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Significant differences exist in the composition of current milk replacers (MR) and bovine whole milk. This study investigated how the macronutrient profile of 3 different MR formulations containing varying amounts of fat, lactose, and protein, and a whole milk powder (WP), affect postprandial metabolism and gut permeability in male Holstein calves. Sixty-four calves (45.4 ± 4.19 kg [mean ± SD] and 1.8 ± 0.62 d of age) were blocked in order of arrival to the facility and within each block, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments included a high-fat MR (HF: 25.0% dry matter [DM] fat, 22.5% protein, 38.6% lactose; n = 14), a high-lactose MR (HL: 44.6% lactose, 22.5% protein, 18.0% fat; n = 17), a high-protein MR (HP: 26.0% protein, 18.0% fat, 41.5% lactose; n = 17), and WP (26.0% fat, 24.5% protein, 38.0% lactose; n = 16). Calves were fed 3.0 L (135 g/L) 3 times daily at 0600, 1200, and 1800 h with a teat bucket. Milk intake was recorded daily for the first 28 d after arrival, and blood sampling and body weight measurements were performed at arrival and on d 7, 14, 21, and 27. Gut permeability was estimated from fractional urinary excretion of indigestible markers (Cr-EDTA, lactulose, and D-mannitol) administered as a single dose on d 21 instead of the morning milk meal. Digestibility was determined simultaneously from a total collection of feces over 24 h. Postprandial dynamics were measured on d 28 by sequential blood sampling over 7.5 h. Dry matter intake of MR over 28 d was slightly greater in calves fed HL and HP than in WP. Recovery of Cr-EDTA and D-mannitol over a 24-h urine collection was greater in calves fed WP and HP than HL calves. Apparent total-tract digestibility of crude ash, protein, and fat did not differ among treatments; however, DM digestibility was lower in calves fed WP than in other treatment groups. In addition, abomasal emptying, as indicated by the area under the curve (AUC) for acetaminophen, was slower in calves fed

Absolute sea-level rise has become an important topic globally due to climate change. In addition, relative sea-level rise due to the vertical land motion in coastal areas can have a big societal impact. Vertical land motion (VLM) in Southeast Asia includes a tectonically induced component: uplift and subsidence in plate boundary zones where both Peninsular and East Malaysia are located. In this paper, the relative sea-level trends and (seismic cycle-induced) temporal changes across Malaysia were investigated. To do so, the data (1984–2019) from 21 tide gauges were analyzed, along with a subset (1994–2021) of nearby Malaysian GNSS stations. Changes in absolute sea level (ASL) at these locations (1992–2021) were also estimated from satellite altimetry data. As a first for Peninsular and East Malaysia, the combination ASL minus VLM was robustly used to validate relative sea-level rise from tide-gauge data and provide relative sea-level trend estimates based on a common data period of 25+ years. A good match between both the remote and in situ sea-level rise estimations was observed, especially for Peninsular Malaysia (differences < 1 mm/year), when split trends were estimated from the tide gauges and GNSS time series to distinguish between the different VLM regimes that exist due to the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman megathrust earthquake. As in the south of Thailand, post-seismic-induced negative VLM has increased relative sea-level rise by 2–3 mm/year along the Andaman Sea and Malacca Strait coastlines since 2005. For East Malaysia, the validation shows higher differences (bias of 2–3 mm/year), but this poorer match is significantly improved by either not including data after 1 January 2014 or applying a generic jump to all East Malay tide gauges from that date onwards. Overall, the present relative sea-level trends range from 4 to 6 mm/year for Malaysia with a few regions showing up to 9 mm/year due to human-induced land subsidence., Astrodynamics & Space Missions

Classical pixel-based Visual Servoing (VS) approaches offer high accuracy but suffer from a limited convergence area due to optimization nonlinearity. Modern deep learning-based VS methods overcome traditional vision issues but lack scalability, requiring training on limited scenes. This paper proposes a hybrid VS strategy utilizing Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) and optimal control to enhance both convergence area and scalability. The DRL component of our approach separately handles representation and policy learning to enhance scalability, generalizability, learning efficiency and ease domain adaptation. Moreover, the optimal control part ensures high end-point accuracy. Our method showcases remarkable achievements in terms of high convergence rates and minimal end-positioning errors using a 7-DOF manipulator. Importantly, it exhibits scalability across more than 1000 distinct scenes. Furthermore, we demonstrate its capacity for generalization to previously unseen datasets. Lastly, we illustrate the real-world applicability of our approach, highlighting its adaptability through single-shot domain transfer learning in environments with noise and occlusions. Real-robot experiments can be found at \url{https://sites.google.com/view/vsls}.

Chemometric models for on-line process monitoring have become well established in pharmaceutical bioprocesses. The main drawback is the required calibration effort and the inflexibility regarding system or process changes. So, a recalibration is necessary whenever the process or the setup changes even slightly. With a large and diverse Raman dataset, however, it was possible to generate generic partial least squares regression models to reliably predict the concentrations of important metabolic compounds, such as glucose-, lactate-, and glutamine-indifferent CHO cell cultivations. The data for calibration were collected from various cell cultures from different sites in different companies using different Raman spectrophotometers. In testing, the developed "generic" models were capable of predicting the concentrations of said compounds from a dilution series in FMX-8 mod medium, as well as from an independent CHO cell culture. These spectra were taken with a completely different setup and with different Raman spectrometers, demonstrating the model flexibility. The prediction errors for the tests were mostly in an acceptable range (<10% relative error). This demonstrates that, under the right circumstances and by choosing the calibration data carefully, it is possible to create generic and reliable chemometric models that are transferrable from one process to another without recalibration., QC 20220830

Chemometric models for on-line process monitoring have become well established in pharmaceutical bioprocesses. The main drawback is the required calibration effort and the inflexibility regarding system or process changes. So, a recalibration is necessary whenever the process or the setup changes even slightly. With a large and diverse Raman dataset, however, it was possible to generate generic partial least squares regression models to reliably predict the concentrations of important metabolic compounds, such as glucose-, lactate-, and glutamine-indifferent CHO cell cultivations. The data for calibration were collected from various cell cultures from different sites in different companies using different Raman spectrophotometers. In testing, the developed "generic" models were capable of predicting the concentrations of said compounds from a dilution series in FMX-8 mod medium, as well as from an independent CHO cell culture. These spectra were taken with a completely different setup and with different Raman spectrometers, demonstrating the model flexibility. The prediction errors for the tests were mostly in an acceptable range (<10% relative error). This demonstrates that, under the right circumstances and by choosing the calibration data carefully, it is possible to create generic and reliable chemometric models that are transferrable from one process to another without recalibration., QC 20220830

Chemometric models for on-line process monitoring have become well established in pharmaceutical bioprocesses. The main drawback is the required calibration effort and the inflexibility regarding system or process changes. So, a recalibration is necessary whenever the process or the setup changes even slightly. With a large and diverse Raman dataset, however, it was possible to generate generic partial least squares regression models to reliably predict the concentrations of important metabolic compounds, such as glucose-, lactate-, and glutamine-indifferent CHO cell cultivations. The data for calibration were collected from various cell cultures from different sites in different companies using different Raman spectrophotometers. In testing, the developed "generic" models were capable of predicting the concentrations of said compounds from a dilution series in FMX-8 mod medium, as well as from an independent CHO cell culture. These spectra were taken with a completely different setup and with different Raman spectrometers, demonstrating the model flexibility. The prediction errors for the tests were mostly in an acceptable range (<10% relative error). This demonstrates that, under the right circumstances and by choosing the calibration data carefully, it is possible to create generic and reliable chemometric models that are transferrable from one process to another without recalibration., QC 20220830

Chemometric models for on-line process monitoring have become well established in pharmaceutical bioprocesses. The main drawback is the required calibration effort and the inflexibility regarding system or process changes. So, a recalibration is necessary whenever the process or the setup changes even slightly. With a large and diverse Raman dataset, however, it was possible to generate generic partial least squares regression models to reliably predict the concentrations of important metabolic compounds, such as glucose-, lactate-, and glutamine-indifferent CHO cell cultivations. The data for calibration were collected from various cell cultures from different sites in different companies using different Raman spectrophotometers. In testing, the developed "generic" models were capable of predicting the concentrations of said compounds from a dilution series in FMX-8 mod medium, as well as from an independent CHO cell culture. These spectra were taken with a completely different setup and with different Raman spectrometers, demonstrating the model flexibility. The prediction errors for the tests were mostly in an acceptable range (<10% relative error). This demonstrates that, under the right circumstances and by choosing the calibration data carefully, it is possible to create generic and reliable chemometric models that are transferrable from one process to another without recalibration., QC 20220830

Chemometric models for on-line process monitoring have become well established in pharmaceutical bioprocesses. The main drawback is the required calibration effort and the inflexibility regarding system or process changes. So, a recalibration is necessary whenever the process or the setup changes even slightly. With a large and diverse Raman dataset, however, it was possible to generate generic partial least squares regression models to reliably predict the concentrations of important metabolic compounds, such as glucose-, lactate-, and glutamine-indifferent CHO cell cultivations. The data for calibration were collected from various cell cultures from different sites in different companies using different Raman spectrophotometers. In testing, the developed "generic" models were capable of predicting the concentrations of said compounds from a dilution series in FMX-8 mod medium, as well as from an independent CHO cell culture. These spectra were taken with a completely different setup and with different Raman spectrometers, demonstrating the model flexibility. The prediction errors for the tests were mostly in an acceptable range (<10% relative error). This demonstrates that, under the right circumstances and by choosing the calibration data carefully, it is possible to create generic and reliable chemometric models that are transferrable from one process to another without recalibration., QC 20220830

Although the COVID-19 pandemic has generated voluminous research in mainstream business and management, there remains a need for a robust state-of-the-art review of the current diverse streams of research that have scattered across different fields. To address this lacuna in the current growing body of research, we conducted a systematic review of 152 COVID-related papers in the field of business and management published in top-tier journals to identify the impact of the pandemic on business activities. Based on the review, we classified the topical foci of the selected studies under three broad categories (i.e., corporate strategy, corporate design and culture, and contextual environment) and 13 sub-categories (e.g., CoVsumption, uncertainty asphyxiation, and normalization of meta-firms), which are the recurring themes in the papers. We correspondingly outline new avenues for future research and the theoretical and practical implications of this study. The findings revealed that, during the pandemic, adaptive strategies to survive the pandemic took precedence over shaping strategies to build post-COVID realities.

Having an insight into graphene and graphene derivatives such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots is necessary since it can help scientists to detect possible properties and features that could be useful when using these carbon materials in preparation of a nanocomposites. In recent years, graphene and its derivatives have attracted a lot of attention and been extensively applied in biosensors due to fascinating properties, such as large surface area, optical and magnetic properties, and high elasticity for the detection of microorganisms as they can be modified with some other materials such as macromolecules, oxide metals and metals to improve the electrochemical behaviour of the biosensor. In this review paper, biosensor design strategies based on graphene and its derivatives (graphene-based nanocomposites in biosensors) are described. Then their application for the detection of microorganisms including prions, viroids, viral and bacterial cells as well as fungi, protozoa, microbial toxins and even microbial sources of antibiotics is reviewed., Dobro poznavanje grafena i njegovih derivata, kao što su grafenov oksid, reducirani grafenov oksid i grafenske kvantne točke, neophodno je radi otkrivanja njihovih svojstava i moguće primjene u izradi nanokompozita. Posljednjih su godina grafen i njegovi derivati privukli značajnu pažnju i imali široku primjenu u izradi biosenzora za detekciju mikroorganizama, prije svega zbog svojih izvrsnih svojstava, kao što su: velika površina, dobra optička i magnetska svojstva, te visoki modul elastičnosti, a koja se mogu modificirati dodatkom drugih materijala, npr. makromolekula, metalnih oksida i iona metala, čime se poboljšavaju elektrokemijska svojstva biosenzora. U ovom su revijalnom prikazu opisani postupci izrade biosenzora od grafena i njegovih derivata (nanokompozita grafena). Zatim je opisana moguća primjena tih biosenzora za detekciju mikroorganizama, i to priona, viroida, stanica virusa i bakterija, plijesni, protozoa, mikrobnih toksina i antibiotika porijeklom iz mikroorganizama.

We examined whether the generalized sense of power—the belief that one is able to influence others in one's various social relationships—serves as a psychological resource that enables leadership in high-stakes, unfamiliar group challenges, such as emergencies or crises. We studied current and prospective humanitarian aid professionals (N = 180) during a major field training exercise: a three-day, immersive simulated humanitarian crisis. Individuals who entered the simulated crisis with a greater sense of power in their social relationships experienced lower stress (anxiety), behaved more assertively, and left the simulation with a relatively heightened desire to lead, despite not being deemed better leaders by their teammates. Lacking an initial sense of power was associated with experiences (e.g., feeling timid) that undermined the desire to lead. These results suggest that the psychological sense of power is a key leadership resource, without which one may be at risk of self-selecting out of leadership.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh karakeristik individu, pendidikan kewirausahaan dan lingkungan keluarga dengan mediasi keberanian akan resiko terhadap minat berwirausaha. Sampel penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa S1 Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Andalas sebanyak 195 responden dimana menggunakan purposive sample sebagai metode pengambilan sampel. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan analisis causal step menggunakan program IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberanian akan resiko menjadi variabel mediasi sempurna pada variabel karakteristik individu terhadap minat berwirausaha. Keberanian akan resiko menjadi variabel mediasi parsial pada variabel karakteristik individu terhadap minat berwirausaha dan variabel lingkungan keluarga terhadap minat berwirausaha.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh karakeristik individu, pendidikan kewirausahaan dan lingkungan keluarga dengan mediasi keberanian akan resiko terhadap minat berwirausaha. Sampel penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa S1 Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Andalas sebanyak 195 responden dimana menggunakan purposive sample sebagai metode pengambilan sampel. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan analisis causal step menggunakan program IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberanian akan resiko menjadi variabel mediasi sempurna pada variabel karakteristik individu terhadap minat berwirausaha. Keberanian akan resiko menjadi variabel mediasi parsial pada variabel karakteristik individu terhadap minat berwirausaha dan variabel lingkungan keluarga terhadap minat berwirausaha.

Reducing the total cost of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) production as an attractive substitute for conventional petrochemical plastics still remains an unsolved problem. The aim of this research was the screening of PHB-producing microorganisms and selection of the best suitable medium for microbial growth and PHB production from methane. A new isolated methanotroph for PHB production from natural gas was studied in different media. After selection of the suitable medium, the effect of five process variables (content of nitrogen source, disodium hydrogen phosphate, methane to air ratio, seed age, and pH) on PHB production was investigated in a bubble column bioreactor. Also, hydrodynamic and mass transfer factors (flow regime, mixing time, gas hold up, and kLa) were considered. At optimum operating conditions and engineering parameters in a bubble column, PHB content in the dried biomass reached 25 % w/w. The results showed that pH is the most important variable in the selected conditions. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Let R be a commutative ring with identity 1 not equal to 0. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a weakly 2-absorbing ideal. A proper ideal I of R is called a weakly 2-absorbing ideal of R if whenever abc is not equal to 0 for some a, b, c in R and abc is in I, then ab is in I or ac is in I or bc is in I. For example, every proper ideal of a quasi-local ring (R,M) with M3 equals {0} is a weakly 2-absorbing ideal of R. We show that a weakly 2-absorbing ideal I of R with I3 not equal to {0} is a 2-absorbing ideal of R. We show that every proper ideal of a commutative ring R is a weakly 2-absorbing ideal if and only if either R is a quasi-local ring with maximal ideal M such that M3 equals {0} or R is ring-isomorphic to (R1 × F) where R1 is a quasi-local ring with maximal ideal M such that M2 equals {0} and F is a field or R is ring-isomorphic to (F1 × F2 × F3) for some fields F1, F2, F3.

Arahidonska (ARA) i eikozapentaenska (EPA) kiselina, koje proizvodi plijesan Mortierella alpina, važne su za zdravlje ljudi. Uvjeti fermentacije mogu utjecati na sastav masnih kiselina u dobivenom ulju. Kao podloga za fermentaciju uglavnom se koristi obnovljivi i jeftini agro-industrijski otpad. Svrha je ovoga rada bila ispitati istodobnu proizvodnju tih dviju kiselina fermentacijom na čvrstoj podlozi s pomoću plijesni Mortierella alpina CBS 528.72. Otpad od datulja odabran je kao izvor ugljika, a sojina sačma kao izvor dušika. Primjenom Plackett-Burmanovog dizajna procijenjen je utjecaj 11 varijabli na proizvodnju ARA i EPA. Analizom dobivenih rezultata utvrđeno je da su glavne varijable, koje bitno utječu na proizvodnju, starost populacije nacijepljene plijesni, te dodatak lanenog ulja i izvora dušika. Te su tri varijable zatim ispitane pomoću centralno složenog dizajna za optimiranje proizvodnje obiju kiselina. Naposljetku, proveden je test radi potvrde predviđenih optimalnih uvjeta pomoću eksperimentalnih rezultata. Pokazalo se da je moguće optimirati proizvodnju ARA i EPA na otpadu od datulja s pomoću plijesni M. alpina CBS 528.72 prilagođavanjem varijabli procesa fermentacije na čvrstoj podlozi., Arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are important for human health and are produced by the fungus Mortierella alpina. Fermentation conditions may affect fatty acid profile of produced oil. Substrates in solid-state fermentation are usually renewable and low-cost agro-industrial waste. The aim of this research is to study simultaneous production of ARA and EPA by M. alpina CBS 528.72 in solid-state fermentation. Date waste and soybean meal served as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Plackett-Burman design was used to evaluate the impact of eleven process variables on ARA and EPA production. Analysis of the results showed that the main variables with significant impact on production include seed age, and supplementation of linseed oil and nitrogen. These three variables were then studied in a central composite design for the optimization of production of both fatty acids. Finally, reconfirmation test was conducted to obtain experimental results from predicted optimum conditions. This report showed that simultaneous optimization of the production of ARA and EPA by M. alpina CBS 528.72 on date waste can be achieved by modification of process variables in solid-state fermentation.

Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research became aware of author misconduct and plagiarism affecting this article published in the journal. The Editorial Board was notified by the Vice-Rector Research Policy and Research Coordination Office of KU Leuven, who informed of the investigation conducted by the Commission on Research Integrity (CRI) of that university. The results of the investigation found that the article contains significant overlap with previously published articles. Therefore, following the REMIE policies regarding Publication Ethics, the Editorial Board of Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research has decided to retract the following article for reasons of plagiarism.

In this study, Flavourzyme was encapsulated in liposomes to accelerate the ripening of Iranian white cheese. Liposomal enzyme was prepared using a modified heating method. The influence of enzyme content, ripening time and curd retention in saturated brine on proteolysis indices and sensory perception was investigated using response surface methodology. The most influential factor on proteolysis indices was ripening time, while the content of liposomal enzyme and retention time were also significant (P < 0.05). The maximum proteolysis indices and highest sensory characteristic scores were achieved by applying 0.3% w/w enzyme, ripening for 30 days and 8-h curd retention in saturated brine.

In this study, Flavourzyme was encapsulated in liposomes to accelerate the ripening of Iranian white cheese. Liposomal enzyme was prepared using a modified heating method. The influence of enzyme content, ripening time and curd retention in saturated brine on proteolysis indices and sensory perception was investigated using response surface methodology. The most influential factor on proteolysis indices was ripening time, while the content of liposomal enzyme and retention time were also significant (P < 0.05). The maximum proteolysis indices and highest sensory characteristic scores were achieved by applying 0.3% w/w enzyme, ripening for 30 days and 8-h curd retention in saturated brine.

In the present paper we study the structure of cyclic DNA codes of even lenght over the ring $\mathbb{F}_2+u\mathbb{F}_2+u^2\mathbb{F}_2$ where $u^3=0$. We investigate two presentations of cyclic codes of even lenght over $\mathbb{F}_2+u\mathbb{F}_2+u^2\mathbb{F}_2$ satisfying the reverse constraint and reverse-complement constraint., Comment: 12 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1508.02015 by other authors

This study aimed to assess the dietary patterns among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus living in Tehran, Iran, and their association with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. In a cross-sectional study, 400 male and female subjects aged between 40–60 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected. Socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics and dietary intake were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. To determine the dietary patterns, factor analysis was carried out, and to assess the association between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors to dietary patterns, analysis of covariance was performed. Three dietary patterns were found. These patterns were labeled as “vegetable and poultry,” “Western” and “mixed.” In this study, the vegetable and poultry pattern was associated with being female, primary education, and hypertension. The Western pattern was associated with being male, non-smokers, and lower physical activity. The mixed pattern was associated with higher income and family history of diabetes. We found that socio-demographic and lifestyle factors of diabetic patients were different according to the dietary pattern type. Further studies are necessary to confirm the benefits of this pattern.

This study aimed to assess the dietary patterns among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus living in Tehran, Iran, and their association with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. In a cross-sectional study, 400 male and female subjects aged between 40–60 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected. Socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics and dietary intake were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. To determine the dietary patterns, factor analysis was carried out, and to assess the association between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors to dietary patterns, analysis of covariance was performed. Three dietary patterns were found. These patterns were labeled as “vegetable and poultry,” “Western” and “mixed.” In this study, the vegetable and poultry pattern was associated with being female, primary education, and hypertension. The Western pattern was associated with being male, non-smokers, and lower physical activity. The mixed pattern was associated with higher income and family history of diabetes. We found that socio-demographic and lifestyle factors of diabetic patients were different according to the dietary pattern type. Further studies are necessary to confirm the benefits of this pattern.

Background: This study was conducted to identify dietary patterns and evaluated their association with biochemical blood profiles and body weight among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted among 400 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Tehran from March to August 2013. Biochemical blood profiles, socio-demographic, lifestyle, anthropometric measurements, and dietary data were obtained. Dietary data from food frequency questionnaire were used to derive dietary patterns. Factor analysis was conducted to ascertain the dietary patterns, and analysis of covariance was fitted to assess the relation between blood profiles, body weight and adherence to dietary patterns. Results: Three dietary patterns by factor analysis were identified, Vegetable & Poultry, Western and Semi-healthy. After control for potential confounders, body mass index (b = −0/03, p < 0.05) were negatively associated with vegetable and poultry dietary pattern. Conversely, total cholesterol (b = 0.004, p < 0.01) and fasting blood glucose (b = 0.014, p < 0.05) were positively associated with western dietary pattern. A dietary pattern labeled as semi-healthy pattern was found to be positively related to HDL-cholesterol (b = 0.006 p < 0.01). Associations between semi-healthy pattern, LDL-cholesterol (b = −0.120 p < 0.05) and waist circumference (b = −0.020, p < 0.05) were negative. Conclusion: Adherence to Vegetable & Poultry dietary pattern was favorably related to body weight, semi healthy related to lower LDL and higher HDL cholesterol whereas western related to higher fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol. Further studies are necessary to confirm the benefits of the dietary patterns for diabetes.

This study aimed to identify the association of dietary patterns with sociodemographic and health-related characteristics among coronary artery disease patients. In this cross-sectional study, the participants were 250 patients coronary artery disease aged ≥ 40 years old. Data collection was done using questionnaires related to sociodemographics, health-related factors, and food-frequency intake information. Three dietary patterns (traditional, western, and healthy) were obtained using principal component analysis. The result showed that dietary patterns were associated with sociodemographic and health-related factors. According to the result, all the factors were taken very seriously when planning a promotional program for healthy lifestyle in prevention of CAD.

This study aimed to identify the association of dietary patterns with sociodemographic and health-related characteristics among coronary artery disease patients. In this cross-sectional study, the participants were 250 patients coronary artery disease aged ≥ 40 years old. Data collection was done using questionnaires related to sociodemographics, health-related factors, and food-frequency intake information. Three dietary patterns (traditional, western, and healthy) were obtained using principal component analysis. The result showed that dietary patterns were associated with sociodemographic and health-related factors. According to the result, all the factors were taken very seriously when planning a promotional program for healthy lifestyle in prevention of CAD.

Background: This study was conducted to identify dietary patterns and evaluated their association with biochemical blood profiles and body weight among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted among 400 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Tehran from March to August 2013. Biochemical blood profiles, socio-demographic, lifestyle, anthropometric measurements, and dietary data were obtained. Dietary data from food frequency questionnaire were used to derive dietary patterns. Factor analysis was conducted to ascertain the dietary patterns, and analysis of covariance was fitted to assess the relation between blood profiles, body weight and adherence to dietary patterns. Results: Three dietary patterns by factor analysis were identified, Vegetable & Poultry, Western and Semi-healthy. After control for potential confounders, body mass index (b = −0/03, p < 0.05) were negatively associated with vegetable and poultry dietary pattern. Conversely, total cholesterol (b = 0.004, p < 0.01) and fasting blood glucose (b = 0.014, p < 0.05) were positively associated with western dietary pattern. A dietary pattern labeled as semi-healthy pattern was found to be positively related to HDL-cholesterol (b = 0.006 p < 0.01). Associations between semi-healthy pattern, LDL-cholesterol (b = −0.120 p < 0.05) and waist circumference (b = −0.020, p < 0.05) were negative. Conclusion: Adherence to Vegetable & Poultry dietary pattern was favorably related to body weight, semi healthy related to lower LDL and higher HDL cholesterol whereas western related to higher fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol. Further studies are necessary to confirm the benefits of the dietary patterns for diabetes.

The environmental impact of plastic usage is of critical concern and too great to repair. A shift toward biodegradable food packaging is one option. The aim of this review paper is the study of the potential of biodegradable materials for food packaging. The main characteristics in relation to food usage can be narrowed down to mass transfer (gas and water vapor), thermal and mechanical properties. Among several kinds of biodegradable polymers, poly(hydroxyalkanoate) is one of the favorable candidates for food packaging due to its physical and mechanical properties, biodegradability, with low permeability for O2, H2O and CO2 without residues of catalysts and water solubility. The main focus of this article is to address poly(hydroxyalkanoate) as a potential candidate for food packaging. The need of applying biobased polymers in food packaging is presented in the introduction of this study. We also describe the most common biopolymers providing a brief overview of classification and application. This is followed by an outline of biopolymer production and a main section in which the properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate)-based nanocomposites of greatest relevance to food packaging are discussed. Furthermore, several approaches for improvement of poly(hydroxybutyrate) properties are described and the role of nanotechnology to improve its mechanical properties is presented. Finally, the article concludes with a summary as well as some possible future trends.

Conjugated linoleic acid as unique fatty acid of milk fat has beneficial properties including antioxidant‚ anticarcinogen‚ antidiabetic‚ antiblood pressure‚ stimulating the body immune system and reducing cholesterol. The aim of this study was assessing ability of some probiotics for biotransformation of linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid. Effect of process variables were investigated on production of conjugated linoleic acid in probiotic yogurt. An 8 run Plackett-Burman design was used to study the effect of 7 variables included: addition of supplements (whey powder‚ the amount of added grape seed oil), fermentation (temperature, pH, incubation time) and inoculum condition (age and size) on biomass and conjugated linoleic acid production in probiotic yogurt containing strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Propionibacterium freudenerchii grown in medium containing free linoleic acid. The highest amount of conjugated linoleic acid was obtained by addition of 8% w/v whey powder, addition of 4%v/v grape seed oil in pH=6.0, inoculation of 0.7%v/v Inoculum of 36 h age and fermentation at temperature of 35°C for 27 h. This research showed that at the optimized conditions‚ the amount of conjugated linoleic acid in probiotic yogurt was increased by 40% from an average of 8.01 mg/g fat in non-treated yogurt to 11.03 mg/g fat of probiotic yogurt containing grape seed oil.

[EN] Let R be a G-graded commutative ring with identity and let M be a graded R-module. A proper graded submodule N of M is called graded classical prime if for every a, b ¿ h(R), m ¿ h(M), whenever abm ¿ N, then either am ¿ N or bm ¿ N. The spectrum of graded classical prime submodules of M is denoted by Cl.Specg(M). We topologize Cl.Specg (M) with the quasi-Zariski topology, which is analogous to that for Specg(R).

[EN] Let R be a G-graded commutative ring with identity and let M be a graded R-module. A proper graded submodule N of M is called graded classical prime if for every a, b ¿ h(R), m ¿ h(M), whenever abm ¿ N, then either am ¿ N or bm ¿ N. The spectrum of graded classical prime submodules of M is denoted by Cl.Specg(M). We topologize Cl.Specg (M) with the quasi-Zariski topology, which is analogous to that for Specg(R).

[EN] Let R be a G-graded commutative ring with identity and let M be a graded R-module. A proper graded submodule N of M is called graded classical prime if for every a, b ¿ h(R), m ¿ h(M), whenever abm ¿ N, then either am ¿ N or bm ¿ N. The spectrum of graded classical prime submodules of M is denoted by Cl.Specg(M). We topologize Cl.Specg (M) with the quasi-Zariski topology, which is analogous to that for Specg(R).

[EN] Let R be a G-graded commutative ring with identity and let M be a graded R-module. A proper graded submodule N of M is called graded classical prime if for every a, b ¿ h(R), m ¿ h(M), whenever abm ¿ N, then either am ¿ N or bm ¿ N. The spectrum of graded classical prime submodules of M is denoted by Cl.Specg(M). We topologize Cl.Specg (M) with the quasi-Zariski topology, which is analogous to that for Specg(R).

[EN] Let R be a G-graded commutative ring with identity and let M be a graded R-module. A proper graded submodule N of M is called graded classical prime if for every a, b ¿ h(R), m ¿ h(M), whenever abm ¿ N, then either am ¿ N or bm ¿ N. The spectrum of graded classical prime submodules of M is denoted by Cl.Specg(M). We topologize Cl.Specg (M) with the quasi-Zariski topology, which is analogous to that for Specg(R).

All rings are commutative with identity, and all modules are unital. The purpose of this article is to investigate n-absorbing submodules. For this reason we introduce the concept of n-absorbing submodules generalizing n-absorbing ideals of rings. Let M be an R-module. A proper submodule N of M is called an n-absorbing submodule if whenever $a_{1}cdots a_{n}min N$ for $a_{1},ldots,a_{n}in R$ and $min M$, then either $a_{1}cdots a_{n}in (N :_R M)$ or there are $n-1$ of $a_{i}$'s whose product with m is in N. We study the basic properties of n-absorbing submodules and then we study n-absorbing submodules of some classes of modules (e.g. Dedekind modules, Prüfer modules, etc.) over commutative rings.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the dietary patterns and their association with socio-demography, lifestyle, weight status and biochemical profiles among type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and to determine the significant predictors of dietary patterns. Three hundred subjects aged 30 years and above with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected for this study. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured and body mass index and waist hip ratio calculated. Biochemical profiles were investigated from past medical history records including glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. For each subject, a physical activity level in weekly metabolic equivalent hours were calculated using International Physical Activity Questionnaire. To measure the dietary intake of the subjects, a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire consisting 105 food items was used. The subjects were interviewed on how often they had consumed each of the food items throughout the preceding month to the study period. The frequency intake per day was obtained from the amount of food that was intake each day. The portion sizes of food were estimated to gram with using household measurements. Total energy intake was calculated by summing up energy intake from all foods. Because of the large number of the food items relative to the number of participants, each food was assigned item into 1 of 23 defined food groups. The basis for placing a food item in a certain food group was the similarity of nutrients. Some food items were considered individually as a food group because their nutrient profiles were unique (e.g., eggs, and tea). Three factors (dietary patterns) were identified using factor analysis. Factor 1 was characterized by higher intake of fruit, fish, poultry, low fat dairy, green leafy vegetables, tomato, yellow vegetables, other vegetables, and olive o

All rings are commutative with identity, and all modules are unital. The purpose of this article is to investigate n-absorbing submodules. For this reason we introduce the concept of n-absorbing submodules generalizing n-absorbing ideals of rings. Let M be an R-module. A proper submodule N of M is called an n-absorbing submodule if whenever $a_{1}cdots a_{n}min N$ for $a_{1},ldots,a_{n}in R$ and $min M$, then either $a_{1}cdots a_{n}in (N :_R M)$ or there are $n-1$ of $a_{i}$'s whose product with m is in N. We study the basic properties of n-absorbing submodules and then we study n-absorbing submodules of some classes of modules (e.g. Dedekind modules, Prüfer modules, etc.) over commutative rings.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the dietary patterns and their association with socio-demography, lifestyle, weight status and biochemical profiles among type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and to determine the significant predictors of dietary patterns. Three hundred subjects aged 30 years and above with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected for this study. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured and body mass index and waist hip ratio calculated. Biochemical profiles were investigated from past medical history records including glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. For each subject, a physical activity level in weekly metabolic equivalent hours were calculated using International Physical Activity Questionnaire. To measure the dietary intake of the subjects, a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire consisting 105 food items was used. The subjects were interviewed on how often they had consumed each of the food items throughout the preceding month to the study period. The frequency intake per day was obtained from the amount of food that was intake each day. The portion sizes of food were estimated to gram with using household measurements. Total energy intake was calculated by summing up energy intake from all foods. Because of the large number of the food items relative to the number of participants, each food was assigned item into 1 of 23 defined food groups. The basis for placing a food item in a certain food group was the similarity of nutrients. Some food items were considered individually as a food group because their nutrient profiles were unique (e.g., eggs, and tea). Three factors (dietary patterns) were identified using factor analysis. Factor 1 was characterized by higher intake of fruit, fish, poultry, low fat dairy, green leafy vegetables, tomato, yellow vegetables, other vegetables, and olive o

In response to the need for effective elderly primary health care programs in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the present study sought to determine the nature of family's caring behaviors related to the elderly primary health care in an urban area in Iran. A qualitative research was conducted through 24 in-depth interviews, 4 focus groups (8 participants in each group) and participants observation. The following 2 main categories emerged from the analysis to describe family's caring behaviors: internal responses and external responses. This qualitative study has gathered data that could be used by policy makers and health care providers and researchers concerned with elderly health and their quality of life. Based on these findings, it is recommended that providing primary health care for the elderly should be embedded in a comprehensive approach which aims to change the conditions affecting the elderly primary health care in urban areas.

In response to the need for effective elderly primary health care programs in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the present study sought to determine the nature of family's caring behaviors related to the elderly primary health care in an urban area in Iran. A qualitative research was conducted through 24 in-depth interviews, 4 focus groups (8 participants in each group) and participants observation. The following 2 main categories emerged from the analysis to describe family's caring behaviors: internal responses and external responses. This qualitative study has gathered data that could be used by policy makers and health care providers and researchers concerned with elderly health and their quality of life. Based on these findings, it is recommended that providing primary health care for the elderly should be embedded in a comprehensive approach which aims to change the conditions affecting the elderly primary health care in urban areas.

Against the background of increasing proportion of older persons in Iran, a qualitative research with a purpose of exploring the nature of caring behaviors among the elderly at urban health care centers in Isfahan was undertaken. Using a grounded theory approach, the study was guided by three questions: 1) - What is the nature of caring behaviors? 2- What are the conditions that contribute to the present state of caring behaviors?, and 3- What possible intervening conditions may improve the state of caring behaviors? Twenty five elderly respondents, their family members, and health care providers and managers were interviewed in-depth using topics related to issues affecting caring behaviors. Observations, focus group discussions, official documents, and researcher’s field notes and memos formed other sources of the data. The researcher used constant comparative method of data analysis to discover the reality of behaviors of individuals, family members and health care providers, and processes involved. From the data analysis a so-called theory of "Walking a Line between Despair and Hope" had emerged. This theory adequately explains reasons for the elderly’s negative attitude toward the health care system, their family’s barriers in supporting their older parents, and the health care providers’ constraints in delivery of services for the elderly primary health care. As a result of macro and micro conditions (contributing conditions), elderly, their families and health care providers were in reality were making adjustments to what they felt about health care. Despite their desperations at the state of services available, they were hopeful that things would improve. The internal responses included categories depicting ‘accepting conditions as the only way’, ‘feeling of being at the end of the way’, ‘death expectation in spite of potential abilities’, and ‘motivational weakness’. There were also categories that reflected relational-societal processes such as ‘accepting

Against the background of increasing proportion of older persons in Iran, a qualitative research with a purpose of exploring the nature of caring behaviors among the elderly at urban health care centers in Isfahan was undertaken. Using a grounded theory approach, the study was guided by three questions: 1) - What is the nature of caring behaviors? 2- What are the conditions that contribute to the present state of caring behaviors?, and 3- What possible intervening conditions may improve the state of caring behaviors? Twenty five elderly respondents, their family members, and health care providers and managers were interviewed in-depth using topics related to issues affecting caring behaviors. Observations, focus group discussions, official documents, and researcher’s field notes and memos formed other sources of the data. The researcher used constant comparative method of data analysis to discover the reality of behaviors of individuals, family members and health care providers, and processes involved. From the data analysis a so-called theory of "Walking a Line between Despair and Hope" had emerged. This theory adequately explains reasons for the elderly’s negative attitude toward the health care system, their family’s barriers in supporting their older parents, and the health care providers’ constraints in delivery of services for the elderly primary health care. As a result of macro and micro conditions (contributing conditions), elderly, their families and health care providers were in reality were making adjustments to what they felt about health care. Despite their desperations at the state of services available, they were hopeful that things would improve. The internal responses included categories depicting ‘accepting conditions as the only way’, ‘feeling of being at the end of the way’, ‘death expectation in spite of potential abilities’, and ‘motivational weakness’. There were also categories that reflected relational-societal processes such as ‘accepting

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