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Purpose: Mapping higher-order cognitive functions during awake brain surgery is important for cognitive preservation which is related to postoperative quality of life. A systematic review from 2018 about neuropsychological tests used during awake craniotomy made clear that until 2017 language was most often monitored and that the other cognitive domains were underexposed (Ruis, J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 40(10):1081–1104, 218). The field of awake craniotomy and cognitive monitoring is however developing rapidly. The aim of the current review is therefore, to investigate whether there is a change in the field towards incorporation of new tests and more complete mapping of (higher-order) cognitive functions. Methods: We replicated the systematic search of the study from 2018 in PubMed and Embase from February 2017 to November 2023, yielding 5130 potentially relevant articles. We used the artificial machine learning tool ASReview for screening and included 272 papers that gave a detailed description of the neuropsychological tests used during awake craniotomy. Results: Comparable to the previous study of 2018, the majority of studies (90.4%) reported tests for assessing language functions (Ruis, J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 40(10):1081–1104, 218). Nevertheless, an increasing number of studies now also describe tests for monitoring visuospatial functions, social cognition, and executive functions. Conclusions: Language remains the most extensively tested cognitive domain. However, a broader range of tests are now implemented during awake craniotomy and there are (new developed) tests which received more attention. The rapid development in the field is reflected in the included studies in this review. Nevertheless, for some cognitive domains (e.g., executive functions and memory), there is still a need for developing tests that can be used during awake surgery.

Optimizing greenhouse design is a complex challenge that involves the large combinational solution space and the interactions between design elements, outdoor climate, and crops. In addition, evaluating greenhouse performance requires consideration of economic and environmental dimensions, as well as different stakeholder priorities.

This dataset was generated in the peparation of the 4th International Autonomous Greenhouse Challenge in the experimental facilities of the Greenhouse Horticulture Business Unit in Bleiswijk, The Netherlands in 2023. Information regarding the competition can be found here http://www.autonomousgreenhouses.com/ This dataset was collected during a two month dwarf tomato cultivation in a research greenhouse compartment (96 m2), located in Bleiswijk (The Netherlands). The dataset contains raw and processed data. Raw data were collected via climate measuring boxes, manual registrations, outside weather station and two RGBD cameras. This dataset was then used for two online tasks of teams participating in the Online part of the 4th Autonomous Greenhouse Challenge. The dataset contains: Single_Plant_Camera.zip: 479 Individually RGBD-imaged plants, as well their plant traits (height, fresh weight, leaf area, number of red fruits). This dataset was used for the "Part A Computer Vision" challenge. Canopy_cam.zip: A canopy RGBD camera taking images 4 times a day over the course of two months to monitor the growth process. Timeseries.zip: Manual plant measurements (destructive and non-destructive) over the course of several weeks throughout the cultivation. As well as 5-minute interval greenhouse climate and weather data.

There has still been too little detailed work on the protectionism that emerged in the wake of the Great Depression. In this paper we explore the experiences of two countries that have been largely neglected in the literature, the Netherlands and Netherlands East Indies (NEI). How did these traditionally free-trading economies respond to the Depression? We construct a detailed product-level database of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade on the basis of primary sources. While ad valorem tariff increases in the Netherlands were largely due to deflation, the country protected agriculture and textiles in a number of ways. Once quotas are taken into account, trade restrictiveness indices suggest that protection in the Netherlands and NEI was comparable to protection in the UK and India, respectively. The NEI quota system was largely geared to protecting Dutch exporters, and succeeded in doing so, but the reverse was not true.

BACKGROUND: Infection-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (IA-HUS), most often due to infection with Shiga toxin-producing bacteria, mainly affects young children. It can be acutely life-threatening, as well as cause long-term kidney and neurological morbidity. Specific treatment with proven efficacy is lacking. Since activation of the alternative complement pathway occurs in HUS, the monoclonal C5 antibody eculizumab is often used off-label once complications, e.g., seizures, occur. Eculizumab is prohibitively expensive and carries risk of infection. Its utility in IA-HUS has not been systematically studied. This systematic review aims to present, summarize, and evaluate all currently available data regarding the effect of eculizumab administration on medium- to long-term outcomes (i.e., outcomes after the acute phase, with a permanent character) in IA-HUS. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies reporting the impact of eculizumab on medium- to long-term outcomes in IA-HUS. The final search occurred on March 2, 2022. Studies providing original data regarding medium- to long-term outcomes in at least 5 patients with IA-HUS, treated with at least one dose of eculizumab during the acute illness, were included. No other restrictions were imposed regarding patient population. Studies were excluded if data overlapped substantially with other studies, or if outcomes of IA-HUS patients were not reported separately. Study quality was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool for risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions. Data were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: A total of 2944 studies were identified. Of these, 14 studies including 386 eculizumab-treated patients met inclusion criteria. All studies were observational. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) was identified as the infectious agent in 381 of 386 patients (98.7%), effectively limiting the interpretation of the data to STEC-HUS patients. Pooling of data across st

This paper describes a straightforward modeling procedure to derive ‘expected risk’ (ER) of chemical substances. Starting from proposed use volumes, intended uses, physical and chemical substance properties and toxicity information, the procedure combines multimedia environmental fate modeling with species sensitivity modeling to derive the probability that exposure concentrations exceed critical effect concentrations. The procedure was tested on 1977 so-called mono-constituent organic chemicals that had been registered to be marketed in the EU, after ‘possibility to be used safely’ had been demonstrated by showing that the possible Risk Quotients (RQ) defined as PEC/PNEC ratios (Predicted Exposure Concentration & Predicted No Effect Concentration) were expected to remain below the value of 1, as required by REACH. It appears from this study that (i) RQ and ER of chemicals can be calculated readily, reliably, transparently and reproducibly, that (ii) both RQ and ER can be used to assess whether a new chemical may exceed a chosen acceptability level, but that (iii) in addition ER can be straightforwardly used to rank chemicals according to expected environmental safety. In conclusion, the paper states that modeling ER of chemicals (instead of estimating RQ values), could strengthen the scientific basis of environmental risk assessment for use in REACH. The paper further recommends that more robust environmental risk calculation can be done by using acute EC50, instead of chronic NOEC as critical effect concentration.

Objectives: To investigate cartilage tissue turnover in response to a supervised 12-week exercise-related joint loading training program followed by a 6-month period of unsupervised training in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). To study the difference in cartilage tissue turnover between high- and low-resistance training. Method: Patients with knee OA were randomized into either high-intensity or low-intensity resistance supervised training (two sessions per week) for 3 months and unsupervised training for 6 months. Blood samples were collected before and after the supervised training period and after the follow-up period. Biomarkers huARGS, C2M, and PRO-C2, quantifying cartilage tissue turnover, were measured by ELISA. Changes in biomarker levels over time within and between groups were analyzed using linear mixed models with baseline values as covariates. Results: huARGS and C2M levels increased after training and at follow-up in both low- and high-intensity exercise groups. No changes were found in PRO-C2. The huARGS level in the high-intensity resistance training group increased significantly compared to the low-intensity resistance training group after resistance training (p = 0.029) and at follow-up (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Cartilage tissue turnover and cartilage degradation appear to increase in response to a 3-month exercise-related joint loading training program and at 6-month follow-up, with no evident difference in type II collagen formation. Aggrecan remodeling increased more with high-intensity resistance training than with low-intensity exercise. These exploratory biomarker results, indicating more cartilage degeneration in the high-intensity group, in combination with no clinical outcome differences of the VIDEX study, may argue against high-intensity training.

This article reviews the literature on comparative real wages in history that has emerged over the past two decades. Research has shown that unskilled men's real wages were higher in England and the Low Countries than in other parts of Europe and Asia from about 1720. Yet 18th- and 19th-century real wages were even higher in the northern American colonies than they were in the European leaders, while those in Latin America were somewhere in the middle of the global wage ladder. This comparative picture is drawn on the basis of unskilled male day wages and various recent contributions focused on specific countries and time periods noting the variation in wage levels and trends for different groups of workers across urban and rural areas and labor contracts, varying days of labor per year, and the crucial and changing contributions of other family members. The latest research also highlights new ways to compute comparative cost-of-living indices. Building new datasets to take these issues into account in a new global comparative picture of long-run real wages is a major area for future research.

Growers try to achieve favourable growing conditions with their cultivation practices and climate control. Especially in warm and cold periods of the year this requires steering skills and in horticultural skills. Training and education provide handles and insights for this. One of the recently developed tools to support this is Kassim, an application with a dedicated interface to show simulation results of the extensive dynamic greenhouse climate simulation model Kaspro. When launched, back in 2018, this tool gave realistic results for the winter situation, but too high crop temperatures were calculated for summer situations. This detracts from the trust and usability of this tool. Therefore, in this project the simulation model has been improved. This resulted in a proper matching computation of crop temperature and transpiration of Tomato, Cucumber, Gerbera and Anthurium when compared with measurements. The realistic calculations, based on sound physical explanatory modelling and parametrizing, allows for all kind of scenarios to be analysed. The report shows a number of examples to explain which type of insights can be obtained and how this helps growers to make better informed decisions about climate control. The project is funded by Kas Als Energiebron, a research program supported by the Ministry of Agriculture Nature and Food Quality and LTO-Glaskracht Nederland.

Availability of rain water is lower than the total water requirement for several crops, while the use of ground water is under discussion. This creates the need to either find alternative water sources, or decrease the required amount of water. This project investigated with model calculations the options to produce year-round tomatoes without the use of additional water, by decreasing transpiration, regain of transpiration water, or by using water collected by energy production via hydrogen. An increased size rain water basin up to 3000 m3/ha strongly decreases the required amount of additional water. Reflection of sun-light at higher irradiation strength than 600 W/m2 and increasing relative humidity (measures from Het Nieuwe Telen) decrease the water requirement. Measures to regain transpired water (balanced ventilation, active dehumidification and closed greenhouse) also lead to a decreased requirement for additional water. A completely closed greenhouse does not require additional water, but the energy demand for dehumidification increases. Investments in these technologies are only financially interesting when also the picture for energy is right. Hydrogen as fuel has potential, but production of water from this energy source is a by-catch and should not be the main reason for investment., De beschikbaarheid van hemelwater is voor een aantal gewassen minder dan de totale waterbehoefte van het gewas, terwijl er druk ligt op het gebruik van grondwater. Hierdoor moet men op zoek naar alternatieve waterbronnen, of de watervraag moet verlaagd worden. In dit project is met behulp van modelberekeningen onderzocht of het mogelijk is jaarrond tomaten te telen zonder gebruik te maken van aanvullend water, door het beperken van verdamping, het terugwinnen van verdampingswater of gebruik van water afkomstig van de productie van energie via waterstof. Een groter hemelwaterbassin tot 3000 m3/ha verlaagt de behoefte aan aanvullend water sterk. Schermen vanaf een instraling van 600 W/m2 en aanhouden van hogere RV (maatregelen uit Het Nieuwe Telen) beperken de vraag naar water. Maatregelen om verdampingswater terug te winnen (balansventilatie, actieve ontvochtiging en gesloten kas) leiden ook tot een verlaging van het gebruik van aanvullend water. Bij een volledig gesloten kas is geen aanvullend water nodig, maar neemt het energiegebruik voor ontvochtiging fors toe. Investeringen hierin zijn financieel alleen interessant als ook het plaatje voor energie klopt. Waterstof als brandstof heeft potentie, maar de productie van water hieruit moet worden gezien als bijvangst en niet als hoofdreden voor toepassing van deze technologie.

Immobilizing molecular catalysts on electrodes is vital for electrochemical applications. However, creating robust electrode-catalyst interactions while maintaining good catalytic performance and rapid electron transfer is challenging. Here, without introducing any foreign elements, we show a bottom-up synthetic approach of constructing the conjugated C−C bond between the commercial Vulcan carbon electrode and an organometallic catalyst. Characterization results from FTIR, XPS, aberration-corrected TEM and EPR confirmed the successful and uniform heterogenization of the complex. The synthesized Vulcan-LN4−Co catalyst is highly active and selective in the oxygen reduction reaction in neutral media, showing an 80 % hydrogen peroxide selectivity and a 0.72 V (vs. RHE) onset potential which significantly outperformed the homogenous counterpart. Based on single-crystal XRD and NMR data, we built a model for density functional theory calculations which showed a nearly optimal binding energy for the *OOH intermediate. Our results show that the direct conjugated C−C bonding is an effective approach for heterogenizing molecular catalysts on carbon, opening new opportunities for employing molecular catalysts in electrochemical applications., ChemE/Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage

This data package contains the data, code, and underlying Excel files and GIS Shapefiles that were used in the article: “Sweet equality: Sugar, property rights, and land distribution in colonial Java”, This data package contains the data, code, and underlying Excel files and GIS Shapefiles that were used in the article: “Sweet equality: Sugar, property rights, and land distribution in colonial Java”

Recent studies indicate that food demand will increase by 35–56% over the period 2010–2050due to population increase, economic development, and urbanization. Greenhouse systems allow for the sustainable intensification of food production with demonstrated high crop production percultivation area. Breakthroughs in resource-efficient fresh food production merging horticultural and AI expertise take place with the international competition “Autonomous Greenhouse Challenge”. This paper describes and analyzes the results of the third edition of this competition. The competition’s goal is the realization of the highest net profit in fully autonomous lettuce production. Two cultivation cycles were conducted in six high-tech greenhouse compartments with operational green house decision-making realized at a distance and individually by algorithms of international participating teams. Algorithms were developed based on time series sensor data of the greenhouse climate and crop images. High crop yield and quality, short growing cycles, and low use of resources such as energy for heating, electricity for artificial light, and CO2 were decisive in realizing the competition’s goal. The results highlight the importance of plant spacing and the moment of harvest decisions inpromoting high crop growth rates while optimizing greenhouse occupation and resource use. In thispaper, images taken with depth cameras (RealSense) for each greenhouse were used by compute rvision algorithms (Deepabv3+ implemented in detectron2 v0.6) in deciding optimum plant spacing and the moment of harvest. The resulting plant height and coverage could be accurately estimated with an R2 of 0.976, and a mIoU of 98.2, respectively. These two traits were used to develop a light loss and harvest indicator to support remote decision-making. The light loss indicator could be used as a decision tool for timely spacing. Several traits were combined for the harvest indicator,ultimately resulting in a fresh weight esti

This article exploits a unique district-level dataset to investigate the relationship between sugar cultivation, property rights systems and land distribution in colonial Java around the turn of the twentieth century. We demonstrate a negative and statistically significant relationship between sugar cultivation and the landholder Gini. An IV strategy, employing a newly computed index of sugar suitability as instrument, suggests that this effect is causal. It is argued that sugar production in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries stimulated the expansion and persistence of communal landholding. This communal landholding consequently led to more equally distributed plots among landholders in the early twentieth century. We emphasize the importance of local property rights institutions in mitigating the effects of export production on socioeconomic outcomes.

The dataset was generated for the needs of the 3rd International Autonomous Greenhouse Challenge in the experimental facilities of the Greenhouse Horticulture Business Unit in Bleiswijk, The Netherlands in 2022. Information regarding the competition can be found here http://www.autonomousgreenhouses.com

The effect of respiratory viruses in lung transplant recipients Respiratory viruses are very common. The most well-known is currently the SARS-CoV-2 virus (causing COVID-19), however other -lesser known- respiratory viruses infect millions of people every year. In healthy persons these infections are usually mild, but in more vulnerable people such as the elderly, young children or organ transplant recipients they may manifest more severely. In this thesis De Zwart studied the effects of different respiratory viruses on the pulmonary function of lung transplant recipients, with an emphasis on respiratory viruses other than SARS-CoV-2. The research underlines that the effects of these respiratory viruses in lung transplant recipients can be large. The probability of developing chronic damage of the transplanted lungs seems to be significantly higher after infection with a respiratory virus. This is of great importance since this chronic damage greatly limits survival after transplantation. Respiratory viruses that are very common, but have traditionally garnered less attention (such as parainfluenza virus) seem to cause similar damage as influenza virus. Unfortunately there is also only limited evidence available for the effectiveness of treatment of respiratory virus infections with antiviral medication. De Zwart also shows a striking side-effect of the lockdown measures taken in the Netherlands. Despite the abundance of SARS-CoV-2 during the period with social-distancing measures, there was a sharp decrease in circulation of other respiratory viruses during this period (often >80%). This has possibly had a surprisingly positive effect on the lung function of lung transplant recipients: usually the lung function decreases a little bit every year, but during the social-distancing period it stabilized. This thesis therefore emphasizes the thought that several respiratory viruses (so also different ones than SARS-CoV-2) should not

The article analyses the evolution of Indian real wages for the period 1500-1650. It argues that the Great Divergence between India and north-western Europe was already visible by the early 1500s by making use of a new dataset of 2,710 separate observations, reflecting over 76,000 paid-out wages, for nine locations in western India. These wages were deflated by rice prices and a basket of goods and imply low and declining standards of living over the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. In comparison with Europe, these real wages represent comparatively low living standards, and they were not much above those in Japan.

There has still been too little detailed work on the protectionism that emerged in the wake of the Great Depression. In this paper we explore the experiences of two countries that have been largely neglected in the literature, the Netherlands and Netherlands East Indies (NEI). How did these traditionally free-trading economies respond to the Depression? We construct a detailed product-level database of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade based on primary sources. While ad valorem tariff increases in the Netherlands were largely due to deflation, the country protected agriculture and textiles in a number of ways. Once quotas are taken into account, trade restrictiveness indices suggest that protection in the Netherlands and NEI was comparable to protection in the UK and India respectively. The NEI quota system was largely geared to protecting Dutch exporters, and succeeded in doing so, but the reverse was not true., There has still been too little detailed work on the protectionism that emerged in the wake of the Great Depression. In this paper we explore the experiences of two countries that have been largely neglected in the literature, the Netherlands and Netherlands East Indies (NEI). How did these traditionally free-trading economies respond to the Depression? We construct a detailed product-level database of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade based on primary sources. While ad valorem tariff increases in the Netherlands were largely due to deflation, the country protected agriculture and textiles in a number of ways. Once quotas are taken into account, trade restrictiveness indices suggest that protection in the Netherlands and NEI was comparable to protection in the UK and India respectively. The NEI quota system was largely geared to protecting Dutch exporters, and succeeded in doing so, but the reverse was not true.

The article analyses the evolution of Indian real wages for the period 1500–1650. It argues that the Great Divergence between India and north-western Europe was already visible by the early 1500s by making use of a new dataset of 2,710 separate observations, reflecting over 76,000 paid-out wages, for nine locations in Western India. These wages were deflated by rice prices and a basket of goods and imply low and declining standards of living over the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. In comparison with Europe, these real wages represent comparatively low living standards, and they were not much above those in Japan.

Objectives: To investigate cartilage tissue turnover in response to a supervised 12-week exercise-related joint loading training program followed by a 6-month period of unsupervised training in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). To study the difference in cartilage tissue turnover between high- and low-resistance training. Method: Patients with knee OA were randomized into either high-intensity or low-intensity resistance supervised training (two sessions per week) for 3 months and unsupervised training for 6 months. Blood samples were collected before and after the supervised training period and after the follow-up period. Biomarkers huARGS, C2M, and PRO-C2, quantifying cartilage tissue turnover, were measured by ELISA. Changes in biomarker levels over time within and between groups were analyzed using linear mixed models with baseline values as covariates. Results: huARGS and C2M levels increased after training and at follow-up in both low- and high-intensity exercise groups. No changes were found in PRO-C2. The huARGS level in the high-intensity resistance training group increased significantly compared to the low-intensity resistance training group after resistance training (p = 0.029) and at follow-up (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Cartilage tissue turnover and cartilage degradation appear to increase in response to a 3-month exercise-related joint loading training program and at 6-month follow-up, with no evident difference in type II collagen formation. Aggrecan remodeling increased more with high-intensity resistance training than with low-intensity exercise. These exploratory biomarker results, indicating more cartilage degeneration in the high-intensity group, in combination with no clinical outcome differences of the VIDEX study, may argue against high-intensity training.

Sensory driven activity during early life is critical for setting up the proper connectivity of the sensory cortices. We ask here whether social play behavior, a particular form of social interaction that is highly abundant during postweaning development, is equally important for setting up connections in the developing prefrontal cortex (PFC). Young male rats were deprived from social play with peers during the period in life when social play behavior normally peaks [postnatal day 21-42] (SPD rats), followed by resocialization until adulthood. We recorded synaptic currents in layer 5 cells in slices from medial PFC of adult SPD and control rats and observed that inhibitory synaptic currents were reduced in SPD slices, while excitatory synaptic currents were unaffected. This was associated with a decrease in perisomatic inhibitory synapses from parvalbumin-positive GABAergic cells. In parallel experiments, adult SPD rats achieved more reversals in a probabilistic reversal learning (PRL) task, which depends on the integrity of the PFC, by using a more simplified cognitive strategy than controls. Interestingly, we observed that one daily hour of play during SPD partially rescued the behavioral performance in the PRL, but did not prevent the decrease in PFC inhibitory synaptic inputs. Our data demonstrate the importance of unrestricted social play for the development of inhibitory synapses in the PFC and cognitive skills in adulthood and show that specific synaptic alterations in the PFC can result in a complex behavioral outcome.

Homogeneous ruthenium catalysed methanol dehydrogenation could become a key reaction for hydrogen production in liquid fuel cells. In order to improve existing catalytic systems, mechanistic insight is paramount in directing future studies. Herein, we describe what computational mechanistic research has taught us so far about ruthenium catalysed dehydrogenation reactions. In general, two mechanistic pathways can be operative in these reactions: a metal-centered or a metal-ligand cooperative (Noyori-Morris type) minimum energy reaction pathway (MERP). Discerning between these mechanisms on the basis of computational studies has proven to be highly input dependent, and to circumvent pitfalls it is important to consider several factors, such as solvent effects, metal-ligand cooperativity, alternative geometries, and complex electronic structures of metal centres. This Frontiers article summarizes the reported computational research performed on ruthenium catalyzed dehydrogenation reactions performed in the past decade, and serves as a guide for future research., ChemE/Inorganic Systems Engineering

Our aim in this thesis was twofold. The first aim was to describe the potential determinants of muscle strength in patients with knee OA. The second aim was to optimize strength gains in patients with knee osteoarthritis. We performed a scoping review to examine which factors were associated with muscle strength in patients with knee OA. Factors were categorized into three subgroups: basic muscle properties, general and OA-specific factors. Regarding the basic muscle properties , we found convincing evidence for the association between low muscle quality and low muscle strength in patients with knee OA, but not for muscle quantity and muscle activation. With regard to general factors in patients with knee OA, we concluded that older age, being female, higher bodyweight and physical inactivity were found to be associated with lower muscle strength. With respect to the OA-specific factors in patients with knee OA, more severe joint degeneration and higher levels of pain were found to be associated with lower muscle strength. In patients with hip OA, we found a lack of studies across all factors potentially associated with muscle strength. We performed a study cross-sectional study in the OAI progression cohort (n=1390) that showed that dietary protein intake of in 65.1% of the patients with knee OA was below the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 0.80 g/kg bodyweight for healthy adults. We also showed that lower dietary protein intake was associated with lower muscle strength in patients with knee OA. We performed a study on longitudinal data in the OAI progression cohort (n=1390). We found a decline in muscle strength over a 4-year period in patients with knee OA. Predictors for the observed decline in muscle strength were older age, being female, higher BMI, lower dietary protein intake and radiographic severity. We assessed whether in patients with knee OA (i) high-intensity resistance training leads to an increase in muscle strength, compared to low-intensity re

People make rapid inferences about others' thoughts and intentions. For example, they observe facial movements and pupil size of others and unwittingly make use of this information when deciding whether to trust someone or not. However, whether spontaneous mimicry depends on visual awareness of the stimulus and whether these processes underlie trust decisions is still unknown. To investigate whether visual awareness modulates the relationship between emotional expressions, mimicry and trust, participants played a series of trust games and saw either their partners' faces with a neutral, happy or fearful expression, or their partners' eyes in which the pupil size was large, medium or small. Subjects' trust investments, facial movements and pupil responses were measured. In half of the trials, the stimuli were rendered invisible by continuous flash suppression. Results showed that facial expressions were mimicked and influenced trust decisions during the conscious condition, but not during the unconscious (suppressed) condition. The opposite was found for pupil size, which influenced trust decisions during states of unawareness. These results suggest that the neurobiological pathway linking the observation of facial expressions to mimicry and trust is predominantly conscious, whereas partner pupil size influences trust primarily when presented unconsciously. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cracking the laugh code: laughter through the lens of biology, psychology and neuroscience'.

Background: Muscle weakness is characteristic of knee osteoarthritis. Muscle steadiness may be an important adjunct to knee muscle strength in improving physical function in knee osteoarthritis. However, the role of muscle steadiness is uncertain. Aims: To determine the associations of knee extensor muscle steadiness with maximal voluntary torque and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Baseline data from 177 patients in a randomized clinical trial were used. Isokinetic knee extension torque was processed into maximal voluntary torque [Nm]. Muscle steadiness was expressed as the coefficient of variance [%] and as peak power frequency [Hz]. Physical function was assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, the Get-Up-and-Go and Stair-climb tests. Associations were determined using regression analyses and adjusted for confounders. Findings: Lower muscle steadiness (i.e., higher coefficient of variance and peak power frequency) was associated with lower maximal voluntary torque (B = − 7.38, [−10.8, −3.95], R2 = 0.10 and B = −14.71, [−28.29, −1.13], R2 = 0.03, respectively). Higher coefficient of variance was associated with lower self-reported physical function (B = 1.14, [0.11,2.17], R2 = 0.03) and remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders. Peak power frequency was not associated with physical function. Interpretation: Low muscle steadiness was weakly associated with low muscle strength and poorer self-reported physical function. Muscle steadiness and muscle strength seem to be different attributes of muscle function. There is no convincing evidence that muscle steadiness is an important adjunct in studying physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Biomechatronics & Human-Machine Control

Production of vegetables for fresh consumption in arid regions is usually done in greenhouses fitted with evaporative cooling, which does strain the scarce water resource in those areas so much that [lack of] water frequently becomes the limiting factor. Greenhouses fit with sufficient mechanical cooling capacity (closed/semi-closed greenhouses) not only dispose of the need for evaporative cooling, but also allow for recovery of the water transpired by the crop as condense on the mechanical cooling and dehumidification system. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the trade-off between resources (water and electricity) within a closed greenhouse and evaluate its potential as the ultimate water saving production system. After a series of 8 closed-greenhouse trials in a desert environment, in Riyadh (KSA), benchmark numbers on water and energy use of such a system were established. Thanks to the recollection of more than 80% of the water supplied to the crop, production of 1 kg of fresh tomatoes was achieved at the expense of 4.2 L of water, which is 10 times lower that the lowest reported in evaporatively cooled greenhouses and 40 times lower than commercial practice in similar weather conditions. On the other hand, the required electricity use was about 8 kWh per kg of fresh produced tomatoes. From energy point of view it is shown that using desalinated water for evaporative cooling reduces the electricity consumption of fresh tomato production to about 1 kWh.kg−1. From economic point of view a closed greenhouse might only result in lower variable costs when 10 liters of desalinated water costs more than 1.75 kWh of electricity.

Growers try to achieve favorable growing conditions with their cultivation practices and climate control. Especially in warm and cold periods of the year this requires steering skills and in horticultural skills. Training and education provide handles and insights for this. One of the recently developed tools to support this is Kassim, an application with a dedicated interface to show simulation results of the extensive dynamic greenhouse climate simulation model Kaspro. When launched, back in 2018, this tool gave realistic results for the winter situation, but too high crop temperatures were calculated for summer situations. This detracts from the trust and usability of this tool. Therefore, in this project the simulation model has been improved. This resulted in a proper matching computation of crop temperature and transpiration of Tomato, Cucumber, Gerbera and Anthurium when compared with measurements. The realistic calculations, based on sound physical explanatory modelling and parametrizing, allows for all kind of scenarios to be analysed. The report shows a number of examples to explain which type of insights can be obtained and how this helps growers to make better informed decisions about climate control. The project is funded by Kas Als Energiebron, a research program supported by the Ministry of Agriculture Nature and Food quality and LTO-Glaskracht Nederland., Tuinders proberen met hun teelthandeling en klimaatregeling gunstige groei-omstandigheden te realiseren. Vooral in warme en koude perioden van het jaar vereist dat stuurmanskunst en in het tuinbouwonderwijs en in cursussen worden hiervoor handvatten en inzichten aangereikt. Een van de tools hierbij is Kassim, een applicatie die de rekenresultaten van het uitgebreide dynamische kasklimaatsimulatiemodel Kaspro inzichtelijk weergeeft. Bij de lancering van Kassim in 2018 gaf deze tool realistische resultaten voor de wintersituatie, maar voor zomerse situaties werden te hoge gewastemperaturen berekend. Dit doet afbreuk aan het vertrouwen en de bruikbaarheid van deze tool. Met het nu uitgevoerde project is het simulatiemodel op dit punt verbeterd. Vergelijkingen tussen simulaties en metingen aan Tomaat, Komkommer, Gerbera en snij-Anthurium laten zien dat gewasverdamping en gewastemperatuur nu natuurgetrouw berekend worden. De realistische berekeningen op grond van fysisch onderbouwde parameters maakt het mogelijk om met de simulatietool eindeloos veel situaties door te rekenen. Met de uitleg rond een aan aantal voorbeelden is getoond welke inzichten hiermee verkregen kunnen worden zodat tuinders beter onderlegd beslissingen kunnen nemen omtrent de klimaatregeling. Dit project is gefinancierd door Kas Als Energiebron, het onderzoeksprogramma dat wordt ondersteund door het ministerie van ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit en LTO-Glaskracht Nederland.

Our aim in this thesis was twofold. The first aim was to describe the potential determinants of muscle strength in patients with knee OA. The second aim was to optimize strength gains in patients with knee osteoarthritis. We performed a scoping review to examine which factors were associated with muscle strength in patients with knee OA. Factors were categorized into three subgroups: basic muscle properties, general and OA-specific factors. Regarding the basic muscle properties , we found convincing evidence for the association between low muscle quality and low muscle strength in patients with knee OA, but not for muscle quantity and muscle activation. With regard to general factors in patients with knee OA, we concluded that older age, being female, higher bodyweight and physical inactivity were found to be associated with lower muscle strength. With respect to the OA-specific factors in patients with knee OA, more severe joint degeneration and higher levels of pain were found to be associated with lower muscle strength. In patients with hip OA, we found a lack of studies across all factors potentially associated with muscle strength. We performed a study cross-sectional study in the OAI progression cohort (n=1390) that showed that dietary protein intake of in 65.1% of the patients with knee OA was below the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 0.80 g/kg bodyweight for healthy adults. We also showed that lower dietary protein intake was associated with lower muscle strength in patients with knee OA. We performed a study on longitudinal data in the OAI progression cohort (n=1390). We found a decline in muscle strength over a 4-year period in patients with knee OA. Predictors for the observed decline in muscle strength were older age, being female, higher BMI, lower dietary protein intake and radiographic severity. We assessed whether in patients with knee OA (i) high-intensity resistance training leads to an increase in muscle strength, compared to low-intensity re

Homogeneous ruthenium catalysed methanol dehydrogenation could become a key reaction for hydrogen production in liquid fuel cells. In order to improve existing catalytic systems, mechanistic insight is paramount in directing future studies. Herein, we describe what computational mechanistic research has taught us so far about ruthenium catalysed dehydrogenation reactions. In general, two mechanistic pathways can be operative in these reactions: a metal-centered or a metal-ligand cooperative (Noyori-Morris type) minimum energy reaction pathway (MERP). Discerning between these mechanisms on the basis of computational studies has proven to be highly input dependent, and to circumvent pitfalls it is important to consider several factors, such as solvent effects, metal-ligand cooperativity, alternative geometries, and complex electronic structures of metal centres. This Frontiers article summarizes the reported computational research performed on ruthenium catalyzed dehydrogenation reactions performed in the past decade, and serves as a guide for future research., ChemE/Inorganic Systems Engineering

Om de emissiedoelstellingen voor 2030 te halen is het noodzakelijk de verliezen van CO2 in de glastuinbouw te beperken. In een tomatenteelt met ras Merlice is een drietal niveaus van CO2-dosering getest op groei, productie en kwaliteit van tomaat en tevens op de benutting en verliezen van CO2. De teelt was onbelicht en duurde van december tot oktober het jaar erop. De gehanteerde CO2-niveaus waren conform praktijk (“Normaal”), een halvering (“Minder”) en een kwart (“Weinig”) van dit niveau. De gemeten cumulatieve drogestof producties waren niet verschillend tussen “Normaal” en “Minder” maar behandeling “Weinig” liet een reductie van 10% zien. Kopdikte, bladdikte en vruchtgewicht waren hoger bij toenemend CO2-aanbod. Vruchtkwaliteit en fotosynthese eigenschappen waren niet verschillend. De oogstverschillen tussen de laagste twee doseerniveaus duidden op de invloed van CO2 op de groei. Veel van de gedoseerde CO2 ging verloren door de luchtramen. Verkenningen met een kasklimaat- en groeimodel van mogelijke teeltstrategieën bij een hogere kostprijs van CO2 gaven mogelijkheden aan voor een aanzienlijke vermindering ten opzichte van de gebruikelijke CO2 dosering met relatief weinig productieverlies.---CO2 losses in greenhouse horticulture have to be reduced to reach the emission targets of 2030. In a greenhouse trial with tomato cultivar Merlice three levels of CO2 were supplied to examine effects on growth, yield and fruit quality. Utilization and loss of CO2 were quantified. The crop was not illuminated. Cultivation started in December and lasted ten months. Supplied CO2 levels were either comparable to practice (“Normal”), half (“Less”) or a quarter (“Little”) of this level. Cumulative total biomass was 10% lower in “Little” while the other two treatments had comparable biomass. Stem and leaf thickness and fruit weight increased with CO2 supply level, while photosynthetic properties and fruit quality were not affected. Total ventilation losses of supplied CO2 were con

We investigate the demographic effects of forced labor under an extractive colonial regime: the Cultivation System in nineteenth-century Java. Our panel analyses show that labor demands are strongly positively associated with mortality rates, likely resulting from malnourishment and unhygienic conditions on plantations and the spread of infectious diseases. An instrumental variable approach, using international market prices for coffee and sugar for predicting labor demands, addresses potential endogeneity concerns. Our estimates suggest that without the abolition of the Cultivation System average overall mortality in Java would have been between 10 and 30 percent higher by the late 1870s.

This dataset contains data for the island of Java, Indonesia, at the regency-level – comparable to present-day kabupaten. The data concern trends in area of cultivated sugar, total and per-hectare sugar production, crude mortality rates and wages in the period ca. 1909-1924. In addition to this panel dataset, cross-sectional figures were collected about the amount of sawah land (1920), urbanization rates (1905), medical personnel (1919), native population (1905) and areas with communal property with rotating shares. These figures were gathered from primary documents published by the Dutch colonial government and its constituent agencies. These data are relevant for all social scientists (such as economists, demographers or economic historians) interested in Southeast Asia or in the relationship between health indicators and economic development before, during and after an unprecedented pandemic. Historians of Southeast Asia and Indonesia may be interested in these figures as a background against which developments in politics and culture may be sketched. In addition, epidemiologists assessing the health consequences of the 1918 influenza pandemic will find valuable information in this regional dataset. Gallardo-Albarrán and de Zwart (2021) have shown on the basis of this dataset how the 1918 influenza pandemic affected economic activity across Java in this period.

This paper adds to a growing literature that charts and explains inequality levels in pre-industrial societies. On the basis of a wide variety of primary documents, the degree of inequality is estimated for 32 different residencies, the largest administrative units and comparable to present-day provinces, of late colonial Indonesia. Four different measures of inequality (the Gini, Theil, Inequality Extraction Rate and Top Income Rate) are employed that show consistent results. Variation in inequality levels across late colonial Indonesia is very large, and some residencies have much higher levels of inequality (with, for example, Ginis above 60) than others (with Ginis below 30). This suggests that even within a single colony, levels of inequality may vary substantially and this puts some doubts on the representativeness of using a single number to capture the level of inequality in a large economy. In order to explain the variation across residencies and over time, this paper investigates the role of exports and plantations, so frequently mentioned in the literature. It is shown that both explain a part of the variation in levels of inequality across colonial Indonesia, but that only the rise of plantations can explain changes in inequality levels over time. This points to the importance of the institutional context in which global export trade takes place for the rise of inequality.

BACKGROUND: We recently developed a model of stratified exercise therapy, consisting of (i) a stratification algorithm allocating patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) into one of the three subgroups ('high muscle strength subgroup' representing a post-traumatic phenotype, 'low muscle strength subgroup' representing an age-induced phenotype, and 'obesity subgroup' representing a metabolic phenotype) and (ii) subgroup-specific exercise therapy. In the present study, we aimed to test the construct validity of this algorithm. METHODS: Data from five studies (four exercise therapy trial cohorts and one cross-sectional cohort) were used to test the construct validity of our algorithm by 63 a priori formulated hypotheses regarding three research questions: (i) are the proportions of patients in each subgroup similar across cohorts? (15 hypotheses); (ii) are the characteristics of each of the subgroups in line with their proposed underlying phenotypes? (30 hypotheses); (iii) are the effects of usual exercise therapy in the 3 subgroups in line with the proposed effect sizes? (18 hypotheses). RESULTS: Baseline data from a total of 1211 patients with knee OA were analyzed for the first and second research question, and follow-up data from 584 patients who were part of an exercise therapy arm within a trial for the third research question. In total, the vast majority (73%) of the hypotheses were confirmed. Regarding our first research question, we found similar proportions in each of the three subgroups across cohorts, especially for three cohorts. Regarding our second research question, subgroup characteristics were almost completely in line with the proposed underlying phenotypes. Regarding our third research question, usual exercise therapy resulted in similar, medium to large effect sizes for knee pain and physical function for all three subgroups. CONCLUSION: We found mixed results regarding the construct validity of our stratification algorithm. On the one hand, it is a

Item does not contain fulltext, De afgelopen jaren is steeds duidelijker geworden dat de transformatie van de jeugdhulp geen eenvoudige opgave is. Het bieden van effectieve, tijdige en samenhangende ondersteuning aan jeugdigen en hun gezin is op lokaal en regionaal niveau nog lang niet altijd gerealiseerd, het jeugdhulpsysteem lijkt niet eenvoudiger geworden en veel gemeenten hebben forse financiële tekorten. Gemeenten kiezen zelf voor de wijze waarop zij de jeugdhulp inhoudelijk en organisatorisch inrichten. Sommige gemeenten slagen erin om een goed, overzichtelijk en betaalbaar jeugdhulpstelsel in te richten, andere lukt dat nog niet. Het is daarom belangrijk om onderzoek te doen naar de duiding van de praktijk van gemeenten, waarbij er aandacht is voor zowel de zorginhoudelijke als de bestuurlijke en organisatorische kant. Specifieke aandacht voor het lerend en reflectief vermogen van alle lokaal bij de jeugdhulp betrokken partijen is daarbij van belang. In dit onderzoek staan de ervaringen van vijf gemeenten centraal: Deventer, Peel en Maas, Roosendaal, Utrecht en Zaltbommel. De gemeenten zijn geselecteerd op basis van aanwijzingen dat zij wel in staat lijken te zijn om hun lokale jeugdstelsel te transformeren, terwijl de jeugdhulp budgettair beheersbaar is gebleven.

The application of new cultivation techniques (Het Nieuwe Telen) in Dutch greenhouses heavily relies on using one or more movable screens. Screens also affect the control of the greenhouse climate by radiation exchanges and air and humidity exchanges between the lower and upper part of the screens. This directly influences energy saving. The objectives of the project were the quantification of the screen properties by standardised measurements: thermal properties such as emissivity, aerodynamic properties such as air permeability and humidity transport characteristics. From the measured properties the overall potential energy saving can then be calculated under defined conditions for an objective comparison of the performance of different screen materials in dry and wet conditions. This helps growers to understand more about screen properties and allows them to make an informed choice of investment and practical usage. The results show that screens low permeability and low emissivity give highest energy saving., De toepassing van Het Nieuwe Telen in Nederlandse kassen is sterk afhankelijk van het gebruik van één of meerdere beweegbare schermen. Schermen beïnvloeden ook de beheersing van het kasklimaat door effecten op uitstraling en lucht- en vochtuitwisseling onder en boven het scherm. Dit heeft direct invloed op de energiebesparing. De doelstellingen van het project waren het kwantificeren van de schermeigenschappen door gestandaardiseerde metingen: thermische eigenschappen zoals emissie, aerodynamische eigenschappen zoals luchtdoorlatendheid en vochttransport. Uit de gemeten schermeigenschappen kan vervolgens de totale potentiële energiebesparing worden berekend onder vooraf gedefinieerde omstandigheden. Hiermee wordt een objectieve vergelijking van schermmaterialen onder droge en natte omstandigheden mogelijk. Hierdoor krijgen telers meer inzicht in schermeigenschappen en kunnen ze een weloverwogen keuze maken voor hun investeringen en gebruik in de praktijk. De resultaten laten zien dat schermen met een lage permeabiliteit en een lage emissie de grootste energiebesparing opleveren.