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Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is a precursor to fine particulate matter and a source of nitrogen (N) deposition that can adversely affect ecosystem health. The main sources of NH3 - agriculture and biomass burning - are undergoing are or expected to undergo substantial changes in Africa. Although evidence of increasing NH3 over parts of Africa has been observed, the mechanisms behind these trends are not well understood. Here we use observations of atmospheric NH3 vertical column densities (VCDs) from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) along with other satellite observations of the land surface and atmosphere to evaluate how NH3 concentrations have changed over Africa from 2008 through 2018, and what has caused those changes. In West Africa NH3 VCDs are observed to increase during the late dry season, with increases of over 6 % yr-1 in Nigeria during February and March (p<0.01). These positive trends are associated with increasing burned area and CO trends during these months, likely related to agricultural preparation. Increases are also observed in the Lake Victoria basin region, where they are associated with expanding agricultural area. In contrast, NH3 VCDs declined over the Sudd wetlands in South Sudan by over 1.5 % yr-1, though not significantly (pCombining double low line0.28). Annual maxima in NH3 VCDs in South Sudan occur during February through May and are associated with the drying of temporarily flooded wetland soils, which favor emissions of NH3. The change in mean NH3 VCDs over the Sudd is strongly correlated with variation in wetland extent in the Sudd: in years when more area remained flooded during the dry season, NH3 VCDs were lower (rCombining double low line0.64, p<0.05). Relationships between biomass burning and NH3 may be observed when evaluating national-scale statistics: countries with the highest rates of increasing NH3 VCDs also had high rates of growth in CO VCDs; burned area displayed a similar pattern, though not signif, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

China's population is exposed to high levels of particulate matter (PM) due to its strong economic growth and associated urbanization and industrialization. To support policy makers to develop cost effective mitigation strategies it is of crucial importance to understand the emission sources as well as formation routes responsible for high pollution levels. In this study we applied the LOTOS-EUROS model with its module to track the contributions of predefined source sectors to China for the year 2013 using the MEIC emission inventory. It is the first application of the model system to a region outside Europe. The source attribution was aimed to provide insight in the sector and area of origin of PM2.5 for the cities of Beijing and Shanghai. The source attribution shows that on average about half of the PM2.5 pollution in both cities originates from the municipality itself. About a quarter of the PM2.5 comes from the neighbouring provinces, whereas the remaining quarter is attributed to long range transport from anthropogenic and natural components. Residential combustion, transport, and industry are identified as the main sources with comparable contributions allocated to these sectors. The importance of the sectors varies throughout the year and differs slightly between the cities. During winter, urban contributions from residential combustion are dominant, whereas industrial and traffic contributions with a larger share of regional transport are more important during summer. The evaluation of the model results against satellite and in-situ observations shows the ability of the LOTOS-EUROS model to capture many features of the variability in particulate matter and its precursors in China. The model shows a systematic underestimation of particulate matter concentrations, especially in winter. This illustrates that modelling particulate matter remains challenging as it comes to components like secondary organic aerosol and suspended dust as well as emissions and form

Presented here is the validation of the CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder) fast physical NH3 retrieval (CFPR) column and profile measurements using ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations. We use the total columns and profiles from seven FTIR sites in the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) to validate the satellite data products. The overall FTIR and CrIS total columns have a positive correlation of Combining double low line ĝ€0.77 (N =218) with very little bias (a slope of 1.02). Binning the comparisons by total column amounts, for concentrations larger than 1.0 × 1016 molecules cm-2, i.e. ranging from moderate to polluted conditions, the relative difference is on average ∼0 5% with a standard deviation of 25-50%, which is comparable to the estimated retrieval uncertainties in both CrIS and the FTIR. For the smallest total column range (< 1.0 × 1016molecules cm-2) where there are a large number of observations at or near the CrIS noise level (detection limit) the absolute differences between CrIS and the FTIR total columns show a slight positive column bias. The CrIS and FTIR profile comparison differences are mostly within the range of the single-level retrieved profile values from estimated retrieval uncertainties, showing average differences in the range of 20 to 40%. The CrIS retrievals typically show good vertical sensitivity down into the boundary layer which typically peaks at 850hPa (g 1.5km). At this level the median absolute difference is 0.87(std =±0.08)ppb, corresponding to a median relative difference of 39%(std =±2%). Most of the absolute and relative profile comparison differences are in the range of the estimated retrieval uncertainties. At the surface, where CrIS typically has lower sensitivity, it tends to overestimate in low-concentration conditions and underestimate in higher atmospheric concentration conditions.

The uncertainties in emissions of ammonia (NH3) in Europe are large, partially due to the difficulty in monitoring of ambient concentrations due to its sticky nature. In the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP) the current recommended guidelines to measure NH3 are by coated annular denuders with offline analysis. This method, however, is no longer used in most European countries and each one has taken a different strategy to monitor atmospheric ammonia due to the increase of commercial NH3 monitoring instrumentation available over the last 20 years. In June 2014, a 3 year project funded under the European Metrology Research Programme, “Metrology for Ammonia in Ambient Air” (MetNH3), started with the aim to develop metrological traceability for the measurement of NH3 in air from primary gas mixtures and instrumental standards to field application. This study presents the results from the field intercomparison (15 instruments) which was held in South East Scotland in August 2016 over an intensively managed grassland. The study compared active sampling methods to a meteorological traceable method which was developed during the project with the aim to produce a series of guidelines for ambient NH3 measurements. Preliminary results highlight both the importance of inlets and management of relative humidity in the measurement of ambient NH3 and of the requirement to carry out frequent intercomparison of NH3 instrumentation. Overall, it would be recommended from this study that a WMO-GAW world centre for NH3 would be established and support integration of standards into both routine and research measurements.

The uncertainties in emissions of ammonia (NH3) in Europe are large, partially due to the difficulty in monitoring of ambient concentrations due to its sticky nature. In the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP) the current recommended guidelines to measure NH3 are by coated annular denuders with offline analysis. This method, however, is no longer used in most European countries and each one has taken a different strategy to monitor atmospheric ammonia due to the increase of commercial NH3 monitoring instrumentation available over the last 20 years. In June 2014, a 3 year project funded under the European Metrology Research Programme, “Metrology for Ammonia in Ambient Air” (MetNH3), started with the aim to develop metrological traceability for the measurement of NH3 in air from primary gas mixtures and instrumental standards to field application. This study presents the results from the field intercomparison (15 instruments) which was held in South East Scotland in August 2016 over an intensively managed grassland. The study compared active sampling methods to a meteorological traceable method which was developed during the project with the aim to produce a series of guidelines for ambient NH3 measurements. Preliminary results highlight both the importance of inlets and management of relative humidity in the measurement of ambient NH3 and of the requirement to carry out frequent intercomparison of NH3 instrumentation. Overall, it would be recommended from this study that a WMO-GAW world centre for NH3 would be established and support integration of standards into both routine and research measurements.

Presented here is the validation of the CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder) fast physical NH3 retrieval (CFPR) column and profile measurements using ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations. We use the total columns and profiles from seven FTIR sites in the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) to validate the satellite data products. The overall FTIR and CrIS total columns have a positive correlation of Combining double low line ĝ€0.77 (N =218) with very little bias (a slope of 1.02). Binning the comparisons by total column amounts, for concentrations larger than 1.0 × 1016 molecules cm-2, i.e. ranging from moderate to polluted conditions, the relative difference is on average ∼0 5% with a standard deviation of 25-50%, which is comparable to the estimated retrieval uncertainties in both CrIS and the FTIR. For the smallest total column range (< 1.0 × 1016molecules cm-2) where there are a large number of observations at or near the CrIS noise level (detection limit) the absolute differences between CrIS and the FTIR total columns show a slight positive column bias. The CrIS and FTIR profile comparison differences are mostly within the range of the single-level retrieved profile values from estimated retrieval uncertainties, showing average differences in the range of 20 to 40%. The CrIS retrievals typically show good vertical sensitivity down into the boundary layer which typically peaks at 850hPa (g 1.5km). At this level the median absolute difference is 0.87(std =±0.08)ppb, corresponding to a median relative difference of 39%(std =±2%). Most of the absolute and relative profile comparison differences are in the range of the estimated retrieval uncertainties. At the surface, where CrIS typically has lower sensitivity, it tends to overestimate in low-concentration conditions and underestimate in higher atmospheric concentration conditions.

Het omgevingsbeleid kampt met hardnekkige vraagstukken, zoals luchtverontreiniging in de steden, teruggang in de biodiversiteit en klimaatverandering. Adequate antwoorden hierop vergen naast discussies over hoe de wereld verandert en welke invloed dit op deze vraagstukken heeft (descriptief) ook discussies over beleidsambities en oplossingsrichtingen voor de vraagstukken (normatief). Het is daarom belangrijk naast descriptieve scenario’s ook normatieve scenario’s te gebruiken. Het omgevingsbeleid heeft hier een waardevolle traditie in, maar deze is verloren gegaan.

Ammonia (NH3) is an important atmospheric base which can contribute to eutrophication, acidification of ecosystems and the formation of secondary aerosol. In order to monitor potential policy driven reductions and provide information on NH3 emissions, transport and deposition, active sampling is required. There are, however, many challenges in measuring NH3 as it is a ‘sticky’ reactive molecule which is readily soluble and rapidly interacts with other trace gases to form secondary inorganic aerosol. When undertaking ambient NH3 measurements, inlet set up, use of filters, reliable calibration standards and potential chemical interferences in the analytical technique thus need particular attention. Due to these complexities of NH3 active measurements, a metrology-centred project on “Metrology for Ammonia in Ambient Air” (MetNH3) funded by the European Metrological Research Programme (EMRP), was started in 2014, with the aim of developing traceable NH3 monitoring methods and NH3 certified reference material, which will be applicable under field conditions. In this project a commercial cavity ring down instrument is being characterised and further developed to be the traceable method of choice, alongside with the development of an open path absorption spectrometer. The following study presents the first results of a field intercomparison of different NH3 instrumentation verified against traceable methods developed and characterised as part of the MetNH3 project, held in South East Scotland. In addition, the applicability of dynamic calibration systems, under field conditions which have developed within the project is assessed. The overall objective of this study will be to establish recommendations for ambient NH3¬ measurements.

Ammonia (NH3) is an important atmospheric base which can contribute to eutrophication, acidification of ecosystems and the formation of secondary aerosol. In order to monitor potential policy driven reductions and provide information on NH3 emissions, transport and deposition, active sampling is required. There are, however, many challenges in measuring NH3 as it is a ‘sticky’ reactive molecule which is readily soluble and rapidly interacts with other trace gases to form secondary inorganic aerosol. When undertaking ambient NH3 measurements, inlet set up, use of filters, reliable calibration standards and potential chemical interferences in the analytical technique thus need particular attention. Due to these complexities of NH3 active measurements, a metrology-centred project on “Metrology for Ammonia in Ambient Air” (MetNH3) funded by the European Metrological Research Programme (EMRP), was started in 2014, with the aim of developing traceable NH3 monitoring methods and NH3 certified reference material, which will be applicable under field conditions. In this project a commercial cavity ring down instrument is being characterised and further developed to be the traceable method of choice, alongside with the development of an open path absorption spectrometer. The following study presents the first results of a field intercomparison of different NH3 instrumentation verified against traceable methods developed and characterised as part of the MetNH3 project, held in South East Scotland. In addition, the applicability of dynamic calibration systems, under field conditions which have developed within the project is assessed. The overall objective of this study will be to establish recommendations for ambient NH3¬ measurements.

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info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Limited availability of ammonia (NH3) observations is currently a barrier for effective monitoring of the nitrogen cycle. It prevents a full understanding of the atmospheric processes in which this trace gas is involved and therefore impedes determining its related budgets. Since the end of 2007, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite has been observing NH3 from space at a high spatio-temporal resolution. This valuable data set, already used by models, still needs validation. We present here a first attempt to validate IASI-NH3 measurements using existing independent ground-based and airborne data sets. The yearly distributions reveal similar patterns between ground-based and space-borne observations and highlight the scarcity of local NH3 measurements as well as their spatial heterogeneity and lack of representativity. By comparison with monthly resolved data sets in Europe, China and Africa, we show that IASI-NH3 observations are in fair agreement, but they are characterized by a smaller variation in concentrations. The use of hourly and airborne data sets to compare with IASI individual observations allows investigations of the impact of averaging as well as the representativity of independent observations for the satellite footprint. The importance of considering the latter and the added value of densely located airborne measurements at various altitudes to validate IASI-NH3 columns are discussed. Perspectives and guidelines for future validation work on NH3 satellite observations are presented.

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Limited availability of ammonia (NH3) observations is currently a barrier for effective monitoring of the nitrogen cycle. It prevents a full understanding of the atmospheric processes in which this trace gas is involved and therefore impedes determining its related budgets. Since the end of 2007, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite has been observing NH3 from space at a high spatio-temporal resolution. This valuable data set, already used by models, still needs validation. We present here a first attempt to validate IASI-NH3 measurements using existing independent ground-based and airborne data sets. The yearly distributions reveal similar patterns between ground-based and space-borne observations and highlight the scarcity of local NH3 measurements as well as their spatial heterogeneity and lack of representativity. By comparison with monthly resolved data sets in Europe, China and Africa, we show that IASI-NH3 observations are in fair agreement, but they are characterized by a smaller variation in concentrations. The use of hourly and airborne data sets to compare with IASI individual observations allows investigations of the impact of averaging as well as the representativity of independent observations for the satellite footprint. The importance of considering the latter and the added value of densely located airborne measurements at various altitudes to validate IASI-NH3 columns are discussed. Perspectives and guidelines for future validation work on NH3 satellite observations are presented.

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

We exploit 6 years of measurements from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)/MetOp-A instrument to identify seasonal patterns and interannual variability of atmospheric NH3. This is achieved by analyzing the time evolution of the monthly mean NH3 columns in 12 subcontinental areas around the world, simultaneously considering measurements from IASI morning and evening overpasses. For most regions, IASI has a sufficient sensitivity throughout the years to capture the seasonal patterns of NH3 columns, and we show that each region is characterized by a well-marked and distinctive cycle, with maxima mainly related to underlying emission processes. The largest column abundances and seasonal amplitudes throughout the years are found in southwestern Asia, with maxima twice as large as what is observed in southeastern China. The relation between emission sources and retrieved NH3 columns is emphasized at a smaller regional scale by inferring a climatology of the month of maximum columns. Key Points Six years of NH3 morning and evening IASI measurements are analyzed Seasonal cycles of atmospheric NH3 are characterized for subcontinental areas Source processes are attributed from a climatology of the month of NH3 maximum, SCOPUS: ar.j, FLWNA, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

We present a retrieval method for ammonia (NH3) total columns from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations. Observations from Bremen (53.10° N, 8.85° E), Lauder (45.04° S, 169.68° E), Reúnion (20.9° S, 55.50° E) and Jungfraujoch (46.55° N, 7.98° E) were used to illustrate the capabilities of the method. NH3 mean total columns ranging 3 orders of magnitude were obtained, with higher values at Bremen (mean of 13.47 × 1015 molecules cm-2) and lower values at Jungfraujoch (mean of 0.18 × 1015 molecules cm-2). In conditions with high surface concentrations of ammonia, as in Bremen, it is possible to retrieve information on the vertical gradient, as two layers can be distinguished. The retrieval there is most sensitive to ammonia in the planetary boundary layer, where the trace gas concentration is highest. For conditions with low concentrations, only the total column can be retrieved. Combining the systematic and random errors we have a mean total error of 26 % for all spectra measured at Bremen (number of spectra (N)= 554), 30 % for all spectra from Lauder (N = 2412), 25 % for spectra from Reúnion (N = 1262) and 34 % for spectra measured at Jungfraujoch (N = 2702). The error is dominated by the systematic uncertainties in the spectroscopy parameters. Station-specific seasonal cycles were found to be consistent with known seasonal cycles of the dominant ammonia sources in the station surroundings. The developed retrieval methodology from FTIR instruments provides a new way of obtaining highly time-resolved measurements of ammonia burdens. FTIR-NH3 observations will be useful for understanding the dynamics of ammonia concentrations in the atmosphere and for satellite and model validation. It will also provide additional information to constrain the global ammonia budget., SCOPUS: ar.j, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Monitoring ammonia (NH3) concentrations on a global to regional scale is a challenge. Due to the limited availability of reliable ground-based measurements, the determination of NH3 distributions generally relies on model calculations. Novel remotely sensed NH3burdens provide valuable insights to complement traditional assessments for clear-sky conditions. This paper presents a first quantitative comparison between Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite observations and LOTOS-EUROS model results over Europe and Western Russia. A methodology to account for the variable retrieval sensitivity of the measurements is described. Four years of data (2008-2011) highlight three main agricultural hot spot areas in Europe: the Po Valley, the continental part of Northwestern Europe, and the Ebro Valley. The spatial comparison reveals a good overall agreement of the NH3 distributions not only in these source regions but also over remote areas and over sea when transport is observed. On average, the measured columns exceed the modeled ones, except for a few cases. Large discrepancies over several industrial areas in Eastern Europe and Russia point to underestimated emissions in the underlying inventories. The temporal analysis over the three hot spot areas reveals that the seasonality is well captured by the model when the lower sensitivity of the satellite measurements in the colder months is taken into account. Comparison of the daily time series indicates possible misrepresentations of the timing and magnitude of the emissions. Finally, specific attention to biomass burning events shows that modeled plumes are less spread out than the observed ones. This is confirmed for the 2010 Russian fires with a comparison using in situ observations. ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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In dit cahier wordt in beknopte vorm verslag gedaan van het onderzoeksproject Integrated Planning and Design in the Delta (IPDD), dat in de periode 2011-2013 is uitgevoerd als onderdeel van het NWO programma Urban Regions in the Delta (URD). Zoals alle URD projecten, is het doel van het IPDD project om kennis te ontwikkelen voor een duurzaam ruimtelijk beleid en voor integrale gebiedsontwikkeling in stedelijke netwerken. De aanleiding hiervan is de transitie waarin ruimtelijk beleid en gebiedsontwikkeling zich bevinden. De sterke cultuur en het institutionele raamwerk van het naoorlogse ruimtelijk beleid, door Faludi en van der Valk als de ‘Dutch planning doctine’ beschreven, en waarmee Nederland internationaal een status als gidsland verwierf, is uitgewerkt. Vooralsnog is niet een vanzelfsprekend alternatief ontstaan., Urbanism, Architecture and The Built Environment

Urbanism, Architecture and The Built Environment

Het Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (PBL) brengt elke vier jaar een Natuurverkenning uit. Dit is één van de wettelijke taken van het planbureau. Een toekomstverkenning is bedoeld om toekomstige maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen en nieuwe beleidsopties te verkennen en daarmee het blikveld te verruimen. Deze Natuurverkenning zoekt aansluiting bij de huidige politieke en maatschappelijke discussie over de richting van het natuur- en landschapsbeleid. Het is de vierde Natuurverkenning die het PBL en zijn voorlopers hebben uitgebracht. De eerste en de tweede (RIVM 1997; 2002) zijn als zelfstandige studies verschenen en de derde als onderdeel van Nederland later (MNP 2006)

Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (PBL), Centraal Planbureau (CPB), KNMI en Wageningen UR, LEI publiceren onder leiding van Deltares de ‘Deltascenario’s voor 2050 en 2100 – nadere uitwerking 2012-2013’. Deze scenario’s bouwen voort op de in 2011 gepubliceerde Deltascenario’s. Ze zijn gebaseerd op meer óf minder economische groei in combinatie met matige óf grote klimaatverandering. De vier scenario’s hebben de namen: RUST (resultaat van matige klimaatverandering en lage groei van economie en bevolking); DRUK (matige klimaatverandering, sterke groei); WARM (snelle klimaatverandering, lage groei); STOOM (snelle klimaatverandering, sterke groei). Aan de hand van elk van de uitgewerkte scenario’s toont het consortium voor welke uitdagingen Nederland in de toekomst kan komen te staan als het gaat om zoetwatervoorziening, de ruimtelijke inrichting van stad en land en bescherming tegen overstromingen.

De omgevingsscenario’s Hoog en Laag zijn ontwikkeld om te verkennen of de beleidsopgaven waarop de kijkrichtingen van de Natuurverkenning 2010-2040 een antwoord geven in de toekomst ook nog relevant zullen zijn en hoe groot zij dan kunnen zijn. Daarnaast geven zij inzicht in de mogelijkheden en beperkingen waarmee het beleid te maken kan krijgen en daarmee in de realiseerbaarheid van het beleid. De basis voor scenario Hoog wordt gevormd door een sterke internationale oriëntatie en veel marktwerking. Binnen de Europese Unie is er sprake van verdergaande economische en financiële integratie; het Europese natuur- en landbouwbeleid wordt juist minder ambitieus. Er is sprake van een stevige economische groei en een toename van de bevolkingsomvang. Het resultaat is dat de ruimte- en milieudruk in ons land sterk toeneemt. De basis voor scenario Laag betreft een focus op de eigen regio en op de collectieve sector. In Laag komt een verdere mondiale handelsliberalisatie niet van de grond en valt de wereld in een aantal handelsblokken uiteen. Het Europese beleid wordt sterker op duurzaamheid gericht. Bedrijven en burgers zijn vooral op de eigen regio en eveneens op duurzaamheid gericht. De economische groei is laag en de bevolking krimpt uiteindelijk. Als gevolg van deze ontwikkelingen neemt ruimtedruk nauwelijks toe en neemt de milieudruk af. Als de opgaven in de context van de omgevingsscenario’s worden geplaatst, blijven ze robuust. Het belang en de absolute omvang van de opgave kunnen wel verschuiven, afhankelijk van het omgevingsscenario. Tevens zitten er in de omgevingsscenario’s elementen die tegengesteld kunnen uitwerken op de omvang en het belang van een opgave. De realiseerbaarheid van de kijkrichtingen kan worden beïnvloed door de individuele en onderling samenhangende of elkaar juist elkaar tegenwerkende ontwikkelingen van de diverse drijvende krachten. In Hoog kan vooral de economische situatie een gunstige invloed hebben op de realiseerbaarheid van de kijkrichtin

In dit cahier wordt in beknopte vorm verslag gedaan van het onderzoeksproject Integrated Planning and Design in the Delta (IPDD), dat in de periode 2011-2013 is uitgevoerd als onderdeel van het NWO programma Urban Regions in the Delta (URD). Zoals alle URD projecten, is het doel van het IPDD project om kennis te ontwikkelen voor een duurzaam ruimtelijk beleid en voor integrale gebiedsontwikkeling in stedelijke netwerken. De aanleiding hiervan is de transitie waarin ruimtelijk beleid en gebiedsontwikkeling zich bevinden. De sterke cultuur en het institutionele raamwerk van het naoorlogse ruimtelijk beleid, door Faludi en van der Valk als de ‘Dutch planning doctine’ beschreven, en waarmee Nederland internationaal een status als gidsland verwierf, is uitgewerkt. Vooralsnog is niet een vanzelfsprekend alternatief ontstaan., Urbanism, Architecture and The Built Environment

Urbanism, Architecture and The Built Environment

De Natuurverkenning verschijnt in een turbulente tijd waarin natuur en landschap sterk gepolitiseerd zijn. Met de verkenning wil het PBL een bijdrage leveren aan het structureren van het debat over de vernieuwing van het langetermijnbeleid en een impuls geven aan de politieke afwegingen. Nieuw is het gebruik van normatieve toekomstscenario’s als hulpmiddel om de achterliggende drijfveren voor natuurbeleid te verhelderen.

The subsequent building blocks of the scenario study enable policymakers to gradually gain insight into alternative desirable future states of nature and alternative policy-strategies to realize them. This is further stimulated by the character of the scenarios, which contain not only qualitative storylines, but also concrete images and quantita-tive information. In order to build such scenarios various methods were applied, like model calculations, scenario workshops, and design activities. By participating in the scenario study, policymakers not only provided valuable insights but also became more receptive for the results.

De Natuurverkenning 2010-2040 is als scenariostudie uitgevoerd om te verkennen welke richtingen het natuurbeleid op termijn zou kunnen inslaan. Via de scenario-onderdelen worden beleidsmakers stap voor stap in het langetermijndenken meegenomen. Dit wordt versterkt doordat de onderdelen het karakter van kwalitatieve verhalen hebben gekregen, die bovendien toegankelijk zijn verbeeld en op onderdelen kwantitatief zijn uitgewerkt. Doordat beleidsmakers zelf in de verkenning hebben geparticipeerd is hun ontvankelijkheid ervoor vergroot. Over: natuurverkenning, scenariomethode, normatieve scenario's en stakeholderparticipatie

De Natuurverkenning 2010-2040 is als scenariostudie uitgevoerd om te verkennen welke richtingen het natuurbeleid op termijn zou kunnen inslaan. Via de scenario-onderdelen worden beleidsmakers stap voor stap in het langetermijndenken meegenomen. Dit wordt versterkt doordat de onderdelen het karakter van kwalitatieve verhalen hebben gekregen, die bovendien toegankelijk zijn verbeeld en op onderdelen kwantitatief zijn uitgewerkt. Doordat beleidsmakers zelf in de verkenning hebben geparticipeerd is hun ontvankelijkheid ervoor vergroot. Over: natuurverkenning, scenariomethode, normatieve scenario's en stakeholderparticipatie

Het natuurbeleid bevindt zich in een overgangsfase. Zowel rijk als provincies, maatschappelijke organisaties en het bedrijfsleven zijn op zoek naar verbetering van het bestaande natuurbeleid en hun positie daarbinnen. Het gaat daarbij niet alleen om natuurbeleid in de strikte zin, maar onder meer ook om het landschaps-, ruimtelijk, energie- en voedselbeleid. Dit artikel draagt bouwstenen voor die zoektocht aan op basis van vier kijkrichtingen die zijn ontwikkeld in de Natuurverkenning 2010-2040.

Het natuurbeleid bevindt zich in een overgangsfase. Zowel rijk als provincies, maatschappelijke organisaties en het bedrijfsleven zijn op zoek naar verbetering van het bestaande natuurbeleid en hun positie daarbinnen. Het gaat daarbij niet alleen om natuurbeleid in de strikte zin, maar onder meer ook om het landschaps, ruimtelijk, energie- en voedselbeleid. Dit artikel draagt bouwstenen voor die zoektocht aan op basis van vier kijkrichtingen die zijn ontwikkeld in de Natuurverkenning 2010-2040.

De Europese Unie voert geen officieel ruimtelijk beleid. De vraag is hoelang zij hiermee kan volstaan. Europa wordt de komende decennia namelijk met een aantal uitdagingen geconfronteerd die grote ruimtelijke consequenties met zich mee zullen brengen. Daarom is het belangrijk dat de EU een stap verder gaat dan het huidige informele ruimtelijke beleid dat zij nu hanteert. Een visie van het Ruimtelijk Planbureau en VROM

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Contains fulltext : 185079.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), The objective of this study was to identify differences in disposition and esterase hydrolysis of ramipril between male and female volunteers. Plasma concentration and area under the concentration-time curve until the last measured concentration (AUCt) data of ramipril and its active metabolite ramiprilat (-diacid) were obtained from a randomised, cross-over bioequivalence study in 36 subjects (18 females and 18 males). Participants received a single 5-mg oral dose of two different formulations of ramipril (Formulation I and II). Plasma ramipril and ramiprilat concentrations were determined according to validated methods involving liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total number of 2 x 34 available plasma concentration-time curves of both the parent drug and the metabolite could be analysed, and variations (50-100% coefficient of variation [CV]) in plasma concentrations of both parent drug and metabolite were found. With both the formulations, the mean plasma concentrations-time curves of males and females were identical. The groups of female and male volunteers showed similar yields (AUCt = microg x h/L) of the metabolite ramiprilat (p = 0.37); however, females showed a higher AUCt/kg than males (p = 0.046). This difference was solely attributed to the difference in body weight between males and females (p = 0.00049). In both male and female groups, a subject-dependent yield of active metabolite ramiprilat was demonstrated, which was independent of the formulation. There is a large variation in the ramiprilat t1/2beta (50-60% CV). There is a group of subjects who showed a t1/2beta of approximately 80 h (15% CV), and two apparent groups with a longer t1/2beta for each formulation (124 h, 22.5% CV; 166 h, 21.6% CV, respectively, p = 0.0013). This variation in the terminal half-life of ramiprilat is not sex related. In all three groups of half-lives, the corresponding Cmax values (mean +/- SD) of ramiprilat in males and females were identical. Thus, with identi