and reliability of the newly developed observation system. Study 2 further examined the interobserver reliability and factorial structure of the MMCOS. Study 3 explored the predictive validity of the observational system in relation to athletes' reported basic psychological need satisfaction. Overall, the results of these studies provide preliminary support for the inter- and intraobserver reliability, as well as factorial and predictive validity of the MMCOS. Suggestions for the use of this observational system in future research in sport are provided.

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of different physical fitness levels [assessed by the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test] with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in patients with RA. Methods. A total of 150 RA patients were assessed for cardiorespiratory fitness with a VO2max test and, based on this, were split in three groups using the 33rd (18.1 ml/kg/min) and 66th (22.4 ml/kg/min) centiles. Classical and novel CVD risk factors [blood pressure, body fat, insulin resistance, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), physical activity, CRP, fibrinogen and white cell count], 10-year CVD risk, disease activity (DAS28) and severity (HAQ) were assessed in all cases. Results. Mean VO2max for all RA patients was 20.9 (s.d. 5.7) ml/kg/min. The 10-year CVD risk (P = 0.003), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.039), HDL (P = 0.017), insulin resistance and body fat (both at P < 0.001), CRP (P = 0.005), white blood cell count (P = 0.015) and fibrinogen (P < 0.001) were significantly different between the VO2max tertiles favouring the group with the higher VO2max levels. In multivariate analyses of variance, VO2max was significantly associated with body fat (P < 0.001), HDL (P = 0.007), insulin resistance (P < 0.003) and 10-year CVD risk (P < 0.001), even after adjustment for DAS28, HAQ and physical activity. Conclusion. VO2max levels are alarmingly low in RA patients. Higher levels of VO2max are associated with a better cardiovascular profile in this population. Future studies need to focus on developing effective behavioural interventions to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in RA.

Recent research has demonstrated that the cognitive processes associated with goal pursuit can continue to interfere with unrelated tasks when a goal is unfulfilled. Drawing from the self-regulation and goal-striving literatures, the present study explored the impact of goal failure on subsequent cognitive and physical task performance. Furthermore, we examined if the autonomous or controlled motivation underpinning goal striving moderates the responses to goal failure. Athletes (75 male, 59 female, Mage = 19.90 years, SDage = 3.50) completed a cycling trial with the goal of covering a given distance in 8 min. Prior to the trial, their motivation was primed using a video. During the trial they were provided with manipulated performance feedback, thus creating conditions of goal success or failure. No differences emerged in the responses to goal failure between the primed motivation or performance feedback conditions. We make recommendations for future research into how individuals can deal with failure in goal striving.

Introduction: The aims of the present study were: (a) to examine the agreement between subjective (assessed via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire; IPAQ) and objective (accelerometry; GT3X) physical activity (PA) levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and (b) to evaluate the associations of RA patients' subjective and objective PA to their scores on the maximal oxygen uptake test (VO2max). Methods: The participants wore the GT3X for seven days before completing the IPAQ and VO2max test. The Bland-Altman plot was used to illustrate the agreement between the objective and subjective PA data, and the Wilcoxon test was employed to examine the differences. The association between the PA measurement and VO2max test was examined via the correlations and the magnitude was presented by the Steiger's Z value. Results: Sixty-eight RA patients (age = 55 ± 13 years, body mass index: 27.8 ± 5.4 kg/m2, median of disease duration = 5 (2 8) yrs) were recruited. Smaller differences between the subjective and objective measures were found when PA was assessed at the moderate level. Wilcoxon tests revealed that patients reported less time spent engaged in sedentary behaviours (Z = -6.80, P< 0.01) and light PA (Z = -6.89, P < 0.01) and more moderate PA (Z = -6.26, P < 0.01) than was objectively indicated. Significant positive correlations were revealed between VO2max with all PA levels derived from accelerometry (light PA rho = .35, P < .01; moderate PA rho = .34, P = .01; moderate and vigorous PA, (MVPA) rho = .33, P = .01), and a negative association to sedentary time (ST) emerged (rho = -.27, P = .04). IPAQ-reported moderate PA and MVPA positively correlated with maxV02 (rho = .25, P = .01, rho = .27, P = .01, respectively). Differences between the magnitude of correlations between the IPAQ-VO2 max and GT3X-VO2 max were only significant for ST (Z = 3.43, P < .01). Conclusions: Via responses to the IPAQ, RA patients reported that they were les

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, which not only affects the joints but can also impact on general well-being and risk for cardiovascular disease. Regular physical activity and exercise in patients with RA have numerous health benefits. Nevertheless, the majority of patients with RA are physically inactive. This indicates that people with RA might experience additional or more severe barriers to physical activity or exercise than the general population. This narrative review provides an overview of perceived barriers, benefits and facilitators of physical activity and exercise in RA. Databases were searched for articles published until September 2014 using the terms ‘rheumatoid arthritis’, ‘physical activity’, ‘exercise’, ‘barriers’, ‘facilitators’, ‘benefits’, ‘motivation’, ‘motivators’ and ‘enablers’. Similarities were found between disease-specific barriers and benefits of physical activity and exercise, e.g. pain and fatigue are frequently mentioned as barriers, but reductions in pain and fatigue are perceived benefits of physical activity and exercise. Even though exercise does not influence the existence of barriers, physically active patients appear to be more capable of overcoming them. Therefore, exercise programmes should enhance self-efficacy for exercise in order to achieve long-term physical activity and exercise behaviour. Encouragement from health professionals and friends/family are facilitators for physical activity and exercise. There is a need for interventions that support RA patients in overcoming barriers to physical activity and exercise and help sustain this important health behaviour.

This study tests the Basic Psychological Needs Theory (within the Self-determination framework), in relation to the prediction of physical activity and well-being among rheumatoid arthritis patients. Motivation regulations for physical activity were also considered in the process model. A total of 207 patients (150 females, mean age = 58 ± 11 years) completed a questionnaire pack and structural equation modelling was used to test expected relationships. Autonomy support provided by important other(s) regarding physical activity positively predicted rheumatoid arthritis patients’ need satisfaction which positively related to autonomous reasons for physical activity participation. Autonomous motivation positively predicted reported physical activity participation levels and feelings of vitality.

Grounded in Basic Psychological Needs Theory (BPNT; Deci & Ryan, 2000) and drawing from Duda's (2013) conceptualisation of the teacher-created social environment as a multidimensional construct, this study examined, at the within-personal level, the interrelations between dancers' perceptions of teacher-created empowering and disempowering social environments, basic psychological needs and changes in dancers' affective states during class. Vocational dancers (n = 135) completed self-report measures before (affective states) and after (affective states, teacher-created social environment, basic need satisfaction/thwarting) dance technique classes for 5 consecutive days. Multivariate multilevel modelling analyses revealed basic need satisfaction to mediate the relation between dancers' perceptions of empowering environments and dancers' changes in positive affect during class. Basic need thwarting mediated the relation between disempowering environments and changes in dancers' negative affect during class. Findings support the tenets of BPNT at the inter-individual level, advancing current understanding of the social-psychological mechanisms that may underpin dancers' optimal and compromised functioning within classes.

Within sport, physical education and dance literature there is inconsistency in how individuals' motivation regulations for engagement are statistically modelled. This has implications for the interpretation of results and the testing and advancement of theory. Furthermore, despite the popularity of dance, there is a paucity of research examining the correlates of dancers' motivation due to there being no dance-specific measure of motivation. Hence, the purpose of this study was twofold: first to examine the utility of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ [Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Rose, E. A. (2008). The behavioural regulation in sport questionnaire (BRSQ): Instrument development and initial validity evidence. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 323–355. Retrieved from http://journals.humankinetics.com/jsep]) for measuring motivation in dance contexts and, second, to explore the tenability of using different scoring protocols to model the motivation regulations. To address these aims, a comprehensive examination of the hypothesised factor structure of the BRSQ when completed by recreational (n = 344) and vocational (n = 868) dancers was conducted. The data demonstrated good fit to the BRSQ, and invariance across dance level (recreational and vocational), age (<18 and ≥18 years of age) and gender was supported. Findings support the use of the six-factor BRSQ in dance contexts. The tenability of employing alternative scoring protocols for modelling the motivation regulations is discussed.

We aimed to explore the lived experiences of women who had a surgical menopause as a result of undergoing a hysterectomy with Bilateral Salpingo-Oopherectomy (BSO). We adopted a qualitative interview design using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), and recruited 7 women aged 47 to 59. We conducted synchronous online semistructured interviews using the MSN (Microsoft Network) Messenger program. In the findings, we examine the prominent and underresearched theme of body image change. We discuss the women’s journey from a deep internal bodily change, the meaning of this changing body image, through to the thoughts and behaviors involved with self-presentation concerns and coping with body image changes. A woman’s perceived attractiveness and appearance investment are important factors to consider regarding adaptation to change over this transition. The findings might have implications for interventions designed to enhance mental well-being and increase health behaviors in women experiencing gynecological illness and/or menopause.

Does motivation for goal pursuit predict how individuals will respond when confronted with unattainable goals? Two studies examined the role of autonomous and controlled motives when pursuing an unattainable goal without (Study 1) or with (Study 2) the opportunity to reengage in alternative goal pursuit. Autonomous motives positively predicted the cognitive ease of reengagement with an alternative goal when the current goal was perceived as unattainable, especially whenparticipants realized goal unattainability relatively early during goal striving. Autonomous motives, however, were negative predictors of cognitive ease of disengagement from an unattainable goal. When faced with failure, autonomously motivated individuals are better off realizing early the goal unattainability. Otherwise, they will find it difficult to disengage cognitively from the pursued goal(despite reengaging cognitively in an alternative goal), possibly due to interfering rumination.

Objective: To examine well-being and work performance changes accompanying participation in a 16-week uncontrolled feasibility lunchtime walking trial. Method: Participants were 75 (92% female; M age ¼ 47.68) previously physically inactive non-academic employees from a large British university. Multilevel modelling analyses examined well-being and work performance trajectories from baseline to post-intervention, to four months later, controlling for group membership and trait affectivity. Results: Increases in perceptions of health, subjective vitality, and work performance, and decreases in fatigue at work were observed. Changes were sustained four months after the end of the intervention. No changes were identified for enthusiasm, nervousness and relaxation at work. Conclusion: Although this was a relatively small uncontrolled feasibility trial, the results suggest that participation in a walking programme may be associated with sustainable well-being benefits and improvements in perceptions of work performance.

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, we aimed to explore and identify key motivational processes involved in the transition from a physically inactive to an active lifestyle, and the processes involved in lapse and dropout behavior within a walking program. We implemented a qualitative, longitudinal case study method, using semistructured interviews and theoretical thematic analyses. Fifteen women were interviewed over 10 months and three profiles were generated: (a) nonadherence, (b) lapse/readoption of physical activity, and (c) adherence. Internalization of walking behavior was key to adherence. Satisfaction of the needs for competence and relatedness were central for participation during exercise at the adoption stages, and autonomy was particularly pertinent in facilitating adherence. Those who lapsed and restarted physical activity experienced feelings of autonomy at the point of readoption. Sources of support were driving forces in the adoption and adherence phases.