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Increased tree mortality rates have been observed worldwide in connection to climate warming-related processes such as drought, heat, fire, and pest insect outbreaks. Understanding the drivers of tree mortality during the Anthropocene is urgently needed to estimate forest vulnerability in a warmer and hotter climate. In this study, we assessed tree mortality drivers for a recreational boreal forest area of approximately 830 ha, where increased tree mortality rates have been recently observed. A time series of aerial images was used to quantify tree mortality over the area to detect dead trees from 2005 to 2021 at seven timestamps. Altogether 6,008 dead trees were observed from the aerial images collected during the monitoring period. Forest environmental and climatic variables were used to explore tree mortality drivers for individual trees and tree communities using logistic regression and correlation analysis. Our results showed that drought-related variables, i.e., vapour pressure deficit and Palmer drought severity index, and increased temperatures correlated with rising tree mortality rates. We found that the stand-level basal area predicted tree mortality risk and was linked to site type; a decreasing basal area stands were located on rocky dry soils and resulted in a higher probability of tree mortality. We also detected that trees growing at high elevations or on steep slopes showed a higher mortality risk.

Increased tree mortality rates have been observed worldwide in connection to climate warming-related processes such as drought, heat, fire, and pest insect outbreaks. Understanding the drivers of tree mortality during the Anthropocene is urgently needed to estimate forest vulnerability in a warmer and hotter climate. In this study, we assessed tree mortality drivers for a recreational boreal forest area of approximately 830 ha, where increased tree mortality rates have been recently observed. A time series of aerial images was used to quantify tree mortality over the area to detect dead trees from 2005 to 2021 at seven timestamps. Altogether 6,008 dead trees were observed from the aerial images collected during the monitoring period. Forest environmental and climatic variables were used to explore tree mortality drivers for individual trees and tree communities using logistic regression and correlation analysis. Our results showed that drought-related variables, i.e., vapour pressure deficit and Palmer drought severity index, and increased temperatures correlated with rising tree mortality rates. We found that the stand-level basal area predicted tree mortality risk and was linked to site type; a decreasing basal area stands were located on rocky dry soils and resulted in a higher probability of tree mortality. We also detected that trees growing at high elevations or on steep slopes showed a higher mortality risk.

Global demand for forest biomass feedstock has increased drastically in recent years, mainly due to the implementation of policies and strategies for climate change mitigation and renewable energy production in many jurisdictions. The biomass from dead trees has been recognized by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a promising source of forest biomass for bioenergy at the global scale both because of its wide scale availability and its potential to limit global warming. In eastern Canada, dead trees are not only very abundant but are also widely perceived by lumber and pulp and paper producers as contaminants in the wood supply chain with marginal profitability. The general aim of this study was to determine the conditions of profitability of an eastern Canada independent sawmill (i.e., unaffiliated with a pulp plant) to produce pellets destined for international export using either co-products or roundwood from dead trees as feedstock. We compared the yield and monetary value of dead trees at various sizes and degradation levels for the production of wood pellets, alone or in conjunction with the production of lumber, to current market conditions. Our results suggest that using dead trees for lumber and pellets is almost as profitable as using them for lumber and pulp, with a difference of about 1–12% depending on tree size. Dead trees from all classes of wood degradation could serve as an interesting feedstock for pellets because wood density was only slightly affected by wood degradation. Small dead trees (DBH < 15 cm) could serve for all scenarios, as the difference between revenues and costs remained generally minimal between them. Larger dead trees did not appear to represent a financially viable option under current market prices, unless suitable subsidies or other types of financial support are provided. The sustainability criteria applied by European consumers could therefore be a determining factor for the future importance of dead trees f

Global demand for forest biomass feedstock has increased drastically in recent years, mainly due to the implementation of policies and strategies for climate change mitigation and renewable energy production in many jurisdictions. The biomass from dead trees has been recognized by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a promising source of forest biomass for bioenergy at the global scale both because of its wide scale availability and its potential to limit global warming. In eastern Canada, dead trees are not only very abundant but are also widely perceived by lumber and pulp and paper producers as contaminants in the wood supply chain with marginal profitability. The general aim of this study was to determine the conditions of profitability of an eastern Canada independent sawmill (i.e., unaffiliated with a pulp plant) to produce pellets destined for international export using either coproducts or roundwood from dead trees as feedstock. We compared the yield and monetary value of dead trees at various sizes and degradation levels for the production of wood pellets, alone or in conjunction with the production of lumber, to current market conditions. Our results suggest that using dead trees for lumber and pellets is almost as profitable as using them for lumber and pulp, with a difference of about 1–12% depending on tree size. Dead trees from all classes of wood degradation could serve as an interesting feedstock for pellets because wood density was only slightly affected by wood degradation. Small dead trees (DBH < 15 cm) could serve for all scenarios, as the difference between revenues and costs remained generally minimal between them. Larger dead trees did not appear to represent a financially viable option under current market prices, unless suitable subsidies or other types of financial support are provided. The sustainability criteria applied by European consumers could therefore be a determining factor for the future importance of dead trees fr

The multi-story Congregational Church building located at the corner of 11th and Dakota in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Above the nearest entrance the building extends upward into a bell tower. Bare trees surround much of the building, with snow covering the ground. Alternative title from text inscribed on slide frame., The Historic Sioux Falls Slide Collection, available at the Center for Western Studies, consists of nearly 3,000 photographic slides of Sioux falls and the surrounding area from the 1860s - 1970s. These images depict various historic periods, locations, items, personalities and events. The collection is divided into 16 different sections. These sections include: Industry, Public Buildings, Business Buildings, Transportation, River and Bridges, Street Scenes, Houses, People, Parks, Institutions and Organizations, Churches, Civic Organizations, Small Surrounding Cities, Miscellaneous Sioux Falls items, Bird's eye view of the city, and a select Non-Sioux Falls photographs.

A blurry image of Whittier Elementary School building. Bear trees are scattered around the front lawn. The brick building is three stories tall with the basement a distinctively different type of brick. Two figures stand at the entrance. Alternative title from text inscribed on slide frame., The Historic Sioux Falls Slide Collection, available at the Center for Western Studies, consists of nearly 3,000 photographic slides of Sioux falls and the surrounding area from the 1860s - 1970s. These images depict various historic periods, locations, items, personalities and events. The collection is divided into 16 different sections. These sections include: Industry, Public Buildings, Business Buildings, Transportation, River and Bridges, Street Scenes, Houses, People, Parks, Institutions and Organizations, Churches, Civic Organizations, Small Surrounding Cities, Miscellaneous Sioux Falls items, Bird's eye view of the city, and a select Non-Sioux Falls photographs.

Two story Hawthorne Elementary School building in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The image shows signs of age and has numerous blackened spots. Bare trees block some of the building from view. At the bottom of the image white text reads, "Hawthorne School." and "Sioux Falls S. Dakota." Alternative title from text inscribed on slide frame., The Historic Sioux Falls Slide Collection, available at the Center for Western Studies, consists of nearly 3,000 photographic slides of Sioux falls and the surrounding area from the 1860s - 1970s. These images depict various historic periods, locations, items, personalities and events. The collection is divided into 16 different sections. These sections include: Industry, Public Buildings, Business Buildings, Transportation, River and Bridges, Street Scenes, Houses, People, Parks, Institutions and Organizations, Churches, Civic Organizations, Small Surrounding Cities, Miscellaneous Sioux Falls items, Bird's eye view of the city, and a select Non-Sioux Falls photographs.

A large group of children sitting in front of Hawthorne Elementary School in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The students pose for a group photo with several teachers and faculty in the upper left corner. Written on the image in dark ink text reads: Photo by Arling B. Melody. To the side of the image, handwritten text reads: Hawthorne School. Sioux Falls S.D. Alternative title from text inscribed on slide frame., The Historic Sioux Falls Slide Collection, available at the Center for Western Studies, consists of nearly 3,000 photographic slides of Sioux falls and the surrounding area from the 1860s - 1970s. These images depict various historic periods, locations, items, personalities and events. The collection is divided into 16 different sections. These sections include: Industry, Public Buildings, Business Buildings, Transportation, River and Bridges, Street Scenes, Houses, People, Parks, Institutions and Organizations, Churches, Civic Organizations, Small Surrounding Cities, Miscellaneous Sioux Falls items, Bird's eye view of the city, and a select Non-Sioux Falls photographs.

A partial view of the three story building known as Irving High School, later renamed McKinley High School, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Due to the lighting, most of the building appears quite dark. A dirt road and an electric pole can be seen in the foreground. A group of people gathers near the school entrance. Alternative title from text inscribed., The Historic Sioux Falls Slide Collection, available at the Center for Western Studies, consists of nearly 3,000 photographic slides of Sioux falls and the surrounding area from the 1860s - 1970s. These images depict various historic periods, locations, items, personalities and events. The collection is divided into 16 different sections. These sections include: Industry, Public Buildings, Business Buildings, Transportation, River and Bridges, Street Scenes, Houses, People, Parks, Institutions and Organizations, Churches, Civic Organizations, Small Surrounding Cities, Miscellaneous Sioux Falls items, Bird's eye view of the city, and a select Non-Sioux Falls photographs.

Унаслідок мікологічного аналізу із зразків мортмаси берези повислої ізольовано та ідентифіковано 95 видів грибів. Найбільша кількість грибів (79 видів) належала до відділу Ascomycota, а Zygomycota і Basidiomycota представлені тільки 8-ма видами кожен. Встановлено, що найбільш різноманітний склад мікобіоти є у мортмасі деревної ламані берези повислої ІІІ класу деструкції. Для мортмаси березових лісів Українського Полісся підтверджено закономірне підвищення ступеня подібності мікобіоти для сухостою, деревної ламані та опаду гілок між однаковими і суміжними класами деструкції., В результате микологического анализа с образцов мортмасы Betula pendula изолированы и идентифицированы 95 видов грибов. Наибольшее количество грибов (79 видов) принадлежало отделу Ascomycota, а Zygomycota и Basidiomycota представлены лишь 8-мя видами каждый. Установлено, что наиболее разнообразный состав микобиоты наблюдается в мортмасе валежа Betula pendula ІІІ класса деструкции. Для мортмасы березовых лесов Украинского Полесья подтверждено закономерное повышение степени сходства микобиоты для сухостоя, валежа и опада ветвей между одинаковыми и смежными классами деструкции., In samples coarse woody birch debris 95 species of fungi were isolated and identified as a result of mycological analysis. The largest number of fungi species (79 pcs.) belonged to Ascomycota division, to Zygomycota division – 8 species and Basidiomycota division – 8 species. The most diverse composition of destruction of micobiota observed in mortmass of birch dead fallen wood of the third class destruction had determined. According to the research, detritus of birch forest of Ukrainian Polissya has confirmed by resemblance microbiota for the same and adjacent classes of degradation of different components of mortmass: snags, dead fallen wood and broken branches.

Унаслідок мікологічного аналізу із зразків мортмаси берези повислої ізольовано та ідентифіковано 95 видів грибів. Найбільша кількість грибів (79 видів) належала до відділу Ascomycota, а Zygomycota і Basidiomycota представлені тільки 8-ма видами кожен. Встановлено, що найбільш різноманітний склад мікобіоти є у мортмасі деревної ламані берези повислої ІІІ класу деструкції. Для мортмаси березових лісів Українського Полісся підтверджено закономірне підвищення ступеня подібності мікобіоти для сухостою, деревної ламані та опаду гілок між однаковими і суміжними класами деструкції., В результате микологического анализа с образцов мортмасы Betula pendula изолированы и идентифицированы 95 видов грибов. Наибольшее количество грибов (79 видов) принадлежало отделу Ascomycota, а Zygomycota и Basidiomycota представлены лишь 8-мя видами каждый. Установлено, что наиболее разнообразный состав микобиоты наблюдается в мортмасе валежа Betula pendula ІІІ класса деструкции. Для мортмасы березовых лесов Украинского Полесья подтверждено закономерное повышение степени сходства микобиоты для сухостоя, валежа и опада ветвей между одинаковыми и смежными классами деструкции., In samples coarse woody birch debris 95 species of fungi were isolated and identified as a result of mycological analysis. The largest number of fungi species (79 pcs.) belonged to Ascomycota division, to Zygomycota division – 8 species and Basidiomycota division – 8 species. The most diverse composition of destruction of micobiota observed in mortmass of birch dead fallen wood of the third class destruction had determined. According to the research, detritus of birch forest of Ukrainian Polissya has confirmed by resemblance microbiota for the same and adjacent classes of degradation of different components of mortmass: snags, dead fallen wood and broken branches.

Rond 1850 was er nauwelijks bos in Nederland. Daarom hebben we vooral relatief jonge bosgebieden, waar de biodiversiteit langzaamaan toeneemt dankzij kolonisatie van soorten. Tegelijk is er veel invloed van de mens op het bos in Nederland. Welke spontane ontwikkelingen zijn te verwachten? Kunnen we verder achterover leunen?

Досліджено структуру деревостану та особливості формування відпаду дерев у молодняках берези повислої на староорних землях. Описано закономірності розподілу дерев берези повислої (Betula pendula Roth) за санітарним станом. Встановлено, що відпад дерев більшою мірою здійснюється за рахунок ослаблених і відмираючих дерев, однак значною є й частка без ознак ослаблення, яка може становити близько 30 %. Виявлено вплив екстремальних метеорологічних умов на формування структури деревостану за ступенями товщини і категоріями санітарного стану, а також відпад дерев та динаміку таксаційних показників., Исследованы структура древостоя и особенности формирования отпада деревьев в молодняках березы повисшей на старопахотных землях. Описаны закономерности в распределении деревьев березы по санитарному состоянию. Установлено, что отпад деревьев в большей степени осуществляется за счет ослабленных и отмирающих деревьев, однако значительна доля потенциально здоровых деревьев, которая составляет около 30 % и может колебаться в значительных пределах. Выявлено влияние экстремальных метеорологических условий на: формирование структуры древостоя по ступеням толщины и категориям санитарного состояния, а также отпад деревьев и динамику таксационных показателей., Stand structure and formation features of trees debris into young stands of Betula pendula L. in the old-plough lands are studied. Some distribution patterns of Betula pendula L. in the sanitary conditions are described. It is established that dead trees mostly occur through the weaknesses and dying of trees, but there are significant share without any signs of weakening, which could be about 30 %. The influence of extreme weather conditions on the stand structure formation for levels of thickness and sanitary condition category, and also fallen trees and dynamics of measurements indicators, is researched.

Досліджено структуру деревостану та особливості формування відпаду дерев у молодняках берези повислої на староорних землях. Описано закономірності розподілу дерев берези повислої (Betula pendula Roth) за санітарним станом. Встановлено, що відпад дерев більшою мірою здійснюється за рахунок ослаблених і відмираючих дерев, однак значною є й частка без ознак ослаблення, яка може становити близько 30 %. Виявлено вплив екстремальних метеорологічних умов на формування структури деревостану за ступенями товщини і категоріями санітарного стану, а також відпад дерев та динаміку таксаційних показників., Исследованы структура древостоя и особенности формирования отпада деревьев в молодняках березы повисшей на старопахотных землях. Описаны закономерности в распределении деревьев березы по санитарному состоянию. Установлено, что отпад деревьев в большей степени осуществляется за счет ослабленных и отмирающих деревьев, однако значительна доля потенциально здоровых деревьев, которая составляет около 30 % и может колебаться в значительных пределах. Выявлено влияние экстремальных метеорологических условий на: формирование структуры древостоя по ступеням толщины и категориям санитарного состояния, а также отпад деревьев и динамику таксационных показателей., Stand structure and formation features of trees debris into young stands of Betula pendula L. in the old-plough lands are studied. Some distribution patterns of Betula pendula L. in the sanitary conditions are described. It is established that dead trees mostly occur through the weaknesses and dying of trees, but there are significant share without any signs of weakening, which could be about 30 %. The influence of extreme weather conditions on the stand structure formation for levels of thickness and sanitary condition category, and also fallen trees and dynamics of measurements indicators, is researched.

A growing number of Swedish forest owners are choosing to certify their forestry. However, there appears to be a lack of field surveys which describe differences between certified and non-certified forests concerning the degree of completed environmental considerations. In order to know to what extent certified forests contribute towards improved environmental consideration, we need studies on how large the difference is in relation to non-certified forests. Differences between certified and non-certified forest clearings were quantified through an inventory of the number of retention trees, dead trees and snags. The result showed that the retained number of the investigated parameters varied greatly between individual clearings, regardless of certification status. However, the results suggested that the certified clearings had an average higher incidence ofthe investigated parameters. In comparison to statistics of southern Sweden's average, the results also suggested that the certified clearings (from the county “Blekinge”) most of the time had a higher incidence of the investigated parameters, while the non-certified clearings most of the time had a lower incidence of the investigated parameters. The environmental considerations on neither the certified nor the non-certified clearings were found to be near the highest amount that could be required by the Swedish forestry act. This observation is interesting, especially since the certified clearings would be expected to maintain a consistently high level in relation to the law requirement.

A growing number of Swedish forest owners are choosing to certify their forestry. However, there appears to be a lack of field surveys which describe differences between certified and non-certified forests concerning the degree of completed environmental considerations. In order to know to what extent certified forests contribute towards improved environmental consideration, we need studies on how large the difference is in relation to non-certified forests. Differences between certified and non-certified forest clearings were quantified through an inventory of the number of retention trees, dead trees and snags. The result showed that the retained number of the investigated parameters varied greatly between individual clearings, regardless of certification status. However, the results suggested that the certified clearings had an average higher incidence ofthe investigated parameters. In comparison to statistics of southern Sweden's average, the results also suggested that the certified clearings (from the county “Blekinge”) most of the time had a higher incidence of the investigated parameters, while the non-certified clearings most of the time had a lower incidence of the investigated parameters. The environmental considerations on neither the certified nor the non-certified clearings were found to be near the highest amount that could be required by the Swedish forestry act. This observation is interesting, especially since the certified clearings would be expected to maintain a consistently high level in relation to the law requirement.

This doctoral thesis investigates the potential of classification methods based on spatial context to infer specific forms of land use from remote sensing data. The problem is that some types of land use are characterized by a complex configuration of land covers that traditional per-pixel based methods have problems classifying due to spectral heterogeneity. The problem of spectral heterogeneity is also present in classification of high resolution imagery. Two novel methods based on contextual information are evaluated, Spatial Relational Post-Classification (SRPC) and Window Independent Context Segmentation (WICS). The thesis includes six case studies in rural and urban areas focusing on the classification of: agricultural systems, urban characteristics, and dead wood areas. In the rural case studies specific types of agricultural systems associated with different household strategies are mapped by inferring the physical expression of land use using the SRPC method. The urban remote sensing studies demonstrate how the WICS method is able to extract information corresponding to different phases of development. Additionally, different urban classes are shown to correspond to different socioeconomic profiles, demonstrating how urban remote sensing can be used to make a connection between the physical environment and the social lives of residents. Finally, in one study the WICS method is used to successfully classify dead trees from high resolution imagery. Taken together these studies demonstrate how approaches based on spatial context can be used to extract information on land use in rural and urban environments where land use manifests itself in the form of complex spectral class and land cover patterns. The thesis, thus, contributes to the research field by showing that contextual methods can capture multifaceted patterns that can be linked to land use. This, in turn, enables an increased use of remote sensing data, particularly in the social sciences., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.

This doctoral thesis investigates the potential of classification methods based on spatial context to infer specific forms of land use from remote sensing data. The problem is that some types of land use are characterized by a complex configuration of land covers that traditional per-pixel based methods have problems classifying due to spectral heterogeneity. The problem of spectral heterogeneity is also present in classification of high resolution imagery. Two novel methods based on contextual information are evaluated, Spatial Relational Post-Classification (SRPC) and Window Independent Context Segmentation (WICS). The thesis includes six case studies in rural and urban areas focusing on the classification of: agricultural systems, urban characteristics, and dead wood areas. In the rural case studies specific types of agricultural systems associated with different household strategies are mapped by inferring the physical expression of land use using the SRPC method. The urban remote sensing studies demonstrate how the WICS method is able to extract information corresponding to different phases of development. Additionally, different urban classes are shown to correspond to different socioeconomic profiles, demonstrating how urban remote sensing can be used to make a connection between the physical environment and the social lives of residents. Finally, in one study the WICS method is used to successfully classify dead trees from high resolution imagery. Taken together these studies demonstrate how approaches based on spatial context can be used to extract information on land use in rural and urban environments where land use manifests itself in the form of complex spectral class and land cover patterns. The thesis, thus, contributes to the research field by showing that contextual methods can capture multifaceted patterns that can be linked to land use. This, in turn, enables an increased use of remote sensing data, particularly in the social sciences., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.

This doctoral thesis investigates the potential of classification methods based on spatial context to infer specific forms of land use from remote sensing data. The problem is that some types of land use are characterized by a complex configuration of land covers that traditional per-pixel based methods have problems classifying due to spectral heterogeneity. The problem of spectral heterogeneity is also present in classification of high resolution imagery. Two novel methods based on contextual information are evaluated, Spatial Relational Post-Classification (SRPC) and Window Independent Context Segmentation (WICS). The thesis includes six case studies in rural and urban areas focusing on the classification of: agricultural systems, urban characteristics, and dead wood areas. In the rural case studies specific types of agricultural systems associated with different household strategies are mapped by inferring the physical expression of land use using the SRPC method. The urban remote sensing studies demonstrate how the WICS method is able to extract information corresponding to different phases of development. Additionally, different urban classes are shown to correspond to different socioeconomic profiles, demonstrating how urban remote sensing can be used to make a connection between the physical environment and the social lives of residents. Finally, in one study the WICS method is used to successfully classify dead trees from high resolution imagery. Taken together these studies demonstrate how approaches based on spatial context can be used to extract information on land use in rural and urban environments where land use manifests itself in the form of complex spectral class and land cover patterns. The thesis, thus, contributes to the research field by showing that contextual methods can capture multifaceted patterns that can be linked to land use. This, in turn, enables an increased use of remote sensing data, particularly in the social sciences., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.

This doctoral thesis investigates the potential of classification methods based on spatial context to infer specific forms of land use from remote sensing data. The problem is that some types of land use are characterized by a complex configuration of land covers that traditional per-pixel based methods have problems classifying due to spectral heterogeneity. The problem of spectral heterogeneity is also present in classification of high resolution imagery. Two novel methods based on contextual information are evaluated, Spatial Relational Post-Classification (SRPC) and Window Independent Context Segmentation (WICS). The thesis includes six case studies in rural and urban areas focusing on the classification of: agricultural systems, urban characteristics, and dead wood areas. In the rural case studies specific types of agricultural systems associated with different household strategies are mapped by inferring the physical expression of land use using the SRPC method. The urban remote sensing studies demonstrate how the WICS method is able to extract information corresponding to different phases of development. Additionally, different urban classes are shown to correspond to different socioeconomic profiles, demonstrating how urban remote sensing can be used to make a connection between the physical environment and the social lives of residents. Finally, in one study the WICS method is used to successfully classify dead trees from high resolution imagery. Taken together these studies demonstrate how approaches based on spatial context can be used to extract information on land use in rural and urban environments where land use manifests itself in the form of complex spectral class and land cover patterns. The thesis, thus, contributes to the research field by showing that contextual methods can capture multifaceted patterns that can be linked to land use. This, in turn, enables an increased use of remote sensing data, particularly in the social sciences., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.

This doctoral thesis investigates the potential of classification methods based on spatial context to infer specific forms of land use from remote sensing data. The problem is that some types of land use are characterized by a complex configuration of land covers that traditional per-pixel based methods have problems classifying due to spectral heterogeneity. The problem of spectral heterogeneity is also present in classification of high resolution imagery. Two novel methods based on contextual information are evaluated, Spatial Relational Post-Classification (SRPC) and Window Independent Context Segmentation (WICS). The thesis includes six case studies in rural and urban areas focusing on the classification of: agricultural systems, urban characteristics, and dead wood areas. In the rural case studies specific types of agricultural systems associated with different household strategies are mapped by inferring the physical expression of land use using the SRPC method. The urban remote sensing studies demonstrate how the WICS method is able to extract information corresponding to different phases of development. Additionally, different urban classes are shown to correspond to different socioeconomic profiles, demonstrating how urban remote sensing can be used to make a connection between the physical environment and the social lives of residents. Finally, in one study the WICS method is used to successfully classify dead trees from high resolution imagery. Taken together these studies demonstrate how approaches based on spatial context can be used to extract information on land use in rural and urban environments where land use manifests itself in the form of complex spectral class and land cover patterns. The thesis, thus, contributes to the research field by showing that contextual methods can capture multifaceted patterns that can be linked to land use. This, in turn, enables an increased use of remote sensing data, particularly in the social sciences., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.

This doctoral thesis investigates the potential of classification methods based on spatial context to infer specific forms of land use from remote sensing data. The problem is that some types of land use are characterized by a complex configuration of land covers that traditional per-pixel based methods have problems classifying due to spectral heterogeneity. The problem of spectral heterogeneity is also present in classification of high resolution imagery. Two novel methods based on contextual information are evaluated, Spatial Relational Post-Classification (SRPC) and Window Independent Context Segmentation (WICS). The thesis includes six case studies in rural and urban areas focusing on the classification of: agricultural systems, urban characteristics, and dead wood areas. In the rural case studies specific types of agricultural systems associated with different household strategies are mapped by inferring the physical expression of land use using the SRPC method. The urban remote sensing studies demonstrate how the WICS method is able to extract information corresponding to different phases of development. Additionally, different urban classes are shown to correspond to different socioeconomic profiles, demonstrating how urban remote sensing can be used to make a connection between the physical environment and the social lives of residents. Finally, in one study the WICS method is used to successfully classify dead trees from high resolution imagery. Taken together these studies demonstrate how approaches based on spatial context can be used to extract information on land use in rural and urban environments where land use manifests itself in the form of complex spectral class and land cover patterns. The thesis, thus, contributes to the research field by showing that contextual methods can capture multifaceted patterns that can be linked to land use. This, in turn, enables an increased use of remote sensing data, particularly in the social sciences., At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.

Micetophagus fulvicollis wordt als nieuwe soort gemeld voor de Nederlandse fauna. Op 18 augustus 2012 werd één mannetje opgevangen op een laken bij een vanglamp opgesteld aan de rand van een bosgebied bij Wageningen. Mycetophagus fulvicollis is een mycetofage soort die zich voedt met schimmeldraden en sporen in dood hout. De soort heeft een groot verspreidingsgebied en komt door heel Europa voor. Toch is de soort in veel landen een zeldzame verschijning. Er zijn auteurs die M. fulvicollis beschouwen als een indicatorsoort voor ongestoorde bossen.

Dood hout zit vol leven. Langzaam, maar onstuitbaar wordt het hout afgebroken door schimmels. Stof tot koolstof. Maar wat bepaalt die verteringssnelheid? En hoeveel draagt dood hout bij aan de koolstofkringloop? Speciale kerkhoven voor bomen moeten het antwoord opleveren, eentje op de Veluwe en eentje in de Flevopolders. Loglife heet het gezamenlijk project van universiteiten van Amsterdam, Utrecht, Wageningen, samen met NIOO en SHR hout research. Langdurige studie naar de afbraak van hout.

Onderzoek leverde 68 vindplaatsen op van insecten, die zich op zwammen van dikke dode bomen bevonden. Hun aanwezigheid zou er op kunnen wijzen, dat het doodhoutbeleid in Nederland zijn vruchten afwerpt. Dit was de reden voor onderhavig onderzoek, waarbij specifiek werd gezocht naar insecten, levend in de echte tonderzwam

Onderzoek leverde 68 vindplaatsen op van insecten, die zich op zwammen van dikke dode bomen bevonden. Hun aanwezigheid zou er op kunnen wijzen, dat het doodhoutbeleid in Nederland zijn vruchten afwerpt. Dit was de reden voor onderhavig onderzoek, waarbij specifiek werd gezocht naar insecten, levend in de echte tonderzwam

Dood hout is een van de speerpunten in het natuurgerichte bosbeheer en –beleid. De aanwezigheid van dood hout, in kwantiteit, samenstelling en de variatie en dynamiek daarin, is onderwerp van verschillende analyses geweest in enkele gerelateerde projecten. In deze rapportage worden de belangrijkste resultaten hiervan samengevat in de vorm van factsheets

'Takkenbreekdag' was de naam voor de themadag van 10 december bij het IPC te Schaarsbergen. Onderwerpen die o.a. aan de orde kwamen: bespreking van de taksterkte naar aanleiding van een groot aantal dia’s van bomen, ervaringen m.bt. het vellen van dode bomen, uitleg over verschillende factoren die bepalen waar een topanker nog veilig op te hangen is, verschillende facetten van het afvangen van takken en de krachten die daarbij vrijkomen. Een verslag

Derde artikel in een serie van drie over de rol van dood beukenhout voor de biodiversiteit. In Nederlandse beukenbossen op zowel zand- als kleigrond is onderzoek gedaan naar de paddestoelenflora op dode beukenstammen. Belangrijke factoren voor de soortensamenstelling blijken het verteringsstadium en de locatie (klei of zand) te zijn. In de verschillende verteringsstadia hebben telkens andere soorten hun optimum. De geringere soortenrijkdom op Nederlandse locaties in vergelijking met het buitenland kan verklaard worden door een geringere bodemvariatie en het nog ontbreken van voldoende groot dood hout voor het vormen van stabiele populaties. In een tabel een weergave van indicatorsoorten voor de geselecteerde Nederlandse locaties

Eerste artikel in een serie van drie over de rol van dood beukenhout voor de biodiversiteit, waarin aandacht wordt besteed aan de fysisch-chemische karakteristieken van het dode beukenhout. In een aantal Nederlandse beukenbossen op zowel zand- als kleigrond werd de aanwezige hoeveelhoud dood hout onderzocht op o.a. verteringsstadium, nutriëntengehalte (koolstof, stikstof, fosfor, sulfaat en kalium), pH en vochtgehalte. Lokaal blijken dode beukenstammen belangrijke bronnen te zijn van water en nutriënten, en daardoor bij te dragen aan de ruimtelijke variatie in groeiomstandigheden en dus de biodiversiteit

Tweede artikel in een serie van drie over de rol van dood beukenhout voor de biodiversiteit. In Nederlandse beukenbossen op zowel zand- als kleigrond zijn dode beukenstammen geïnventariseerd op het voorkomen van mossen (bladmossen; levermossen) en korstmossen. De soortenrijkdom per stam is sterk afhankelijk van het type beukenbos (kleibos of zandbos), het verteringsstadium en het volume van de dode stam. In de loop van de vertering treden belangrijke verschuivingen in soortensamenstelling op. Uit een vergelijking met bossen zonder dood hout blijkt dat dood hout een belangrijke bijdrage aan de biodiversiteit levert. In een tabel het voorkomen van bijzondere soorten mossen en korstmossen op het dode beukenhout

Tweede artikel in een serie van drie over de rol van dood beukenhout voor de biodiversiteit. In Nederlandse beukenbossen op zowel zand- als kleigrond zijn dode beukenstammen geïnventariseerd op het voorkomen van mossen (bladmossen; levermossen) en korstmossen. De soortenrijkdom per stam is sterk afhankelijk van het type beukenbos (kleibos of zandbos), het verteringsstadium en het volume van de dode stam. In de loop van de vertering treden belangrijke verschuivingen in soortensamenstelling op. Uit een vergelijking met bossen zonder dood hout blijkt dat dood hout een belangrijke bijdrage aan de biodiversiteit levert. In een tabel het voorkomen van bijzondere soorten mossen en korstmossen op het dode beukenhout

Eerste artikel in een serie van drie over de rol van dood beukenhout voor de biodiversiteit, waarin aandacht wordt besteed aan de fysisch-chemische karakteristieken van het dode beukenhout. In een aantal Nederlandse beukenbossen op zowel zand- als kleigrond werd de aanwezige hoeveelhoud dood hout onderzocht op o.a. verteringsstadium, nutriëntengehalte (koolstof, stikstof, fosfor, sulfaat en kalium), pH en vochtgehalte. Lokaal blijken dode beukenstammen belangrijke bronnen te zijn van water en nutriënten, en daardoor bij te dragen aan de ruimtelijke variatie in groeiomstandigheden en dus de biodiversiteit

Derde artikel in een serie van drie over de rol van dood beukenhout voor de biodiversiteit. In Nederlandse beukenbossen op zowel zand- als kleigrond is onderzoek gedaan naar de paddestoelenflora op dode beukenstammen. Belangrijke factoren voor de soortensamenstelling blijken het verteringsstadium en de locatie (klei of zand) te zijn. In de verschillende verteringsstadia hebben telkens andere soorten hun optimum. De geringere soortenrijkdom op Nederlandse locaties in vergelijking met het buitenland kan verklaard worden door een geringere bodemvariatie en het nog ontbreken van voldoende groot dood hout voor het vormen van stabiele populaties. In een tabel een weergave van indicatorsoorten voor de geselecteerde Nederlandse locaties

In het begin van de jaren negentig trad er behoorlijk veel schade op bij bosaanleg in het kader van de Randstadgroenstructuur en de set-aside regelingen in Groningen en Drenthe. De boompjes waren geplant op voormalige landbouwgrond. Door snelle verruiging van de vegetatie, ontstaat er voor woelmuizen een zeer gunstige biotoop. Vraat van muizen in de winterperiode aan de bast en wortels waardoor de boompjes kunnen afsterven.

In het begin van de jaren negentig trad er behoorlijk veel schade op bij bosaanleg in het kader van de Randstadgroenstructuur en de set-aside regelingen in Groningen en Drenthe. De boompjes waren geplant op voormalige landbouwgrond. Door snelle verruiging van de vegetatie, ontstaat er voor woelmuizen een zeer gunstige biotoop. Vraat van muizen in de winterperiode aan de bast en wortels waardoor de boompjes kunnen afsterven.

Uit een inventarisatie is gebleken dat in bijna een kwart van de zomereikenopstanden de laatste vijftien jaar veel sterfte is opgetreden. Deze sterfte vertoont duidelijke samenhang met ongunstige factoren in de (storende bodemlagen, grote grondwaterfluctuaties e.d.). De laatste paar jaar heeft de eikenprachtkever veel eiken aangetast en wellicht versneld doen afsterven. Vanwege de slechte vitaliteit van veel eiken is de komende jaren nog meer sterfte te verwachten.

In het bosreservaat Galgenberg bij Amerongen is de relatie onderzocht tussen het aanwezige dode hout, het humusprofiel in de bodem en het voorkomen van Brede en Smalle stekelvaren (Dryopteris dilatata en D. carthusiana). Stekelvaren is een waardevolle indicator voor bosontwikkeling, wijzend in de richting van meer zwaar dood hout, een koeler en luchtvochtiger bosklimaat en van meer kleine open plekken in opgaand (multifunctioneel) bos

Uit een inventarisatie is gebleken dat in bijna een kwart van de zomereikenopstanden de laatste vijftien jaar veel sterfte is opgetreden. Deze sterfte vertoont duidelijke samenhang met ongunstige factoren in de waterhuishouding (storende bodemlagen, grote grondwaterfluctuaties e.d.). De laatste paar jaar heeft de eikenprachtkever veel eiken aangetast en wellicht versneld doen afsterven. Vanwege de slechte vitaliteit van veel eiken is de komende jaren nog meer sterfte te verwachten. Er worden richtlijnen gegeven voor het beheer.

In het Belgische bosreservaat Kersselaerspleyn (Zoniënwoud) is de vegetatie op 201 dode beukenstammen opgenomen. Uit deze inventarisatie blijkt dat de dode beukenbomen een belangrijk substraat zijn voor veel planten. Het aantal plantensoorten op de dode beukenstammen neemt toe met de diameter en het verteringsstadium van de stam.

Onderzoek naar de sterfte in eikenbossen en richtlijnen voor het beheer

In het bosreservaat Galgenberg bij Amerongen is de relatie onderzocht tussen het aanwezige dode hout, het humusprofiel in de bodem en het voorkomen van Brede en Smalle stekelvaren (Dryopteris dilatata en D. carthusiana). Stekelvaren is een waardevolle indicator voor bosontwikkeling, wijzend in de richting van meer zwaar dood hout, een koeler en luchtvochtiger bosklimaat en van meer kleine open plekken in opgaand (multifunctioneel) bos

De morfologische ontwikkeling van de Geul sinds de start van het Beneden-Geuldalproject

Overzicht van de hoeveelheid dood hout, de sterfte van bomen en de verteringssnelheid van deze bomen in enkele niet meer beheerde Nederlandse bosreservaten. Voor drie typen bos (gemengd bos; grove den; zomereik) is op grond van een beheerscenario de te verwachten hoeveelheid hout in de loop van de tijd berekend

Overzicht van de hoeveelheid dood hout, de sterfte van bomen en de verteringssnelheid van deze bomen in enkele niet meer beheerde Nederlandse bosreservaten. Voor drie typen bos (gemengd bos; grove den; zomereik) is op grond van een beheerscenario de te verwachten hoeveelheid hout in de loop van de tijd berekend

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