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The macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) relates space-mean flow density and the speed of an entire network. We present a method for the estimation of a 'normalized' MFD with the goal to compute specific Fundamental Diagram in places where loop sensors data is no available. The methodology allows using some data from different points in the city and possibly combining several kinds of information. To this aim, we tackle at least three major concerns: the data dispersion, the sparsity of the data, and the role of the link (with data) within the network. To preserve the information we decided to treat it as two-dimensional signals (images), so we based our estimation algorithm on image analysis, preserving data veracity until the last steps (instead of first matching curves that induce a first approximation). Then we use image classification and filtering tools for merging of main features and scaling. Finally, just the Floating Car Data (FCD) is used to map back the general form to the specific road where sensors are missing. We obtained a representation of the street by means of its likelihood with other links within the same network. © 2018 IEEE.

This introductory chapter to our Environment International VSI does not need an abstract and therefore we just include our recommendations below in order to proceed with the resubmission. Future work should examine waterbirds as food web sentinels of multiple stressors as well as Baltic Sea food web dynamics of hazardous substances and how climate change may modify it. Also, future work should aim at further extending the new frameworks developed within BALTHEALTH for energy and contaminant transfer at the population level (Desforges et al., 2018, Cervin et al., 2020/this issue Silva et al., 2020/this issue) and their long term effects on Baltic Sea top predators, such as harbour porpoises, grey seals ringed seals, and white-tailed eagles. Likewise, the risk evaluation conducted for PCB in connection with mercury on Arctic wildlife (Dietz et al., 2019, not a BONUS BALTHEALTH product) could be planned for Baltic Sea molluscs, fish, bird and marine mammals in the future. Finally, future efforts could include stressors not covered by the BONUS BALTHEALTH project, such as food web fluxes, overexploitation, bycatches, eutrophication and underwater noise.

This introductory chapter to our Environment International VSI does not need an abstract and therefore we just include our recommendations below in order to proceed with the resubmission. Future work should examine waterbirds as food web sentinels of multiple stressors as well as Baltic Sea food web dynamics of hazardous substances and how climate change may modify it. Also, future work should aim at further extending the new frameworks developed within BALTHEALTH for energy and contaminant transfer at the population level (Desforges et al., 2018, Cervin et al., 2020/this issue Silva et al., 2020/this issue) and their long term effects on Baltic Sea top predators, such as harbour porpoises, grey seals ringed seals, and white-tailed eagles. Likewise, the risk evaluation conducted for PCB in connection with mercury on Arctic wildlife (Dietz et al., 2019, not a BONUS BALTHEALTH product) could be planned for Baltic Sea molluscs, fish, bird and marine mammals in the future. Finally, future efforts could include stressors not covered by the BONUS BALTHEALTH project, such as food web fluxes, overexploitation, bycatches, eutrophication and underwater noise.

The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries—climate change and biosphere integrity—have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.

Zeeland is door de geologische geschiedenis van herhaalde overstroming en inpoldering, samen met het actuele feit dat het omgeven is door zout water, een gebied met veel zout grondwater en zoute kwel. Deze verzilting neem toe en zorgt samen met de onbalans tussen vraag en aanbod van zoet regenwater voor problemen met de beschikbaarheid van zoet water voor de landbouw. Hierbij moet vooral gedacht worden aan zowel droogtestress en –schade als aan zoutstress en –schade. "Beschikbaarheid van zoet water voor de landbouw is een belangrijk aandachtspunt in het licht van de geleidelijk toenemende verzilting," aldus het beleidsplan 2012-2015 van de Provincie Zeeland. (Provinciale Staten van Zeeland, 2012). Daarom streeft de provincie samen met andere partijen een goede kwaliteit en kwantiteit na van het oppervlakte- en grondwater binnen de provinciegrenzen en stelt regels op voor oppervlakte- en grondwateronttrekkingen. In dit kader is het project GO-FRESH (zoetwateropslag in kreekruggen en zoetwaterlensverdikking op schorgronden) gestart met drie proefprojecten. Daarnaast draait het FRESHEM-project, waarbij door middel van elektromagnetische metingen een zoet- en zoutwaterlagenkaart van de Zeeuwse bodem wordt gecreëerd. De Provincie wil graag weten hoe de Zeeuwse agrariërs staan tegenover deze projecten en of zij denken van de kaart gebruik te gaan maken.

QC 20140915

Based on the concept by Rockström et al the paper discusses the principles of the concept in relation to chemical pollution and the specific challenges associated to that. The paper conclude the chemical pollution is certainly a strong anthropogenic impact of global relevance. However, because of the local or regional nature of many exposures and effects caused by chemicals, there is probably not a single tipping point for the global system that would have to be reflected by a planetary boundary. Therefore, in order to assess and manage chemical pollution, it seems to be more promising to focus on certain classes of chemicals separately and to derive boundaries of different types for these classes of chemicals, as illustrated in the paper for CFCs, POPs and food contaminants

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women, and knowledge of the clinical consequences of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in women has grown tremendously over the past 20 years. Research efforts have increased and many reports on various aspects of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in women have been published highlighting sex differences in pathophysiology, presentation and treatment of IHD. Data, however, remain limited. A description of the state of the science, with recognition of the shortcomings of current data, is necessary to guide future research and move the field forward. In this report, we identify gaps in existing literature and make recommendations for future research. Women largely share similar cardiovascular risk factors for IHD with men; however, women with suspected or confirmed IHD have less coronary atherosclerosis than men, even though they are older and have more cardiovascular risk factors than men. Coronary endothelial dysfunction and microvascular disease have been proposed as important determinants in the etiology and prognosis of IHD in women, but research is limited on whether sex differences in these mechanisms truly exist. Differences in the epidemiology of IHD between women and men remain largely unexplained, as we are still unable to explain why women are protected towards IHD until older age compared with men. Eventually, a better understanding of these processes and mechanisms may improve the prevention and the clinical management of IHD in women.

Energy is a key resource in Networked Control Systems, in particular in applications concerning wireless networks. This paper reviews the multi-layer architecture of those systems in the light of their energy-use, and points out major contributions in the area of energy-management policies, layer per layer. This review of the literature is organized according to the layered communication architecture covering from bottom to top the Physical, Data Link, Network, and Application layers. We specifically focus on advances that concern energy-aware management in wireless communication and control co-design. It is argued that existing work is limited to single layer approaches, with a lack of design methods taking into account several layers., QC 20140903

[EN] This paper describes the development of a vehicle based on the stabilization of an inverted pendulum. The prototype has been designed and developed by the School of Engineering of Seville using commercial and low-cost components. Two vehicle controllers (linear and nonlinear) have been developed and applied. Moreover, they have been tested successfully in various experiments., [ES] En este artículo se describe el desarrollo de un vehículo basado en la estabilización de un péndulo invertido. El prototipo ha sido diseñado y realizado en la Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de Sevilla, utilizando componentes comerciales y de bajo coste. Para el control del vehículo se han implementado dos leyes de control (lineal y no lineal), habiéndose probado con éxito en diferentes experimentos.

[EN] This paper describes the development of a vehicle based on the stabilization of an inverted pendulum. The prototype has been designed and developed by the School of Engineering of Seville using commercial and low-cost components. Two vehicle controllers (linear and nonlinear) have been developed and applied. Moreover, they have been tested successfully in various experiments., [ES] En este artículo se describe el desarrollo de un vehículo basado en la estabilización de un péndulo invertido. El prototipo ha sido diseñado y realizado en la Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de Sevilla, utilizando componentes comerciales y de bajo coste. Para el control del vehículo se han implementado dos leyes de control (lineal y no lineal), habiéndose probado con éxito en diferentes experimentos.

[EN] This paper describes the development of a vehicle based on the stabilization of an inverted pendulum. The prototype has been designed and developed by the School of Engineering of Seville using commercial and low-cost components. Two vehicle controllers (linear and nonlinear) have been developed and applied. Moreover, they have been tested successfully in various experiments., [ES] En este artículo se describe el desarrollo de un vehículo basado en la estabilización de un péndulo invertido. El prototipo ha sido diseñado y realizado en la Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de Sevilla, utilizando componentes comerciales y de bajo coste. Para el control del vehículo se han implementado dos leyes de control (lineal y no lineal), habiéndose probado con éxito en diferentes experimentos.

[EN] This paper describes the development of a vehicle based on the stabilization of an inverted pendulum. The prototype has been designed and developed by the School of Engineering of Seville using commercial and low-cost components. Two vehicle controllers (linear and nonlinear) have been developed and applied. Moreover, they have been tested successfully in various experiments., [ES] En este artículo se describe el desarrollo de un vehículo basado en la estabilización de un péndulo invertido. El prototipo ha sido diseñado y realizado en la Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de Sevilla, utilizando componentes comerciales y de bajo coste. Para el control del vehículo se han implementado dos leyes de control (lineal y no lineal), habiéndose probado con éxito en diferentes experimentos.

[EN] This paper describes the development of a vehicle based on the stabilization of an inverted pendulum. The prototype has been designed and developed by the School of Engineering of Seville using commercial and low-cost components. Two vehicle controllers (linear and nonlinear) have been developed and applied. Moreover, they have been tested successfully in various experiments., [ES] En este artículo se describe el desarrollo de un vehículo basado en la estabilización de un péndulo invertido. El prototipo ha sido diseñado y realizado en la Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de Sevilla, utilizando componentes comerciales y de bajo coste. Para el control del vehículo se han implementado dos leyes de control (lineal y no lineal), habiéndose probado con éxito en diferentes experimentos.

The first Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems emerged in the 1960's from the need for deep water drilling by the offshore oil and gas industry, as conventional mooring systems, like a jack-up barge or an anchored rig, can only be used in shallow waters. GustoMSC has been developing DP drill ships since the early 1970's and it is still one of their core businesses. DP systems automatically control the position and heading of a ship subjected to environmental and external forces, using its own actuators. The thrust allocator of a DP system is responsible for the thrust distribution over the actuators of the ship. Apart from minimizing the power consumption an ideal thrust allocator can also take other aspects into account, such as forbidden/spoil zones and thruster relations. Because the Lagrange multiplier method, used inhouse by GustoMSC for thrust allocation, cannot accurately describe fullscale DP systems with rudders and forbidden/spoil zones, new methods need to be explored. Various optimal thrust allocation methods for dynamic positioning of ships are considered and their practical use is tested with DP capability calculations and time domain simulations with online optimization routines. The shortcomings of Lagrange multiplier methods are illustrated and quadratic programming methods combined with disjunctive programming techniques are used to present a more elaborate solution to optimal thrust allocation problems. Using disjunctive programming each actuator is modeled by a finite union of convex polygons representing the attainable thrust region. This approach allows combinations of non-rotatable thrusters, rotatable azimuth thrusters with forbidden/spoil zones and main propeller/rudder pairs to be used. As a consequence the allocation problem decomposes into a finite number of subproblems that all need to be solved separately in order to find the optimal solution of the main problem. For time domain simulations the dynamic limitations of the thrusters are taken, Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

The first Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems emerged in the 1960's from the need for deep water drilling by the offshore oil and gas industry, as conventional mooring systems, like a jack-up barge or an anchored rig, can only be used in shallow waters. GustoMSC has been developing DP drill ships since the early 1970's and it is still one of their core businesses. DP systems automatically control the position and heading of a ship subjected to environmental and external forces, using its own actuators. The thrust allocator of a DP system is responsible for the thrust distribution over the actuators of the ship. Apart from minimizing the power consumption an ideal thrust allocator can also take other aspects into account, such as forbidden/spoil zones and thruster relations. Because the Lagrange multiplier method, used inhouse by GustoMSC for thrust allocation, cannot accurately describe fullscale DP systems with rudders and forbidden/spoil zones, new methods need to be explored. Various optimal thrust allocation methods for dynamic positioning of ships are considered and their practical use is tested with DP capability calculations and time domain simulations with online optimization routines. The shortcomings of Lagrange multiplier methods are illustrated and quadratic programming methods combined with disjunctive programming techniques are used to present a more elaborate solution to optimal thrust allocation problems. Using disjunctive programming each actuator is modeled by a finite union of convex polygons representing the attainable thrust region. This approach allows combinations of non-rotatable thrusters, rotatable azimuth thrusters with forbidden/spoil zones and main propeller/rudder pairs to be used. As a consequence the allocation problem decomposes into a finite number of subproblems that all need to be solved separately in order to find the optimal solution of the main problem. For time domain simulations the dynamic limitations of the thrusters are taken, Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

Obstructive disease of the large coronary arteries is the prominent cause for angina pectoris. However, angina may also occur in the absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm, especially in women. Myocardial ischaemia in these patients is often associated with abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation and may thus represent a manifestation of coronary microvascular disease (CMD). Elucidation of the role of the microvasculature in the genesis of myocardial ischaemia and cardiac damage-in the presence or absence of obstructive coronary atherosclerosis-will certainly result in more rational diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Specifically targeted research based on improved assessment modalities is needed to improve the diagnosis of CMD and to translate current molecular, cellular, and physiological knowledge into new therapeutic options Udgivelsesdato: 2008/11/1

Obstructive disease of the large coronary arteries is the prominent cause for angina pectoris. However, angina may also occur in the absence of significant coronary atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm, especially in women. Myocardial ischaemia in these patients is often associated with abnormalities of the coronary microcirculation and may thus represent a manifestation of coronary microvascular disease (CMD). Elucidation of the role of the microvasculature in the genesis of myocardial ischaemia and cardiac damage-in the presence or absence of obstructive coronary atherosclerosis-will certainly result in more rational diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for patients with ischaemic heart disease. Specifically targeted research based on improved assessment modalities is needed to improve the diagnosis of CMD and to translate current molecular, cellular, and physiological knowledge into new therapeutic options Udgivelsesdato: 2008/11/1

We present a constructive tool for generation and orbital stabilization of periodic solutions for underactuated nonlinear systems. Our method can be applied to any mechanical system with a number of independent actuators smaller than the number of degrees of freedom by one. The synthesized feedback control law is nonlinear and time-dependent. It is derived from a feedback structure that explicitly uses the general or full integral of the systems zero dynamics. The control law generates a periodic solution and makes it exponentially orbitally stable.

RIVM rapport:National and European standards for bloodbags are not yet available. Safety problems (microbiological contamination) in 1988 urged to formulate, at least national, requirements for manufacturing, packaging and distribution. Handling of bloodbags is not described in this document. A separate document dealing with this issue will be drafted by the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Board.

RIVM rapport:National and European standards for bloodbags are not yet available. Safety problems (microbiological contamination) in 1988 urged to formulate, at least national, requirements for manufacturing, packaging and distribution. Handling of bloodbags is not described in this document. A separate document dealing with this issue will be drafted by the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Board.

RIVM rapport:National and European standards for bloodbags are not yet available. Safety problems (microbiological contamination) in 1988 urged to formulate, at least national, requirements for manufacturing, packaging and distribution. Handling of bloodbags is not described in this document. A separate document dealing with this issue will be drafted by the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Board.

Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science