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© 2016 American Physical Society. Artículo firmado por más de 10 autores (Pierre Auger Collaboration). The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargue. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargue, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the Australian Research Council; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants No. 2010/07359-6 and No. 1999/05404-3, Ministerio de Ciencia e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil; Grant No. MSMT-CR LG13007, No. 7AMB14AR005, and the Czech Science Foundation Grant No. 14-17501S, Czech Republic; Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Regional Ile-de-France, Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) Grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX- 63, within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein Westfalen, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Wurttember, Germany; Istituto Nazionale, The azimuthal asymmetry in the risetime of signals in Auger surface detector stations is a source of information on shower development. The azimuthal asymmetry is due to a combination of the longitudinal evolution of the shower and geometrical effects related to the angles of incidence of the particles into the detectors. The magnitude of the effect depends upon the zenith angle and state of development of the shower and thus provides a novel observable, (sec theta)(max), sensitive to the mass composition of cosmic rays above 3 x 10(18) eV. By comparing measurements with predictions from shower simulations, we find for both of our adopted models of hadronic physics (QGSJETII-04 and EPOS-LHC) an indication that the mean cosmic-ray mass increases slowly with energy, as has been inferred from other studies. However, the mass estimates are dependent on the shower model and on the range of distance from the shower core selected. Thus the method has uncovered further deficiencies in our understanding of shower modeling that must be resolved before the mass composition can be inferred from (sec theta)(max)., Czech Science Foundation, Czech Republic, Centre de Calcul, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France, Conseil Regional Ile-de-France, France, Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire, France, Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), France, Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP), within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme, France, Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany, Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Germany, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung, Germany, Nordrhein Westfalen, Germany, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Germany, Forschung und Kunst, Germany, Baden-Wurttember, Germany, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Italy, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR), Italy, Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA), Italy, CETEMPS Center of Excellence, Italy, Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE), Italy, Ministerie van Onderwijs, Netherlands, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Netherlands, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands, Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands, National Centre for Research and Development, Poland, National Science Centre, Poland, Portuguese national funds, Portugal, FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE), Portugal, Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS, Romania, CNDI-UEFISCDI, Romania, Minister of National Education, Romania, Programme Space Technology and Advanced Research (STAR), Romania, Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain, FEDER funds, Spain, Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Spain, Xunta de Galicia, Spain, European Community 7th Framework Program, Spain, Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom, Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET, European Union 7th Framework Program, UNESCO, Depto. de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

We show that the diameter of the directed configuration model with n vertices rescaled by log n converges in probability to a constant. Our assumptions are the convergence of the in- and out-degree of a uniform random vertex in distribution, first and second moment. Our result extends previous results on the diameter of the model and applies to many other random directed graphs. Nous montrons que le diamètre du modèle de configuration dirigé avec n sommets renormalisé par log n converge en probabilité vers une constante. Nos hypothèses sont la convergence en loi des degrés entrant et sortant d’un sommet uniformément choisi, et celles en moments d’ordre 1 et d’ordre 2. Notre résultat étend les résultats précédents sur le diamètre du modèle et s’applique à de nombreux autres graphes orientés aléatoires., This work is supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (MCIN/AEI) through the a Proyecto I+D+i 2020 (PID2020-113082GB-I00), through the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange grant RandNet (MSCA-RISE-2020-101007705) and through the Severo Ochoa and María de Maeztu Program for Centers and Units of Excellence in R&D (CEX2020-001084-M)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Supervised and unsupervised classification is crucial in many areas where different types of data sets are common, such as biology, medicine, or industry, among others. A key consideration is that some units are more typical of the group they belong to than others. For this reason, fuzzy classification approaches are necessary. In this paper, a fuzzy supervised classification method, which is based on the construction of prototypes, is proposed. The method obtains the prototypes from an objective function that includes label information and a distance-based depth function. It works with any distance and it can deal with data sets of a wide nature variety. It can further be applied to data sets where the use of Euclidean distance is not suitable and to high-dimensional data (data sets in which the number of features is larger than the number of observations , often written as ). In addition, the model can also cope with unsupervised classification, thus becoming an interesting alternative to other fuzzy clustering methods. With synthetic data sets along with high-dimensional real biomedical and industrial data sets, we demonstrate the good performance of the supervised and unsupervised fuzzy proposed procedures.

In this paper, we study compact binary millisecond pulsars with low- and very low-mass companion stars (spiders) in the Galactic field, using data from the latest Gaia data release (DR3). We infer the parallax distances of the optical counterparts to spiders, which we use to estimate optical and X-ray luminosities. We compare the parallax distances to those derived from radio pulse dispersion measures and find that they have systematically larger values, by 40 per cent on average. We also test the correlation between X-ray and spin-down luminosities, finding that most redbacks have a spin-down to X-ray luminosity conversion efficiency of ~0.1 per cent, indicating a contribution from the intrabinary shock. On the other hand, most black widows have an efficiency of ~0.01 per cent, similar to the majority of the pulsar population. Finally, we find that the bolometric optical luminosity significantly correlates with the orbital period, with a large scatter due to different irradiated stellar temperatures and binary properties. We interpret this correlation as the effect of the increasing size of the Roche Lobe radius with the orbital period. With this newly found correlation, an estimate of the optical magnitude can be obtained from the orbital period and a distance estimate., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Amb l'apogeu de la indústria de la intel·ligència artificial, investigadors de tot el món desenvolupen dia a dia tècniques cada vegada més potents que comencen a ser utilitzades en aplicacions que s'utilitzen a gran escala. La majoria d'aquestes tècniques, però, no es desenvolupen tenint en compte diversos aspectes de seguretat i s'acaben usant en sistemes crítics del nostre dia a dia. Per això, la indústria comença a estar preocupada per la falta de seguretat en l'àmbit i neix la necessitat d'investigar tècniques de detecció contra ciberatacs a sistemes que fan servir IA. En aquest marc se situa SafeAI, una iniciativa que té com a objectiu principal la creació d'un Framework capaç de protegir sistemes IA de possibles actors maliciosos. En aquesta tesi es desenvolupa un entorn de simulació per a atacs d'enverinament contra les dades d'entrenament de models IA, a més de diverses tècniques algorítmiques per a la detecció d'aquests atacs. La tesi té com a objectiu assentar les bases perquè futures investigacions tinguin un camí a seguir i descobrir mètodes de detecció mai provats per a avançar cap a la defensa total dels models d'IA que s'utilitzen en les nostres vides. Addicionalment, totes les tècniques desenvolupades han estat provades en un entorn realista per validar el seu funcionament., With the upswing in the industry of artificial intelligence, researchers all around the world develop every day new, and more powerful techniques that are starting to see use in applications that receive a big use. The majority of these techniques are developed without taking into account security and are still being used in critical systems of our daily lives. Because of this, the industry is beginning to raise concern about the lack of security in AI systems, from this, it is born the need to research new methods to detect cyberattacks against AI systems. In this field of study is located SafeAI, an initiative that wants to create a framework capable of protecting AI systems of malicious intent. This thesis will create a simulation environment in which poisoning attacks can be created to further study them, also, several algorithmic techniques to detect those attacks will be created and explored. The thesis wants to establish the groundwork for future projects and the discovery of new methods of detection to advance toward the total defense of AI systems. Additionally, all the techniques developed in the thesis were tested in a realistic environment to validate their performance.

L’esperienza di migrazione familiare è caratterizzata da presenze molteplici: nel qui, nel contesto di vita quotidiana e d’immigrazione, e nel là, nel Paese d’origine. Sono presenze che si intrecciano, con configurazioni complesse e molteplici, nella distanza: sfidano i confini, non solo quelli fisici tra nazioni diverse, ma anche quelli culturali, tessendo trame esistenziali e relazionali che si snodano entro cornici interculturali, muovendosi costantemente e creando punti d’incontro tra quel qui e quel là. È entro tale prospettiva transnazionale che si dispiegano i percorsi di crescita delle nuove generazioni dell’immigrazione, traiettorie esistenziali che si elaborano e rielaborano nell’intersecarsi di appartenenze plurali, di memorie e orizzonti differenti, ma anche di legami e relazioni molteplici, coltivati tra distanze e presenze. Relazioni come quelle intergenerazionali, che intrecciano le esperienze della generazione anziana e di quella più giovane: legami fatti di vite distanti e affetti presenti, ma anche di culture lontane e quotidiane presenze., The family migration experience is characterised by multiple presences: here, within the context of everyday life and immigration, and there, in the country of origin. These presences intertwine, with complex and multiple configurations, over the distance. They challenge borders - physical borders between different nations, as well as cultural ones - weaving existential and relational networks which outspread in intercultural contexts, constantly moving and creating meeting points between the here and there. It is within such transnational perspective that the new generations’ pathways of growth unfold. Their existential trajectories are shaped and re-shaped in light of the interlacing of plural sense of belonging, of different memories and horizons, of multiple ties and relationships, cultivated in person and across the distance. Relationships such as intergenerational ones, where the strands of older and younger generations’ life experiences are woven together; bonds are built between distant and present loved ones, against the background of distant cultures and people’s daily presence.

Generalisation measures are metrics that indicate how well a neural network will perform in presence of unknown data. Differentiable generalisation measures with respect to the parameters of a neural network that use only the training set are candidates to be used as loss regularisation terms to improve neural network training processes. Recently, persistent homology has been used to build robust generalisation measures of this kind by means of persistence diagrams. However, some of these measures involve non-standard distances, and thus the usual stability and differentiability results are not valid. In this thesis, we prove more general stability and differentiability results that fit the conditions required by the previous topological measures. Also, we define a new measure called topological redundancy that we use together with one of the previous topological terms to improve accuracies of networks with respect to usual training without topological regularisation terms.

Inspired by the recent theory of Entropy-Transport problems and by the D-distance of Sturm on normalised metric measure spaces, we define a new class of complete and separable distances between metric measure spaces of possibly different total mass. We provide several explicit examples of such distances, where a prominent role is played by a geodesic metric based on the Hellinger-Kantorovich distance. Moreover, we discuss some limiting cases of the theory, recovering the “pure transport” D-distance and introducing a new class of “pure entropic” distances. We also study in detail the topology induced by such Entropy-Transport metrics, showing some compactness and stability results for metric measure spaces satisfying Ricci curvature lower bounds in a synthetic sense.

In this thesis, we study a branch of mathematics known as graph theory. We begin by explaining the pertinent history and give examples that will allow for a cohesive comprehension of all topics necessary for understanding the concept of and formula for distance in a regular graph of permutations. We then discuss essential definitions, theorems, lemmas, and preliminary results that will allow for a systematic explanation of results. We determine the diameter of various graphs related to permutations and determine some formulas for the number of permutations at a given distance from the identity permutation. Finally, we discuss the significance of these results in the context of pure mathematics and in terms of their applications in biology, including implications these results may have to understanding the spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.

We establish bi-Lipschitz bounds certifying quasi-universality (universality up to a constant factor) for various distances between Reeb graphs: the interleaving distance, the functional distortion distance, and the functional contortion distance. The definition of the latter distance is a novel contribution, and for the special case of contour trees we also prove strict universality of this distance. Furthermore, we prove that for the special case of merge trees the functional contortion distance coincides with the interleaving distance, yielding universality of all four distances in this case.

With the rise of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the analysis of typical GWAS data sets with thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has become crucial in biomedicine research. Here, we propose a new method to identify SNPs related to disease in case-control studies. The method, based on genetic distances between individuals, takes into account the possible population substructure, and avoids the issues of multiple testing. The method provides two ordered lists of SNPs; one with SNPs which minor alleles can be considered risk alleles for the disease, and another one with SNPs which minor alleles can be considered as protective. These two lists provide a useful tool to help the researcher to decide where to focus attention in a first stage.

Common Spatial Patterns (CSP) is a widely used method to analyse electroencephalography (EEG) data, concerning the supervised classification of the activity of brain. More generally, it can be useful to distinguish between multivariate signals recorded during a time span for two different classes. CSP is based on the simultaneous diagonalization of the average covariance matrices of signals from both classes and it allows the data to be projected into a low-dimensional subspace. Once the data are represented in a low-dimensional subspace, a classification step must be carried out. The original CSP method is based on the Euclidean distance between signals, and here we extend it so that it can be applied on any appropriate distance for data at hand. Both the classical CSP and the new Distance-Based CSP (DB-CSP) are implemented in an R package, called dbcsp.

ICTs are an indispensable part of many families’ everyday life, not only for family management but also for maintaining family intimacy. Yet, we know little about the everyday practices of using ICTs for family work. How do contemporary Swedish families use ICTs to support family intimacy? We investigate how particular social needs for family intimacy lead to creative forms of technology adaptation and use. We conducted interviews with six, Swedish families, living in different households, cities, and even countries. Our results detail three main distances—spatiotemporal, generational, and embodied—that people experience in their family life. We conclude that bridging distances requires doing digital intimate family work; i.e. families find ways of translating or recreating intimate family settings, situations, and interactions into digital contexts.

ICTs are an indispensable part of many families’ everyday life, not only for family management but also for maintaining family intimacy. Yet, we know little about the everyday practices of using ICTs for family work. How do contemporary Swedish families use ICTs to support family intimacy? We investigate how particular social needs for family intimacy lead to creative forms of technology adaptation and use. We conducted interviews with six, Swedish families, living in different households, cities, and even countries. Our results detail three main distances—spatiotemporal, generational, and embodied—that people experience in their family life. We conclude that bridging distances requires doing digital intimate family work; i.e. families find ways of translating or recreating intimate family settings, situations, and interactions into digital contexts.

ICTs are an indispensable part of many families’ everyday life, not only for family management but also for maintaining family intimacy. Yet, we know little about the everyday practices of using ICTs for family work. How do contemporary Swedish families use ICTs to support family intimacy? We investigate how particular social needs for family intimacy lead to creative forms of technology adaptation and use. We conducted interviews with six, Swedish families, living in different households, cities, and even countries. Our results detail three main distances—spatiotemporal, generational, and embodied—that people experience in their family life. We conclude that bridging distances requires doing digital intimate family work; i.e. families find ways of translating or recreating intimate family settings, situations, and interactions into digital contexts.

Volume of game external load can be calculated through distance covered by players per match and its study has a greatapplication in the planning of sports trainings. The aim of this study was to analyze distance covered in passive and active game phasesand its relation with number of points played and players’ level. Sample was made up of 108 federated padel players (Average age =33.81 ± 6.72 years old). A total of 4406 points corresponding to 27 padel matches were analyzed through systematic observation withthe SAGIT system. Matches were divided into three levels of competition: high level (9 matches; 1158 points), medium level (9 matches;1352 points) and low level (9 matches; 1044 points). The results showed that padel players covered an average distance of 11 meters perpoint and 2900 meters per game. This total distance is divided into 51% active phase (playing time) and 49% passive phase (rest time).The mid-level players recorded almost 400 meters more in the active phase than the high-level players and almost 900 meters more thanthe low-level players. In addition, number of points correlated positively and significantly with the distance covered by the players., La distancia que recorren los jugadores por partido supone una forma de cuantificar el volumen de carga externa del juego, y su estudio tiene una gran aplicación en la planificación del entrenamiento deportivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la distancia recorrida en diferentes fases del partido (activa y pasiva) y su relación con el número de puntos disputados y nivel de juego de los deportistas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 108 jugadores federados de pádel (edad media = 33.81 ± 6.72 años). Se analizaron, a través de observación sistemática con el sistema SAGIT, un total 4406 puntos correspondientes a 27 partidos de pádel. Los partidos fueron divididos en tres niveles de competición: nivel alto (9 partidos; 1158 puntos), nivel medio (9 partidos; 1352 puntos) y nivel bajo (9partidos; 1044 puntos). Los resultados mostraron como los jugadores de pádel recorren una distancia media de 11 metros por punto yde 2900 metros por partido. Esta distancia total está dividida en un 51 % de fase activa (tiempo de juego) y un 49 % de fase pasiva (tiempo de descanso). Los jugadores de nivel medio recorrieron casi 400 metros más en la fase activa que los jugadores de nivel alto y casi 900metros más que los jugadores de nivel bajo. Además, el número de puntos disputados correlacionó de forma positiva y significativamente en la distancia recorrida por los jugadores.

ICTs are an indispensable part of many families’ everyday life, not only for family management but also for maintaining family intimacy. Yet, we know little about the everyday practices of using ICTs for family work. How do contemporary Swedish families use ICTs to support family intimacy? We investigate how particular social needs for family intimacy lead to creative forms of technology adaptation and use. We conducted interviews with six, Swedish families, living in different households, cities, and even countries. Our results detail three main distances—spatiotemporal, generational, and embodied—that people experience in their family life. We conclude that bridging distances requires doing digital intimate family work; i.e. families find ways of translating or recreating intimate family settings, situations, and interactions into digital contexts.

Quiescent black hole X-ray binaries (X-ray luminosities ≲1034 erg s−1) are believed to be fed by hot accretion flows that launch compact, relativistic jets. However, due to their low luminosities, quiescent jets have been detected in the radio waveband from only five systems so far. Here, we present radio observations of two quiescent black hole X-ray binaries with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. One system, GS 1124-684, was not detected. The other system, BW Cir, was detected over two different epochs in 2018 and 2020, for which we also obtained quasi-simultaneous X-ray detections with Chandra and Swift. BW Cir is now the sixth quiescent X-ray binary with a confirmed radio jet. However, the distance to BW Cir is uncertain, and we find that BW Cir shows different behaviour in the radio/X-ray luminosity plane depending on the correct distance. Estimates based on its G-type subgiant donor star place BW Cir at >25 kpc, while initial optical astrometric measurements from Gaia Data Release 2 suggested likely distances of just a few kpc. Here, we use the most recent measurements from Gaia Early Data Release 3 and find a distance d = 7.1+4.8−3.9 kpc and a potential kick velocity PKV = 165+81−17 km s−1, with distances up to ≈20 kpc possible based on its parallax and proper motion. Even though there is now less tension between the parallax and donor-star based distance measurements, it remains an unresolved matter, and we conclude with suggestions on how to reconcile the two measurements.

ICTs are an indispensable part of many families’ everyday life, not only for family management but also for maintaining family intimacy. Yet, we know little about the everyday practices of using ICTs for family work. How do contemporary Swedish families use ICTs to support family intimacy? We investigate how particular social needs for family intimacy lead to creative forms of technology adaptation and use. We conducted interviews with six, Swedish families, living in different households, cities, and even countries. Our results detail three main distances—spatiotemporal, generational, and embodied—that people experience in their family life. We conclude that bridging distances requires doing digital intimate family work; i.e. families find ways of translating or recreating intimate family settings, situations, and interactions into digital contexts.

Multiblock analysis attacks the problem of how to combine data from various data sources for purposes such as prediction, classification, clustering, or visual data analysis. A key concept is the distinction between “common” and “distinct” parts, that is, what information repeats itself across the blocks and what is unique to an individual block.The statistical field of multiblock analysis holds many different approaches, which leads to different treatments both of the terms distinct and common themselves and to differences in the numerical results. In this article, we extend the discussion of distinct and common in multiblock analysis to the domain of distance matrices, that is, the situation where data point sets, so-called configurations, are analyzed via relative distances either because configurations are not available directly or because a distance representation is favorable. Situations typical for chemometrics will be highlighted and illustrated in examples.When analyzing different methods, we have focused on three key aspects. First, during the transition from the distance to configuration domains, one needs to consider how multiple distance matrices are treated. Second, when extracting common and distinct parts, one needs to manage a tradeoff between explaining variance and ensuring similarity between subspaces. Third, there is a design choice to be made as to whether the subspace containing the common parts is “shared” between blocks or if separate subspaces are associated with each individual block. The three aspects help to categorize and explain well-known methods in the field. A selection of methods was analyzed and subsequently applied to examples.

Multiblock analysis attacks the problem of how to combine data from various data sources for purposes such as prediction, classification, clustering, or visual data analysis. A key concept is the distinction between “common” and “distinct” parts, that is, what information repeats itself across the blocks and what is unique to an individual block.The statistical field of multiblock analysis holds many different approaches, which leads to different treatments both of the terms distinct and common themselves and to differences in the numerical results. In this article, we extend the discussion of distinct and common in multiblock analysis to the domain of distance matrices, that is, the situation where data point sets, so-called configurations, are analyzed via relative distances either because configurations are not available directly or because a distance representation is favorable. Situations typical for chemometrics will be highlighted and illustrated in examples.When analyzing different methods, we have focused on three key aspects. First, during the transition from the distance to configuration domains, one needs to consider how multiple distance matrices are treated. Second, when extracting common and distinct parts, one needs to manage a tradeoff between explaining variance and ensuring similarity between subspaces. Third, there is a design choice to be made as to whether the subspace containing the common parts is “shared” between blocks or if separate subspaces are associated with each individual block. The three aspects help to categorize and explain well-known methods in the field. A selection of methods was analyzed and subsequently applied to examples.

The present work is dedicated to deriving the distances of Galactic planetary nebulae using the parallax measurements of Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2). By applying an accurate calibrating sample of distances derived from Gaia DR2, we aim to examine the consistency between Gaia DR2 trigonometric distance and prior trigonometric distances as well as other individual methods usually used for distance determination. We started by searching the literatures for confirmed planetary nebulae (PNe), known up to this time, followed by discussing the method used for selecting PNe central stars from Gaia DR2. We were able to identify 2170 Gaia DR2 sources classified as PNe, from which we ignored all sources with negative parallax values, unmeasured parallax, and unmeasured colours. Only true CSs with parallax uncertainties less than 25% were adopted. As a result, a sample composed of roughly 200 PNe with highly accurate parallax measurements was selected. By comparing Gaia DR2 trigonometric distances with the previous ground-based trigonometric distances and those obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope we found that: (1) The ground-based trigonometric distances obtained by Pottasch (1996) [1] and Gutiérrez-Moreno et al. (1999) [15] perfectly matched Gaia DR2 distances. However, the trigonometric distances given by Harris et al. (2007) [5] show somewhat smaller values; (2) The space-based distances, using HST [16], are slightly higher than that of Gaia DR2 with an average ratio of 1.1. By comparing Gaia DR2 trigonometric distances with other individual distance methods we concluded that the spectroscopic method is the best subsequent method for determining the PN distance after the trigonometric method. Applying other methods should take with care especially the gravity method.

The present work is dedicated to deriving the distances of Galactic planetary nebulae using the parallax measurements of Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2). By applying an accurate calibrating sample of distances derived from Gaia DR2, we aim to examine the consistency between Gaia DR2 trigonometric distance and prior trigonometric distances as well as other individual methods usually used for distance determination. We started by searching the literatures for confirmed planetary nebulae (PNe), known up to this time, followed by discussing the method used for selecting PNe central stars from Gaia DR2. We were able to identify 2170 Gaia DR2 sources classified as PNe, from which we ignored all sources with negative parallax values, unmeasured parallax, and unmeasured colours. Only true CSs with parallax uncertainties less than 25% were adopted. As a result, a sample composed of roughly 200 PNe with highly accurate parallax measurements was selected. By comparing Gaia DR2 trigonometric distances with the previous ground-based trigonometric distances and those obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope we found that: (1) The ground-based trigonometric distances obtained by Pottasch (1996) [1] and Gutiérrez-Moreno et al. (1999) [15] perfectly matched Gaia DR2 distances. However, the trigonometric distances given by Harris et al. (2007) [5] show somewhat smaller values; (2) The space-based distances, using HST [16], are slightly higher than that of Gaia DR2 with an average ratio of 1.1. By comparing Gaia DR2 trigonometric distances with other individual distance methods we concluded that the spectroscopic method is the best subsequent method for determining the PN distance after the trigonometric method. Applying other methods should take with care especially the gravity method.

Objective: To analyze the main lessons derived from the promotion of cross-border spaces for innovation in the European Union (EU), as a basis for reflecting on the prospects for the creation of Cross-Border Regional Innovation Systems (CBRIS) in regions with wide socio-economic and institutional asymmetries, as happens on the border between Mexico and the United States. For this purpose, the case of the Sonora-Arizona Region is taken as a reference. Methodology: The evolution and current situation of the formation of the CBRIS in the Sonora-Arizona Region is taken as a basis, in order to carry out a contrasting exercise with the experience and lessons obtained in the EU, a leading region in this matter. For the analysis, the dimensions of innovation, proximity / distance and governance are considered. Results: The European experience represents a great reference to understand the perspectives and challenges to build an integrated CBRIS. Among the central contrasting aspects are the motivations and approach adopted on the integration and formation of cross-border innovation spaces, with a more comprehensive vision, of social and territorial cohesion, and greater institutionalization at the supra-national level. Limitations: There are relatively few comprehensive studies on the evolution, results and impacts of CBRIS. This represents an area of opportunity to advance theoretically and methodologically on the subject. Conclusions: Geographic proximity and political will, although necessary, are not sufficient conditions for the establishment of strengthened CBRIS. It is required to have the basic components of an innovation system. This represents a fundamental challenge that the Sonora-Arizona Region will have to face immediately in order to scale in its stages of integration of the CBRIS., Objetivo: analizar las principales lecciones derivadas del impulso a espacios transfronterizos de innovación en la Unión Europea (UE), como base para reflexionar sobre las perspectivas de conformación de Sistemas Regionales de Innovación Transfronterizos (SRIT) en regiones con amplias asimetrías socio-económicas e institucionales, como sucede en la frontera entre México y los Estados Unidos. Para tal efecto se toma como referencia el caso de la Región Sonora-Arizona. Metodología: la investigación es exploratoria, descriptiva, analítica y utiliza documentos publicados tomando como base la evolución y situación actual de conformación del SRIT en la Región Sonora-Arizona. para así llevar a cabo un ejercicio de contrastación con la experiencia y lecciones obtenidas en la UE, región de vanguardia en este tema. Para el análisis se consideran las dimensiones de innovación, proximidades/distancia y gobernanza. Resultados: la experiencia europea representa un gran referente para comprender las perspectivas y los desafíos para construir un SRIT integrado. Entre los aspectos centrales de contraste están las motivaciones y el enfoque adoptado sobre la integración y la conformación de espacios de innovación transfronterizos, con una visión más integral, de cohesión social y territorial, y una mayor institucionalización a nivel supra-nacional. Limitaciones: son relativamente pocos los estudios comprensivos sobre evolución, resultados e impactos de SRIT. Esta representa un área de oportunidad para avanzar teórica y metodológicamente en el tema. Conclusiones: la proximidad geográfica y la voluntad política, aunque necesarias, no son condiciones suficientes para el establecimiento de SRIT fortalecidos. Se requiere contar con los componentes básicos de un sistema de innovación. Este representa un desafío fundamental que la Región Sonora-Arizona deberá enfrentar en lo inmediato con el fin de escalar en sus etapas de integración del SRIT.

The present work is dedicated to deriving the distances of Galactic planetary nebulae using the parallax measurements of Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2). By applying an accurate calibrating sample of distances derived from Gaia DR2, we aim to examine the consistency between Gaia DR2 trigonometric distance and prior trigonometric distances as well as other individual methods usually used for distance determination. We started by searching the literatures for confirmed planetary nebulae (PNe), known up to this time, followed by discussing the method used for selecting PNe central stars from Gaia DR2. We were able to identify 2170 Gaia DR2 sources classified as PNe, from which we ignored all sources with negative parallax values, unmeasured parallax, and unmeasured colours. Only true CSs with parallax uncertainties less than 25% were adopted. As a result, a sample composed of roughly 200 PNe with highly accurate parallax measurements was selected. By comparing Gaia DR2 trigonometric distances with the previous ground-based trigonometric distances and those obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope we found that: (1) The ground-based trigonometric distances obtained by Pottasch (1996) [1] and Gutiérrez-Moreno et al. (1999) [15] perfectly matched Gaia DR2 distances. However, the trigonometric distances given by Harris et al. (2007) [5] show somewhat smaller values; (2) The space-based distances, using HST [16], are slightly higher than that of Gaia DR2 with an average ratio of 1.1. By comparing Gaia DR2 trigonometric distances with other individual distance methods we concluded that the spectroscopic method is the best subsequent method for determining the PN distance after the trigonometric method. Applying other methods should take with care especially the gravity method.

The thesis investigates development, improvement and evaluation of methods for quantitative characterization of objects from their digital images and similarity measurements between digital images. Methods for quantitative characterization of objects from their digital images are increasingly used in applications in which error can have crtical consequences, but the traditional methods for shape quantification are of low precision and accuracy. In the thesis is shown that the coverage of a pixel by a shape can be used to highly improve the accuracy and precision of using digital images to estimate the maximal distance between objects furthest points measured in a given direction. It is highly desirable that a distance measure between digital images can be related to a certain shape property and morphological operations are used when defining a distance for this purpose. Still, the distances defined in this manner turns out to be insufficiently sensitive to relevant data representing shape properties in images. We show that the idea of adaptive mathematical morphology can be used successfully to overcome problems related to sensitivity of distances defined via morphological operations when comparing objects from their digital image representations., У тези су размотрени развој, побољшање и евалуација метода за квантитативну карактеризацију објеката приказаних дигиталним сликама, као и мере растојања између дигиталних слика. Методе за квантитативну карактеризацију објеката представљених дигиталним сликама се све више користе у применама у којима грешка може имати критичне последице, а традиционалне методе за квантитативну карактеризацију су мале прецизности и тачности. У тези се показује да се коришћењем информације о покривеност пиксела обликом може значајно побољшати прецизност и тачност оцене растојања између две најудаљеније тачке облика мерено у датом правцу. Веома је пожељно да мера растојања између дигиталних слика може да се веже за одређену особину облика и морфолошке операције се користе приликом дефинисања растојања у ту сврху. Ипак, растојања дефинисана на овај начин показују се недовољно осетљива на релевантне податке дигиталних слика који представљају особине облика. У тези се показује да идеја адаптивне математичке морфологије може успешно да се користи да би се превазишао поменути проблем осетљивости растојања дефинисаних користећи морфолошке операције., U tezi su razmotreni razvoj, poboljšanje i evaluacija metoda za kvantitativnu karakterizaciju objekata prikazanih digitalnim slikama, kao i mere rastojanja između digitalnih slika. Metode za kvantitativnu karakterizaciju objekata predstavljenih digitalnim slikama se sve više koriste u primenama u kojima greška može imati kritične posledice, a tradicionalne metode za kvantitativnu karakterizaciju su male preciznosti i tačnosti. U tezi se pokazuje da se korišćenjem informacije o pokrivenost piksela oblikom može značajno poboljšati preciznost i tačnost ocene rastojanja između dve najudaljenije tačke oblika mereno u datom pravcu. Veoma je poželjno da mera rastojanja između digitalnih slika može da se veže za određenu osobinu oblika i morfološke operacije se koriste prilikom definisanja rastojanja u tu svrhu. Ipak, rastojanja definisana na ovaj način pokazuju se nedovoljno osetljiva na relevantne podatke digitalnih slika koji predstavljaju osobine oblika. U tezi se pokazuje da ideja adaptivne matematičke morfologije može uspešno da se koristi da bi se prevazišao pomenuti problem osetljivosti rastojanja definisanih koristeći morfološke operacije.

Purpose: determine the degree of correlation between morphological and functional indicators and athletic performance among qualified athletes specializing in freestyle swimming at distances of various lengths. Material & Methods: analysis of literary sources, timekeeping, anthropometric and physiological measurements, methods of mathematical statistics. The contingent of the examined was composed of qualified athletes specializing in freestyle swimming at sprint, middle and stayer distances.Results: the authors formed a morphological and functional profile of qualified athletes specializing in freestyle swimming at distances of various lengths, studied the differences that occur in indicators of the level of morpho-functional development of athletes depending on their distance specialization, determined the degree of correlation between morpho-functional performance and sport result among qualified swimmers specializing in sprinting, middle and stayer distances. Conclusions: determining the degree of relationship between morphological and functional indicators and sports results at different distances in freestyle can be used to improve the selection and orientation of qualified swimmers.

The thesis investigates development, improvement and evaluation of methods for quantitative characterization of objects from their digital images and similarity measurements between digital images. Methods for quantitative characterization of objects from their digital images are increasingly used in applications in which error can have crtical consequences, but the traditional methods for shape quantification are of low precision and accuracy. In the thesis is shown that the coverage of a pixel by a shape can be used to highly improve the accuracy and precision of using digital images to estimate the maximal distance between objects furthest points measured in a given direction. It is highly desirable that a distance measure between digital images can be related to a certain shape property and morphological operations are used when defining a distance for this purpose. Still, the distances defined in this manner turns out to be insufficiently sensitive to relevant data representing shape properties in images. We show that the idea of adaptive mathematical morphology can be used successfully to overcome problems related to sensitivity of distances defined via morphological operations when comparing objects from their digital image representations., У тези су размотрени развој, побољшање и евалуација метода за квантитативну карактеризацију објеката приказаних дигиталним сликама, као и мере растојања између дигиталних слика. Методе за квантитативну карактеризацију објеката представљених дигиталним сликама се све више користе у применама у којима грешка може имати критичне последице, а традиционалне методе за квантитативну карактеризацију су мале прецизности и тачности. У тези се показује да се коришћењем информације о покривеност пиксела обликом може значајно побољшати прецизност и тачност оцене растојања између две најудаљеније тачке облика мерено у датом правцу. Веома је пожељно да мера растојања између дигиталних слика може да се веже за одређену особину облика и морфолошке операције се користе приликом дефинисања растојања у ту сврху. Ипак, растојања дефинисана на овај начин показују се недовољно осетљива на релевантне податке дигиталних слика који представљају особине облика. У тези се показује да идеја адаптивне математичке морфологије може успешно да се користи да би се превазишао поменути проблем осетљивости растојања дефинисаних користећи морфолошке операције., U tezi su razmotreni razvoj, poboljšanje i evaluacija metoda za kvantitativnu karakterizaciju objekata prikazanih digitalnim slikama, kao i mere rastojanja između digitalnih slika. Metode za kvantitativnu karakterizaciju objekata predstavljenih digitalnim slikama se sve više koriste u primenama u kojima greška može imati kritične posledice, a tradicionalne metode za kvantitativnu karakterizaciju su male preciznosti i tačnosti. U tezi se pokazuje da se korišćenjem informacije o pokrivenost piksela oblikom može značajno poboljšati preciznost i tačnost ocene rastojanja između dve najudaljenije tačke oblika mereno u datom pravcu. Veoma je poželjno da mera rastojanja između digitalnih slika može da se veže za određenu osobinu oblika i morfološke operacije se koriste prilikom definisanja rastojanja u tu svrhu. Ipak, rastojanja definisana na ovaj način pokazuju se nedovoljno osetljiva na relevantne podatke digitalnih slika koji predstavljaju osobine oblika. U tezi se pokazuje da ideja adaptivne matematičke morfologije može uspešno da se koristi da bi se prevazišao pomenuti problem osetljivosti rastojanja definisanih koristeći morfološke operacije.

One key feature of Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacons is the received signal strength (RSS), which can be used to estimate the distance between any Bluetooth-compatible receiver (e.g., smartphone, tablet, etc.) and fixed deployed beacon. Although RSS can be measured easily with commonly available smart devices, the measurements are unreliable due to its fluctuation. While distance estimation models are widely available in multiple development libraries, the lack of consideration for object mobility in these models undermines its practicality. Furthermore, general estimation models are not robust to different hardware and settings for real deployed beacon networks. Motivated by the above limitations, this thesis proposes a novel distance classifier, d-Classifier, to classify the distance on both stationary and mobile objects. Comprehensive experiments related to mobility are conducted to study the relationship between packet receiving rate and estimation accuracy. Improved performance can be achieved by providing extra mobility information with a list of RSS values during estimation. The robustness is improved by constructing a feature vector with factors such as hardware type and deployment environment. The proposed classifier is validated with an extensive dataset that includes over 200k data collected from real beacon networks. Overall, our proposed d-Classifier achieves a significant performance gain, > 25% accuracy improvement, over its prior arts.

One key feature of Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacons is the received signal strength (RSS), which can be used to estimate the distance between any Bluetooth-compatible receiver (e.g., smartphone, tablet, etc.) and fixed deployed beacon. Although RSS can be measured easily with commonly available smart devices, the measurements are unreliable due to its fluctuation. While distance estimation models are widely available in multiple development libraries, the lack of consideration for object mobility in these models undermines its practicality. Furthermore, general estimation models are not robust to different hardware and settings for real deployed beacon networks. Motivated by the above limitations, this thesis proposes a novel distance classifier, d-Classifier, to classify the distance on both stationary and mobile objects. Comprehensive experiments related to mobility are conducted to study the relationship between packet receiving rate and estimation accuracy. Improved performance can be achieved by providing extra mobility information with a list of RSS values during estimation. The robustness is improved by constructing a feature vector with factors such as hardware type and deployment environment. The proposed classifier is validated with an extensive dataset that includes over 200k data collected from real beacon networks. Overall, our proposed d-Classifier achieves a significant performance gain, > 25% accuracy improvement, over its prior arts.

Word embeddings have recently become a fundamental tool of Natural Language Processing, with application to tasks like machine translation or image annotation. The high-dimensional space defined by these embeddings is typically explored and exploited through distance-based operations. In this paper we work on the problem of finding words related between them in a text embedding. This relationship can be of different kind, we focus in semantic relations like synonymy and antonym. We explore the idea of using the distance between norms instead of, like other authors has done before, the vector that units them. We present different norms, some of them well known in the literature and others no so widely used and also we introduce a new one and its theoretical mathematical framework. We also give an explanation of why them work properly or not and compare their performance on the two most used embeddings, GloVe and Word2Vec., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2019 The Author(s). We use very long baseline interferometry to measure the proper motions of three black hole X-ray binaries (BHXBs). Using these results together with data from the literature and Gaia DR2 to collate the best available constraints on proper motion, parallax, distance, and systemic radial velocity of 16 BHXBs, we determined their three-dimensional Galactocentric orbits. We extended this analysis to estimate the probability distribution for the potential kick velocity (PKV) a BHXB system could have received on formation. Constraining the kicks imparted to BHXBs provides insight into the birth mechanism of black holes (BHs). Kicks also have a significant effect on BH-BH merger rates, merger sites, and binary evolution, and can be responsible for spin-orbit misalignment in BH binary systems. 75 per cent of our systems have potential kicks> 70 km s-1. This suggests that strong kicks and hence spin-orbitmisalignment might be common among BHXBs, in agreement with the observed quasi-periodic X-ray variability in their power density spectra. We used a Bayesian hierarchical methodology to analyse the PKV distribution of the BHXB population, and suggest that a unimodal Gaussian model with a mean of 107 ± 16 km s-1 is a statistically favourable fit. Such relatively high PKVs would also reduce the number of BHs likely to be retained in globular clusters. We found no significant correlation between the BH mass and PKV, suggesting a lack of correlation between BH mass and the BH birth mechanism. Our PYTHON code allows the estimation of the PKV for any system with sufficient observational constraints.

Word embeddings are widely use in several applications due to their ability to capture semantic relationships between words as relations between vectors in high dimensional spaces. One of the main problems to obtain the information is to deal with the phenomena known as the Curse of Dimensionality, the fact that some intuitive results for well known distances are not valid in high dimensional contexts. In this thesis we explore the problem to distinguish between synonyms or antonyms pairs of words and non-related pairs of words attending just to the distance between the words of the pair. We considerer several norms and explore the problem in the two principal kinds of embeddings, GloVe and Word2Vec.

Recently it was shown that the transitive closure of a directed graph can be updated using first-order formulas after insertions and deletions of single edges in the dynamic descriptive complexity framework by Dong, Su, and Topor, and Patnaik and Immerman. In other words, Reachability is in DynFO. In this article we extend the framework to changes of multiple edges at a time, and study the Reachability and Distance queries under these changes. We show that the former problem can be maintained in DynFO(+, x) under changes affecting O({log n}/{log log n}) nodes, for graphs with n nodes. If the update formulas may use a majority quantifier then both Reachability and Distance can be maintained under changes that affect O(log^c n) nodes, for fixed c in N. Some preliminary results towards showing that distances are in DynFO are discussed.

Knowledge sharing during unplanned face-to-face meetings between employees is indispensable for innovation-based organizations. Spatial design of office buildings has been proven to influence the number of meetings dyads have at work, but research on the behavior during such meetings remains scarce. This article analyzes how several spatial variables relate to employee behavior during such meetings (joint activities, location, intentionality, and issues addressed). A 1-week diary of 138 employees from one research organization provided data on 918 knowledge-sharing meetings. Analysis of the building layout showed that behavior is particularly different at a very local level within the building. Chi-square tests showed that inter-visibility and proximity are most strongly associated with where knowledge was shared, while sharing a room and overhearing related significantly to how knowledge was shared.

Knowledge sharing during unplanned face-to-face meetings between employees is indispensable for innovation-based organizations. Spatial design of office buildings has been proven to influence the number of meetings dyads have at work, but research on the behavior during such meetings remains scarce. This article analyzes how several spatial variables relate to employee behavior during such meetings (joint activities, location, intentionality, and issues addressed). A 1-week diary of 138 employees from one research organization provided data on 918 knowledge-sharing meetings. Analysis of the building layout showed that behavior is particularly different at a very local level within the building. Chi-square tests showed that inter-visibility and proximity are most strongly associated with where knowledge was shared, while sharing a room and overhearing related significantly to how knowledge was shared.

This article considers how visual and sonic art creates encounters through which audiences can experience climate change. Building on reviews published in WIREs Climate Change on images, films, drama, climate science fiction, and other literary forms, we examine how audio and visual art addresses the enduring problems of climate change communication. We begin with three of these problems: climate change's often abstract nature, the distances in time and space between those who cause climate change and the places its effects are felt, and forms of human-environmental relations that shape how climate is understood. We reflect on how, through a combination of vision and sound, art creates sensory experiences that tackle these challenges. In querying how our artistic examples bring about environmental engagements, we combine an analysis of the representations and narratives of these works with an appreciation of their aesthetic form-in short, how these art pieces activate emotional and experiential responses. While we recognize the limits of what art can do, especially the gallery‐based forms of work we study here, we argue that spending time exploring the encounters that art creates helps us to understand what it brings to the communication of climate change. It also demonstrates how lessons learnt about sensory experience, affect, and emotions might be more widely applied to the analysis of cultural forms-from literature to films-and their role in climate change communication.

For the past 10 years, combinatorial geometry (and to some extent, computational geometry too) has gone through a dramatic revolution, due to the infusion of techniques from algebraic geometry and algebra that have proven effective in solving a variety of hard problems that were thought to be unreachable with more traditional techniques. The new era has begun with two groundbreaking papers of Guth and Katz, the second of which has (almost completely) solved the distinct distances problem of Erdos, open since 1946. In this talk I will survey some of the progress that has been made since then, including a variety of problems on distinct and repeated distances and other configurations, on incidences between points and lines, curves, and surfaces in two, three, and higher dimensions, on polynomials vanishing on Cartesian products with applications, on cycle elimination for lines and triangles in three dimensions, on range searching with semialgebraic sets, and I will most certainly run out of time while doing so.

Finding central nodes is a fundamental problem in network analysis. Betweenness centrality is a well-known measure which quantifies the importance of a node based on the fraction of shortest paths going though it. Due to the dynamic nature of many today’s networks, algorithms that quickly update centrality scores have become a necessity. For betweenness, several dynamic algorithms have been proposed over the years, targeting different update types (incremental- and decremental-only, fully-dynamic). In this paper we introduce a new dynamic algorithm for updating betweenness centrality after an edge insertion or an edge weight decrease. Our method is a combination of two independent contributions: a faster algorithm for updating pairwise distances as well as number of shortest paths, and a faster algorithm for updating dependencies. Whereas the worst-case running time of our algorithm is the same as recomputation, our techniques considerably reduce the number of operations performed by existing dynamic betweenness algorithms. Our experimental evaluation on a variety of real-world networks reveals that our approach is significantly faster than the current state-of-the-art dynamic algorithms, approximately by one order of magnitude on average.

We present timing models for 20 millisecond pulsars in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array. The precision of the parameter measurements in these models has been improved over earlier results by using longer data sets and modelling the non-stationary noise. We describe a new noise modelling procedure and demonstrate its effectiveness using simulated data. Our methodology includes the addition of annual dispersion measure (DM) variations to the timing models of some pulsars. We present the first significant parallax measurements for PSRs J1024-0719, J1045-4509, J1600-3053, J1603-7202, and J1730-2304, as well as the first significant measurements of some post-Keplerian orbital parameters in six binary pulsars, caused by kinematic effects. Improved Shapiro delay measurements have resulted in much improved pulsar mass measurements, particularly for PSRs J0437-4715 and J1909-3744 with M-p = 1.44 +/- 0.07 and 1.47 +/- 0.03 M-circle dot, respectively. The improved orbital period-derivative measurement for PSR J0437-4715 results in a derived distance measurement at the 0.16 per cent level of precision, D = 156.79 +/- 0.25 pc, one of the most fractionally precise distance measurements of any star to date.

DieWindenergie an Land (Onshore-Windenergie) ist neben der Photovoltaik eine der tragenden Säulen der Energiewende in Deutschland.Wie schon in der Vergangenheit wird auch zukünftig der Ausbau der Onshore-Windenergie, mit dem Ziel eine umweltgerechte und sichere Energieversorgung für zukünftige Generationen aufzubauen, durch die Politik massiv vorangetrieben. Für eine planvolle Umsetzung der Energiewende,insbesondere im Bereich der Windenergie, müssen Kenntnisse über den zur Verfügung stehenden Raum und der Wirkungsweise standortspezifischer Faktoren auf planungsrechtlicher Ebene vorhanden sein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Region Deutschland auf das für dieWindenergie an Land nutzbare Flächenpotenzial analysiert, von diesem allgemein gültige Energiepotenziale abgeleitet und in einerSensitivitätsanalyse die Einflüsse verschiedener Abstände zwischen den Windenergieanlagen und Siedlungsstrukturen auf das ermittelte Energiepotenzial untersucht. Des Weiteren wurden für die beobachteten Zusammenhänge zwischen den Distanz- und Energiepotenzialänderungen mathematische Formeln erstellt, mit deren Hilfe eine Energiepotenzialänderung in Abhängigkeit von spezifischen Siedlungsdistanzänderungen vorhersagbar sind.

DieWindenergie an Land (Onshore-Windenergie) ist neben der Photovoltaik eine der tragenden Säulen der Energiewende in Deutschland.Wie schon in der Vergangenheit wird auch zukünftig der Ausbau der Onshore-Windenergie, mit dem Ziel eine umweltgerechte und sichere Energieversorgung für zukünftige Generationen aufzubauen, durch die Politik massiv vorangetrieben. Für eine planvolle Umsetzung der Energiewende,insbesondere im Bereich der Windenergie, müssen Kenntnisse über den zur Verfügung stehenden Raum und der Wirkungsweise standortspezifischer Faktoren auf planungsrechtlicher Ebene vorhanden sein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Region Deutschland auf das für dieWindenergie an Land nutzbare Flächenpotenzial analysiert, von diesem allgemein gültige Energiepotenziale abgeleitet und in einerSensitivitätsanalyse die Einflüsse verschiedener Abstände zwischen den Windenergieanlagen und Siedlungsstrukturen auf das ermittelte Energiepotenzial untersucht. Des Weiteren wurden für die beobachteten Zusammenhänge zwischen den Distanz- und Energiepotenzialänderungen mathematische Formeln erstellt, mit deren Hilfe eine Energiepotenzialänderung in Abhängigkeit von spezifischen Siedlungsdistanzänderungen vorhersagbar sind.

All Pairs Shortest Path (APSP) is a classic problem in graph theory. While for general weighted graphs there is no algorithm that computes APSP in O(n^{3-epsilon}) time (epsilon > 0), by using fast matrix multiplication algorithms, we can compute APSP in O(n^{omega}*log(n)) time (omega < 2.373) for undirected unweighted graphs, and in O(n^{2.5302}) time for directed unweighted graphs. In the current state of matters, there is a substantial gap between the upper bounds of the problem for undirected and directed graphs, and for a long time, it is remained an important open question whether it is possible to close this gap. In this paper we introduce a new parameter that measures the symmetry of directed graphs (i.e. their closeness to undirected graphs), and obtain a new parameterized APSP algorithm for directed unweighted graphs, that generalizes Seidel's O(n^{omega}*log(n)) time algorithm for undirected unweighted graphs. Given a directed unweighted graph G, unless it is highly asymmetric, our algorithms can compute APSP in o(n^{2.5}) time for G, providing for such graphs a faster APSP algorithm than the state-of-the-art algorithms for the problem.

Aquest Treball Final de Grau sorgeix de la confluència entre la presa de decisions que han de realitzar els jugadors de golf i la contemplació de l'ús d'unes Google Glass que els proporcioni la informació que necessiten a cada moment., The idea of conducting this Final Degree Project arises from the confluence between the decisions to be made by golf players and the contemplation of the use of Google Glass to provide them the information they need at any time.

The purpose of this Master thesis is to examine whether there is a connection between distance to the schoollibrary and the extent to which teachers are using it as an integral part of their teaching. The study aims to answerif the physical distance to the school library is affecting teachers' ways of working with the library, if it affects thecollaboration between teachers and librarians and finally if teachers that are using a school library outside theschool premises are doing so less as an integral part of their teaching compared to teachers that have access to aschool library within the schools premises.The study is based on qualitative interviews with six teachers in the intermediate stage of the nine-yearcompulsory school, of which three have access to a school library within the school premises and three haveaccess to a school library outside the school premises. The two groups of teachers are compared in order to findout if there is a connection between distance to the school library and the usage of it. Loertscher's school librarymedia program and teacher taxonomy have been used as a theoretical framework.The study shows that the teachers who use a school library within the school premises have a bettercollaboration with the librarians than the ones who use a school library outside the school premises. The studyalso show that theese libraries are an integral part of the teaching to a higher degree. However, it is not shownbeyond doubt that the physical distance to the library is the determining factor for the teacher's results. Otherfactors, such as the fact that the school libraries outside the school premises at the same time are functioning aspublic libraries, may also have influenced the result.This is a two years master's thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

The purpose of this Master thesis is to examine whether there is a connection between distance to the schoollibrary and the extent to which teachers are using it as an integral part of their teaching. The study aims to answerif the physical distance to the school library is affecting teachers' ways of working with the library, if it affects thecollaboration between teachers and librarians and finally if teachers that are using a school library outside theschool premises are doing so less as an integral part of their teaching compared to teachers that have access to aschool library within the schools premises.The study is based on qualitative interviews with six teachers in the intermediate stage of the nine-yearcompulsory school, of which three have access to a school library within the school premises and three haveaccess to a school library outside the school premises. The two groups of teachers are compared in order to findout if there is a connection between distance to the school library and the usage of it. Loertscher's school librarymedia program and teacher taxonomy have been used as a theoretical framework.The study shows that the teachers who use a school library within the school premises have a bettercollaboration with the librarians than the ones who use a school library outside the school premises. The studyalso show that theese libraries are an integral part of the teaching to a higher degree. However, it is not shownbeyond doubt that the physical distance to the library is the determining factor for the teacher's results. Otherfactors, such as the fact that the school libraries outside the school premises at the same time are functioning aspublic libraries, may also have influenced the result.This is a two years master's thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

This paper will propose a framework for evaluating translational research by identifying the way in which translational research occurs in practice (rather than the formal linear stages in which the results of such process are typically presented). Following previous work on methods to evaluation science-society interactions, our approach will focus on the processes of TR and the ways in which public initiatives to support new ways of conducting research succeed or fail. Our starting point is that TR is expressed through complex cycles where knowledge is moving back and forth through the bedside-to-bench continuum across various channels, giving rise to complex interactions between research performers and the user of the results of such research. The approach is rooted on empirical context of IDIBAPS, a university-hospital joint institute in Barcelona, one of the European centre of excellence for TR, and a study on social networks and knowledge flows in the Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centres (CIBERs). Further, we suggest that interactions between biomedical actors are less than optimal because the distances that separate these different groups make the interactions difficult. We end up by stating that learning processes and knowledge exchange interactions are facilitated and strengthened by five forms of proximity: cognitive, social, organisational, institutional and spatial.

El contexto de este trabajo es la búsqueda rápida de vecinos más cercanos en espacios métricos. Uno de los objetivos de estos algoritmos es la reducción del tiempo de respuesta durante la búsqueda. Reducir el tiempo de respuesta consiste muchas veces en reducir el número de distancias a calcular, debido al alto coste computacional que de por sí pueden tener las distancias a utilizar en ciertas aplicaciones. Nosotros proponemos una nueva versión y mejoras de un algoritmo recientemente publicado, PiAESA, variante del algoritmo AESA, usado como referencia en este área por sus buenos resultados desde hace más de 20 años. La nueva versión es más simple y permite una mejor comprensión del algoritmo y sus parámetros. Además, se ha conseguido aumentar la eficiencia definiendo una versión aproximada. Los resultados empíricos obtenidos utilizando datos artificiales y reales confirman una mejora en los resultados de la versión aproximada, con un alto porcentaje de una respuesta correcta (dada por un algoritmo exacto)., This work focuses on pivot-based fast nearest neighbor search algorithms that can work in any metric space. One of the objectives of these algorithms is to reduce the time consumed during search. Reducing time consumption of such algorithms usually consists in reducing the number of distances for computing, due to the high cost that they have in certain applications. We introduce a new version and improvements for a recently proposed algorithm, PiAESA, a variant of the AESA algorithm, used as baseline for performance measurement for over twenty years. The new version is simpler and allows better understanding of the algorithm and parameters used. Moreover, the efficiency is increased by defining an approximated version. Our empirical results with real and artificial databases confirm a consistent improvement in performance, when retrieving very high percentage of the correct answers (given by the exact algorithm).

El contexto de este trabajo es la búsqueda rápida de vecinos más cercanos en espacios métricos. Uno de los objetivos de estos algoritmos es la reducción del tiempo de respuesta durante la búsqueda. Reducir el tiempo de respuesta consiste muchas veces en reducir el número de distancias a calcular, debido al alto coste computacional que de por sí pueden tener las distancias a utilizar en ciertas aplicaciones. Nosotros proponemos una nueva versión y mejoras de un algoritmo recientemente publicado, PiAESA, variante del algoritmo AESA, usado como referencia en este área por sus buenos resultados desde hace más de 20 años. La nueva versión es más simple y permite una mejor comprensión del algoritmo y sus parámetros. Además, se ha conseguido aumentar la eficiencia definiendo una versión aproximada. Los resultados empíricos obtenidos utilizando datos artificiales y reales confirman una mejora en los resultados de la versión aproximada, con un alto porcentaje de una respuesta correcta (dada por un algoritmo exacto)., This work focuses on pivot-based fast nearest neighbor search algorithms that can work in any metric space. One of the objectives of these algorithms is to reduce the time consumed during search. Reducing time consumption of such algorithms usually consists in reducing the number of distances for computing, due to the high cost that they have in certain applications. We introduce a new version and improvements for a recently proposed algorithm, PiAESA, a variant of the AESA algorithm, used as baseline for performance measurement for over twenty years. The new version is simpler and allows better understanding of the algorithm and parameters used. Moreover, the efficiency is increased by defining an approximated version. Our empirical results with real and artificial databases confirm a consistent improvement in performance, when retrieving very high percentage of the correct answers (given by the exact algorithm).