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Gene flow is a key factor in the evolution of species, influencing effective population size, hybridisation and local adaptation. We analysed local gene flow in eight stands of white oak (mostly Quercus petraea and Q. robur, but also Q. pubescens and Q. faginea) distributed across Europe. Adult trees within a given area in each stand were exhaustively sampled (range [239, 754], mean 423), mapped, and acorns were collected ([17,147], 51) from several mother trees ([3,47], 23). Seedlings ([65,387], 178) were harvested and geo-referenced in six of the eight stands. Genetic information was obtained from screening distinct molecular markers spread across the genome, genotyping each tree, acorn or seedling. All samples were thus genotyped at 5-8 nuclear microsatellite loci. Fathers/parents were assigned to acorns and seedlings using likelihood methods. Mating success of male and female parents, pollen and seed dispersal curves, and also hybridisation rates were estimated in each stand and compared on a continental scale. On average, the percentage of the wind-borne pollen from outside the stand was 60%, with large variation among stands (21-88%). Mean seed immigration into the stand was 40%, a high value for oaks that are generally considered to have limited seed dispersal. However, this estimate varied greatly among stands (20-66%). Gene flow was mostly intraspecific, with large variation, as some trees and stands showed particularly high rates of hybridisation. Our results show that mating success was unevenly distributed among trees. The high levels of gene flow suggest that geographically remote oak stands are unlikely to be genetically isolated, questioning the static definition of gene reserves and seed stands.

Gene flow is a key factor in the evolution of species, influencing effective population size, hybridisation and local adaptation. We analysed local gene flow in eight stands of white oak (mostly Quercus petraea and Q. robur, but also Q. pubescens and Q. faginea) distributed across Europe. Adult trees within a given area in each stand were exhaustively sampled (range [239, 754], mean 423), mapped, and acorns were collected ([17,147], 51) from several mother trees ([3,47], 23). Seedlings ([65,387], 178) were harvested and geo-referenced in six of the eight stands. Genetic information was obtained from screening distinct molecular markers spread across the genome, genotyping each tree, acorn or seedling. All samples were thus genotyped at 5-8 nuclear microsatellite loci. Fathers/parents were assigned to acorns and seedlings using likelihood methods. Mating success of male and female parents, pollen and seed dispersal curves, and also hybridisation rates were estimated in each stand and compared on a continental scale. On average, the percentage of the wind-borne pollen from outside the stand was 60%, with large variation among stands (21-88%). Mean seed immigration into the stand was 40%, a high value for oaks that are generally considered to have limited seed dispersal. However, this estimate varied greatly among stands (20-66%). Gene flow was mostly intraspecific, with large variation, as some trees and stands showed particularly high rates of hybridisation. Our results show that mating success was unevenly distributed among trees. The high levels of gene flow suggest that geographically remote oak stands are unlikely to be genetically isolated, questioning the static definition of gene reserves and seed stands.

Gene flow is a key factor in the evolution of species, influencing effective population size, hybridisation and local adaptation. We analysed local gene flow in eight stands of white oak (mostly Quercus petraea and Q. robur, but also Q. pubescens and Q. faginea) distributed across Europe. Adult trees within a given area in each stand were exhaustively sampled (range [239, 754], mean 423), mapped, and acorns were collected ([17,147], 51) from several mother trees ([3,47], 23). Seedlings ([65,387], 178) were harvested and geo-referenced in six of the eight stands. Genetic information was obtained from screening distinct molecular markers spread across the genome, genotyping each tree, acorn or seedling. All samples were thus genotyped at 5-8 nuclear microsatellite loci. Fathers/parents were assigned to acorns and seedlings using likelihood methods. Mating success of male and female parents, pollen and seed dispersal curves, and also hybridisation rates were estimated in each stand and compared on a continental scale. On average, the percentage of the wind-borne pollen from outside the stand was 60%, with large variation among stands (21-88%). Mean seed immigration into the stand was 40%, a high value for oaks that are generally considered to have limited seed dispersal. However, this estimate varied greatly among stands (20-66%). Gene flow was mostly intraspecific, with large variation, as some trees and stands showed particularly high rates of hybridisation. Our results show that mating success was unevenly distributed among trees. The high levels of gene flow suggest that geographically remote oak stands are unlikely to be genetically isolated, questioning the static definition of gene reserves and seed stands.

Gene flow is a key factor in the evolution of species, influencing effective population size, hybridisation and local adaptation. We analysed local gene flow in eight stands of white oak (mostly Quercus petraea and Q. robur, but also Q. pubescens and Q. faginea) distributed across Europe. Adult trees within a given area in each stand were exhaustively sampled (range [239, 754], mean 423), mapped, and acorns were collected ([17,147], 51) from several mother trees ([3,47], 23). Seedlings ([65,387], 178) were harvested and geo-referenced in six of the eight stands. Genetic information was obtained from screening distinct molecular markers spread across the genome, genotyping each tree, acorn or seedling. All samples were thus genotyped at 5-8 nuclear microsatellite loci. Fathers/parents were assigned to acorns and seedlings using likelihood methods. Mating success of male and female parents, pollen and seed dispersal curves, and also hybridisation rates were estimated in each stand and compared on a continental scale. On average, the percentage of the wind-borne pollen from outside the stand was 60%, with large variation among stands (21-88%). Mean seed immigration into the stand was 40%, a high value for oaks that are generally considered to have limited seed dispersal. However, this estimate varied greatly among stands (20-66%). Gene flow was mostly intraspecific, with large variation, as some trees and stands showed particularly high rates of hybridisation. Our results show that mating success was unevenly distributed among trees. The high levels of gene flow suggest that geographically remote oak stands are unlikely to be genetically isolated, questioning the static definition of gene reserves and seed stands.

Gene flow is a key factor in the evolution of species, influencing effective population size, hybridisation and local adaptation. We analysed local gene flow in eight stands of white oak (mostly Quercus petraea and Q. robur, but also Q. pubescens and Q. faginea) distributed across Europe. Adult trees within a given area in each stand were exhaustively sampled (range [239, 754], mean 423), mapped, and acorns were collected ([17,147], 51) from several mother trees ([3,47], 23). Seedlings ([65,387], 178) were harvested and geo-referenced in six of the eight stands. Genetic information was obtained from screening distinct molecular markers spread across the genome, genotyping each tree, acorn or seedling. All samples were thus genotyped at 5-8 nuclear microsatellite loci. Fathers/parents were assigned to acorns and seedlings using likelihood methods. Mating success of male and female parents, pollen and seed dispersal curves, and also hybridisation rates were estimated in each stand and compared on a continental scale. On average, the percentage of the wind-borne pollen from outside the stand was 60%, with large variation among stands (21-88%). Mean seed immigration into the stand was 40%, a high value for oaks that are generally considered to have limited seed dispersal. However, this estimate varied greatly among stands (20-66%). Gene flow was mostly intraspecific, with large variation, as some trees and stands showed particularly high rates of hybridisation. Our results show that mating success was unevenly distributed among trees. The high levels of gene flow suggest that geographically remote oak stands are unlikely to be genetically isolated, questioning the static definition of gene reserves and seed stands.

El objetivo de los estudios presentados en esta tesis doctoral es demostrar la eficacia de procedimientos de enseñanza específicos derivados de la ciencia del Análisis Aplicado de la Conducta en la enseñanza del lenguaje y de ilustrar algunas aplicaciones prácticas del análisis de la conducta verbal tal como fue descrito por Skinner (1957) aplicado con diferentes poblaciones.Más en detalle, en el primer artículo que se incluye, hay una reflexión conceptual sobre el análisis de la conducta verbal de Skinner (1957) y otros autores y se propone una taxonomía integral de las operantes verbales, que incluye una mención a los canales de aprendizaje y las operantes de identidad y no-identidad. En los artículos de investigación, se describen los procedimientos elegidos para enseñar algunas de las operantes verbales básicas (los tactos y las intraverbales) y su eficacia se evalúa con poblaciones diferentes, adultos de desarrollo típico y un adulto con afasia global. Los procedimientos de enseñanza usados en estos estudios consistieron en el uso de ayudas textuales y ecoicas e incluyeron la presentación de estímulos antecedentes visuales y auditivos. A la hora de evaluar la eficacia de los procedimientos de enseñanza, los fenómenos de emergencia se tuvieron en cuenta y se formularon hipótesis con respecto a las relaciones enseñadas y los procedimientos de enseñanza que produjeron más respuestas emergentes. [ABSTRACT] The aim of the studies presented in this doctoral dissertation is to demonstrate the efficacy of specific teaching procedures derived from the science of Applied Behavior Analysis into the teaching of language and to illustrate some practical applications of the analysis of verbal behavior as this was described by Skinner (1957) and with different populations. More in detail, in the first article included, there is a conceptual reflexion on Skinner’s (1957) and other authors’ analysis of verbal behavior and a unifying taxonomy of verbal operants is proposed, incl

El objetivo de los estudios presentados en esta tesis doctoral es demostrar la eficacia de procedimientos de enseñanza específicos derivados de la ciencia del Análisis Aplicado de la Conducta en la enseñanza del lenguaje y de ilustrar algunas aplicaciones prácticas del análisis de la conducta verbal tal como fue descrito por Skinner (1957) aplicado con diferentes poblaciones.Más en detalle, en el primer artículo que se incluye, hay una reflexión conceptual sobre el análisis de la conducta verbal de Skinner (1957) y otros autores y se propone una taxonomía integral de las operantes verbales, que incluye una mención a los canales de aprendizaje y las operantes de identidad y no-identidad. En los artículos de investigación, se describen los procedimientos elegidos para enseñar algunas de las operantes verbales básicas (los tactos y las intraverbales) y su eficacia se evalúa con poblaciones diferentes, adultos de desarrollo típico y un adulto con afasia global. Los procedimientos de enseñanza usados en estos estudios consistieron en el uso de ayudas textuales y ecoicas e incluyeron la presentación de estímulos antecedentes visuales y auditivos. A la hora de evaluar la eficacia de los procedimientos de enseñanza, los fenómenos de emergencia se tuvieron en cuenta y se formularon hipótesis con respecto a las relaciones enseñadas y los procedimientos de enseñanza que produjeron más respuestas emergentes. [ABSTRACT] The aim of the studies presented in this doctoral dissertation is to demonstrate the efficacy of specific teaching procedures derived from the science of Applied Behavior Analysis into the teaching of language and to illustrate some practical applications of the analysis of verbal behavior as this was described by Skinner (1957) and with different populations. More in detail, in the first article included, there is a conceptual reflexion on Skinner’s (1957) and other authors’ analysis of verbal behavior and a unifying taxonomy of verbal operants is proposed, incl

El objetivo de los estudios presentados en esta tesis doctoral es demostrar la eficacia de procedimientos de enseñanza específicos derivados de la ciencia del Análisis Aplicado de la Conducta en la enseñanza del lenguaje y de ilustrar algunas aplicaciones prácticas del análisis de la conducta verbal tal como fue descrito por Skinner (1957) aplicado con diferentes poblaciones.Más en detalle, en el primer artículo que se incluye, hay una reflexión conceptual sobre el análisis de la conducta verbal de Skinner (1957) y otros autores y se propone una taxonomía integral de las operantes verbales, que incluye una mención a los canales de aprendizaje y las operantes de identidad y no-identidad. En los artículos de investigación, se describen los procedimientos elegidos para enseñar algunas de las operantes verbales básicas (los tactos y las intraverbales) y su eficacia se evalúa con poblaciones diferentes, adultos de desarrollo típico y un adulto con afasia global. Los procedimientos de enseñanza usados en estos estudios consistieron en el uso de ayudas textuales y ecoicas e incluyeron la presentación de estímulos antecedentes visuales y auditivos. A la hora de evaluar la eficacia de los procedimientos de enseñanza, los fenómenos de emergencia se tuvieron en cuenta y se formularon hipótesis con respecto a las relaciones enseñadas y los procedimientos de enseñanza que produjeron más respuestas emergentes. [ABSTRACT] The aim of the studies presented in this doctoral dissertation is to demonstrate the efficacy of specific teaching procedures derived from the science of Applied Behavior Analysis into the teaching of language and to illustrate some practical applications of the analysis of verbal behavior as this was described by Skinner (1957) and with different populations. More in detail, in the first article included, there is a conceptual reflexion on Skinner’s (1957) and other authors’ analysis of verbal behavior and a unifying taxonomy of verbal operants is proposed, incl

El objetivo de los estudios presentados en esta tesis doctoral es demostrar la eficacia de procedimientos de enseñanza específicos derivados de la ciencia del Análisis Aplicado de la Conducta en la enseñanza del lenguaje y de ilustrar algunas aplicaciones prácticas del análisis de la conducta verbal tal como fue descrito por Skinner (1957) aplicado con diferentes poblaciones.Más en detalle, en el primer artículo que se incluye, hay una reflexión conceptual sobre el análisis de la conducta verbal de Skinner (1957) y otros autores y se propone una taxonomía integral de las operantes verbales, que incluye una mención a los canales de aprendizaje y las operantes de identidad y no-identidad. En los artículos de investigación, se describen los procedimientos elegidos para enseñar algunas de las operantes verbales básicas (los tactos y las intraverbales) y su eficacia se evalúa con poblaciones diferentes, adultos de desarrollo típico y un adulto con afasia global. Los procedimientos de enseñanza usados en estos estudios consistieron en el uso de ayudas textuales y ecoicas e incluyeron la presentación de estímulos antecedentes visuales y auditivos. A la hora de evaluar la eficacia de los procedimientos de enseñanza, los fenómenos de emergencia se tuvieron en cuenta y se formularon hipótesis con respecto a las relaciones enseñadas y los procedimientos de enseñanza que produjeron más respuestas emergentes. [ABSTRACT] The aim of the studies presented in this doctoral dissertation is to demonstrate the efficacy of specific teaching procedures derived from the science of Applied Behavior Analysis into the teaching of language and to illustrate some practical applications of the analysis of verbal behavior as this was described by Skinner (1957) and with different populations. More in detail, in the first article included, there is a conceptual reflexion on Skinner’s (1957) and other authors’ analysis of verbal behavior and a unifying taxonomy of verbal operants is proposed, incl