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Background. In this study, we aimed to examine demographic and endoscopic features of patients with GI bleeding to determine the factors affecting 30-day mortality. Method. Patient’s demographic features, laboratory outcomes, comorbidities, drug use, endoscopy outcomes, Glasgow-Blatchford scores, and mortality status were examined. The factors affecting 30-day mortality were investigated. Results. The mean age of the patients was 58.2±17.4 years, and 72.1% were male patients. 30-day mortality rate was found to be 14.4%. The mean age of patients who died was high (p<0.05). The incidence of mortality was high in the presence of comorbidity, malignancy, and cirrhosis (p<0.05). Systolic blood pressure was low in the patients who died (p<0.05). No significant correlation was found between mortality and gender, symptoms, predisposing factors, lesion type and Forrest score, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate (p>0.05). Urea, neutrophils, red blood cell distribution width / platelet ratio, neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio and RDW levels were high, and hemoglobin level was significantly low in patients with a mortal progression (p<0.05). No significant correlation was found between mortality, and platelet and lymphocyte levels (p>0.05). Glasgow-Blatchford score was significantly higher in patients who died (p<0.05). Conclusion. Many factors affect 30-day mortality in GI bleeding. It should be remembered that follow-up of patients with an advanced age who have comorbidity and impaired hemodynamics should be kept for long, and that these patients are at a high risk for mortality. According to our results, NLR and RDW are independent factors that determine the 30-day mortality in upper GI bleeding.

Background. In this study, we aimed to examine demographic and endoscopic features of patients with GI bleeding to determine the factors affecting 30-day mortality. Method. Patient’s demographic features, laboratory outcomes, comorbidities, drug use, endoscopy outcomes, Glasgow-Blatchford scores, and mortality status were examined. The factors affecting 30-day mortality were investigated. Results. The mean age of the patients was 58.2±17.4 years, and 72.1% were male patients. 30-day mortality rate was found to be 14.4%. The mean age of patients who died was high (p<0.05). The incidence of mortality was high in the presence of comorbidity, malignancy, and cirrhosis (p<0.05). Systolic blood pressure was low in the patients who died (p<0.05). No significant correlation was found between mortality and gender, symptoms, predisposing factors, lesion type and Forrest score, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate (p>0.05). Urea, neutrophils, red blood cell distribution width / platelet ratio, neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio and RDW levels were high, and hemoglobin level was significantly low in patients with a mortal progression (p<0.05). No significant correlation was found between mortality, and platelet and lymphocyte levels (p>0.05). Glasgow-Blatchford score was significantly higher in patients who died (p<0.05). Conclusion. Many factors affect 30-day mortality in GI bleeding. It should be remembered that follow-up of patients with an advanced age who have comorbidity and impaired hemodynamics should be kept for long, and that these patients are at a high risk for mortality. According to our results, NLR and RDW are independent factors that determine the 30-day mortality in upper GI bleeding.

Promjene gradova kroz određeni vremenski period i određivanje relevantnih trendova važni su za simuliranje odgovarajućeg razvoja i planiranja grada. U priobalnim područjima naročito dolazi do izražaja intenzivni pritisak za izgradnjom, razvojem turizma, trgovine i industrije od strane velepoduzetnika, institucija i poduzeća koja se bave izgradnjom. Zbog nesposobnosti usmjeravanja razvoja i jačanja kontrole ubrzano dolazi do uništavanja prirodnih resursa u priobalnim područjima. Stoga je određivanje tih trendova ključno za osiguranje zaštite prirodnih resursa i planiranog razvoja. Budući da nije moguća potpuna procjena urbanog širenja, vjerojatne se promjene mogu odrediti simulacijama. U ovom se radu simulacija 30-godišnjeg urbanog širenja (2004-2034) dobila prema podacima o korištenju zemljišta/izgrađenosti zemljišta - land use/land cover (LU/LC) iz 1987 i 2004 za Samsun, priobalna područja Turske, uz primjenu metode Stanični automati-Markovljev lanac (CA-Markov). Kako bi se provjerila ta metoda, simulacija urbanog širenja za 2014. uspoređena je sa stvarnim LU/LC podacima za istu godinu te je dobivena kappa vrijednost od 0,82. Za određivanje LU/LC korištene su satelitske slike, a analize su izvršene u okruženju geografskog informacijskog sustava (GIS). Pokazalo se da je pristup CA-Markovljev lanac integriran s GIS i daljinskim očitavanjem učinkovit u analizi dinamike urbanog rasta. Primjenom simulacije za 2034. godinu, vjerojatnost urbanog širenja u periodu 2014-2034 procijenjena je kao približno 3683 ha, a predviđeno je vjerojatno uništenje apsolutno poljoprivrednog zemljišta, šuma i pašnjaka od približno 968 ha, odnosno 228 ha i 24 ha., The evolution of cities over a specific time period and the determination of relevant trends are important to simulate for the proper development and planning of a city. In particular, coastal areas experience intense pressure from developers with respect to settlements, tourism, trade and industry, and built-up areas are being observed near coasts. The inability to direct development and control growth is destroying natural resources in coastal areas at a rapid pace. Thus, determining these trends is the key component for ensuring the protection of natural resources and planned growth. Because a complete estimation of urban expansion is not possible, likely changes can be determined using simulations. In this study, a 30-year urban expansion simulation (2004-2034) was obtained using land use/land cover (LU/LC) data for 1987 and 2004 at Samsun (Turkey) coastal areas and using the Cellular Automata-Markov Chain (CA-Markov) method. To verify the method, urban expansion simulation for the year 2014 was compared with real LU/LC data for the same year, and the kappa value was found to be 0,82. To determine LU/LC, Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI satellite images were used, and the analyses were realised in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. As a result of the study, the CA-Markov Chain approach integrated with GIS and remote sensing was shown to be effective in the study of urban growth dynamics. Using the simulation for the year 2034, probable urban expansion in the 2014-2034 period was estimated as approximately 3683 ha and the probable destructions of absolute agricultural lands, forests and pastures were predicted as approximately 968 ha, 228 ha and 24 ha, respectively.