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1. A global analysis of viviparity in squamates highlights its prevalence in cold climates

Author

Zimin, Anna, Zimin, Sean V., Shine, Richard, Avila, Luciano, Bauer, Aaron, Böhm, Monika, Brown, Rafe, Barki, Goni, de Oliveira Caetano, Gabriel Henrique, Castro Herrera, Fernando, Chapple, David G., Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R., Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, L. Lee, Itescu, Yuval, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Martins, Marcio, Morando, Mariana, Murali, Gopal, Nagy, Zoltán T., Novosolov, Maria, Oliver, Paul, Passos, Paulo, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Ribeiro-Junior, Marco Antonio, Shea, Glenn, Tingley, Reid, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-François, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Roll, Uri, Meiri, Shai, Zimin, Anna, Zimin, Sean V., Shine, Richard, Avila, Luciano, Bauer, Aaron, Böhm, Monika, Brown, Rafe, Barki, Goni, de Oliveira Caetano, Gabriel Henrique, Castro Herrera, Fernando, Chapple, David G., Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R., Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, L. Lee, Itescu, Yuval, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Martins, Marcio, Morando, Mariana, Murali, Gopal, Nagy, Zoltán T., Novosolov, Maria, Oliver, Paul, Passos, Paulo, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Ribeiro-Junior, Marco Antonio, Shea, Glenn, Tingley, Reid, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-François, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Roll, Uri, and Meiri, Shai

Abstract

Aim: Viviparity has evolved more times in squamates than in any other vertebrate group; therefore, squamates offer an excellent model system in which to study the patterns, drivers and implications of reproductive mode evolution. Based on current species distributions, we examined three selective forces hypothesized to drive the evolution of squamate viviparity (cold climate, variable climate and hypoxic conditions) and tested whether viviparity is associated with larger body size. Location: Global. Time period: Present day. Taxon: Squamata. Methods: We compiled a dataset of 9061 squamate species, including their distributions, elevation, climate, body mass and reproductive modes. We applied species-level and assemblage-level approaches for predicting reproductive mode, both globally and within biogeographical realms. We tested the relationships of temperature, interannual and intra-annual climatic variation, elevation (as a proxy for hypoxic conditions) and body mass with reproductive mode, using path analyses to account for correlations among the environmental predictors. Results: Viviparity was strongly associated with cold climates at both species and assemblage levels, despite the prevalence of viviparity in some warm climates. Viviparity was not clearly correlated with climatic variability or elevation. The probability of being viviparous exhibited a weak positive correlation with body size. Conclusions: Although phylogenetic history is important, potentially explaining the occurrence of viviparous species in regions that are warm at present, current global squamate distribution is characterized by a higher relative abundance of viviparity in cold environments, supporting the prediction of the “cold-climate” hypothesis. The roles of climatic variation and hypoxia are less important and not straightforward. Elevation probably exerts various selective pressures and influences the prevalence of viviparity primarily through its effect on temperature rather than

Published
2022

2. A global analysis of viviparity in squamates highlights its prevalence in cold climates

Author

Zimin, Anna, Zimin, Sean V., Shine, Richard, Avila, Luciano, Bauer, Aaron, Böhm, Monika, Brown, Rafe, Barki, Goni, de Oliveira Caetano, Gabriel Henrique, Castro Herrera, Fernando, Chapple, David G., Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R., Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, L. Lee, Itescu, Yuval, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Martins, Marcio, Morando, Mariana, Murali, Gopal, Nagy, Zoltán T., Novosolov, Maria, Oliver, Paul, Passos, Paulo, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Ribeiro-Junior, Marco Antonio, Shea, Glenn, Tingley, Reid, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-François, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Roll, Uri, Meiri, Shai, Zimin, Anna, Zimin, Sean V., Shine, Richard, Avila, Luciano, Bauer, Aaron, Böhm, Monika, Brown, Rafe, Barki, Goni, de Oliveira Caetano, Gabriel Henrique, Castro Herrera, Fernando, Chapple, David G., Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R., Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, L. Lee, Itescu, Yuval, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Martins, Marcio, Morando, Mariana, Murali, Gopal, Nagy, Zoltán T., Novosolov, Maria, Oliver, Paul, Passos, Paulo, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Ribeiro-Junior, Marco Antonio, Shea, Glenn, Tingley, Reid, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-François, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Roll, Uri, and Meiri, Shai

Abstract

Aim: Viviparity has evolved more times in squamates than in any other vertebrate group; therefore, squamates offer an excellent model system in which to study the patterns, drivers and implications of reproductive mode evolution. Based on current species distributions, we examined three selective forces hypothesized to drive the evolution of squamate viviparity (cold climate, variable climate and hypoxic conditions) and tested whether viviparity is associated with larger body size. Location: Global. Time period: Present day. Taxon: Squamata. Methods: We compiled a dataset of 9061 squamate species, including their distributions, elevation, climate, body mass and reproductive modes. We applied species-level and assemblage-level approaches for predicting reproductive mode, both globally and within biogeographical realms. We tested the relationships of temperature, interannual and intra-annual climatic variation, elevation (as a proxy for hypoxic conditions) and body mass with reproductive mode, using path analyses to account for correlations among the environmental predictors. Results: Viviparity was strongly associated with cold climates at both species and assemblage levels, despite the prevalence of viviparity in some warm climates. Viviparity was not clearly correlated with climatic variability or elevation. The probability of being viviparous exhibited a weak positive correlation with body size. Conclusions: Although phylogenetic history is important, potentially explaining the occurrence of viviparous species in regions that are warm at present, current global squamate distribution is characterized by a higher relative abundance of viviparity in cold environments, supporting the prediction of the “cold-climate” hypothesis. The roles of climatic variation and hypoxia are less important and not straightforward. Elevation probably exerts various selective pressures and influences the prevalence of viviparity primarily through its effect on temperature rather than

Published
2022

3. Extinct, obscure or imaginary: The lizard species with the smallest ranges

Author

Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Allison, Allen, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltan T., Nogueira, Cristiano de C., Oliver, Paul, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Shea, Glenn, Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J. S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-Francois, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Ziegler, Thomas, Roll, Uri, Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Allison, Allen, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltan T., Nogueira, Cristiano de C., Oliver, Paul, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Shea, Glenn, Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J. S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-Francois, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Ziegler, Thomas, and Roll, Uri

Abstract

Aim: Small geographic ranges make species especially prone to extinction from anthropogenic disturbances or natural stochastic events. We assemble and analyse a comprehensive dataset of all the world's lizard species and identify the species with the smallest ranges-those known only from their type localities. We compare them to wide-ranging species to infer whether specific geographic regions or biological traits predispose species to have small ranges. Location: Global. Methods: We extensively surveyed museum collections, the primary literature and our own field records to identify all the species of lizards with a maximum linear geographic extent of < 10 km. We compared their biogeography, key biological traits and threat status to those of all other lizards. Results: One in seven lizards (927 of the 6,568 currently recognized species) are known only from their type localities. These include 213 species known only from a single specimen. Compared to more wide-ranging taxa, they mostly inhabit relatively inaccessible regions at lower, mostly tropical, latitudes. Surprisingly, we found that burrowing lifestyle is a relatively unimportant driver of small range size. Geckos are especially prone to having tiny ranges, and skinks dominate lists of such species not seen for over 50 years, as well as of species known only from their holotype. Two-thirds of these species have no IUCN assessments, and at least 20 are extinct. Main conclusions: Fourteen per cent of lizard diversity is restricted to a single location, often in inaccessible regions. These species are elusive, usually poorly known and little studied. Many face severe extinction risk, but current knowledge is inadequate to properly assess this for all of them. We recommend that such species become the focus of taxonomic, ecological and survey efforts.

Published
2018

4. Extinct, obscure or imaginary: The lizard species with the smallest ranges

Author

Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Allison, A, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, Lee L., Oliver, Paul, Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Allison, A, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, Lee L., and Oliver, Paul

Abstract

Aim: Small geographic ranges make species especially prone to extinction from anthropogenic disturbances or natural stochastic events. We assemble and analyse a comprehensive dataset of all the world's lizard species and identify the species with the smallest ranges-those known only from their type localities. We compare them to wide-ranging species to infer whether specific geographic regions or biological traits predispose species to have small ranges. Location: Global. Methods: We extensively surveyed museum collections, the primary literature and our own field records to identify all the species of lizards with a maximum linear geographic extent of < 10 km. We compared their biogeography, key biological traits and threat status to those of all other lizards. Results: One in seven lizards (927 of the 6,568 currently recognized species) are known only from their type localities. These include 213 species known only from a single specimen. Compared to more wide-ranging taxa, they mostly inhabit relatively inaccessible regions at lower, mostly tropical, latitudes. Surprisingly, we found that burrowing lifestyle is a relatively unimportant driver of small range size. Geckos are especially prone to having tiny ranges, and skinks dominate lists of such species not seen for over 50 years, as well as of species known only from their holotype. Two-thirds of these species have no IUCN assessments, and at least 20 are extinct. Main conclusions: Fourteen per cent of lizard diversity is restricted to a single location, often in inaccessible regions. These species are elusive, usually poorly known and little studied. Many face severe extinction risk, but current knowledge is inadequate to properly assess this for all of them. We recommend that such species become the focus of taxonomic, ecological and survey efforts.

Published
2018

5. Extinct, obscure or imaginary: The lizard species with the smallest ranges

Author

Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Allison, Allen, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltan T., Nogueira, Cristiano de C., Oliver, Paul, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Shea, Glenn, Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J. S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-Francois, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Ziegler, Thomas, Roll, Uri, Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Allison, Allen, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltan T., Nogueira, Cristiano de C., Oliver, Paul, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Shea, Glenn, Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J. S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-Francois, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Ziegler, Thomas, and Roll, Uri

Abstract

Aim: Small geographic ranges make species especially prone to extinction from anthropogenic disturbances or natural stochastic events. We assemble and analyse a comprehensive dataset of all the world's lizard species and identify the species with the smallest ranges-those known only from their type localities. We compare them to wide-ranging species to infer whether specific geographic regions or biological traits predispose species to have small ranges. Location: Global. Methods: We extensively surveyed museum collections, the primary literature and our own field records to identify all the species of lizards with a maximum linear geographic extent of < 10 km. We compared their biogeography, key biological traits and threat status to those of all other lizards. Results: One in seven lizards (927 of the 6,568 currently recognized species) are known only from their type localities. These include 213 species known only from a single specimen. Compared to more wide-ranging taxa, they mostly inhabit relatively inaccessible regions at lower, mostly tropical, latitudes. Surprisingly, we found that burrowing lifestyle is a relatively unimportant driver of small range size. Geckos are especially prone to having tiny ranges, and skinks dominate lists of such species not seen for over 50 years, as well as of species known only from their holotype. Two-thirds of these species have no IUCN assessments, and at least 20 are extinct. Main conclusions: Fourteen per cent of lizard diversity is restricted to a single location, often in inaccessible regions. These species are elusive, usually poorly known and little studied. Many face severe extinction risk, but current knowledge is inadequate to properly assess this for all of them. We recommend that such species become the focus of taxonomic, ecological and survey efforts.

Published
2018

6. The global distribution of tetrapods reveals a need for targeted reptile conservation

Author

Roll, Uri, Feldman, Anat, Novosolov, Maria, Allison, Allen, Bauer, Aaron M., Bernard, Rodolphe, Böhm, Monika, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Collen, Ben, Colli, Guarino R., Dabool, Lital, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Itescu, Yuval, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Lewin, Amir, Martins, Marcio, Maza, Erez, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltán T., de C. Nogueira, Cristiano, Pauwels, Olivier S.G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary D., Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J.S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-François, Vidan, Enav, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Orme, C. David L., Grenyer, Richard, Meiri, Shai, Roll, Uri, Feldman, Anat, Novosolov, Maria, Allison, Allen, Bauer, Aaron M., Bernard, Rodolphe, Böhm, Monika, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Collen, Ben, Colli, Guarino R., Dabool, Lital, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Itescu, Yuval, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Lewin, Amir, Martins, Marcio, Maza, Erez, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltán T., de C. Nogueira, Cristiano, Pauwels, Olivier S.G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary D., Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J.S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-François, Vidan, Enav, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Orme, C. David L., Grenyer, Richard, and Meiri, Shai

Abstract

The distributions of amphibians, birds and mammals have underpinned global and local conservation priorities, and have been fundamental to our understanding of the determinants of global biodiversity. In contrast, the global distributions of reptiles, representing a third of terrestrial vertebrate diversity, have been unavailable. This prevented the incorporation of reptiles into conservation planning and biased our understanding of the underlying processes governing global vertebrate biodiversity. Here, we present and analyse the global distribution of 10,064 reptile species (99% of extant terrestrial species). We show that richness patterns of the other three tetrapod classes are good spatial surrogates for species richness of all reptiles combined and of snakes, but characterize diversity patterns of lizards and turtles poorly. Hotspots of total and endemic lizard richness overlap very little with those of other taxa. Moreover, existing protected areas, sites of biodiversity significance and global conservation schemes represent birds and mammals better than reptiles. We show that additional conservation actions are needed to effectively protect reptiles, particularly lizards and turtles. Adding reptile knowledge to a global complementarity conservation priority scheme identifies many locations that consequently become important. Notably, investing resources in some of the world’s arid, grassland and savannah habitats might be necessary to represent all terrestrial vertebrates efficiently.

Published
2017

7. The global distribution of tetrapods reveals a need for targeted reptile conservation

Author

Roll, Uri, Feldman, Anat, Novosolov, Maria, Allison, Allen, Bauer, Aaron M., Bernard, Rodolphe, Böhm, Monika, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Collen, Ben, Colli, Guarino R., Dabool, Lital, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Itescu, Yuval, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Lewin, Amir, Martins, Marcio, Maza, Erez, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltán T., de C. Nogueira, Cristiano, Pauwels, Olivier S.G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary D., Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J.S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-François, Vidan, Enav, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Orme, C. David L., Grenyer, Richard, Meiri, Shai, Roll, Uri, Feldman, Anat, Novosolov, Maria, Allison, Allen, Bauer, Aaron M., Bernard, Rodolphe, Böhm, Monika, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Collen, Ben, Colli, Guarino R., Dabool, Lital, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Itescu, Yuval, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Lewin, Amir, Martins, Marcio, Maza, Erez, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltán T., de C. Nogueira, Cristiano, Pauwels, Olivier S.G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary D., Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J.S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-François, Vidan, Enav, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Orme, C. David L., Grenyer, Richard, and Meiri, Shai

Abstract

The distributions of amphibians, birds and mammals have underpinned global and local conservation priorities, and have been fundamental to our understanding of the determinants of global biodiversity. In contrast, the global distributions of reptiles, representing a third of terrestrial vertebrate diversity, have been unavailable. This prevented the incorporation of reptiles into conservation planning and biased our understanding of the underlying processes governing global vertebrate biodiversity. Here, we present and analyse the global distribution of 10,064 reptile species (99% of extant terrestrial species). We show that richness patterns of the other three tetrapod classes are good spatial surrogates for species richness of all reptiles combined and of snakes, but characterize diversity patterns of lizards and turtles poorly. Hotspots of total and endemic lizard richness overlap very little with those of other taxa. Moreover, existing protected areas, sites of biodiversity significance and global conservation schemes represent birds and mammals better than reptiles. We show that additional conservation actions are needed to effectively protect reptiles, particularly lizards and turtles. Adding reptile knowledge to a global complementarity conservation priority scheme identifies many locations that consequently become important. Notably, investing resources in some of the world’s arid, grassland and savannah habitats might be necessary to represent all terrestrial vertebrates efficiently.

Published
2017

8. Are lizards feeling the heat?: a tale of ecology and evolution under two temperatures

Author

Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R., Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Feldman, Anat, Herrera, Fernando-Castro, Novosolov, Maria, Pafilis, Panayiotis, Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Uetz, Peter, Van Damme, Raoul, Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R., Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Feldman, Anat, Herrera, Fernando-Castro, Novosolov, Maria, Pafilis, Panayiotis, Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Uetz, Peter, and Van Damme, Raoul

Abstract

Aim: Temperature influences most components of animal ecology and life history – but what kind of temperature? Physiologists usually examine the influence of body temperatures, while biogeographers and macroecologists tend to focus on environmental temperatures. We aim to examine the relationship between these two measures, to determine the factors that affect lizard body temperatures and to test the effect of both temperature measures on lizard life history. Location: World-wide. Methods: We used a large (861 species) global dataset of lizard body temperatures, and the mean annual temperatures across their geographic ranges to examine the relationships between body and mean annual temperatures. We then examined factors influencing body temperatures, and tested for the influence of both on ecological and life-history traits while accounting for the influence of shared ancestry. Results: Body temperatures and mean annual temperatures are uncorrelated. However, accounting for activity time (nocturnal species have low body temperatures), use of space (fossorial and semi-aquatic species are ‘colder’), insularity (mainland species are ‘hotter’) and phylogeny, the two temperatures are positively correlated. High body temperatures are only associated with larger hatchlings and increased rates of biomass production. Annual temperatures are positively correlated with clutch frequency and annual longevity, and negatively correlated with clutch size, age at first reproduction and longevity. Main conclusions: Lizards with low body temperatures do not seem to have ‘slower’ life-history attributes than species with high body temperatures. The longer seasons prevalent in warm regions, and physiological processes that operate while lizards are inactive (but warm enough), make environmental temperatures better predictors of lizard life-history variation than body temperatures. This surprisingly greater effect of environmental temperatures on lizard life histories hints that global w

Published
2013

9. The conservation status of the world’s reptiles

Author

Böhm, Monika, Collen, Ben, Baillie, Jonathan E. M., Bowles, Philip, Chanson, Janice, Cox, Neil, Hammerson, Geoffrey, Hoffmann, Michael, Livingstone, Suzanne R., Ram, Mala, Rhodin, Anders G. J., Stuart, Simon N., van Dijk, Peter Paul, Young, Bruce E., Afuang, Leticia E., Aghasyan, Aram, García, Andrés, Aguilar, César, Ajtic, Rastko, Akarsu, Ferdi, Alencar, Laura R. V., Allison, Allen, Ananjeva, Natalia, Anderson, Steve, Andrén, Claes, Ariano-Sánchez, Daniel, Arredondo, Juan Camilo, Auliya, Mark, Austin, Christopher C., Avci, Aziz, Baker, Patrick J., Barreto-Lima, André F., Barrio-Amorós, César L., Basu, Dhruvayothi, Bates, Michael F., Batistella, Alexandre, Bauer, Aaron, Bennett, Daniel, Böhme, Wolfgang, Broadley, Don, Brown, Rafe, Burgess, Joseph, Captain, Ashok, Carreira, Santiago, Castañeda, Maria del Rosario, Castro, Fernando, Catenazzi, Alessandro, Cedeño-Vázquez, José R., Chapple, David G., Cheylan, Marc, Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Cogalniceanu, Dan, Cogger, Hal, Corti, Claudia, Costa, Gabriel C., Couper, Patrick J., Courtney, Tony, Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Jelka, Crochet, Pierre-André, Crother, Brian, Cruz, Felix, Daltry, Jennifer C., Daniels, R. J. Ranjit, Das, Indraneil, de Silva, Anslem, Diesmos, Arvin C., Dirksen, Lutz, Doan, Tiffany M., Dodd Jr, C. Kenneth, Doody, J. Sean, Dorcas, Michael E., Duarte de Barros Filho, Jose, Egan, Vincent T., El Mouden, El Hassan, Embert, Dirk, Espinoza, Robert E., Fallabrino, Alejandro, Feng, Xie, Feng, Zhao-Jun, Fitzgerald, Lee, Flores-Villela, Oscar, França, Frederico G. R., Frost, Darrell, Gadsden, Hector, Gamble, Tony, Ganesh, S. R., Garcia, Miguel A., García-Pérez, Juan E., Gatus, Joey, Gaulke, Maren, Geniez, Philippe, Georges, Arthur, Gerlach, Justin, Goldberg, Stephen, Gonzalez, Juan-Carlos T., Gower, David J., Grant, Tandora, Greenbaum, Eli, Grieco, Cristina, Guo, Peng, Hamilton, Alison M., Hare, Kelly, Hedges, S. Blair, Heideman, Neil, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hitchmough, Rod, Hollingsworth, Bradford, Hutchinson, Mark, Ineich, Ivan, Iverson, John, Jaksic, Fabian M., Jenkins, Richard, Joger, Ulrich, Jose, Reizl, Kaska, Yakup, Kaya, Uğur, Keogh, J. Scott, Köhler, Gunther, Kuchling, Gerald, Kumlutaş, Yusuf, Kwet, Axel, La Marca, Enrique, Lamar, William, Lane, Amanda, Lardner, Bjorn, Latta, Craig, Latta, Gabrielle, Lau, Michael, Lavin, Pablo, Lawson, Dwight, LeBreton, Matthew, Lehr, Edgar, Limpus, Duncan, Lipczynski, Nicola, Lobo, Aaron S., López-Luna, Marco A., Luiselli, Luca, Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi, Lundberg, Mikael, Lymberakis, Petros, Macey, Robert, Magnusson, William E., Mahler, D. Luke, Malhotra, Anita, Mariaux, Jean, Maritz, Bryan, Marques, Otavio A. V., Márquez, Rafael, Martins, Marcio, Masterson, Gavin, Mateo, José A., Mathew, Rosamma, Mathews, Nixon, Mayer, Gregory, McCranie, James R., Measey, G. John, Mendoza-Quijano, Fernando, Menegon, Michele, Métrailler, Sébastien, Milton, David A., Montgomery, Chad, Morato, Sérgio A. A., Mott, Tami, Muñoz-Alonso, Antonio, Murphy, John, Nguyen, Truong Q., Nilson, Göran, Nogueira, Cristiano, Núñez, Herman, Orlov, Nikolai, Ota, Hidetoshi, Ottenwalder, José, Papenfuss, Theodore, Pasachnik, Stesha, Passos, Paulo, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pérez-Buitrago, Néstor, Pérez-Mellado, Valentín, Pianka, Eric R., Pleguezuelos, Juan, Pollock, Caroline, Ponce-Campos, Paulino, Powell, Robert, Pupin, Fabio, Quintero Díaz, Gustavo E., Radder, Raju, Ramer, Jan, Rasmussen, Arne R., Raxworthy, Chris, Reynolds, Robert, Richman, Nadia, Rico, Edmund L., Riservato, Elisa, Rivas, Gilson, da Rocha, Pedro L. B., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Rodríguez Schettino, Lourdes, Roosenburg, Willem M., Ross, James P., Sadek, Riyad, Sanders, Kate, Santos-Barrera, Georgina, Schleich, Hermann H., Schmidt, Benedikt R., Schmitz, Andreas, Sharifi, Mozafar, Shea, Glenn, Shi, Hai-Tao, Shine, Richard, Sindaco, Roberto, Slimani, Tahar, Somaweera, Ruchira, Spawls, Steve, Stafford, Peter, Stuebing, Rob, Sweet, Sam, Sy, Emerson, Temple, Helen J., Tognelli, Marcelo F., Tolley, Krystal, Tolson, Peter J., Tuniyev, Boris, Tuniyev, Sako, Üzüm, Nazan, van Buurt, Gerard, Van Sluys, Monique, Velasco, Alvaro, Vences, Miguel, Veselý, Milan, Vinke, Sabine, Vinke, Thomas, Vogel, Gernot, Vogrin, Milan, Vogt, Richard C., Wearn, Oliver R., Werner, Yehudah L., Whiting, Martin J., Wiewandt, Thomas, Wilkinson, John, Wilson, Byron, Wren, Sally, Zamin, Tara, Zhou, Kaiya, Zug, George, Böhm, Monika, Collen, Ben, Baillie, Jonathan E. M., Bowles, Philip, Chanson, Janice, Cox, Neil, Hammerson, Geoffrey, Hoffmann, Michael, Livingstone, Suzanne R., Ram, Mala, Rhodin, Anders G. J., Stuart, Simon N., van Dijk, Peter Paul, Young, Bruce E., Afuang, Leticia E., Aghasyan, Aram, García, Andrés, Aguilar, César, Ajtic, Rastko, Akarsu, Ferdi, Alencar, Laura R. V., Allison, Allen, Ananjeva, Natalia, Anderson, Steve, Andrén, Claes, Ariano-Sánchez, Daniel, Arredondo, Juan Camilo, Auliya, Mark, Austin, Christopher C., Avci, Aziz, Baker, Patrick J., Barreto-Lima, André F., Barrio-Amorós, César L., Basu, Dhruvayothi, Bates, Michael F., Batistella, Alexandre, Bauer, Aaron, Bennett, Daniel, Böhme, Wolfgang, Broadley, Don, Brown, Rafe, Burgess, Joseph, Captain, Ashok, Carreira, Santiago, Castañeda, Maria del Rosario, Castro, Fernando, Catenazzi, Alessandro, Cedeño-Vázquez, José R., Chapple, David G., Cheylan, Marc, Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Cogalniceanu, Dan, Cogger, Hal, Corti, Claudia, Costa, Gabriel C., Couper, Patrick J., Courtney, Tony, Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Jelka, Crochet, Pierre-André, Crother, Brian, Cruz, Felix, Daltry, Jennifer C., Daniels, R. J. Ranjit, Das, Indraneil, de Silva, Anslem, Diesmos, Arvin C., Dirksen, Lutz, Doan, Tiffany M., Dodd Jr, C. Kenneth, Doody, J. Sean, Dorcas, Michael E., Duarte de Barros Filho, Jose, Egan, Vincent T., El Mouden, El Hassan, Embert, Dirk, Espinoza, Robert E., Fallabrino, Alejandro, Feng, Xie, Feng, Zhao-Jun, Fitzgerald, Lee, Flores-Villela, Oscar, França, Frederico G. R., Frost, Darrell, Gadsden, Hector, Gamble, Tony, Ganesh, S. R., Garcia, Miguel A., García-Pérez, Juan E., Gatus, Joey, Gaulke, Maren, Geniez, Philippe, Georges, Arthur, Gerlach, Justin, Goldberg, Stephen, Gonzalez, Juan-Carlos T., Gower, David J., Grant, Tandora, Greenbaum, Eli, Grieco, Cristina, Guo, Peng, Hamilton, Alison M., Hare, Kelly, Hedges, S. Blair, Heideman, Neil, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hitchmough, Rod, Hollingsworth, Bradford, Hutchinson, Mark, Ineich, Ivan, Iverson, John, Jaksic, Fabian M., Jenkins, Richard, Joger, Ulrich, Jose, Reizl, Kaska, Yakup, Kaya, Uğur, Keogh, J. Scott, Köhler, Gunther, Kuchling, Gerald, Kumlutaş, Yusuf, Kwet, Axel, La Marca, Enrique, Lamar, William, Lane, Amanda, Lardner, Bjorn, Latta, Craig, Latta, Gabrielle, Lau, Michael, Lavin, Pablo, Lawson, Dwight, LeBreton, Matthew, Lehr, Edgar, Limpus, Duncan, Lipczynski, Nicola, Lobo, Aaron S., López-Luna, Marco A., Luiselli, Luca, Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi, Lundberg, Mikael, Lymberakis, Petros, Macey, Robert, Magnusson, William E., Mahler, D. Luke, Malhotra, Anita, Mariaux, Jean, Maritz, Bryan, Marques, Otavio A. V., Márquez, Rafael, Martins, Marcio, Masterson, Gavin, Mateo, José A., Mathew, Rosamma, Mathews, Nixon, Mayer, Gregory, McCranie, James R., Measey, G. John, Mendoza-Quijano, Fernando, Menegon, Michele, Métrailler, Sébastien, Milton, David A., Montgomery, Chad, Morato, Sérgio A. A., Mott, Tami, Muñoz-Alonso, Antonio, Murphy, John, Nguyen, Truong Q., Nilson, Göran, Nogueira, Cristiano, Núñez, Herman, Orlov, Nikolai, Ota, Hidetoshi, Ottenwalder, José, Papenfuss, Theodore, Pasachnik, Stesha, Passos, Paulo, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pérez-Buitrago, Néstor, Pérez-Mellado, Valentín, Pianka, Eric R., Pleguezuelos, Juan, Pollock, Caroline, Ponce-Campos, Paulino, Powell, Robert, Pupin, Fabio, Quintero Díaz, Gustavo E., Radder, Raju, Ramer, Jan, Rasmussen, Arne R., Raxworthy, Chris, Reynolds, Robert, Richman, Nadia, Rico, Edmund L., Riservato, Elisa, Rivas, Gilson, da Rocha, Pedro L. B., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Rodríguez Schettino, Lourdes, Roosenburg, Willem M., Ross, James P., Sadek, Riyad, Sanders, Kate, Santos-Barrera, Georgina, Schleich, Hermann H., Schmidt, Benedikt R., Schmitz, Andreas, Sharifi, Mozafar, Shea, Glenn, Shi, Hai-Tao, Shine, Richard, Sindaco, Roberto, Slimani, Tahar, Somaweera, Ruchira, Spawls, Steve, Stafford, Peter, Stuebing, Rob, Sweet, Sam, Sy, Emerson, Temple, Helen J., Tognelli, Marcelo F., Tolley, Krystal, Tolson, Peter J., Tuniyev, Boris, Tuniyev, Sako, Üzüm, Nazan, van Buurt, Gerard, Van Sluys, Monique, Velasco, Alvaro, Vences, Miguel, Veselý, Milan, Vinke, Sabine, Vinke, Thomas, Vogel, Gernot, Vogrin, Milan, Vogt, Richard C., Wearn, Oliver R., Werner, Yehudah L., Whiting, Martin J., Wiewandt, Thomas, Wilkinson, John, Wilson, Byron, Wren, Sally, Zamin, Tara, Zhou, Kaiya, and Zug, George

Abstract

Effective and targeted conservation action requires detailed information about species, their distribution, systematics and ecology as well as the distribution of threat processes which affect them. Knowledge of reptilian diversity remains surprisingly disparate, and innovative means of gaining rapid insight into the status of reptiles are needed in order to highlight urgent conservation cases and inform environmental policy with appropriate biodiversity information in a timely manner. We present the first ever global analysis of extinction risk in reptiles, based on a random representative sample of 1500 species (16% of all currently known species). To our knowledge, our results provide the first analysis of the global conservation status and distribution patterns of reptiles and the threats affecting them, highlighting conservation priorities and knowledge gaps which need to be addressed urgently to ensure the continued survival of the world’s reptiles. Nearly one in five reptilian species are threatened with extinction, with another one in five species classed as Data Deficient. The proportion of threatened reptile species is highest in freshwater environments, tropical regions and on oceanic islands, while data deficiency was highest in tropical areas, such as Central Africa and Southeast Asia, and among fossorial reptiles. Our results emphasise the need for research attention to be focussed on tropical areas which are experiencing the most dramatic rates of habitat loss, on fossorial reptiles for which there is a chronic lack of data, and on certain taxa such as snakes for which extinction risk may currently be underestimated due to lack of population information. Conservation actions specifically need to mitigate the effects of human-induced habitat loss and harvesting, which are the predominant threats to reptiles.

Published
2013

10. The conservation status of the world’s reptiles

Author

Böhm, Monika, Collen, Ben, Baillie, Jonathan E. M., Bowles, Philip, Chanson, Janice, Cox, Neil, Hammerson, Geoffrey, Hoffmann, Michael, Livingstone, Suzanne R., Ram, Mala, Rhodin, Anders G. J., Stuart, Simon N., van Dijk, Peter Paul, Young, Bruce E., Afuang, Leticia E., Aghasyan, Aram, García, Andrés, Aguilar, César, Ajtic, Rastko, Akarsu, Ferdi, Alencar, Laura R. V., Allison, Allen, Ananjeva, Natalia, Anderson, Steve, Andrén, Claes, Ariano-Sánchez, Daniel, Arredondo, Juan Camilo, Auliya, Mark, Austin, Christopher C., Avci, Aziz, Baker, Patrick J., Barreto-Lima, André F., Barrio-Amorós, César L., Basu, Dhruvayothi, Bates, Michael F., Batistella, Alexandre, Bauer, Aaron, Bennett, Daniel, Böhme, Wolfgang, Broadley, Don, Brown, Rafe, Burgess, Joseph, Captain, Ashok, Carreira, Santiago, Castañeda, Maria del Rosario, Castro, Fernando, Catenazzi, Alessandro, Cedeño-Vázquez, José R., Chapple, David G., Cheylan, Marc, Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Cogalniceanu, Dan, Cogger, Hal, Corti, Claudia, Costa, Gabriel C., Couper, Patrick J., Courtney, Tony, Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Jelka, Crochet, Pierre-André, Crother, Brian, Cruz, Felix, Daltry, Jennifer C., Daniels, R. J. Ranjit, Das, Indraneil, de Silva, Anslem, Diesmos, Arvin C., Dirksen, Lutz, Doan, Tiffany M., Dodd Jr, C. Kenneth, Doody, J. Sean, Dorcas, Michael E., Duarte de Barros Filho, Jose, Egan, Vincent T., El Mouden, El Hassan, Embert, Dirk, Espinoza, Robert E., Fallabrino, Alejandro, Feng, Xie, Feng, Zhao-Jun, Fitzgerald, Lee, Flores-Villela, Oscar, França, Frederico G. R., Frost, Darrell, Gadsden, Hector, Gamble, Tony, Ganesh, S. R., Garcia, Miguel A., García-Pérez, Juan E., Gatus, Joey, Gaulke, Maren, Geniez, Philippe, Georges, Arthur, Gerlach, Justin, Goldberg, Stephen, Gonzalez, Juan-Carlos T., Gower, David J., Grant, Tandora, Greenbaum, Eli, Grieco, Cristina, Guo, Peng, Hamilton, Alison M., Hare, Kelly, Hedges, S. Blair, Heideman, Neil, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hitchmough, Rod, Hollingsworth, Bradford, Hutchinson, Mark, Ineich, Ivan, Iverson, John, Jaksic, Fabian M., Jenkins, Richard, Joger, Ulrich, Jose, Reizl, Kaska, Yakup, Kaya, Uğur, Keogh, J. Scott, Köhler, Gunther, Kuchling, Gerald, Kumlutaş, Yusuf, Kwet, Axel, La Marca, Enrique, Lamar, William, Lane, Amanda, Lardner, Bjorn, Latta, Craig, Latta, Gabrielle, Lau, Michael, Lavin, Pablo, Lawson, Dwight, LeBreton, Matthew, Lehr, Edgar, Limpus, Duncan, Lipczynski, Nicola, Lobo, Aaron S., López-Luna, Marco A., Luiselli, Luca, Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi, Lundberg, Mikael, Lymberakis, Petros, Macey, Robert, Magnusson, William E., Mahler, D. Luke, Malhotra, Anita, Mariaux, Jean, Maritz, Bryan, Marques, Otavio A. V., Márquez, Rafael, Martins, Marcio, Masterson, Gavin, Mateo, José A., Mathew, Rosamma, Mathews, Nixon, Mayer, Gregory, McCranie, James R., Measey, G. John, Mendoza-Quijano, Fernando, Menegon, Michele, Métrailler, Sébastien, Milton, David A., Montgomery, Chad, Morato, Sérgio A. A., Mott, Tami, Muñoz-Alonso, Antonio, Murphy, John, Nguyen, Truong Q., Nilson, Göran, Nogueira, Cristiano, Núñez, Herman, Orlov, Nikolai, Ota, Hidetoshi, Ottenwalder, José, Papenfuss, Theodore, Pasachnik, Stesha, Passos, Paulo, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pérez-Buitrago, Néstor, Pérez-Mellado, Valentín, Pianka, Eric R., Pleguezuelos, Juan, Pollock, Caroline, Ponce-Campos, Paulino, Powell, Robert, Pupin, Fabio, Quintero Díaz, Gustavo E., Radder, Raju, Ramer, Jan, Rasmussen, Arne R., Raxworthy, Chris, Reynolds, Robert, Richman, Nadia, Rico, Edmund L., Riservato, Elisa, Rivas, Gilson, da Rocha, Pedro L. B., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Rodríguez Schettino, Lourdes, Roosenburg, Willem M., Ross, James P., Sadek, Riyad, Sanders, Kate, Santos-Barrera, Georgina, Schleich, Hermann H., Schmidt, Benedikt R., Schmitz, Andreas, Sharifi, Mozafar, Shea, Glenn, Shi, Hai-Tao, Shine, Richard, Sindaco, Roberto, Slimani, Tahar, Somaweera, Ruchira, Spawls, Steve, Stafford, Peter, Stuebing, Rob, Sweet, Sam, Sy, Emerson, Temple, Helen J., Tognelli, Marcelo F., Tolley, Krystal, Tolson, Peter J., Tuniyev, Boris, Tuniyev, Sako, Uzüm, Nazan, van Buurt, Gerard, Van Sluys, Monique, Velasco, Alvaro, Vences, Miguel, Veselý, Milan, Vinke, Sabine, Vinke, Thomas, Vogel, Gernot, Vogrin, Milan, Vogt, Richard C., Wearn, Oliver R., Werner, Yehudah L., Whiting, Martin J., Wiewandt, Thomas, Wilkinson, John, Wilson, Byron, Wren, Sally, Zamin, Tara, Zhou, Kaiya, Zug, George, Böhm, Monika, Collen, Ben, Baillie, Jonathan E. M., Bowles, Philip, Chanson, Janice, Cox, Neil, Hammerson, Geoffrey, Hoffmann, Michael, Livingstone, Suzanne R., Ram, Mala, Rhodin, Anders G. J., Stuart, Simon N., van Dijk, Peter Paul, Young, Bruce E., Afuang, Leticia E., Aghasyan, Aram, García, Andrés, Aguilar, César, Ajtic, Rastko, Akarsu, Ferdi, Alencar, Laura R. V., Allison, Allen, Ananjeva, Natalia, Anderson, Steve, Andrén, Claes, Ariano-Sánchez, Daniel, Arredondo, Juan Camilo, Auliya, Mark, Austin, Christopher C., Avci, Aziz, Baker, Patrick J., Barreto-Lima, André F., Barrio-Amorós, César L., Basu, Dhruvayothi, Bates, Michael F., Batistella, Alexandre, Bauer, Aaron, Bennett, Daniel, Böhme, Wolfgang, Broadley, Don, Brown, Rafe, Burgess, Joseph, Captain, Ashok, Carreira, Santiago, Castañeda, Maria del Rosario, Castro, Fernando, Catenazzi, Alessandro, Cedeño-Vázquez, José R., Chapple, David G., Cheylan, Marc, Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F., Cogalniceanu, Dan, Cogger, Hal, Corti, Claudia, Costa, Gabriel C., Couper, Patrick J., Courtney, Tony, Crnobrnja-Isailovic, Jelka, Crochet, Pierre-André, Crother, Brian, Cruz, Felix, Daltry, Jennifer C., Daniels, R. J. Ranjit, Das, Indraneil, de Silva, Anslem, Diesmos, Arvin C., Dirksen, Lutz, Doan, Tiffany M., Dodd Jr, C. Kenneth, Doody, J. Sean, Dorcas, Michael E., Duarte de Barros Filho, Jose, Egan, Vincent T., El Mouden, El Hassan, Embert, Dirk, Espinoza, Robert E., Fallabrino, Alejandro, Feng, Xie, Feng, Zhao-Jun, Fitzgerald, Lee, Flores-Villela, Oscar, França, Frederico G. R., Frost, Darrell, Gadsden, Hector, Gamble, Tony, Ganesh, S. R., Garcia, Miguel A., García-Pérez, Juan E., Gatus, Joey, Gaulke, Maren, Geniez, Philippe, Georges, Arthur, Gerlach, Justin, Goldberg, Stephen, Gonzalez, Juan-Carlos T., Gower, David J., Grant, Tandora, Greenbaum, Eli, Grieco, Cristina, Guo, Peng, Hamilton, Alison M., Hare, Kelly, Hedges, S. Blair, Heideman, Neil, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hitchmough, Rod, Hollingsworth, Bradford, Hutchinson, Mark, Ineich, Ivan, Iverson, John, Jaksic, Fabian M., Jenkins, Richard, Joger, Ulrich, Jose, Reizl, Kaska, Yakup, Kaya, Uğur, Keogh, J. Scott, Köhler, Gunther, Kuchling, Gerald, Kumlutaş, Yusuf, Kwet, Axel, La Marca, Enrique, Lamar, William, Lane, Amanda, Lardner, Bjorn, Latta, Craig, Latta, Gabrielle, Lau, Michael, Lavin, Pablo, Lawson, Dwight, LeBreton, Matthew, Lehr, Edgar, Limpus, Duncan, Lipczynski, Nicola, Lobo, Aaron S., López-Luna, Marco A., Luiselli, Luca, Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi, Lundberg, Mikael, Lymberakis, Petros, Macey, Robert, Magnusson, William E., Mahler, D. Luke, Malhotra, Anita, Mariaux, Jean, Maritz, Bryan, Marques, Otavio A. V., Márquez, Rafael, Martins, Marcio, Masterson, Gavin, Mateo, José A., Mathew, Rosamma, Mathews, Nixon, Mayer, Gregory, McCranie, James R., Measey, G. John, Mendoza-Quijano, Fernando, Menegon, Michele, Métrailler, Sébastien, Milton, David A., Montgomery, Chad, Morato, Sérgio A. A., Mott, Tami, Muñoz-Alonso, Antonio, Murphy, John, Nguyen, Truong Q., Nilson, Göran, Nogueira, Cristiano, Núñez, Herman, Orlov, Nikolai, Ota, Hidetoshi, Ottenwalder, José, Papenfuss, Theodore, Pasachnik, Stesha, Passos, Paulo, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pérez-Buitrago, Néstor, Pérez-Mellado, Valentín, Pianka, Eric R., Pleguezuelos, Juan, Pollock, Caroline, Ponce-Campos, Paulino, Powell, Robert, Pupin, Fabio, Quintero Díaz, Gustavo E., Radder, Raju, Ramer, Jan, Rasmussen, Arne R., Raxworthy, Chris, Reynolds, Robert, Richman, Nadia, Rico, Edmund L., Riservato, Elisa, Rivas, Gilson, da Rocha, Pedro L. B., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Rodríguez Schettino, Lourdes, Roosenburg, Willem M., Ross, James P., Sadek, Riyad, Sanders, Kate, Santos-Barrera, Georgina, Schleich, Hermann H., Schmidt, Benedikt R., Schmitz, Andreas, Sharifi, Mozafar, Shea, Glenn, Shi, Hai-Tao, Shine, Richard, Sindaco, Roberto, Slimani, Tahar, Somaweera, Ruchira, Spawls, Steve, Stafford, Peter, Stuebing, Rob, Sweet, Sam, Sy, Emerson, Temple, Helen J., Tognelli, Marcelo F., Tolley, Krystal, Tolson, Peter J., Tuniyev, Boris, Tuniyev, Sako, Uzüm, Nazan, van Buurt, Gerard, Van Sluys, Monique, Velasco, Alvaro, Vences, Miguel, Veselý, Milan, Vinke, Sabine, Vinke, Thomas, Vogel, Gernot, Vogrin, Milan, Vogt, Richard C., Wearn, Oliver R., Werner, Yehudah L., Whiting, Martin J., Wiewandt, Thomas, Wilkinson, John, Wilson, Byron, Wren, Sally, Zamin, Tara, Zhou, Kaiya, and Zug, George

Abstract

Effective and targeted conservation action requires detailed information about species, their distribution, systematics and ecology as well as the distribution of threat processes which affect them. Knowledge of reptilian diversity remains surprisingly disparate, and innovative means of gaining rapid insight into the status of reptiles are needed in order to highlight urgent conservation cases and inform environmental policy with appropriate biodiversity information in a timely manner. We present the first ever global analysis of extinction risk in reptiles, based on a random representative sample of 1500 species (16% of all currently known species). To our knowledge, our results provide the first analysis of the global conservation status and distribution patterns of reptiles and the threats affecting them, highlighting conservation priorities and knowledge gaps which need to be addressed urgently to ensure the continued survival of the world’s reptiles. Nearly one in five reptilian species are threatened with extinction, with another one in five species classed as Data Deficient. The proportion of threatened reptile species is highest in freshwater environments, tropical regions and on oceanic islands, while data deficiency was highest in tropical areas, such as Central Africa and Southeast Asia, and among fossorial reptiles. Our results emphasise the need for research attention to be focussed on tropical areas which are experiencing the most dramatic rates of habitat loss, on fossorial reptiles for which there is a chronic lack of data, and on certain taxa such as snakes for which extinction risk may currently be underestimated due to lack of population information. Conservation actions specifically need to mitigate the effects of human-induced habitat loss and harvesting, which are the predominant threats to reptiles.

Published
2013

11. Are lizards feeling the heat?: a tale of ecology and evolution under two temperatures

Author

Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R., Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Feldman, Anat, Herrera, Fernando-Castro, Novosolov, Maria, Pafilis, Panayiotis, Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Uetz, Peter, Van Damme, Raoul, Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R., Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Feldman, Anat, Herrera, Fernando-Castro, Novosolov, Maria, Pafilis, Panayiotis, Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Uetz, Peter, and Van Damme, Raoul

Abstract

Aim: Temperature influences most components of animal ecology and life history – but what kind of temperature? Physiologists usually examine the influence of body temperatures, while biogeographers and macroecologists tend to focus on environmental temperatures. We aim to examine the relationship between these two measures, to determine the factors that affect lizard body temperatures and to test the effect of both temperature measures on lizard life history. Location: World-wide. Methods: We used a large (861 species) global dataset of lizard body temperatures, and the mean annual temperatures across their geographic ranges to examine the relationships between body and mean annual temperatures. We then examined factors influencing body temperatures, and tested for the influence of both on ecological and life-history traits while accounting for the influence of shared ancestry. Results: Body temperatures and mean annual temperatures are uncorrelated. However, accounting for activity time (nocturnal species have low body temperatures), use of space (fossorial and semi-aquatic species are ‘colder’), insularity (mainland species are ‘hotter’) and phylogeny, the two temperatures are positively correlated. High body temperatures are only associated with larger hatchlings and increased rates of biomass production. Annual temperatures are positively correlated with clutch frequency and annual longevity, and negatively correlated with clutch size, age at first reproduction and longevity. Main conclusions: Lizards with low body temperatures do not seem to have ‘slower’ life-history attributes than species with high body temperatures. The longer seasons prevalent in warm regions, and physiological processes that operate while lizards are inactive (but warm enough), make environmental temperatures better predictors of lizard life-history variation than body temperatures. This surprisingly greater effect of environmental temperatures on lizard life histories hints that global w

Published
2013

12. Are lizards feeling the heat? A tale of ecology and evolution under two temperatures

Author

Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron, Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R., Das, Idraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Feldman, Anat, Herrera, Fernando-Castro, Novosolov, Maria, Pafilis, Panayiotis, Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Uetz, Peter, Van Damme, Raoul, Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron, Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino R., Das, Idraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Feldman, Anat, Herrera, Fernando-Castro, Novosolov, Maria, Pafilis, Panayiotis, Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary, Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Uetz, Peter, and Van Damme, Raoul

Abstract

Aim Temperature influences most components of animal ecology and life history – but what kind of temperature? Physiologists usually examine the influence of body temperatures, while biogeographers and macroecologists tend to focus on environmental temperatures. We aim to examine the relationship between these two measures, to determine the factors that affect lizard body temperatures and to test the effect of both temperature measures on lizard life history. Location World-wide. Methods We used a large (861 species) global dataset of lizard body temperatures, and the mean annual temperatures across their geographic ranges to examine the relationships between body and mean annual temperatures.We then examined factors influencing body temperatures, and tested for the influence of both on ecological and life-history traits while accounting for the influence of shared ancestry. Results Body temperatures and mean annual temperatures are uncorrelated. However, accounting for activity time (nocturnal species have low body temperatures), use of space (fossorial and semi-aquatic species are ‘colder’), insularity (mainland species are ‘hotter’) and phylogeny, the two temperatures are positively correlated. High body temperatures are only associated with larger hatchlings and increased rates of biomass production. Annual temperatures are positively correlated with clutch frequency and annual longevity, and negatively correlated with clutch size, age at first reproduction and longevity. Main conclusions Lizards with low body temperatures do not seem to have ‘slower’ life-history attributes than species with high body temperatures. The longer seasons prevalent in warm regions, and physiological processes that operate while lizards are inactive (but warm enough), make environmental temperatures better predictors of lizard life-history variation than body temperatures. This surprisingly greater effect of environmental temperatures on lizard life histories hints that global warming

13. Extinct, obscure or imaginary: the lizard species with the smallest ranges

Author

Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Allison, Allen, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltán T., Nogueira, Cristiano de C., Oliver, Paul, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Shea, Glenn, Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J. S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-Francois, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Ziegler, Thomas, Roll, Uri, Stevens, George, Meiri, Shai, Bauer, Aaron M., Allison, Allen, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Colli, Guarino, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Glaw, Frank, Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltán T., Nogueira, Cristiano de C., Oliver, Paul, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Shea, Glenn, Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J. S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-Francois, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Ziegler, Thomas, Roll, Uri, and Stevens, George

Abstract

Aim Small geographic ranges make species especially prone to extinction from anthropogenic disturbances or natural stochastic events. We assemble and analyse a comprehensive dataset of all the world's lizard species and identify the species with the smallest ranges—those known only from their type localities. We compare them to wide-ranging species to infer whether specific geographic regions or biological traits predispose species to have small ranges. Location Global. Methods We extensively surveyed museum collections, the primary literature and our own field records to identify all the species of lizards with a maximum linear geographic extent of <10 km. We compared their biogeography, key biological traits and threat status to those of all other lizards. Results One in seven lizards (927 of the 6,568 currently recognized species) are known only from their type localities. These include 213 species known only from a single specimen. Compared to more wide-ranging taxa, they mostly inhabit relatively inaccessible regions at lower, mostly tropical, latitudes. Surprisingly, we found that burrowing lifestyle is a relatively unimportant driver of small range size. Geckos are especially prone to having tiny ranges, and skinks dominate lists of such species not seen for over 50 years, as well as of species known only from their holotype. Two-thirds of these species have no IUCN assessments, and at least 20 are extinct. Main conclusions Fourteen per cent of lizard diversity is restricted to a single location, often in inaccessible regions. These species are elusive, usually poorly known and little studied. Many face severe extinction risk, but current knowledge is inadequate to properly assess this for all of them. We recommend that such species become the focus of taxonomic, ecological and survey efforts.

14. The global distribution of tetrapods reveals a need for targeted reptile conservation

Author

Roll, Uri, Feldman, Anat, Novosolov, Maria, Allison, Allen, Bauer, Aaron M., Bernard, Rodolphe, Böhm, Monika, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Collen, Ben, Colli, Guarino R., Dabool, Lital, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Itescu, Yuval, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Lewin, Amir, Martins, Marcio, Maza, Erez, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltán T., de C. Nogueira, Cristiano, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary D., Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J. S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-François, Vidan, Enav, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Orme, C. David L., Grenyer, Richard, Meiri, Shai, Roll, Uri, Feldman, Anat, Novosolov, Maria, Allison, Allen, Bauer, Aaron M., Bernard, Rodolphe, Böhm, Monika, Castro-Herrera, Fernando, Chirio, Laurent, Collen, Ben, Colli, Guarino R., Dabool, Lital, Das, Indraneil, Doan, Tiffany M., Grismer, Lee L., Hoogmoed, Marinus, Itescu, Yuval, Kraus, Fred, LeBreton, Matthew, Lewin, Amir, Martins, Marcio, Maza, Erez, Meirte, Danny, Nagy, Zoltán T., de C. Nogueira, Cristiano, Pauwels, Olivier S. G., Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Powney, Gary D., Sindaco, Roberto, Tallowin, Oliver J. S., Torres-Carvajal, Omar, Trape, Jean-François, Vidan, Enav, Uetz, Peter, Wagner, Philipp, Wang, Yuezhao, Orme, C. David L., Grenyer, Richard, and Meiri, Shai

Abstract

The distributions of amphibians, birds and mammals have underpinned global and local conservation priorities, and have been fundamental to our understanding of the determinants of global biodiversity. In contrast, the global distributions of reptiles, representing a third of terrestrial vertebrate diversity, have been unavailable. This prevented the incorporation of reptiles into conservation planning and biased our understanding of the underlying processes governing global vertebrate biodiversity. Here, we present and analyse the global distribution of 10,064 reptile species (99% of extant terrestrial species). We show that richness patterns of the other three tetrapod classes are good spatial surrogates for species richness of all reptiles combined and of snakes, but characterize diversity patterns of lizards and turtles poorly. Hotspots of total and endemic lizard richness overlap very little with those of other taxa. Moreover, existing protected areas, sites of biodiversity significance and global conservation schemes represent birds and mammals better than reptiles. We show that additional conservation actions are needed to effectively protect reptiles, particularly lizards and turtles. Adding reptile knowledge to a global complementarity conservation priority scheme identifies many locations that consequently become important. Notably, investing resources in some of the world’s arid, grassland and savannah habitats might be necessary to represent all terrestrial vertebrates efficiently.

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