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1. The latent structure of the adult attachment interview: Large sample evidence from the collaboration on attachment transmission synthesis

Author

Lee Raby, K, Verhage, M, Pasco Fearon, R, Chris Fraley, R, Roisman, G, van IJzendoorn, M, Schuengel, C, Madigan, S, Oosterman, M, Bakermans-Kranenburg, M, Bernier, A, Ensink, K, Hautamaki, A, Mangelsdorf, S, Priddis, L, Wong, M, Aviezer, O, Behrens, K, Brisch, K, Cassibba, R, Cassidy, J, Coppola, G, Costantini, A, Dozier, M, Duschinsky, R, Ierardi, E, Finger, B, de Millan, S, Harder, S, Hazen, N, Jin, M, Myung, S, Jongenelen, I, Leerkes, E, Lionetti, F, Lyons-Ruth, K, Mcmahon, C, Meins, E, Pace, C, Pederson, D, Riva Crugnola, C, Sagi-Schwartz, A, Schoppe-Sullivan, S, Speranza, A, Steele, H, Tarabulsy, G, Vaever, M, Ward, M, Arnott, B, Bailey, H, Behringer, J, Brice, P, Castoro, G, Costantino, E, Cyr, C, George, C, Gloger-Tippelt, G, Howes, C, Jacobsen, H, Jacobvitz, D, Juffer, F, Kazui, M, Koppe, S, Millan, S, Murray, L, Simonelli, A, Solomon, J, Steele, M, Teti, D, Monique van Londen-Barentsen, W, Lee Raby K., Verhage M. L., Pasco Fearon R. M., Chris Fraley R., Roisman G. I., van IJzendoorn M. H., Schuengel C., Madigan S., Oosterman M., Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J., Bernier A., Ensink K., Hautamaki A., Mangelsdorf S., Priddis L. E., Wong M. S., Aviezer O., Behrens K. Y., Brisch K. -H., Cassibba R., Cassidy J., Coppola G., Costantini A., Dozier M., Duschinsky R., Ierardi E., Finger B., de Millan S. G., Harder S., Hazen N. L., Jin M. M., Myung S., Jongenelen I., Leerkes E. M., Lionetti F., Lyons-Ruth K., McMahon C., Meins E., Pace C. S., Pederson D. R., Riva Crugnola C., Sagi-Schwartz A., Schoppe-Sullivan S. J., Speranza A. M., Steele H., Tarabulsy G. M., Vaever M. S., Ward M. J., Arnott B., Bailey H., Behringer J., Brice P. J., Castoro G., Costantino E., Cyr C., George C., Gloger-Tippelt G., Howes C., Jacobsen H., Jacobvitz D., Juffer F., Kazui M., Koppe S., Millan S., Murray L., Simonelli A., Solomon J., Steele M., Teti D. M., Monique van Londen-Barentsen W., Lee Raby, K, Verhage, M, Pasco Fearon, R, Chris Fraley, R, Roisman, G, van IJzendoorn, M, Schuengel, C, Madigan, S, Oosterman, M, Bakermans-Kranenburg, M, Bernier, A, Ensink, K, Hautamaki, A, Mangelsdorf, S, Priddis, L, Wong, M, Aviezer, O, Behrens, K, Brisch, K, Cassibba, R, Cassidy, J, Coppola, G, Costantini, A, Dozier, M, Duschinsky, R, Ierardi, E, Finger, B, de Millan, S, Harder, S, Hazen, N, Jin, M, Myung, S, Jongenelen, I, Leerkes, E, Lionetti, F, Lyons-Ruth, K, Mcmahon, C, Meins, E, Pace, C, Pederson, D, Riva Crugnola, C, Sagi-Schwartz, A, Schoppe-Sullivan, S, Speranza, A, Steele, H, Tarabulsy, G, Vaever, M, Ward, M, Arnott, B, Bailey, H, Behringer, J, Brice, P, Castoro, G, Costantino, E, Cyr, C, George, C, Gloger-Tippelt, G, Howes, C, Jacobsen, H, Jacobvitz, D, Juffer, F, Kazui, M, Koppe, S, Millan, S, Murray, L, Simonelli, A, Solomon, J, Steele, M, Teti, D, Monique van Londen-Barentsen, W, Lee Raby K., Verhage M. L., Pasco Fearon R. M., Chris Fraley R., Roisman G. I., van IJzendoorn M. H., Schuengel C., Madigan S., Oosterman M., Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J., Bernier A., Ensink K., Hautamaki A., Mangelsdorf S., Priddis L. E., Wong M. S., Aviezer O., Behrens K. Y., Brisch K. -H., Cassibba R., Cassidy J., Coppola G., Costantini A., Dozier M., Duschinsky R., Ierardi E., Finger B., de Millan S. G., Harder S., Hazen N. L., Jin M. M., Myung S., Jongenelen I., Leerkes E. M., Lionetti F., Lyons-Ruth K., McMahon C., Meins E., Pace C. S., Pederson D. R., Riva Crugnola C., Sagi-Schwartz A., Schoppe-Sullivan S. J., Speranza A. M., Steele H., Tarabulsy G. M., Vaever M. S., Ward M. J., Arnott B., Bailey H., Behringer J., Brice P. J., Castoro G., Costantino E., Cyr C., George C., Gloger-Tippelt G., Howes C., Jacobsen H., Jacobvitz D., Juffer F., Kazui M., Koppe S., Millan S., Murray L., Simonelli A., Solomon J., Steele M., Teti D. M., and Monique van Londen-Barentsen W.

Abstract

The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) is a widely used measure in developmental science that assesses adults' current states of mind regarding early attachment-related experiences with their primary caregivers. The standard system for coding the AAI recommends classifying individuals categorically as having an autonomous, dismissing, preoccupied, or unresolved attachment state of mind. However, previous factor and taxometric analyses suggest that: (a) adults' attachment states of mind are captured by two weakly correlated factors reflecting adults' dismissing and preoccupied states of mind and (b) individual differences on these factors are continuously rather than categorically distributed. The current study revisited these suggestions about the latent structure of AAI scales by leveraging individual participant data from 40 studies (N = 3,218), with a particular focus on the controversial observation from prior factor analytic work that indicators of preoccupied states of mind and indicators of unresolved states of mind about loss and trauma loaded on a common factor. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that: (a) a 2-factor model with weakly correlated dismissing and preoccupied factors and (b) a 3-factor model that further distinguished unresolved from preoccupied states of mind were both compatible with the data. The preoccupied and unresolved factors in the 3-factor model were highly correlated. Taxometric analyses suggested that individual differences in dismissing, preoccupied, and unresolved states of mind were more consistent with a continuous than a categorical model. The importance of additional tests of predictive validity of the various models is emphasized.

Published
2022

2. Conceptual comparison of constructs as first step in data harmonization: Parental sensitivity, child temperament, and social support as illustrations

Author

Verhage, M, Schuengel, C, Holopainen, A, Bakermans-Kranenburg, M, Bernier, A, Brown, G, Madigan, S, Roisman, G, Vaever, M, Wong, M, Barone, L, Behrens, K, Behringer, J, Bovenschen, I, Cassibba, R, Cassidy, J, Coppola, G, Costantini, A, Dozier, M, Ensink, K, Fearon, R, Finger, B, Hautamaki, A, Hazen, N, Ierardi, E, Jongenelen, I, Koppe, S, Lionetti, F, Mangelsdorf, S, Oosterman, M, Pace, C, Raby, K, Riva Crugnola, C, Simonelli, A, Spangler, G, Tarabulsy, G, Arnott, B, Bailey, H, Brice, P, Brisch, K, Castoro, G, Costantino, E, Cyr, C, George, C, Gloger-Tippelt, G, Gojman, S, Harder, S, Howes, C, Jacobsen, H, Jacobvitz, D, Jin, M, Juffer, F, Kazui, M, Leerkes, E, Lyons-Ruth, K, Mcmahon, C, Meins, E, Millan, S, Murray, L, Nowacki, K, Pederson, D, Priddis, L, Sagi-Schwartz, A, Schoppe-Sullivan, S, Solomon, J, Speranza, A, Steele, M, Steele, H, Teti, D, van IJzendoorn, M, van Londen-Barentsen, W, Ward, M, Verhage M. L., Schuengel C., Holopainen A., Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J., Bernier A., Brown G. L., Madigan S., Roisman G. I., Vaever M. S., Wong M. S., Barone L., Behrens K. Y., Behringer J., Bovenschen I., Cassibba R., Cassidy J., Coppola G., Costantini A., Dozier M., Ensink K., Fearon R. M. P., Finger B., Hautamaki A., Hazen N. L., Ierardi E., Jongenelen I., Koppe S., Lionetti F., Mangelsdorf S., Oosterman M., Pace C. S., Raby K. L., Riva Crugnola C., Simonelli A., Spangler G., Tarabulsy G. M., Arnott B., Bailey H., Brice P. J., Brisch K. -H., Castoro G., Costantino E., Cyr C., George C., Gloger-Tippelt G., Gojman S., Harder S., Howes C., Jacobsen H., Jacobvitz D., Jin M. K., Juffer F., Kazui M., Leerkes E. M., Lyons-Ruth K., McMahon C., Meins E., Millan S., Murray L., Nowacki K., Pederson D. R., Priddis L., Sagi-Schwartz A., Schoppe-Sullivan S. J., Solomon J., Speranza A. M., Steele M., Steele H., Teti D. M., van IJzendoorn M. H., van Londen-Barentsen W. M., Ward M. J., Verhage, M, Schuengel, C, Holopainen, A, Bakermans-Kranenburg, M, Bernier, A, Brown, G, Madigan, S, Roisman, G, Vaever, M, Wong, M, Barone, L, Behrens, K, Behringer, J, Bovenschen, I, Cassibba, R, Cassidy, J, Coppola, G, Costantini, A, Dozier, M, Ensink, K, Fearon, R, Finger, B, Hautamaki, A, Hazen, N, Ierardi, E, Jongenelen, I, Koppe, S, Lionetti, F, Mangelsdorf, S, Oosterman, M, Pace, C, Raby, K, Riva Crugnola, C, Simonelli, A, Spangler, G, Tarabulsy, G, Arnott, B, Bailey, H, Brice, P, Brisch, K, Castoro, G, Costantino, E, Cyr, C, George, C, Gloger-Tippelt, G, Gojman, S, Harder, S, Howes, C, Jacobsen, H, Jacobvitz, D, Jin, M, Juffer, F, Kazui, M, Leerkes, E, Lyons-Ruth, K, Mcmahon, C, Meins, E, Millan, S, Murray, L, Nowacki, K, Pederson, D, Priddis, L, Sagi-Schwartz, A, Schoppe-Sullivan, S, Solomon, J, Speranza, A, Steele, M, Steele, H, Teti, D, van IJzendoorn, M, van Londen-Barentsen, W, Ward, M, Verhage M. L., Schuengel C., Holopainen A., Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J., Bernier A., Brown G. L., Madigan S., Roisman G. I., Vaever M. S., Wong M. S., Barone L., Behrens K. Y., Behringer J., Bovenschen I., Cassibba R., Cassidy J., Coppola G., Costantini A., Dozier M., Ensink K., Fearon R. M. P., Finger B., Hautamaki A., Hazen N. L., Ierardi E., Jongenelen I., Koppe S., Lionetti F., Mangelsdorf S., Oosterman M., Pace C. S., Raby K. L., Riva Crugnola C., Simonelli A., Spangler G., Tarabulsy G. M., Arnott B., Bailey H., Brice P. J., Brisch K. -H., Castoro G., Costantino E., Cyr C., George C., Gloger-Tippelt G., Gojman S., Harder S., Howes C., Jacobsen H., Jacobvitz D., Jin M. K., Juffer F., Kazui M., Leerkes E. M., Lyons-Ruth K., McMahon C., Meins E., Millan S., Murray L., Nowacki K., Pederson D. R., Priddis L., Sagi-Schwartz A., Schoppe-Sullivan S. J., Solomon J., Speranza A. M., Steele M., Steele H., Teti D. M., van IJzendoorn M. H., van Londen-Barentsen W. M., and Ward M. J.

Abstract

This article presents a strategy for the initial step of data harmonization in Individual Participant Data syntheses, i.e., making decisions as to which measures operationalize the constructs of interest - and which do not. This step is vital in the process of data harmonization, because a study can only be as good as its measures. If the construct validity of the measures is in question, study results are questionable as well. Our proposed strategy for data harmonization consists of three steps. First, a unitary construct is defined based on the existing literature, preferably on the theoretical framework surrounding the construct. Second, the various instruments used to measure the construct are evaluated as operationalizations of this construct, and retained or excluded based on this evaluation. Third, the scores of the included measures are recoded on the same metric. We illustrate the use of this method with three example constructs focal to the Collaboration on Attachment Transmission Synthesis (CATS) study: parental sensitivity, child temperament, and social support. This process description may aid researchers in their data pooling studies, filling a gap in the literature on the first step of data harmonization. • Data harmonization in studies using combined datasets is of vital importance for the validity of the study results. • We have developed and illustrated a strategy on how to define a unitary construct and evaluate whether instruments are operationalizations of this construct as the initial step in the harmonization process. • This strategy is a transferable and reproducible method to apply to the data harmonization process.

Published
2022

3. Attachment goes to court: Child protection and custody issues

Author

Forslund, T, Granqvist, P, van IJzendoorn, MH, Sagi-Schwartz, A, Glaser, D, Steele, M, Hammarlund, M, Schuengel, C, Bakermans-Kranenburg, MJ, Steele, H, Shaver, PR, Lux, U, Simmonds, J, Jacobvitz, D, Groh, AM, Bernard, K, Cyr, C, Hazen, NL, Foster, S, Psouni, E, Cowan, PA, Cowan, CP, Rifkin-Graboi, A, Wilkins, D, Pierrehumbert, B, Tarabulsy, GM, Cárcamo, RA, Wang, Z, Liang, X, Kázmierczak, M, Pawlicka, P, Ayiro, L, Chansa, T, Sichimba, F, Mooya, H, McLean, L, Verissimo, M, Gojman-De-Millán, S, Moretti, MM, Bacro, F, Peltola, MJ, Galbally, M, Kondo-Ikemura, K, Behrens, KY, Scott, S, Rodriguez, AF, Spencer, R, Posada, G, Cassibba, R, Barrantes-Vidal, N, Palacios, J, Barone, L, Madigan, S, Mason-Jones, K, Reijman, S, Juffer, F, Fearon, RP, Bernier, A, Cicchetti, D, Roisman, GI, Cassidy, J, Kindler, H, Zimmerman, P, Feldman, R, Spangle, G, Zeanah, CH, Dozier, M, Belsky, J, Lamb, ME, Duschinsky, R, Forslund, T, Granqvist, P, van IJzendoorn, MH, Sagi-Schwartz, A, Glaser, D, Steele, M, Hammarlund, M, Schuengel, C, Bakermans-Kranenburg, MJ, Steele, H, Shaver, PR, Lux, U, Simmonds, J, Jacobvitz, D, Groh, AM, Bernard, K, Cyr, C, Hazen, NL, Foster, S, Psouni, E, Cowan, PA, Cowan, CP, Rifkin-Graboi, A, Wilkins, D, Pierrehumbert, B, Tarabulsy, GM, Cárcamo, RA, Wang, Z, Liang, X, Kázmierczak, M, Pawlicka, P, Ayiro, L, Chansa, T, Sichimba, F, Mooya, H, McLean, L, Verissimo, M, Gojman-De-Millán, S, Moretti, MM, Bacro, F, Peltola, MJ, Galbally, M, Kondo-Ikemura, K, Behrens, KY, Scott, S, Rodriguez, AF, Spencer, R, Posada, G, Cassibba, R, Barrantes-Vidal, N, Palacios, J, Barone, L, Madigan, S, Mason-Jones, K, Reijman, S, Juffer, F, Fearon, RP, Bernier, A, Cicchetti, D, Roisman, GI, Cassidy, J, Kindler, H, Zimmerman, P, Feldman, R, Spangle, G, Zeanah, CH, Dozier, M, Belsky, J, Lamb, ME, and Duschinsky, R

Published
2022

4. Attachment goes to court: Child protection and custody issues

Author

Forslund, T., Granqvist, P., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Glaser, D., Steele, M., Hammarlund, M., Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Steele, H., Shaver, P.R., Lux, U., Simmonds, J., Jacobvitz, D., Groh, A.M., Bernard, K., Cyr, C., Hazen, N.L., Foster, S., Psouni, E., Cowan, P.A., Pape Cowan, C., Rifkin-Graboi, A., Wilkins, D., Pierrehumbert, B., Tarabulsy, G.M., Carcamo, R.A., Wang, Z., Liang, X., Kázmierczak, M., Pawlicka, P., Ayiro, L., Chansa, T., Sichimba, F., Mooya, H., McLean, L., Verissimo, M., Gojman-de-Millán, S., Moretti, M.M., Bacro, F., Peltola, M.J., Galbally, M., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Behrens, K.Y., Scott, S., Rodriguez, A.F., Spencer, R., Posada, G., Cassibba, R., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Palacios, J., Barone, L., Madigan, S., Mason-Jones, K., Reijman, S., Juffer, F., Pasco Fearon, R., Bernier, A., Cicchetti, D., Roisman, G.I., Cassidy, J., Kindler, H., Zimmermann, P., Feldman, R., Spangler, G., Zeanah, C.H., Dozier, M., Belsky, J., Lamb, M.E., Duschinsky, R., Forslund, T., Granqvist, P., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Glaser, D., Steele, M., Hammarlund, M., Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Steele, H., Shaver, P.R., Lux, U., Simmonds, J., Jacobvitz, D., Groh, A.M., Bernard, K., Cyr, C., Hazen, N.L., Foster, S., Psouni, E., Cowan, P.A., Pape Cowan, C., Rifkin-Graboi, A., Wilkins, D., Pierrehumbert, B., Tarabulsy, G.M., Carcamo, R.A., Wang, Z., Liang, X., Kázmierczak, M., Pawlicka, P., Ayiro, L., Chansa, T., Sichimba, F., Mooya, H., McLean, L., Verissimo, M., Gojman-de-Millán, S., Moretti, M.M., Bacro, F., Peltola, M.J., Galbally, M., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Behrens, K.Y., Scott, S., Rodriguez, A.F., Spencer, R., Posada, G., Cassibba, R., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Palacios, J., Barone, L., Madigan, S., Mason-Jones, K., Reijman, S., Juffer, F., Pasco Fearon, R., Bernier, A., Cicchetti, D., Roisman, G.I., Cassidy, J., Kindler, H., Zimmermann, P., Feldman, R., Spangler, G., Zeanah, C.H., Dozier, M., Belsky, J., Lamb, M.E., and Duschinsky, R.

Abstract

Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child’s need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.

Published
2021

5. Attachment goes to court: child protection and custody issues

Author

Forslund, T. (Tommie), Granqvist, P. (Pehr), IJzendoorn, M.H. (Rien) van, Sagi-Schwartz, A. (Avi), Glaser, D. (Danya), Steele, M. (Miriam), Hammarlund, M. (Mårten), Schuengel, C. (Carlo), Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (Marian), Steele, H. (Howard), Shaver, P.R. (Phillip R.), Lux, U. (Ulrike), Simmonds, J. (John), Jacobvitz, D. (Deborah), Groh, A.M. (Ashley M.), Bernard, K. (Kristin), Cyr, C. (Chantal), Hazen, N.L. (Nancy L.), Foster, S. (Sarah), Psouni, E. (Elia), Cowan, P.A. (Philip A.), Pape Cowan, C. (Carolyn), Rifkin-Graboi, A. (Anne), Wilkins, D. (David), Pierrehumbert, B. (Blaise), Tarabulsy, G.M. (George M.), Carcamo, R.A. (Rodrigo A.), Wang, Z. (Zhengyan), Liang, X. (Xi), Kázmierczak, M. (Maria), Pawlicka, P. (Paulina), Ayiro, L. (Lilian), Chansa, T. (Tamara), Sichimba, F. (Francis), Mooya, H. (Haatembo), McLean, L. (Loyola), Verissimo, M. (Manuela), Gojman-de-Millán, S. (Sonia), Moretti, M.M. (Marlene M.), Bacro, F. (Fabien), Peltola, M.J. (Mikko J.), Galbally, M. (Megan), Kondo-Ikemura, K. (Kiyomi), Behrens, K.Y. (Kazuko Y.), Scott, S. (Stephen), Rodriguez, A.F. (Andrés Fresno), Spencer, R. (Rosario), Posada, G. (Germán), Cassibba, R. (Rosalinda), Barrantes-Vidal, N. (Neus), Palacios, J. (Jesus), Barone, L. (Lavinia), Madigan, S. (Sheri), Mason-Jones, K. (Karen), Reijman, S. (Sophie), Juffer, F. (Femmie), Pasco Fearon, R. (R.), Bernier, A. (Annie), Cicchetti, D. (Dante), Roisman, G.I. (Glenn), Cassidy, J. (Jude), Kindler, H. (Heinz), Zimmerman, P. (Peter), Feldman, R. (Ruth), Spangler, G. (Gottfried), Zeanah, C.H. (Charles H.), Dozier, M. (Mary), Belsky, J. (Jay), Lamb, M.E. (Michael E.), Duschinsky, R. (Robbie), Forslund, T. (Tommie), Granqvist, P. (Pehr), IJzendoorn, M.H. (Rien) van, Sagi-Schwartz, A. (Avi), Glaser, D. (Danya), Steele, M. (Miriam), Hammarlund, M. (Mårten), Schuengel, C. (Carlo), Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (Marian), Steele, H. (Howard), Shaver, P.R. (Phillip R.), Lux, U. (Ulrike), Simmonds, J. (John), Jacobvitz, D. (Deborah), Groh, A.M. (Ashley M.), Bernard, K. (Kristin), Cyr, C. (Chantal), Hazen, N.L. (Nancy L.), Foster, S. (Sarah), Psouni, E. (Elia), Cowan, P.A. (Philip A.), Pape Cowan, C. (Carolyn), Rifkin-Graboi, A. (Anne), Wilkins, D. (David), Pierrehumbert, B. (Blaise), Tarabulsy, G.M. (George M.), Carcamo, R.A. (Rodrigo A.), Wang, Z. (Zhengyan), Liang, X. (Xi), Kázmierczak, M. (Maria), Pawlicka, P. (Paulina), Ayiro, L. (Lilian), Chansa, T. (Tamara), Sichimba, F. (Francis), Mooya, H. (Haatembo), McLean, L. (Loyola), Verissimo, M. (Manuela), Gojman-de-Millán, S. (Sonia), Moretti, M.M. (Marlene M.), Bacro, F. (Fabien), Peltola, M.J. (Mikko J.), Galbally, M. (Megan), Kondo-Ikemura, K. (Kiyomi), Behrens, K.Y. (Kazuko Y.), Scott, S. (Stephen), Rodriguez, A.F. (Andrés Fresno), Spencer, R. (Rosario), Posada, G. (Germán), Cassibba, R. (Rosalinda), Barrantes-Vidal, N. (Neus), Palacios, J. (Jesus), Barone, L. (Lavinia), Madigan, S. (Sheri), Mason-Jones, K. (Karen), Reijman, S. (Sophie), Juffer, F. (Femmie), Pasco Fearon, R. (R.), Bernier, A. (Annie), Cicchetti, D. (Dante), Roisman, G.I. (Glenn), Cassidy, J. (Jude), Kindler, H. (Heinz), Zimmerman, P. (Peter), Feldman, R. (Ruth), Spangler, G. (Gottfried), Zeanah, C.H. (Charles H.), Dozier, M. (Mary), Belsky, J. (Jay), Lamb, M.E. (Michael E.), and Duschinsky, R. (Robbie)

Abstract

Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child’s need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.

Published
2021
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6. El Apego Va a Juicio: Problemas de Custodia y Protección Infantil1

Author

Forslund, T., Granqvist, P., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Glaser, D., Steele, M., Hammarlund, M., Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Steele, H., Shaver, P.R., Lux, U., Simmonds, J., Jacobvitz, D., Groh, A.M., Bernard, K., Cyr, C., Hazen, N.L., Foster, S., Psouni, E., Cowan, P.A., Cowan, C.P., Rifkin-Graboi, A., Wilkins, D., Pierrehumbert, B., Tarabulsy, G.M., Carcamo, R.A., Wang, Z., Liang, X., Kázmierczak, M., Pawlicka, P., Ayiro, L., Chansa, T., Sichimba, F., Mooya, H., McLean, L., Verissimo, M., Gojman-de-Millán, S., Moretti, M.M., Bacro, F., Peltola, M.J., Galbally, M., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Behrens, K.Y., Scott, S., Rodriguez, A.F., Spencer, R., Posada, G., Cassibba, R., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Palacios, J., Barone, L., Madigan, S., Mason-Jones, K., Reijman, S., Juffer, F., Fearon, R.P., Bernier, A., Cicchetti, D., Roisman, G.I., Cassidy, J., Kindler, H., Zimmermann, P., Feldman, R., Spangle, G., Zeanah, C.H., Dozier, M., Belsky, J., Lamb, M.E., Duschinsky, R., Forslund, T., Granqvist, P., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Glaser, D., Steele, M., Hammarlund, M., Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Steele, H., Shaver, P.R., Lux, U., Simmonds, J., Jacobvitz, D., Groh, A.M., Bernard, K., Cyr, C., Hazen, N.L., Foster, S., Psouni, E., Cowan, P.A., Cowan, C.P., Rifkin-Graboi, A., Wilkins, D., Pierrehumbert, B., Tarabulsy, G.M., Carcamo, R.A., Wang, Z., Liang, X., Kázmierczak, M., Pawlicka, P., Ayiro, L., Chansa, T., Sichimba, F., Mooya, H., McLean, L., Verissimo, M., Gojman-de-Millán, S., Moretti, M.M., Bacro, F., Peltola, M.J., Galbally, M., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Behrens, K.Y., Scott, S., Rodriguez, A.F., Spencer, R., Posada, G., Cassibba, R., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Palacios, J., Barone, L., Madigan, S., Mason-Jones, K., Reijman, S., Juffer, F., Fearon, R.P., Bernier, A., Cicchetti, D., Roisman, G.I., Cassidy, J., Kindler, H., Zimmermann, P., Feldman, R., Spangle, G., Zeanah, C.H., Dozier, M., Belsky, J., Lamb, M.E., and Duschinsky, R.

Abstract

Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. This article is divided into two parts. In the first part, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child’s need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.

Published
2021

7. Attachment goes to court: Child protection and custody issues

Author

Forslund, T., Granqvist, P., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Glaser, D., Steele, M., Hammarlund, M., Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Steele, H., Shaver, P.R., Lux, U., Simmonds, J., Jacobvitz, D., Groh, A.M., Bernard, K., Cyr, C., Hazen, N.L., Foster, S., Psouni, E., Cowan, P.A., Pape Cowan, C., Rifkin-Graboi, A., Wilkins, D., Pierrehumbert, B., Tarabulsy, G.M., Carcamo, R.A., Wang, Z., Liang, X., Kázmierczak, M., Pawlicka, P., Ayiro, L., Chansa, T., Sichimba, F., Mooya, H., McLean, L., Verissimo, M., Gojman-de-Millán, S., Moretti, M.M., Bacro, F., Peltola, M.J., Galbally, M., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Behrens, K.Y., Scott, S., Rodriguez, A.F., Spencer, R., Posada, G., Cassibba, R., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Palacios, J., Barone, L., Madigan, S., Mason-Jones, K., Reijman, S., Juffer, F., Pasco Fearon, R., Bernier, A., Cicchetti, D., Roisman, G.I., Cassidy, J., Kindler, H., Zimmermann, P., Feldman, R., Spangler, G., Zeanah, C.H., Dozier, M., Belsky, J., Lamb, M.E., Duschinsky, R., Forslund, T., Granqvist, P., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Glaser, D., Steele, M., Hammarlund, M., Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Steele, H., Shaver, P.R., Lux, U., Simmonds, J., Jacobvitz, D., Groh, A.M., Bernard, K., Cyr, C., Hazen, N.L., Foster, S., Psouni, E., Cowan, P.A., Pape Cowan, C., Rifkin-Graboi, A., Wilkins, D., Pierrehumbert, B., Tarabulsy, G.M., Carcamo, R.A., Wang, Z., Liang, X., Kázmierczak, M., Pawlicka, P., Ayiro, L., Chansa, T., Sichimba, F., Mooya, H., McLean, L., Verissimo, M., Gojman-de-Millán, S., Moretti, M.M., Bacro, F., Peltola, M.J., Galbally, M., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Behrens, K.Y., Scott, S., Rodriguez, A.F., Spencer, R., Posada, G., Cassibba, R., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Palacios, J., Barone, L., Madigan, S., Mason-Jones, K., Reijman, S., Juffer, F., Pasco Fearon, R., Bernier, A., Cicchetti, D., Roisman, G.I., Cassidy, J., Kindler, H., Zimmermann, P., Feldman, R., Spangler, G., Zeanah, C.H., Dozier, M., Belsky, J., Lamb, M.E., and Duschinsky, R.

Abstract

Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child’s need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.

Published
2021

8. Examining Ecological Constraints on the Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment Via Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis

Author

Verhage, M, Fearon, R, Schuengel, C, van IJzendoorn, M, Bakermans-Kranenburg, M, Madigan, S, Roisman, G, Oosterman, M, Behrens, K, Wong, M, Mangelsdorf, S, Priddis, L, Brisch, K, Arnott, B, Aviezer, O, Bailey, H, Behringer, J, Bernier, A, Cassibba, R, Cassidy, J, Coppola, G, Costantini, A, Cyr, C, Dozier, M, Ensink, K, Finger, B, Gojman, S, Harder, S, Hautamaki, A, Hazen, N, Ierardi, E, Jin, M, Jongenelen, I, Leerkes, E, Lionetti, F, Lyons-Ruth, K, Mcmahon, C, Meins, E, Pace, C, Raby, K, Riva Crugnola, C, Sagi-Schwartz, A, Schoppe-Sullivan, S, Steele, H, Steele, M, Tarabulsy, G, Væver, M, Brice, P, Castoro, G, Costantino, E, George, C, Gloger-Tippelt, G, Howes, C, Jacobvitz, D, Juffer, F, Kazui, M, Køppe, S, Millán, S, Murray, L, Pederson, D, Simonelli, A, Solomon, J, Speranza, A, Teti, D, van Londen-Barentsen, W, Ward, M, The Collaboration on Attachment Transmission, S, Verhage, Marije L., Fearon, R. M. Pasco, Schuengel, Carlo, van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J., Madigan, Sheri, Roisman, Glenn I., Oosterman, Mirjam, Behrens, Kazuko Y., Wong, Maria S., Mangelsdorf, Sarah, Priddis, Lynn E., Brisch, Karl-Heinz, Arnott, B., Aviezer, O., Bailey, H., Behringer, J., Bernier, A., Cassibba, R., Cassidy, J., Coppola, G., Costantini, A., Cyr, C., Dozier, M., Ensink, K., Finger, B., Gojman, S., Harder, S., Hautamaki, A., Hazen, N. L., Ierardi, E., Jin, M. K., Jongenelen, I., Leerkes, E. M., Lionetti, F., Lyons-Ruth, K., McMahon, C., Meins, E., Pace, C. S., Priddis, L., Raby, K. L., Riva Crugnola, C., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Steele, H., Steele, M., Tarabulsy, G. M., Væver, M. S., Brice, P. J., Castoro, G., Costantino, E., George, C., Gloger-Tippelt, G., Howes, C., Jacobvitz, D., Juffer, F., Kazui, M., Køppe, S., Millán, S., Murray, L., Pederson, D. R., Simonelli, A., Solomon J., Speranza A. M., Teti, D. M., van Londen-Barentsen, W. M., Ward, M. J., The Collaboration on Attachment Transmission Synthesis, Verhage, M, Fearon, R, Schuengel, C, van IJzendoorn, M, Bakermans-Kranenburg, M, Madigan, S, Roisman, G, Oosterman, M, Behrens, K, Wong, M, Mangelsdorf, S, Priddis, L, Brisch, K, Arnott, B, Aviezer, O, Bailey, H, Behringer, J, Bernier, A, Cassibba, R, Cassidy, J, Coppola, G, Costantini, A, Cyr, C, Dozier, M, Ensink, K, Finger, B, Gojman, S, Harder, S, Hautamaki, A, Hazen, N, Ierardi, E, Jin, M, Jongenelen, I, Leerkes, E, Lionetti, F, Lyons-Ruth, K, Mcmahon, C, Meins, E, Pace, C, Raby, K, Riva Crugnola, C, Sagi-Schwartz, A, Schoppe-Sullivan, S, Steele, H, Steele, M, Tarabulsy, G, Væver, M, Brice, P, Castoro, G, Costantino, E, George, C, Gloger-Tippelt, G, Howes, C, Jacobvitz, D, Juffer, F, Kazui, M, Køppe, S, Millán, S, Murray, L, Pederson, D, Simonelli, A, Solomon, J, Speranza, A, Teti, D, van Londen-Barentsen, W, Ward, M, The Collaboration on Attachment Transmission, S, Verhage, Marije L., Fearon, R. M. Pasco, Schuengel, Carlo, van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J., Madigan, Sheri, Roisman, Glenn I., Oosterman, Mirjam, Behrens, Kazuko Y., Wong, Maria S., Mangelsdorf, Sarah, Priddis, Lynn E., Brisch, Karl-Heinz, Arnott, B., Aviezer, O., Bailey, H., Behringer, J., Bernier, A., Cassibba, R., Cassidy, J., Coppola, G., Costantini, A., Cyr, C., Dozier, M., Ensink, K., Finger, B., Gojman, S., Harder, S., Hautamaki, A., Hazen, N. L., Ierardi, E., Jin, M. K., Jongenelen, I., Leerkes, E. M., Lionetti, F., Lyons-Ruth, K., McMahon, C., Meins, E., Pace, C. S., Priddis, L., Raby, K. L., Riva Crugnola, C., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Steele, H., Steele, M., Tarabulsy, G. M., Væver, M. S., Brice, P. J., Castoro, G., Costantino, E., George, C., Gloger-Tippelt, G., Howes, C., Jacobvitz, D., Juffer, F., Kazui, M., Køppe, S., Millán, S., Murray, L., Pederson, D. R., Simonelli, A., Solomon J., Speranza A. M., Teti, D. M., van Londen-Barentsen, W. M., Ward, M. J., and The Collaboration on Attachment Transmission Synthesis

Abstract

Parents’ attachment representations and child–parent attachment have been shown to be associated, but these associations vary across populations (Verhage et al., 2016). The current study examined whether ecological factors may explain variability in the strength of intergenerational transmission of attachment, using individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. Analyses on 4,396 parent–child dyads (58 studies, child age 11–96 months) revealed a combined effect size of r =.29. IPD meta-analyses revealed that effect sizes for the transmission of autonomous-secure representations to secure attachments were weaker under risk conditions and weaker in adolescent parent–child dyads, whereas transmission was stronger for older children. Findings support the ecological constraints hypothesis on attachment transmission. Implications for attachment theory and the use of IPD meta-analysis are discussed.

Published
2018

9. Disorganized attachment in infancy: a review of the phenomenon and its implications for clinicians and policy-makers

Author

Granqvist, P. (Pehr), Sroufe, L.A. (L. Alan), Dozier, M. (Mary), Hesse, E. (Erik), Steele, M. (Miriam), IJzendoorn, M.H. (Rien) van, Solomon, J. (Judith), Schuengel, C. (Carlo), Fearon, P. (Pasco), Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (Marian), Steele, H. (Howard), Cassidy, J. (Jude), Carlson, E. (Elizabeth), Madigan, S. (Sheri), Jacobvitz, D. (Deborah), Foster, S. (Sarah), Behrens, K. (Kazuko), Rifkin-Graboi, A. (Anne), Gribneau, N. (Naomi), Spangler, G. (Gottfried), Ward, M.J. (Mary J), True, M. (Mary), Spieker, S. (Susan), Reijman, S. (Sophie), Reisz, S. (Samantha), Tharner, A. (Anne), Nkara, F. (Frances), Goldwyn, R. (Ruth), Sroufe, J. (June), Pederson, D. (David), Pederson, D. (Deanne), Weigand, R. (Robert), Siegel, D. (Daniel), Dazzi, N. (Nino), Bernard, K. (Kristin), Fonagy, P. (Peter), Waters, E. (Everett), Toth, S. (Sheree), Cicchetti, D. (Dante), Zeanah, C.H. (Charles H), Lyons-Ruth, K. (Karlen), Main, M. (Mary), Duschinsky, R. (Robbie), Granqvist, P. (Pehr), Sroufe, L.A. (L. Alan), Dozier, M. (Mary), Hesse, E. (Erik), Steele, M. (Miriam), IJzendoorn, M.H. (Rien) van, Solomon, J. (Judith), Schuengel, C. (Carlo), Fearon, P. (Pasco), Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (Marian), Steele, H. (Howard), Cassidy, J. (Jude), Carlson, E. (Elizabeth), Madigan, S. (Sheri), Jacobvitz, D. (Deborah), Foster, S. (Sarah), Behrens, K. (Kazuko), Rifkin-Graboi, A. (Anne), Gribneau, N. (Naomi), Spangler, G. (Gottfried), Ward, M.J. (Mary J), True, M. (Mary), Spieker, S. (Susan), Reijman, S. (Sophie), Reisz, S. (Samantha), Tharner, A. (Anne), Nkara, F. (Frances), Goldwyn, R. (Ruth), Sroufe, J. (June), Pederson, D. (David), Pederson, D. (Deanne), Weigand, R. (Robert), Siegel, D. (Daniel), Dazzi, N. (Nino), Bernard, K. (Kristin), Fonagy, P. (Peter), Waters, E. (Everett), Toth, S. (Sheree), Cicchetti, D. (Dante), Zeanah, C.H. (Charles H), Lyons-Ruth, K. (Karlen), Main, M. (Mary), and Duschinsky, R. (Robbie)

Abstract

Disorganized/Disoriented (D) attachment has seen widespread interest from policy makers, practitioners, and clinicians in recent years. However, some of this interest seems to have been based on some false assumptions that (1) attachment measures can be used as definitive assessments of the individual in forensic/child protection settings and that disorganized attachment (2) reliably indicates child maltreatment, (3) is a strong predictor of pathology, and (4) represents a fixed or static “trait” of the child, impervious to development or help. This paper summarizes the evidence showing that these four assumptions are false and misleading. The paper reviews what is known about disorganized infant attachment and clarifies the implications of the classification for clinical and welfare practice with children. In particular, the difference between disorganized attachment and attachment disorder is examined, and a

Published
2017
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10. Which professional (non-technical) competencies are most important to the success of graduate veterinarians? A Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) systematic review: BEME Guide No. 38

Author

Cake, M.A., Bell, M.A., Williams, J.C., Brown, F.J.L., Dozier, M., Rhind, S.M., Baillie, S., Cake, M.A., Bell, M.A., Williams, J.C., Brown, F.J.L., Dozier, M., Rhind, S.M., and Baillie, S.

Abstract

Background: Despite the growing prominence of professional (non-technical) competencies in veterinary education, the evidence to support their importance to veterinary graduates is unclear. Aim: To summarize current evidence within the veterinary literature for the importance of professional competencies to graduate success. Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted (CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, Australian and British Education Index, Dissertations & Theses) from 1988 to 2015 and limited to the veterinary discipline (veterinar* term required). Evidence was sought from consensus-based competence frameworks, surveys of stakeholder perceptions, and empirical evidence linked to relevant outcomes (e.g. employability, client satisfaction or compliance). Data extraction was completed by two independent reviewers and included a quality assessment of each source. Results: Fifty-two sources were included in the review, providing evidence from expert frameworks (10 sources), stakeholder perceptions (30 sources, including one from the previous category), and empirical research (13 sources). Communication skills were the only competency to be well-supported by all three categories of evidence. Other competencies supported by multiple sources of empirical evidence include empathy, relationship-centered care, self-efficacy, and business skills. Other competencies perceived to be relatively more important included awareness of limitations, professional values, critical thinking, collaboration, and resilience. Conclusions: This review has highlighted the comparatively weak body of evidence supporting the importance of professional competencies for veterinary graduate success, with the exception of communication skills. However we stress this is more indicative of the scarcity of high-quality veterinary-based education research in the field, than of the true priority of these competencies.

Published
2016

11. Which professional (non-technical) competencies are most important to the success of graduate veterinarians? A Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) systematic review: BEME Guide No. 38

Author

Cake, M.A., Bell, M.A., Williams, J.C., Brown, F.J.L., Dozier, M., Rhind, S.M., Baillie, S., Cake, M.A., Bell, M.A., Williams, J.C., Brown, F.J.L., Dozier, M., Rhind, S.M., and Baillie, S.

Abstract

Background: Despite the growing prominence of professional (non-technical) competencies in veterinary education, the evidence to support their importance to veterinary graduates is unclear. Aim: To summarize current evidence within the veterinary literature for the importance of professional competencies to graduate success. Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted (CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, Australian and British Education Index, Dissertations & Theses) from 1988 to 2015 and limited to the veterinary discipline (veterinar* term required). Evidence was sought from consensus-based competence frameworks, surveys of stakeholder perceptions, and empirical evidence linked to relevant outcomes (e.g. employability, client satisfaction or compliance). Data extraction was completed by two independent reviewers and included a quality assessment of each source. Results: Fifty-two sources were included in the review, providing evidence from expert frameworks (10 sources), stakeholder perceptions (30 sources, including one from the previous category), and empirical research (13 sources). Communication skills were the only competency to be well-supported by all three categories of evidence. Other competencies supported by multiple sources of empirical evidence include empathy, relationship-centered care, self-efficacy, and business skills. Other competencies perceived to be relatively more important included awareness of limitations, professional values, critical thinking, collaboration, and resilience. Conclusions: This review has highlighted the comparatively weak body of evidence supporting the importance of professional competencies for veterinary graduate success, with the exception of communication skills. However we stress this is more indicative of the scarcity of high-quality veterinary-based education research in the field, than of the true priority of these competencies.

Published
2016

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