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This paper focuses on the topology optimization of a broadband acoustic transition section that connects two cylindrical waveguides with different radii. The primary objective is to design a transition section that maximizes the transmission of a planar acoustic wave while ensuring that the transmitted wave exhibits a planar shape. Helmholtz equation is used to model linear wave propagation in the device. We utilize the finite element method to solve the state equation on a structured mesh of square elements. Subsequently, a material distribution topology optimization problem is formulated to optimize the distribution of sound-hard material in the transition section. We employ two different gradient-based approaches to solve the optimization problem: namely, a deterministic approach using the method of moving asymptotes (MMA), and a stochastic approach utilizing both stochastic gradient (SG) and continuous stochastic gradient (CSG) methods. A comparative analysis is provided among these methodologies concerning the design feasibility and the transmission performance of the optimized designs, and the computational efficiency. The outcomes highlight the effectiveness of stochastic techniques in achieving enhanced broadband acoustic performance with reduced computational demands and improved design practicality. The insights from this investigation demonstrate the potential of stochastic approaches in acoustic applications, especially when broadband acoustic performance is desired.

This paper focuses on the topology optimization of a broadband acoustic transition section that connects two cylindrical waveguides with different radii. The primary objective is to design a transition section that maximizes the transmission of a planar acoustic wave while ensuring that the transmitted wave exhibits a planar shape. Helmholtz equation is used to model linear wave propagation in the device. We utilize the finite element method to solve the state equation on a structured mesh of square elements. Subsequently, a material distribution topology optimization problem is formulated to optimize the distribution of sound-hard material in the transition section. We employ two different gradient-based approaches to solve the optimization problem: namely, a deterministic approach using the method of moving asymptotes (MMA), and a stochastic approach utilizing both stochastic gradient (SG) and continuous stochastic gradient (CSG) methods. A comparative analysis is provided among these methodologies concerning the design feasibility and the transmission performance of the optimized designs, and the computational efficiency. The outcomes highlight the effectiveness of stochastic techniques in achieving enhanced broadband acoustic performance with reduced computational demands and improved design practicality. The insights from this investigation demonstrate the potential of stochastic approaches in acoustic applications, especially when broadband acoustic performance is desired.

This paper focuses on the topology optimization of a broadband acoustic transition section that connects two cylindrical waveguides with different radii. The primary objective is to design a transition section that maximizes the transmission of a planar acoustic wave while ensuring that the transmitted wave exhibits a planar shape. Helmholtz equation is used to model linear wave propagation in the device. We utilize the finite element method to solve the state equation on a structured mesh of square elements. Subsequently, a material distribution topology optimization problem is formulated to optimize the distribution of sound-hard material in the transition section. We employ two different gradient-based approaches to solve the optimization problem: namely, a deterministic approach using the method of moving asymptotes (MMA), and a stochastic approach utilizing both stochastic gradient (SG) and continuous stochastic gradient (CSG) methods. A comparative analysis is provided among these methodologies concerning the design feasibility and the transmission performance of the optimized designs, and the computational efficiency. The outcomes highlight the effectiveness of stochastic techniques in achieving enhanced broadband acoustic performance with reduced computational demands and improved design practicality. The insights from this investigation demonstrate the potential of stochastic approaches in acoustic applications, especially when broadband acoustic performance is desired.

This paper focuses on the topology optimization of a broadband acoustic transition section that connects two cylindrical waveguides with different radii. The primary objective is to design a transition section that maximizes the transmission of a planar acoustic wave while ensuring that the transmitted wave exhibits a planar shape. Helmholtz equation is used to model linear wave propagation in the device. We utilize the finite element method to solve the state equation on a structured mesh of square elements. Subsequently, a material distribution topology optimization problem is formulated to optimize the distribution of sound-hard material in the transition section. We employ two different gradient-based approaches to solve the optimization problem: namely, a deterministic approach using the method of moving asymptotes (MMA), and a stochastic approach utilizing both stochastic gradient (SG) and continuous stochastic gradient (CSG) methods. A comparative analysis is provided among these methodologies concerning the design feasibility and the transmission performance of the optimized designs, and the computational efficiency. The outcomes highlight the effectiveness of stochastic techniques in achieving enhanced broadband acoustic performance with reduced computational demands and improved design practicality. The insights from this investigation demonstrate the potential of stochastic approaches in acoustic applications, especially when broadband acoustic performance is desired.

This paper focuses on the topology optimization of a broadband acoustic transition section that connects two cylindrical waveguides with different radii. The primary objective is to design a transition section that maximizes the transmission of a planar acoustic wave while ensuring that the transmitted wave exhibits a planar shape. Helmholtz equation is used to model linear wave propagation in the device. We utilize the finite element method to solve the state equation on a structured mesh of square elements. Subsequently, a material distribution topology optimization problem is formulated to optimize the distribution of sound-hard material in the transition section. We employ two different gradient-based approaches to solve the optimization problem: namely, a deterministic approach using the method of moving asymptotes (MMA), and a stochastic approach utilizing both stochastic gradient (SG) and continuous stochastic gradient (CSG) methods. A comparative analysis is provided among these methodologies concerning the design feasibility and the transmission performance of the optimized designs, and the computational efficiency. The outcomes highlight the effectiveness of stochastic techniques in achieving enhanced broadband acoustic performance with reduced computational demands and improved design practicality. The insights from this investigation demonstrate the potential of stochastic approaches in acoustic applications, especially when broadband acoustic performance is desired.

The paper presents an approach for making decisions about the future development of a distribution grid under uncertainty conditions. The levels of a grid hosting capacity and adequacy are examined using probabilistic approach compared to the conventional deterministic fit-and-forget approach. It is shown that the probabilistic approach according to the 99 % confidence probability saves significant costs in comparison with the deterministic approach. The probabilistic calculations prove the use of an equipment rated capacity downsized by 2 points of a typical IEC scale, and in some cases to refuse the construction of a parallel circuit. The main contribution of the paper is a method for choosing an effective rated voltage of a distribution grid in a probabilistic interpretation based on the conventional formulas of Still, Zalessky and Illarionov. The technique includes obtaining the probability of loads location at different distances from power supply centre and the probability of load power distribution in a given range of values. It is shown that the calculation using the developed method makes possible to prefer grid rated voltage at least 1 point downsized by IEC scale with sufficient savings due to the difference in the equipment price compared with the deterministic fit-and-forget approach. © 2021, European Association for the Development of Renewable Energy, Environment and Power Quality (EA4EPQ). All rights reserved.

This paper proposes a novel fast deterministic quaternion attitude determination method for accelerometer and magnetometer combination (AMC). After taking insight to the attitude determination theory, an important relationship between the sensor outputs and the magnetometer's reference vector is successfully derived. Based on the relationship, the optimal quaternion associated with the attitude of a certain object is easily calculated. The main breakthrough of this paper is that it significantly simplifies the determination of the magnetometer's reference vector which always needs systematic calibration or iterative estimation in existing methods. We name the proposed method the Fast Accelerometer-Magnetometer Fusion (FAMF). Our proposed method has the advantages of better computation accuracy and less time consumption. Several experiments are carried out to illustrate the attitude determination results. Besides, comparisons with existing representative methods are also presented in the experimental section of this paper, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed FAMF. Finally, we experimentally show that the FAMF's roll and pitch angles are immune to magnetic distortion, which ensures the robustness under complex environments for micro air vehicles (MAV). In diesem Beitrag wird eine neuartige, auf Quaternionen basierende Methode präsentiert, um die Orientierung einer Plattform im Raum aus Beschleunigungs- und Magnetfeldsensordaten (AMC) zu bestimmen. Nach einer Einführung in die Theorie der Lageschätzung wird eine wichtige Beziehung zwischen den Sensorausgangssignalen und dem Magnetometer-Referenzvektor abgeleitet. Darauf basierend wird die optimale Quaternion der Orientierung hergeleitet. Der Hauptaspekt dieses Betrags, die Entwicklung der Fast Accelerometer-Magnetometer Fusion (FAMF), besteht in der signifikanten Vereinfachung bei der Bestimmung des Magnetometer-Referenzvektors, welcher bei alternativen Schätzmethoden entweder iterativ bestimmt oder durch Ka

This paper proposes a novel fast deterministic quaternion attitude determination method for accelerometer and magnetometer combination (AMC). After taking insight to the attitude determination theory, an important relationship between the sensor outputs and the magnetometer's reference vector is successfully derived. Based on the relationship, the optimal quaternion associated with the attitude of a certain object is easily calculated. The main breakthrough of this paper is that it significantly simplifies the determination of the magnetometer's reference vector which always needs systematic calibration or iterative estimation in existing methods. We name the proposed method the Fast Accelerometer-Magnetometer Fusion (FAMF). Our proposed method has the advantages of better computation accuracy and less time consumption. Several experiments are carried out to illustrate the attitude determination results. Besides, comparisons with existing representative methods are also presented in the experimental section of this paper, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed FAMF. Finally, we experimentally show that the FAMF's roll and pitch angles are immune to magnetic distortion, which ensures the robustness under complex environments for micro air vehicles (MAV). In diesem Beitrag wird eine neuartige, auf Quaternionen basierende Methode präsentiert, um die Orientierung einer Plattform im Raum aus Beschleunigungs- und Magnetfeldsensordaten (AMC) zu bestimmen. Nach einer Einführung in die Theorie der Lageschätzung wird eine wichtige Beziehung zwischen den Sensorausgangssignalen und dem Magnetometer-Referenzvektor abgeleitet. Darauf basierend wird die optimale Quaternion der Orientierung hergeleitet. Der Hauptaspekt dieses Betrags, die Entwicklung der Fast Accelerometer-Magnetometer Fusion (FAMF), besteht in der signifikanten Vereinfachung bei der Bestimmung des Magnetometer-Referenzvektors, welcher bei alternativen Schätzmethoden entweder iterativ bestimmt oder durch Ka

Until recently, reactor transient problems were exclusively solved by approximate deterministic methods. The increase in available computing power made it feasible to approach the transient analyses with time-dependent Monte Carlo methods. These methods offer the first-principle solution to the space-time evolution of reactor power by explicitly tracking prompt neutrons, precursors of delayed neutrons and delayed neutrons in time and space. Nevertheless, a very significant computing cost is associated with such methods. The general benefits of the Monte Carlo approach may be retained at a reduced computing cost by applying a hybrid stochastic-deterministic computing scheme. Among such schemes are those based on the fission matrix and the response matrix formalisms. These schemes aim at estimating a variant of the Greens function during a Monte Carlo transport calculation, which is later used to formulate a deterministic approach to solving a space-time dependent problem. In this contribution, we provide an overview of the time-dependent response matrix method, which describes a system by a set of response functions. We have recently suggested an approach where the functions are determined during a Monte Carlo criticality calculation and are then used to deterministically solve the space-time behaviour of the system. Here, we compare the time-dependent response matrix solution with the transient fission matrix and the time-dependent Monte Carlo solutions for a control rod movement problem in a mini-core reactor geometry. The response matrix formalism results in a set of loosely connected equations which offers favourable scaling properties compared to the methods based on the fission matrix formalism., QC 20210906

This paper proposes a novel fast deterministic quaternion attitude determination method for accelerometer and magnetometer combination (AMC). After taking insight to the attitude determination theory, an important relationship between the sensor outputs and the magnetometer's reference vector is successfully derived. Based on the relationship, the optimal quaternion associated with the attitude of a certain object is easily calculated. The main breakthrough of this paper is that it significantly simplifies the determination of the magnetometer's reference vector which always needs systematic calibration or iterative estimation in existing methods. We name the proposed method the Fast Accelerometer-Magnetometer Fusion (FAMF). Our proposed method has the advantages of better computation accuracy and less time consumption. Several experiments are carried out to illustrate the attitude determination results. Besides, comparisons with existing representative methods are also presented in the experimental section of this paper, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed FAMF. Finally, we experimentally show that the FAMF's roll and pitch angles are immune to magnetic distortion, which ensures the robustness under complex environments for micro air vehicles (MAV). In diesem Beitrag wird eine neuartige, auf Quaternionen basierende Methode präsentiert, um die Orientierung einer Plattform im Raum aus Beschleunigungs- und Magnetfeldsensordaten (AMC) zu bestimmen. Nach einer Einführung in die Theorie der Lageschätzung wird eine wichtige Beziehung zwischen den Sensorausgangssignalen und dem Magnetometer-Referenzvektor abgeleitet. Darauf basierend wird die optimale Quaternion der Orientierung hergeleitet. Der Hauptaspekt dieses Betrags, die Entwicklung der Fast Accelerometer-Magnetometer Fusion (FAMF), besteht in der signifikanten Vereinfachung bei der Bestimmung des Magnetometer-Referenzvektors, welcher bei alternativen Schätzmethoden entweder iterativ bestimmt oder durch Ka

The evolution of regulatory framework for fire safety and risk assessments at Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) is on-going globally. The first generation commercial NPPs were designed and operated with minimal radiological risk posed by fire, as evidenced by the Brown Ferry (Alabama) NPP station cable tray accident in 1975. The present-ation provides global perspective of insights and integration of fire safety in the planning, design, construction, and operation of NPPs, with the aim for setting up safety regulations, particularly for countries embarking to oper-ate NPPs. Prescriptive fire safety regulations were instituted for commercial NPPs already in operation before 1979, leading to significant modification. The implementation challenges and cost of modifications provided sch-emes for voluntary risk-informed regulations. Since then, the regulatory framework has evolved from prescriptive to risk-informed performance-based assessments, with integrated system of combining deterministic and probabil-istic approaches, and other requirements in risk-informed decision making at the nuclear facility. From global per-spectives and experiences, such system-wide regulatory framework would identify generic issues of fire safety which could be resolved through design, construction and operation of NPPs by applications of risk-informed methodologies., Postprint (author's final draft)

As GPS cannot reliably reach and cover any covered area or indoor location, many past studies and research considered the application of Signals of Opportunity (SoOp) such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID, Cellular Networks, and FM signals for indoor positioning and object tracking. However, not all SoOp can be part of the indoor positioning experiment due to some limitations; for example, not all signals are cost-effective; some are less accurate in finding position; some require additional hardware for deployment. In this study, a new technique of indoor navigation is introduced exploiting AM radio signals and the received signal strength (RSS) fingerprinting method. This research investigates the fingerprinting technique with the deterministic approach via three algorithms such as Nearest Neighbour (NN), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), and K- Weighted Nearest Neighbour (KWNN) for measuring the mean distance error (MDE) as the prime indicator of localization accuracy. The result demonstrates that the Nearest Neighbour algorithm performed best for K=1 and the lowest mean distance error in the ground and the first floor is less than 3m.

The article substantiates the relevance and importance of constructing a model for optimizing the structure of graduate training and output by universities to meet the labour market needs, and presents a review of the literature focused on this issue. In addition, the authors examine the two existing approaches to determining the tools for achieving balance in the labour market: econometric, whereby the main criterion for assessing the quality of equilibrium is the wage level, and dynamic models. The authors present their own approach to constructing an optimization deterministic dynamic model that does not require knowing the probability characteristics of the process under consideration. The proposed solution is constructed using a deterministic approach in which the following vectors are formed: the phase vector, whose coordinates are the values of the parameters describing the training process in higher education institutions at a certain fixed point in time; the controlling action vector (control vector) that allows influencing (by means of funding, the school-leaving exam score required for admission and other parameters) the structure, volume and quality of university training on various degree courses (educational programs), as well as the corresponding deterministic restrictions. The construction of the optimisation model is realised in two stages. At the first stage, a discrete dynamic model is formed that describes the influence of the control vector on the parameters of the system parameters phase vector. At the second stage, restrictions are formed on the parameters of the mathematical model that take into account the labour market demand for university graduates, and the quality criteria (functionals) that allow evaluating the process under consideration at a set final point in time. © 2018

The article explores the problem of optimising university training structure to increase focus on the labour market. The proposed solution is constructed using a deterministic approach in which the following vectors are formed: the phase vector, whose coordinates are the values of the parameters describing the training process in higher education institutions at a certain fixed point in time; the controlling action vector (control vector) that allows influencing (by means of funding, the school-leaving exam score required for admission and other parameters) the structure, volume and quality of university training on various degree courses (educational programs), as well as the corresponding deterministic restrictions. The construction of the optimisation model is realised in two stages. At the first stage, a discrete dynamic model is formed that describes the influence of the control vector on the parameters of the system parameters phase vector. At the second stage, restrictions are formed on the parameters of the mathematical model that take into account the labour market demand for university graduates, and the quality criteria (functionals) that allow evaluating the process under consideration at a set final point in time. © 2018

Micro Gas Turbines (mGTs) offer great potential for use in co-, tri or polygeneration applications. In these applications, where the heat from the exhaust gases is used in an efficient way, the mGTs achieve very high efficiencies. To be able to determine the number of units, the nominal parameters of the units and the specific operating strategy of the mGT, it is key to know precisely the performance of these units. Generally in co-, tri-or polygeneration applications with mGTs, this performance is considered to be known and fixed, and is therefore directly used to determine the operational strategy of the network, possibly linked with an economic analysis. In real world operating conditions, the parameters characterizing the operation of the mGT are measured with uncertainties. Depending on the model sensitivity to input parameters, these uncertainties may have a tremendous effect on the performance of the mGT. These uncertainties should be taken into consideration by the designers in an early stage of the design process to achieve a so-called robust design. In this paper, we present the operational optimization of a typical mGT, the Turbec T100 mGT, using a deterministic approach. In this approach, the parameter uncertainties are not taken into account, however, it is an important first step towards a full robust design, since it will set the reference. By varying Turbine Outlet Temperature (TOT) and compressor rotational speed, a Pareto front for maximal electrical power output and electrical efficiency is found. The two objectives are conflicting, making that the maximal electrical efficiency cannot be reached at maximal electrical power output. The results of this optimization will be used in our future study on the design optimization under uncertainties., SCOPUS: cp.p, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Event-triggered and self-triggered control, whereby the times for controller updates are computed from sampled data, have recently been shown to reduce the computational load or increase task periods for real-time embedded control systems. In this work, we propose a self-triggered scheme for nonlinear controlled stochastic differential equations with additive noise terms. We find that the family of trajectories generated by these processes demands a departure from the standard deterministic approach to event- and self-triggering, and, for that reason, we use the statistics of the sampled-data system to derive a self-triggering update condition that guarantees second-moment stability. We show that the length of the times between controller updates as computed from the proposed scheme is strictly positive and provide related examples., QC 20150608

Over the last centuries, Dutch rivers such as the Rhine have been heavily trained for the purpose of the safe discharge of water, sediment and ice, and navigability. After the notorious flood events of 1993 and 1995 along the Rhine, new large-scale river works were initiated, such as the Room for the River (RfR) programme, to increase flood conveyance capacity. For a better navigation, in 2006 the minimum guaranteed depth on the Waal has been raised from 2.50 m to 2.80 m (relative to the Agreed Low Water level). It is inevitable that the measures of the large-scale works (depending on the type and magnitude of the measure) and changes in the minimum guaranteed depth will influence the morphology of the river and the dredging effort. Three schematisations are distinguished in this research, namely maintenance dredging in the situation with a minimum guaranteed depth of 2.5 m (‘Ref – 2.5 m’), the situation with a minimum guaranteed depth of 2.8 m (‘Ref – 2.8 m’), and the situation after the implementation of the Room for the River programme (‘RfR’, with a minimum guaranteed depth of 2.8 m). The aim of this research is to determine the impacts of the increase in the minimum guaranteed depth and the Room for the River programme on the maintenance dredging in the river Waal using the deterministic approach (traditional) and a stochastic approach, and to determine the potential of a stochastic approach with respect to the deterministic approach in river management practice. Currently, morphological calculations are being executed using a deterministic approach. The deterministic approach appears to be an effective tool to provide a quick expression of the physical morphodynamic processes. However, to fully acknowledge these morphodynamic processes and to derive a precise illustration using a deterministic model is very complex. By ignoring the complexity of the morphodynamic processes, the involved uncertainties are not made explicit. Identifying the uncertainty in morpho, Hydraulic structures & Flood risks, Hydraulic Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Over the last centuries, Dutch rivers such as the Rhine have been heavily trained for the purpose of the safe discharge of water, sediment and ice, and navigability. After the notorious flood events of 1993 and 1995 along the Rhine, new large-scale river works were initiated, such as the Room for the River (RfR) programme, to increase flood conveyance capacity. For a better navigation, in 2006 the minimum guaranteed depth on the Waal has been raised from 2.50 m to 2.80 m (relative to the Agreed Low Water level). It is inevitable that the measures of the large-scale works (depending on the type and magnitude of the measure) and changes in the minimum guaranteed depth will influence the morphology of the river and the dredging effort. Three schematisations are distinguished in this research, namely maintenance dredging in the situation with a minimum guaranteed depth of 2.5 m (‘Ref – 2.5 m’), the situation with a minimum guaranteed depth of 2.8 m (‘Ref – 2.8 m’), and the situation after the implementation of the Room for the River programme (‘RfR’, with a minimum guaranteed depth of 2.8 m). The aim of this research is to determine the impacts of the increase in the minimum guaranteed depth and the Room for the River programme on the maintenance dredging in the river Waal using the deterministic approach (traditional) and a stochastic approach, and to determine the potential of a stochastic approach with respect to the deterministic approach in river management practice. Currently, morphological calculations are being executed using a deterministic approach. The deterministic approach appears to be an effective tool to provide a quick expression of the physical morphodynamic processes. However, to fully acknowledge these morphodynamic processes and to derive a precise illustration using a deterministic model is very complex. By ignoring the complexity of the morphodynamic processes, the involved uncertainties are not made explicit. Identifying the uncertainty in morpho, Hydraulic structures & Flood risks, Hydraulic Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

It is a basic assumption in property valuation and investment analysis that investors primarily seek to maximize wealth by selecting investments on the basis of their risk and return characteristics; which suggests that the decision making process is more or less a risk/return tradeoff. As a result, risk, like return, need be analyzed and quantified to make the required tradeoff meaningful and transparent. This study includes an empirical investigation of how Nigerian valuers presently account for risk and convey risk information to clients. In addition, the study explores how risk can best be measured and reported in a helpful and transparent manner given the peculiar characteristics of an emerging property market like Nigeria. The study employed only secondary data made up mainly of valuation and investment analysis reports prepared by Nigerian valuers. Of the several valuation reports examined, only a negligible few refers to or formally addresses investment risk profiles with regards to the inputs or the resultant valuations. While the valuers often employ one or more of the conventional risk measurement model such as the payback period and sensitivity analysis in their investment analysis reports, the limited risk implications implicit in the results could not be communicated in a manner that permits returns to be evaluated against associated risks transparently. The required paradigm shift demands that valuers begin to look at the decision variables more in terms of their distributions rather than as single-point estimates; and that they develop the skill for assigning probabilities to their various outcomes.

The goal of this paper is to show consistency techniques methods and hybrid stochastic/deterministic models to describe biochemical systems and their behaviour through the ordinary differential equations.

Designing quality of service (QoS) guaranteed communication protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is essential to exploit the advantages and flexibilities offered by this technology for real-time control and actuation applications. A novel cross-layer protocol that embraces altogether a semirandom routing, MAC, data aggregation, and radio power control for clustered WSNs is presented. The protocol leverages the combination of a randomized and a deterministic approach to ensure robustness over unreliable channels and packet losses. An optimization problem, whose objective function is the network energy consumption, and the constraints are reliability and latency of the packets is modelled and solved to adaptively select the protocol parameters by a simple algorithm. As a relevant contribution, the proposed protocol is completely implemented on a test-bed, and it is compared to existing protocols. Experimental results validate the analysis and show excellent performance in terms of reliability, latency, low node duty cycle, load balancing and dynamic adaptation to the application requirements., QC 20110121

A system level design methodology for clustered wireless sensor networks based on a semi-random communication protocol called SERAN is presented. The protocol is grounded on a mathematical model that allows to optimize the protocol parameters, and a network initialization and maintenance procedure. SERAN is a two-layer (routing and MAC) protocol. At both layers, SERAN combines a randomized and a deterministic approach. While the randomized component provides robustness over unreliable channels, the deterministic component avoids an explosion of packet collisions and allows our protocol to scale with network size. The combined result is a high reliability and major energy savings when dense clusters are used. Our solution is based on a mathematical model that characterizes performance accurately without resorting to extensive simulations. Thanks to this model, the user needs only to specify the application requirements in terms of end-to-end packet delay and packet loss probability, select the intended hardware platform, and the protocol parameters are set automatically to satisfy latency requirements and optimize for energy consumption., QC 20110124

An easy method of computing the number of 1's and 0's (balancedness) as well as the number of runs (run quantification) in the sequence obtained from a LFSR-based pseudorandom patter generator has been developed. The procedure is a deterministic alternative to the traditional application of statistical tests. The computation method allows one to check deviation of balancedness and run distribution goodness from standard values. As a straight consequence of the above procedure, simple rules to design pattern generators with adequate pseudorandomness properties are also derived.

Loan loss provisions is a part of income statement consisting of funds set aside by the bank managers to cover potential loan defaults. This paper examines the loan loss provisioning behaviour by the Indian banking sector during the period 2008-2015. It analysis the Loan Loss Provisioning hypothesis viz. income smoothing, business cycle, capital management and also estimates x-efficiency and check if they influence the loan loss provisioning behaviour. Technical efficiencies are estimated in the first stage of the research using stochastic frontier intermediation approach and deterministic approach. In the second stage, we test the dynamic loan loss provisions model using System Generalised Method of Moments (SGMM) estimator. We find that the average efficiency of the Indian banks from the 2008 global financial crisis to till date is 91.64 percent. In the dynamic LLP model estimation, we find that the X-efficiency does not have a significant effect on the loan loss provisioning behaviour or capital management manipulation by the bank managers, but interestingly we find a pro cyclical effect on the business cycle behaviour and significant negative income smoothing behaviour.