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The Niger Delta is one of the largest hydrocarbon basin offshore Africa and it is well known for the presence of active pockmarks on the seabed. During the Guineco-MeBo cruise in 2011, long cores were taken from a pockmark cluster in order to investigate the state of its current activity. Gas hydrates, oil and pore-water were sampled for geochemical studies. The resulting dataset combined with seismic data reveal that shallow hydrocarbon migration in the upper sedimentary section was focused exclusively within the pockmarks. There is a clear tendency for gas migration within the hydrate-bearing pockmarks, and oil migration within the carbonate-rich one. This trend is interpreted as a consequence of hydrate dissolution followed by carbonate precipitation in the course of the evolution of these pockmarks. We also demonstrate that Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM) is the main process responsible for the depletion of pore-water sulfate, with depths of the Sulfate-Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) ranging between 1.8 and 33.4 m. In addition, a numerical transport-reaction model was used to estimate the age of hydrate-layer formation from the present-day sulfate profiles. The results show that the sampled hydrate-layers were formed between 21 and 3750 years before present. Overall, this work shows the importance of fluid flow on the dynamics of pockmarks, and the investigated cluster offers new opportunities for future cross-site comparison studies. Our results imply that sudden discharges of gas can create hydrate layers within the upper sedimentary column which can affect the seafloor morphology over few decades.

The Niger Delta is one of the largest hydrocarbon basin offshore Africa and it is well known for the presence of active pockmarks on the seabed. During the Guineco-MeBo cruise in 2011, long cores were taken from a pockmark cluster in order to investigate the state of its current activity. Gas hydrates, oil and pore-water were sampled for geochemical studies. The resulting dataset combined with seismic data reveal that shallow hydrocarbon migration in the upper sedimentary section was focused exclusively within the pockmarks. There is a clear tendency for gas migration within the hydrate-bearing pockmarks, and oil migration within the carbonate-rich one. This trend is interpreted as a consequence of hydrate dissolution followed by carbonate precipitation in the course of the evolution of these pockmarks. We also demonstrate that Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM) is the main process responsible for the depletion of pore-water sulfate, with depths of the Sulfate-Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) ranging between 1.8 and 33.4 m. In addition, a numerical transport-reaction model was used to estimate the age of hydrate-layer formation from the present-day sulfate profiles. The results show that the sampled hydrate-layers were formed between 21 and 3750 years before present. Overall, this work shows the importance of fluid flow on the dynamics of pockmarks, and the investigated cluster offers new opportunities for future cross-site comparison studies. Our results imply that sudden discharges of gas can create hydrate layers within the upper sedimentary column which can affect the seafloor morphology over few decades.

The Niger Delta is one of the largest hydrocarbon basin offshore Africa and it is well known for the presence of active pockmarks on the seabed. During the Guineco-MeBo cruise in 2011, long cores were taken from a pockmark cluster in order to investigate the state of its current activity. Gas hydrates, oil and pore-water were sampled for geochemical studies. The resulting dataset combined with seismic data reveal that shallow hydrocarbon migration in the upper sedimentary section was focused exclusively within the pockmarks. There is a clear tendency for gas migration within the hydrate-bearing pockmarks, and oil migration within the carbonate-rich one. This trend is interpreted as a consequence of hydrate dissolution followed by carbonate precipitation in the course of the evolution of these pockmarks. We also demonstrate that Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM) is the main process responsible for the depletion of pore-water sulfate, with depths of the Sulfate-Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) ranging between 1.8 and 33.4 m. In addition, a numerical transport-reaction model was used to estimate the age of hydrate-layer formation from the present-day sulfate profiles. The results show that the sampled hydrate-layers were formed between 21 and 3750 years before present. Overall, this work shows the importance of fluid flow on the dynamics of pockmarks, and the investigated cluster offers new opportunities for future cross-site comparison studies. Our results imply that sudden discharges of gas can create hydrate layers within the upper sedimentary column which can affect the seafloor morphology over few decades.

The Niger Delta is one of the largest hydrocarbon basin offshore Africa and it is well known for the presence of active pockmarks on the seabed. During the Guineco-MeBo cruise in 2011, long cores were taken from a pockmark cluster in order to investigate the state of its current activity. Gas hydrates, oil and pore-water were sampled for geochemical studies. The resulting dataset combined with seismic data reveal that shallow hydrocarbon migration in the upper sedimentary section was focused exclusively within the pockmarks. There is a clear tendency for gas migration within the hydrate-bearing pockmarks, and oil migration within the carbonate-rich one. This trend is interpreted as a consequence of hydrate dissolution followed by carbonate precipitation in the course of the evolution of these pockmarks. We also demonstrate that Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM) is the main process responsible for the depletion of pore-water sulfate, with depths of the Sulfate-Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) ranging between 1.8 and 33.4 m. In addition, a numerical transport-reaction model was used to estimate the age of hydrate-layer formation from the present-day sulfate profiles. The results show that the sampled hydrate-layers were formed between 21 and 3750 years before present. Overall, this work shows the importance of fluid flow on the dynamics of pockmarks, and the investigated cluster offers new opportunities for future cross-site comparison studies. Our results imply that sudden discharges of gas can create hydrate layers within the upper sedimentary column which can affect the seafloor morphology over few decades.

The present work describes the dynamics of two pockmark areas, off West Africa. The intention is to propose two different approaches to study the relationships between fluid migration and pockmarks. The first investigated area corresponds to a pockmark cluster called Preowei, located off Nigeria. Geochemical analyses and modeling were combined with seismic data to detail the hydrocarbon migration pattern at this area, with implication on both the pockmark formation and the evolution of their morphology. The proposed interpretation seeks to identify the conceptual bases of pockmark evolution over time at this area. It is argued that the cluster has been active for at least 2700 years, and it is still at the stage of hydrate formation for some pockmarks and carbonate formation for other. The second investigated pockmark, called Regab, is located off Gabon. It is a giant pockmark of 800-m diameter, characterized by an ecosystem rich in fauna, with a large variety of living species. The main core of the work done on this pockmark was focused on finding a link between the fluid chemistry and the spatial distribution of the living communities which populate it. This was achieved by combining new geochemical and bathymetric results with a well-compiled dataset from the literature., Cette étude doctorale a consisté à décrire la dynamique géochimique de deux pockmarks à hydrates de gaz de la marge africaine en considérant deux approches différentes. La première zone d’étude, appelée Preowei, est située au large du Nigéria. Elle est caractérisée par un grand nombre de pockmarks de tailles différentes, plus ou moins proche les uns des autres. Les analyses géochimiques des échantillons de fluides interstitiels, combinées aux données géophysiques (séismiques) ont permis de mieux comprendre le schéma de migration des hydrocarbures pour un ensemble composé de quatre pockmarks très rapprochés. L’utilisation de ces données géochimiques dans un modèle de transport- réaction a conduit à une datation de plusieurs séquences de libération de gaz au sein de ces structures. Un schéma conceptuel décrivant les processus de formation et d’évolution temporelle des pockmarks a été proposé pour synthétiser les conclusions obtenues. Finalement, cette étude a montré que l’ensemble des pockmarks étudiés sont actifs depuis 2700 ans, qu’ils sont en phase de formation d’hydrates pour certains, et de carbonates pour d’autres. La deuxième structure étudiée est le pockmark Regab. Il est situé au large du Gabon, au nord du canyon sous-marin alimenté par le fleuve Congo. Il est caractérisé par la présence d’hydrates affleurant et une faune abondante et très variée sur toute sa surface. L’originalité de ce travail a été d’étudier la distribution de la mégafaune présente sur ce pockmark en fonction de la nature des fluides qui migrent dans le sédiment superficiel, et qui est libérés dans la colonne d’eau. Une attention particulière a été portée au méthane car c’est un élément central dans le cycle énergétique des microorganismes qui vivent en symbiose avec cette mégafaune. Trois nouveaux habitats ont été étudiés. Les données obtenues, associées à celle de la littérature ouverte, renforcent les conclusions des travaux antérieurs. Les Mytilidés ont besoin de très fortes concentrat

The present work describes the dynamics of two pockmark areas, off West Africa. The intention is to propose two different approaches to study the relationships between fluid migration and pockmarks. The first investigated area corresponds to a pockmark cluster called Preowei, located off Nigeria. Geochemical analyses and modeling were combined with seismic data to detail the hydrocarbon migration pattern at this area, with implication on both the pockmark formation and the evolution of their morphology. The proposed interpretation seeks to identify the conceptual bases of pockmark evolution over time at this area. It is argued that the cluster has been active for at least 2700 years, and it is still at the stage of hydrate formation for some pockmarks and carbonate formation for other. The second investigated pockmark, called Regab, is located off Gabon. It is a giant pockmark of 800-m diameter, characterized by an ecosystem rich in fauna, with a large variety of living species. The main core of the work done on this pockmark was focused on finding a link between the fluid chemistry and the spatial distribution of the living communities which populate it. This was achieved by combining new geochemical and bathymetric results with a well-compiled dataset from the literature., Cette étude doctorale a consisté à décrire la dynamique géochimique de deux pockmarks à hydrates de gaz de la marge africaine en considérant deux approches différentes. La première zone d’étude, appelée Preowei, est située au large du Nigéria. Elle est caractérisée par un grand nombre de pockmarks de tailles différentes, plus ou moins proche les uns des autres. Les analyses géochimiques des échantillons de fluides interstitiels, combinées aux données géophysiques (séismiques) ont permis de mieux comprendre le schéma de migration des hydrocarbures pour un ensemble composé de quatre pockmarks très rapprochés. L’utilisation de ces données géochimiques dans un modèle de transport- réaction a conduit à une datation de plusieurs séquences de libération de gaz au sein de ces structures. Un schéma conceptuel décrivant les processus de formation et d’évolution temporelle des pockmarks a été proposé pour synthétiser les conclusions obtenues. Finalement, cette étude a montré que l’ensemble des pockmarks étudiés sont actifs depuis 2700 ans, qu’ils sont en phase de formation d’hydrates pour certains, et de carbonates pour d’autres. La deuxième structure étudiée est le pockmark Regab. Il est situé au large du Gabon, au nord du canyon sous-marin alimenté par le fleuve Congo. Il est caractérisé par la présence d’hydrates affleurant et une faune abondante et très variée sur toute sa surface. L’originalité de ce travail a été d’étudier la distribution de la mégafaune présente sur ce pockmark en fonction de la nature des fluides qui migrent dans le sédiment superficiel, et qui est libérés dans la colonne d’eau. Une attention particulière a été portée au méthane car c’est un élément central dans le cycle énergétique des microorganismes qui vivent en symbiose avec cette mégafaune. Trois nouveaux habitats ont été étudiés. Les données obtenues, associées à celle de la littérature ouverte, renforcent les conclusions des travaux antérieurs. Les Mytilidés ont besoin de très fortes concentrat

Within the Sea of Marmara, the highly active North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is responsible for major earthquakes (Mw>=7), and acts as a pathway for fluid migration from deep sources to the seafloor. This work reports on pore water geochemistry from three sediment cores collected in the Gulfs of Izmit and Gemlik, along the Northern and the Middle strands of the NAF, respectively. The resulting data set shows that anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is the major process responsible for sulfate depletion in the shallow sediment. In the Gulf of Gemlik, depth concentration profiles of both sulfate and alkalinity exhibit a kink-type profile. The Sulfate Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) is located at moderate depth in the area. In the Gulf of Izmit, the low concentrations observed near the seawater-sediment interface for sulfate, calcium, strontium, and magnesium result from rapid geochemical processes, AOM, and carbonate precipitation, occurring in the uppermost part of the sedimentary column and sustained by free methane accumulation. Barite dissolution and carbonate recrystallization have also been identified at deeper depth at the easternmost basin of the Gulf of Izmit. This is supported by the profile of the strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) as a function of depth which exhibits negative anomalies compared to the modern seawater value. The strontium isotopic signature also shows that these carbonates had precipitated during the reconnection of the Sea of Marmara with the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, a first attempt to interpret the sulfate profiles observed in the light of the seismic activity at both sites is presented. We propose the hypothesis that seismic activity in the areas is responsible for the transient sulfate profile, and that the very shallow SMTZ depths observed in the Gulf of Izmit is likely due to episodic release of significant amount of methane.

A joint research expedition between the French IFREMER and the German MARUM was conducted in 2011 using the R/V Pourquoi pas? to study gas hydrate distributions in a pockmark field (1141 – 1199 meters below sea surface) at the continental margin of Nigeria. The sea floor drill rig MeBo of MARUM was used to recover sediments as deep as 56.74 meters below seafloor. The presence of gas hydrates in specific core sections was deduced from temperature anomalies recorded during continuous records of infrared thermal scanning and anomalies in pore water chloride concentrations. In situ sediment temperature measurements showed elevated geothermal gradients of up to 258 °C/km in the center of the so-called pockmark A which is up to 4.6 times higher than that in the background sediment (72 °C/km). The gas hydrate distribution and thermal regime in the pockmark are largely controlled by the intensity, periodicity and direction of fluid flow. The joint interaction between fluid flow, gas hydrate formation and dissolution, and the thermal regime governs pockmark formation and evolution on the Nigerian continental margin.

The present work describes the dynamics of two pockmark areas, off West Africa. The intention is to propose two different approaches to study the relationships between fluid migration and pockmarks. The first investigated area corresponds to a pockmark cluster called Preowei, located off Nigeria. Geochemical analyses and modeling were combined with seismic data to detail the hydrocarbon migration pattern at this area, with implication on both the pockmark formation and the evolution of their morphology. The proposed interpretation seeks to identify the conceptual bases of pockmark evolution over time at this area. It is argued that the cluster has been active for at least 2700 years, and it is still at the stage of hydrate formation for some pockmarks and carbonate formation for other. The second investigated pockmark, called Regab, is located off Gabon. It is a giant pockmark of 800-m diameter, characterized by an ecosystem rich in fauna, with a large variety of living species. The main core of the work done on this pockmark was focused on finding a link between the fluid chemistry and the spatial distribution of the living communities which populate it. This was achieved by combining new geochemical and bathymetric results with a well-compiled dataset from the literature., Cette étude doctorale a consisté à décrire la dynamique géochimique de deux pockmarks à hydrates de gaz de la marge africaine en considérant deux approches différentes. La première zone d’étude, appelée Preowei, est située au large du Nigéria. Elle est caractérisée par un grand nombre de pockmarks de tailles différentes, plus ou moins proche les uns des autres. Les analyses géochimiques des échantillons de fluides interstitiels, combinées aux données géophysiques (séismiques) ont permis de mieux comprendre le schéma de migration des hydrocarbures pour un ensemble composé de quatre pockmarks très rapprochés. L’utilisation de ces données géochimiques dans un modèle de transport- réaction a conduit à une datation de plusieurs séquences de libération de gaz au sein de ces structures. Un schéma conceptuel décrivant les processus de formation et d’évolution temporelle des pockmarks a été proposé pour synthétiser les conclusions obtenues. Finalement, cette étude a montré que l’ensemble des pockmarks étudiés sont actifs depuis 2700 ans, qu’ils sont en phase de formation d’hydrates pour certains, et de carbonates pour d’autres. La deuxième structure étudiée est le pockmark Regab. Il est situé au large du Gabon, au nord du canyon sous-marin alimenté par le fleuve Congo. Il est caractérisé par la présence d’hydrates affleurant et une faune abondante et très variée sur toute sa surface. L’originalité de ce travail a été d’étudier la distribution de la mégafaune présente sur ce pockmark en fonction de la nature des fluides qui migrent dans le sédiment superficiel, et qui est libérés dans la colonne d’eau. Une attention particulière a été portée au méthane car c’est un élément central dans le cycle énergétique des microorganismes qui vivent en symbiose avec cette mégafaune. Trois nouveaux habitats ont été étudiés. Les données obtenues, associées à celle de la littérature ouverte, renforcent les conclusions des travaux antérieurs. Les Mytilidés ont besoin de très fortes concentrat

Within the Sea of Marmara, the highly active North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is responsible for major earthquakes (Mw>=7), and acts as a pathway for fluid migration from deep sources to the seafloor. This work reports on pore water geochemistry from three sediment cores collected in the Gulfs of Izmit and Gemlik, along the Northern and the Middle strands of the NAF, respectively. The resulting data set shows that anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is the major process responsible for sulfate depletion in the shallow sediment. In the Gulf of Gemlik, depth concentration profiles of both sulfate and alkalinity exhibit a kink-type profile. The Sulfate Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) is located at moderate depth in the area. In the Gulf of Izmit, the low concentrations observed near the seawater-sediment interface for sulfate, calcium, strontium, and magnesium result from rapid geochemical processes, AOM, and carbonate precipitation, occurring in the uppermost part of the sedimentary column and sustained by free methane accumulation. Barite dissolution and carbonate recrystallization have also been identified at deeper depth at the easternmost basin of the Gulf of Izmit. This is supported by the profile of the strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) as a function of depth which exhibits negative anomalies compared to the modern seawater value. The strontium isotopic signature also shows that these carbonates had precipitated during the reconnection of the Sea of Marmara with the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, a first attempt to interpret the sulfate profiles observed in the light of the seismic activity at both sites is presented. We propose the hypothesis that seismic activity in the areas is responsible for the transient sulfate profile, and that the very shallow SMTZ depths observed in the Gulf of Izmit is likely due to episodic release of significant amount of methane.

A joint research expedition between the French IFREMER and the German MARUM was conducted in 2011 using the R/V Pourquoi pas? to study gas hydrate distributions in a pockmark field (1141 – 1199 meters below sea surface) at the continental margin of Nigeria. The sea floor drill rig MeBo of MARUM was used to recover sediments as deep as 56.74 meters below seafloor. The presence of gas hydrates in specific core sections was deduced from temperature anomalies recorded during continuous records of infrared thermal scanning and anomalies in pore water chloride concentrations. In situ sediment temperature measurements showed elevated geothermal gradients of up to 258 °C/km in the center of the so-called pockmark A which is up to 4.6 times higher than that in the background sediment (72 °C/km). The gas hydrate distribution and thermal regime in the pockmark are largely controlled by the intensity, periodicity and direction of fluid flow. The joint interaction between fluid flow, gas hydrate formation and dissolution, and the thermal regime governs pockmark formation and evolution on the Nigerian continental margin.

The present work describes the dynamics of two pockmark areas, off West Africa. The intention is to propose two different approaches to study the relationships between fluid migration and pockmarks. The first investigated area corresponds to a pockmark cluster called Preowei, located off Nigeria. Geochemical analyses and modeling were combined with seismic data to detail the hydrocarbon migration pattern at this area, with implication on both the pockmark formation and the evolution of their morphology. The proposed interpretation seeks to identify the conceptual bases of pockmark evolution over time at this area. It is argued that the cluster has been active for at least 2700 years, and it is still at the stage of hydrate formation for some pockmarks and carbonate formation for other. The second investigated pockmark, called Regab, is located off Gabon. It is a giant pockmark of 800-m diameter, characterized by an ecosystem rich in fauna, with a large variety of living species. The main core of the work done on this pockmark was focused on finding a link between the fluid chemistry and the spatial distribution of the living communities which populate it. This was achieved by combining new geochemical and bathymetric results with a well-compiled dataset from the literature., Cette étude doctorale a consisté à décrire la dynamique géochimique de deux pockmarks à hydrates de gaz de la marge africaine en considérant deux approches différentes. La première zone d’étude, appelée Preowei, est située au large du Nigéria. Elle est caractérisée par un grand nombre de pockmarks de tailles différentes, plus ou moins proche les uns des autres. Les analyses géochimiques des échantillons de fluides interstitiels, combinées aux données géophysiques (séismiques) ont permis de mieux comprendre le schéma de migration des hydrocarbures pour un ensemble composé de quatre pockmarks très rapprochés. L’utilisation de ces données géochimiques dans un modèle de transport- réaction a conduit à une datation de plusieurs séquences de libération de gaz au sein de ces structures. Un schéma conceptuel décrivant les processus de formation et d’évolution temporelle des pockmarks a été proposé pour synthétiser les conclusions obtenues. Finalement, cette étude a montré que l’ensemble des pockmarks étudiés sont actifs depuis 2700 ans, qu’ils sont en phase de formation d’hydrates pour certains, et de carbonates pour d’autres. La deuxième structure étudiée est le pockmark Regab. Il est situé au large du Gabon, au nord du canyon sous-marin alimenté par le fleuve Congo. Il est caractérisé par la présence d’hydrates affleurant et une faune abondante et très variée sur toute sa surface. L’originalité de ce travail a été d’étudier la distribution de la mégafaune présente sur ce pockmark en fonction de la nature des fluides qui migrent dans le sédiment superficiel, et qui est libérés dans la colonne d’eau. Une attention particulière a été portée au méthane car c’est un élément central dans le cycle énergétique des microorganismes qui vivent en symbiose avec cette mégafaune. Trois nouveaux habitats ont été étudiés. Les données obtenues, associées à celle de la littérature ouverte, renforcent les conclusions des travaux antérieurs. Les Mytilidés ont besoin de très fortes concentrat

Within the Sea of Marmara, the highly active North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is responsible for major earthquakes (Mw>=7), and acts as a pathway for fluid migration from deep sources to the seafloor. This work reports on pore water geochemistry from three sediment cores collected in the Gulfs of Izmit and Gemlik, along the Northern and the Middle strands of the NAF, respectively. The resulting data set shows that anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is the major process responsible for sulfate depletion in the shallow sediment. In the Gulf of Gemlik, depth concentration profiles of both sulfate and alkalinity exhibit a kink-type profile. The Sulfate Methane Transition Zone (SMTZ) is located at moderate depth in the area. In the Gulf of Izmit, the low concentrations observed near the seawater-sediment interface for sulfate, calcium, strontium, and magnesium result from rapid geochemical processes, AOM, and carbonate precipitation, occurring in the uppermost part of the sedimentary column and sustained by free methane accumulation. Barite dissolution and carbonate recrystallization have also been identified at deeper depth at the easternmost basin of the Gulf of Izmit. This is supported by the profile of the strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) as a function of depth which exhibits negative anomalies compared to the modern seawater value. The strontium isotopic signature also shows that these carbonates had precipitated during the reconnection of the Sea of Marmara with the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, a first attempt to interpret the sulfate profiles observed in the light of the seismic activity at both sites is presented. We propose the hypothesis that seismic activity in the areas is responsible for the transient sulfate profile, and that the very shallow SMTZ depths observed in the Gulf of Izmit is likely due to episodic release of significant amount of methane.

A joint research expedition between the French IFREMER and the German MARUM was conducted in 2011 using the R/V Pourquoi pas? to study gas hydrate distributions in a pockmark field (1141 – 1199 meters below sea surface) at the continental margin of Nigeria. The sea floor drill rig MeBo of MARUM was used to recover sediments as deep as 56.74 meters below seafloor. The presence of gas hydrates in specific core sections was deduced from temperature anomalies recorded during continuous records of infrared thermal scanning and anomalies in pore water chloride concentrations. In situ sediment temperature measurements showed elevated geothermal gradients of up to 258 °C/km in the center of the so-called pockmark A which is up to 4.6 times higher than that in the background sediment (72 °C/km). The gas hydrate distribution and thermal regime in the pockmark are largely controlled by the intensity, periodicity and direction of fluid flow. The joint interaction between fluid flow, gas hydrate formation and dissolution, and the thermal regime governs pockmark formation and evolution on the Nigerian continental margin.

In previous works, it has been suggested that dissolution of gas hydrate can be responsible for pockmark formation and evolution in deep water Nigeria. It was shown that those pockmarks which are at different stages of maturation are characterized by a common internal architecture associated to gas hydrate dynamics. New results obtained by drilling into gas hydrate-bearing sediments with the MeBo seafloor drill rig in concert with geotechnical in situ measurements and pore water analyses indicate that pockmark formation and evolution in the study area are mainly controlled by rapid hydrate growth opposed to slow hydrate dissolution. On one hand, positive temperature anomalies, free gas trapped in shallow microfractures near the seafloor and coexistence of free gas and gas hydrate indicate rapid hydrate growth. On the other hand, slow hydrate dissolution is evident by low methane concentrations and almost constant sulfate values 2 m above the Gas Hydrate Occurrence Zone.

In previous works, it has been suggested that dissolution of gas hydrate can be responsible for pockmark formation and evolution in deep water Nigeria. It was shown that those pockmarks which are at different stages of maturation are characterized by a common internal architecture associated to gas hydrate dynamics. New results obtained by drilling into gas hydrate-bearing sediments with the MeBo seafloor drill rig in concert with geotechnical in situ measurements and pore water analyses indicate that pockmark formation and evolution in the study area are mainly controlled by rapid hydrate growth opposed to slow hydrate dissolution. On one hand, positive temperature anomalies, free gas trapped in shallow microfractures near the seafloor and coexistence of free gas and gas hydrate indicate rapid hydrate growth. On the other hand, slow hydrate dissolution is evident by low methane concentrations and almost constant sulfate values 2 m above the Gas Hydrate Occurrence Zone.

In previous works, it has been suggested that dissolution of gas hydrate can be responsible for pockmark formation and evolution in deep water Nigeria. It was shown that those pockmarks which are at different stages of maturation are characterized by a common internal architecture associated to gas hydrate dynamics. New results obtained by drilling into gas hydrate-bearing sediments with the MeBo seafloor drill rig in concert with geotechnical in situ measurements and pore water analyses indicate that pockmark formation and evolution in the study area are mainly controlled by rapid hydrate growth opposed to slow hydrate dissolution. On one hand, positive temperature anomalies, free gas trapped in shallow microfractures near the seafloor and coexistence of free gas and gas hydrate indicate rapid hydrate growth. On the other hand, slow hydrate dissolution is evident by low methane concentrations and almost constant sulfate values 2 m above the Gas Hydrate Occurrence Zone.