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Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1600719%5DMICH-V-1600719, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1600719/MICH-V-1600719/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1571129%5DMICH-V-1571129, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1571129/MICH-V-1571129/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1600719%5DMICH-V-1600719, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1600719/MICH-V-1600719/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1571129%5DMICH-V-1571129, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1571129/MICH-V-1571129/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Calibration devices suitable for providing known amounts of nitric oxide (NO)at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 2000 K and pressures of 0.5 atm (50.7KPa) to 2.0 at m (203kPa) are described with their design considerations. Methods for confirming nitric oxide concentration are given. The spectroscopic theory for the absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the gamma (0,0) band of nitric oxide is reviewed. Experimental values for oscillator strengths an broadening parameters for NO with various collision partners are provided. Experimental results confirming the adequacy of a computer spectral model and, hence, the calibration are presented along with the details of the model. finally, the results of an empirical calibration of an infrared gas correlation spectrometer are given.

Four diesel injection systems were selected for evaluating the effects of fuel properties on diesel spray characteristics. The selected injection systems were from the following Navy engines: the Detroit Diesel Allison 4-53T, the Detroit Diesel Allison 4-71TI, the Cummins NH-220, and the Westerbeke 4-108. Fuel properties which were examined were viscosity and specific gravity. The injection systems were operated on nine test fuels covering a broad range of viscosity and specific gravity. High-speed movies were taken of the fuels being injected into a high-pressure environment. Penetration and cone angle data were reduced from the movies and used as a basis for fuel-to-fuel comparisons. In addition, drop size distribution were obtained for the Westerbeke 4-108 injection system operating on four fuels with different viscosities. (Author)

The combustion performance of 26 fuel blends of Navy distillate fuel (NDF), heavy marine gas oil (HMGO), and a Jet A reference fuel contaminated with residuals containing various concentrations of asphaltenes, resins, and ash was measured in a T63 gas turbine combustor rig. Combustion performance measurements included could start ignition, combustion efficiency, gaseous exhaust emissions, flame radiation, exhaust smoke, liner temperature, and combustor can deposit formation. Except for ignition, these measurements were made at 4 operating conditions, 10% of full power (idle), 55, 75, and 100% of full power. Cold-start ignition measurements were made on 9 of the test fuels at burner inlet air temperatures ranging from 238K to 300K and fuel temperatures ranging from 263K to 300K. Droplet size measurements were made of fuel sprays from the T63, LM2500, DDA 501-K17, and the TF40B atomizers using a Malvern light scattering apparatus. These measurements were made on 7 fuels over a range of low fuel flow rates comparable with those used for the ignition conditions of the respective engines. Correlation equations were developed relating Sauter mean droplet diameter to fuel properties and flow conditions. The correlation equation developed for the T63 atomizer was used in a characteristic time model calculation of the cold start ignition data. Flame radiation and exhaust smoke correlated with hydrogen-carbon ratio. Fuels contaminated with residuals did not deviate significantly from the H/C ratio correlation. When neat NDF and HMGO were contaminated with residuals there appeared to be a slight decrease in combustion efficiency and increase in total hydrocarbon and CO emissions.

The modification of the physical and chemical properties of various fluids developed for use as hydraulic fluids has necessitated the development or modification of tests required to evaluate the performance criteria of these fluids. The Federal Government utilized certain Federal Test Methods and ASTM flammability test procedures in fluid specification requirements to determine the relative flammability of fluids currently being developed for use as hydraulic fluids. These tests include the flash and fire points, autoignition temperature, flame propagation, high-pressure spray, and hot manifold ignition test procedures. Unfortunately, as fluid composition and applications change, new or modified tests must be developed to provide accurate assessments of the fluids' performance. This report presents the results produced by a systematic study of mist-flammability parameters that will lead to development of a standard mist-flammability test for hydraulic fluid specification purposes.

In this test program, four military engines and a gas turbine combustor were run to determine the effects of fuel properties on combustion performance. During this program, 18 test fuels were prepared with properties extending beyond the range of the specifications of diesel fuels. Diesel engine performance data were analyzed statistically, and regression equations were obtained for each engine expressing load in terms of speed, energy input, cetane number, kinematic viscosity, 10-percent boiling point, and aromatic content. Combustion performance measurements in the T-63 gas turbine combustor included flame radiation, exhaust smoke, gaseous emissions (THC, CO and NOx), combustion efficiency, and ignition properties. The atomizing characteristics of the test fuels were examined with a particle sizing system based on forward-angle diffraction, and the results were correlated with the ignition properties of the fuels. Flame radiation and exhaust smoke were correlated with H/C ratio of the fuel. Viscosity and end point work were used as correlating parameters for THC and CO emissions, and combustion efficiency. Significance of the results was discussed, and recommendations for further testing was presented.

Calibration devices suitable for providing known amounts of nitric oxide (NO) at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 2000 K and pressures of 0.5 atm (50.7kPa) to 2.0 atm (203kPa) are described with their design considerations. Methods for confirming nitric oxide concentrations are given. The spectroscopic theory for the absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the gamma (0,0) band of nitric oxide is reviewed. Experimental values for oxcillator strengths and broadening parameters for NO with various collision partners are provided. Experimental results confirming the adequacy of a computer spectral model and, hence, the calibration are presented along with the details of the model. Finally, the results of an empirical calibration of an infrared gas correlation spectrometer are given. (Author), Also available as ESL-TR-80-12, NASA-CR-159861, NAPC-PE-37C and EPA-460/3-80-013.

Nitric oxide (NO was measured in the exhaust of three different combustion systems by in situ ultraviolet absorption and by chemiluminescent analysis after gas sampling with several probe designs. The three combustion systems were: (1) a flat flame burner fueled with CH4/N2/O2; (2) a research swirl burner fueled with C3H8/air; and, (3) a modified FT12 combustor operated on Jet A/air. Each combustion system was run at several different conditions so that probe and optical measurements could be obtained over a wide range of exhaust environments encompassing products from lean, stoichiometric, and rich flames, laminar to turbulent flows, and temperatures at centerline from 600 K to 1800 K. The results obtained with the metallic, water-cooled probes of different designs (all expansion-type) agreed with the optical results to within 25%. Some small losses of NO (10-15%) were observed in a lean methane flame at 1800 K with an uncooled stainless steel probe, but under fuel-rich conditions up to 80% NO destruction was observed. Experimental facilities are described, previous results are discussed, and a summary of the major findings of this study is given. (Author), Also available as Rept. nos. NAPC-PE-39C and EPA-460/3-80-015. See also Volume 2, AD-A097 545.

Experimental facilities used in studying the performance of probes and sampling systems for measuring NO are described. A critical review of the literature on probe measurements of NO sub x is given with emphasis on reported results indicating that probes may perturb the total concentration of NO sub x in a flame. Also, sample line and chemiluminescent analyzer phenomena are reviewed. A model of probe aerodynamics including heat transfer is presented. Kinetics of NO loss are examined and quenching criteria for measuring nitric oxide in flames are given. Sampling probes are described that were designed to preserve NO and are suitable for measurements on small and large combustors. Probes were designed to cool the gases both convectively and aerodynamically. Performance of these probes is compared with model predictions. Concentrations of nitric oxide were measured using several probes for each of three flame environments. The values measured with each probe are compared and related to seed levels of NO. In addition, concentration profiles required to compare probe measurements with optical measurements are provided. (Author), Also available as Rept. nos. NAPC-PE-38C and EPA-460/3-80-014. See also Volume 3, AD-A097 607.

Ignition and lean blowout tests were previously conducted at the Naval Air Propulsion Center for a J85-21 combustor using three fuels, JP-5, Suntech A, and NDF. In order to help correlate those test results, Southwest Research Institute conducted atomization tests with a J85-21 fuel atomizer on the same three fuels over a range of air conditions corresponding to air densities used in the combustor tests. The results of those atomization tests are presented in this report. Some significant conclusions from the atomization tests are as follows. The J85-21 combustor uses a dual-orifice pressure-swirl atomizer in which fuel flow is restricted to the primary nozzle for flows below about 3.30 grams, but flows through both the primary and secondary nozzles at higher flows. This results in a complex relationship between average drop sizes and fuel flow rates. At flows below 3.30 g/s, the drop size decrease with increasing fuel flow. As the flow rate increases just above 3.30 g/s, the drop sizes increase as flow begins in the secondary nozzle. At still higher fuel flows the increased pressure drop causes a decrease in drop sizes. Fuel property effects on atomization were significant only at the lowest fuel flow rates, where the NDF and Suntech A exhibited degraded atomization relative to JP-5. Increases in air density tended to decrease the drop-sizes due to increased air friction forces.

Several fuel blends containing alkyl benzenes, methyl naphthalenes, tetralin and Indene were prepared with hydrogen contents ranging from 11.5 to 14.2 percent. The effects of burner inlet conditions on the sooting tendency of the test fuels were measured in a Phillips 2-inch diameter cylindrical combustor capable of inlet pressures and temperatures up to 1.6 MPa and 1030K, respectively. Both flame radiation and opacity measurements were used to determine the soot formed in the primary zone of the burner. Flame temperature was measured by the Kurlbaum method. Combustion efficiency and fuel/air ratio were determined from gaseous emissions. A sensitivity of sooting tendency to H/C ratio was determined from the correlation of flame radiation intensity with H/C ratio. This sensitivity varied significantly with operating parameters such as burner inlet temperature and reference velocity. The effects of polycyclic aromatics were determined by comparing the sensitivity to H/C ratio of fuels containing alkyl naphthalenes and tetralin to that of the fuels blended with alkyl benzenes. The increased sooting tendency of fuels containing alkyl naphthalenes and tetralin was most strongly dependent on the fuel/air ratio and the reference velocity.

Four founders of Kappa Alpha Theta at Indiana Asbury University, left to right, Bettie Locke Hamilton (Elizabeth McReynolds Locke), Alice Allen Brant, Bettie Tipton Lindsey, Hannah Virginia Fitch Shaw. From book, Sixty Years in Kappa Alpha Theta, 1870-1929, by Estelle Riddle Dodge, edited by L. Pearle Green, 1930, page 31.