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The present plight of the world as a victim to a plethora of environmental setbacks ranging from global warming, ozone layer depletion to an alarming increase in world pollution levels is threatening the existence of the most intelligent species on earth. This has been enough for both environmentalists and laymen to wake up to the indisputable importance of environmental education. Almost every sphere that man has forged into has undergone a major demarcation from what it was before to suit the needs and greed of man better. Yet this Midas touch that came into major force in the last century was not quite the answer to the big question that it put on the sustainable development of our future generations.

In today's era, many of us do not know more about the teachings of the Islamic religion in which it has been arranged perfectly related to the country's economy. The purpose of this article is to find out more about Usyur which is now applied in Indonesia under the name Customs. 'Usyur is a type of tax that is taken in the form of assets from the trade of ahludzzimmah and residents of darul harbi who have passed through the territory of the Muslims and the property is according to a predetermined level. Customs is a term for collection of export and import activities carried out by an entity or individual, besides that in customs there is a system used, especially in Indonesia, which aims to facilitate all activities. Customs in Indonesia has been used for a long time by kingdoms in the Indonesian archipelago. Between 'Usyur and Customs have similarities and certainly have differences considering the Indonesian state has an economic system that does not lead to Islamic law.

In today's era, many of us do not know more about the teachings of the Islamic religion in which it has been arranged perfectly related to the country's economy. The purpose of this article is to find out more about Usyur which is now applied in Indonesia under the name Customs. 'Usyur is a type of tax that is taken in the form of assets from the trade of ahludzzimmah and residents of darul harbi who have passed through the territory of the Muslims and the property is according to a predetermined level. Customs is a term for collection of export and import activities carried out by an entity or individual, besides that in customs there is a system used, especially in Indonesia, which aims to facilitate all activities. Customs in Indonesia has been used for a long time by kingdoms in the Indonesian archipelago. Between 'Usyur and Customs have similarities and certainly have differences considering the Indonesian state has an economic system that does not lead to Islamic law.

L’autor estudia els diversos manuscrits i edicions coneguts fins a la data del Llibre de les costums de Tortosa, existents en els arxius que s’indiquen., The author studies the manuscripts and editions, found up until today, of the Llibre de les costums de Tortosa, located in the mentioned archives., El autor estudia los diferentes manuscritos y ediciones conocidos hasta la fecha del Llibre de les costums de Tortosa, existentes en los archivos que se indican.

A government’s legality and its recognition need to be tested through the lenses of international law where the government changes through unconstitutional measures. The Taliban’s coming to power in Afghanistan is through unconstitutional and undemocratic means. Its control over Afghanistan raises questions about the fundamental nature of international law, politics, the State’s internal governance, and issues crucial for international peace.  These matters although of primary concern, however,  compromised to a secondary position as their accomplishment is contingent on peace being restored and guaranteed by the class of people in the ruling hierarchy. Since the Taliban government is not recognised by many States, it puts to test, the international law criteria for recognizing the government of the State. The reluctance shown by the comity of nations in recognizing the government, further raises the related issue of international law, that how the comity of nations can create an inroad for human rights and peace in Afghanistan. The objective to establish peace in Afghanistan, by identifying the legitimacy of the Taliban regime, touches the core aspect of de jure government as recognized by international law and is also a key concern for setting the trust of Afghan people in international law and international institutions. This article sets the premise to know the position of international law, for recognising a government in a State where the change of government is not established by legal measures and therefore not recognised by other nations. Besides, the author attempts to explore the possibilities of setting the foundation and establishing human rights and related objectives for sustainable peace in Afghanistan. The author sets the dialectical discourse, for setting a roadmap to achieve peace in Afghanistan by applying international law provisions through international institutions.

Women empowerment is crucial for the progress of a society and a state. In this paper the district Buner’s women vulnerable position is addressed in order to produce literature which can boost awareness in the society so that women can be emancipated. Since the inception, on the pretexts of religion and culture the women have been sieged in their homes which is against the very rights of human. In this regard, it is opted to utilize both the primary and secondary data under qualitative and quantitative methodologies in order to explain it effectively. As a results, the people have been using both religion and culture to regulate women resource as per their wishes. Such issue can be addressed on the genuine efforts of the government and the civil society at all fronts by modernizing the views of the people regarding women’s rights.

Women empowerment is crucial for the progress of a society and a state. In this paper the district Buner’s women vulnerable position is addressed in order to produce literature which can boost awareness in the society so that women can be emancipated. Since the inception, on the pretexts of religion and culture the women have been sieged in their homes which is against the very rights of human. In this regard, it is opted to utilize both the primary and secondary data under qualitative and quantitative methodologies in order to explain it effectively. As a results, the people have been using both religion and culture to regulate women resource as per their wishes. Such issue can be addressed on the genuine efforts of the government and the civil society at all fronts by modernizing the views of the people regarding women’s rights.

Regardless the laudable efforts made to date to highlight the role that women played in late medieval development of commerce, still not much is known about their contribution to the economy and trade. In the light of this, it is important to analyze the female presence in the customs of the General of Aragon in the middle of 15th century. While their presence may have been residual and sporadic, the analysis can shed some light on the range of action and expansion they had and the specific objects of exchange available. Therefore, and although the volume of goods passing through the Aragonese collidas in the hands of women does not allow us to draw conclusions, it at least gives us an overall idea of the control they had over their own production, the main products they introduced or exported, and also the local consumption according to their daily needs and economic and social possibilities., A pesar de los encomiables esfuerzos realizados hasta la fecha por reivindicar el papel que la mujer tuvo en el desarrollo mercantil bajomedieval, todavía no se conoce suficiente su contribución a la economía y al comercio. De ahí deriva la importancia de analizar la presencia femenil en las aduanas del General de Aragón a mediados del siglo XV que, pese a ser residual y esporádica, permite aproximarnos a sus espacios de alcance y expansión y a los objetos de intercambio característicos. Por consiguiente, y aunque el volumen de mercancías que pasan por las collidas aragonesas en manos femeninas no permite sacar grandes conclusiones, sí al menos nos da una idea de conjunto del control de su propia producción, de los principales productos que introducen o exportan y del consumo local de acuerdo con sus necesidades cotidianas y posibilidades económicas y sociales.

There is an urgent need for biosurveillance of unregulated African meat imports at border points of entry in destination markets. This is underscored by recent pandemics linked to exotic wildlife products. Our objective was to catalog the quantity of meat that is informally transported from Africa into and through Europe often without any veterinary or sanitary checks. We searched and included peer-reviewed studies that contained data on the intercontinental movement of unregulated meat from the African continent. This was followed by an investigation of the reported contamination of such meat. We included fifteen airport studies with limited data on this topic. The references included in this review describe the quantity of meat found at border inspection posts and the presence of pathogens. Disease-causing pathogens were found to be present, and the results are organized into bacteria, virus, and parasite categories. The species of animal meat found in this review were linked to CITES-protected species some of which are known reservoir hosts for infectious diseases. This represents a potential and unquantified human health risk to populations along the supply chain, and a loss to biodiversity in supply countries. Meat samples described in this review were primarily found opportunistically by Customs officials, indicating that any estimate of the total quantities passing undetected through border checkpoints must remain tentative, and cannot rule out the possibility that it is indeed considerably higher. We propose a template for future studies regarding African meat imports at border points of entry. The result of this review illustrates a gap in knowledge and lacunae regarding the amount of unregulated African meat imports worldwide, the pathogens it may contain, and the resulting biodiversity loss that occurs from the intercontinental movement of this meat.

The representatives of a country who monitor and control the flow of goods entering and leaving the territory, in addition to collecting the appropriate taxes dictated by law, are customs. Customs are extremely important entities within a nation, since they are responsible for controlling and reducing the transit of illegal goods that may threaten health. In turn, it narrows the flow of illicit goods to other countries, assisting the fight against illegal trafficking of products, thus supporting national security. Furthermore, through the corresponding tax collections, governed by the laws established in the field of foreign trade, these audited areas support an entire customs infrastructure at the borders, maritime and interior in most countries, the same entities contributing to the economy and to the development of nations., Los representantes de un país de vigilar y controlar el flujo de mercancías que ingresan y salen del territorio, además de recaudar los impuestos oportunos que dicta la ley, son las aduanas. Las aduanas son entes de suma importancia dentro de una nación, ya que son las representantes de controlar y disminuir el tránsito de mercancías ilegales que puedan atentar contra la salud. Estrecha, a su vez, la salida de mercancías ilícitas hacia otros países, auxiliando la lucha del tráfico ilegal de productos, apoyando con esto a la seguridad nacional. Además, mediante los cobros fiscales correspondientes, regidos por las leyes establecidas en el ámbito del comercio exterior, mencionados recintos fiscalizados apoyan con toda una infraestructura aduanera en las fronteras, marítimas e interiores en la mayoría de los países, mismos entes contribuyen a la economía y al desarrollo de las naciones.

Small and medium-sized companies have great significance in the Mexican economic sector, while simultaneously facing unfavorable situations that generate risks of economic losses and skilled labor; in this sense, it is important to study the components that intervene in the operation of companies such as organizational culture and job satisfaction. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the relationship between the culture of commercial SMEs in Cajeme and the satisfaction of their employees. A study was carried out using a non-experimental, cross-sectional, quantitative and correlational design. An instrument was integrated and applied to 395 employees of 79 commercial companies. For the analysis of the information, a structural equation model was developed in IBM AMOS. A path coefficient of 0.82 was obtained, indicating a positive and significant relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction, with a high level of association between them. In addition, a coefficient of determination of 0.68 was determined, explaining a high percentage of job satisfaction, which agrees with previous studies, concluding that this relationship is reaffirmed and that there are other variables that complement its explanation., Las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES) poseen gran relevancia en el sector económico mexicano y a la vez se enfrentan a situaciones poco favorables que generan riesgos de pérdidas económicas y de mano de obra calificada, en ese sentido, es importante el estudio de los componentes que intervienen en el funcionamiento de las empresas, como son la cultura organizacional (CO) y la satisfacción laboral (SL), por lo que en este estudio se plantea como objetivo determinar la relación entre ambas variables. Se realizó un estudio con diseño no experimental y de corte transversal, de tipo cuantitativo y correlacional. Se integró un instrumento, el cual fue aplicado a 395 empleados de 79 empresas comerciales. Para el análisis de la información se elaboró un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales en IBM AMOS. Se obtuvo un coeficiente path de 0.82, que permite afirmar que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre la CO y la SL con un alto nivel de relación entre ellas. Así mismo, se determinó un coeficiente de determinación de 0.68, que explica en un alto porcentaje a la SL, lo cual coincide con estudios anteriores, concluyendo que se reafirma dicha relación, además que existen otras variables que complementan su explicación.

The world is stunned by the impact and devastation of a health condition like SARS-CoV-2, COVID19. Each pandemic has been catastrophic due to the implications caused in the world structure, affecting mainly the population and the sectors of productive life, leaving behind not only death but also higher rates of poverty. Undoubtedly, one of the main economic activities of Mexicans is trade, whether local or international; being aware of not being self-sufficient and commercially independent, it is that a greater number of links have been generated with what others produce and market through imports and exports. Because customs are in charge of controlling the entry and exit of merchandise from the country, this article presents a descriptive analysis presenting the data obtained, with a mixed approach, and with the purpose of analyzing how customs have operated against COVID-19, in order to identify and show, if any, the effects in terms of international trade relations that we have with other nations; first, in relation to the variability that has arisen in the entry and exit of merchandise, then, indicating which are the customs that decreased or strengthened the flow of merchandise, since to the surprise of many, there is no substantial change regarding the number of customs operations that have been carried out from Mexican customs, during the aforementioned global health contingency, O mundo está surpreso com o impacto e a devastação de uma condição de saúde como SARS-CoV2, COVID-19. Cada pandemia tem sido catastrófica pelas implicações causadas na estrutura mundial, afetando principalmente a população e os setores da vida produtiva, abandonando não só a morte, mas também maiores índices de pobreza. Sem dúvida, uma das principais atividades econômicas dos mexicanos é o comércio, seja local ou internacional; conscientes de não serem autossuficientes e independentes comercialmente, é que um maior número de vínculos fora gerado com o que outros produzem e comercializam através de importações e exportações. Sendo a alfândega a responsável pelo controlo da entrada e saída de mercadorias do país, este artigo apresenta uma análise descritiva apresentando os dados obtidos, com uma abordagem mista, e com o objetivo de analisar como tem funcionado a alfândega face ao COVID-19, em a fim de identificar e mostrar, se houver, os efeitos em termos de relações comerciais internacionais que mantemos com outras nações; primeiro, em relação à variabilidade que tem surgido na entrada e saída de mercadorias, depois, indicando quais são os costumes que diminuíram ou fortaleceram o fluxo de mercadorias, pois para surpresa de muitos, não há alteração substancial quanto ao número de operações alfandegárias realizadas desde a alfândega mexicana, durante a mencionada contingência sanitária global., El mundo está desconcertado ante el impacto y la devastación de una condición sanitaria como la del SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19. Cada pandemia ha sido catastrófica por las implicaciones causadas en la estructura mundial, repercutiendo principalmente en la población y en los sectores de la vida productiva, dejando a su paso no solamente muerte sino también mayores índices de pobreza. Sin duda, una de las principales actividades económicas de los mexicanos es el comercio, ya sea local o internacional; siendo conscientes de no ser autosuficientes e independientes comercialmente, es que se han generado mayor cantidad de vínculos con lo que otros producen y comercializan a través de importaciones y exportaciones. Debido a que las aduanas son las encargadas de controlar la entrada y salida de mercancías del país, es que en este artículo se hace un análisis descriptivo presentando los datos obtenidos, con un enfoque mixto, y con el propósito de analizar cómo han operado las aduanas mexicanas frente al COVID-19, con el objeto de identificar y mostrar, en caso de existir, las afectaciones en cuanto a las relaciones comerciales internacionales que tenemos con otras naciones; primero, en relación a la variabilidad que ha surgido en la entrada y salida de mercancías, después, señalando cuáles son las aduanas que disminuyeron o potencializaron el flujo de mercancías, ya que para sorpresa de muchos, no hay una cambio sustancial respecto al número de operaciones aduaneras que desde las aduanas mexicanas se ha realizado, durante lo que va de la citada contingencia sanitaria mundial.

Making mochi (rice cakes) is a metaphor for making a way of life for myself through spiritual and cultural practice. I navigate the complexities of cultural mixing and identity as someone who is half Korean and half white. Rather than one or the other, I have always felt mixed, so my path to understanding my place in the world is also mixed. On one level, I am honoring my heritage by referencing Korean customs, folktales, and mythology. On another, I address how my needs are based on my current state, which includes my location, pop culture, and society at large. Much of this search is an endeavor in reconciliation–for the spiritually unknown and the way everything lives and dies. I recognize that I have a role in cultural evolution, so I choose to take on the responsibility as an active being in the world. The exhibit Making Mochi! visualizes spiritual contemplation and cultural practice in the form of ceramic and mixed media sculptures. It is a celebration for what once was and the journey that leads to growth and ultimately transformation.

El siguiente trabajo de grado tiene como finalidad realizar un estudio de prefactibilidad para la creación de una empresa que capacite y asesore en el uso de una herramienta con inteligencia artificial para la elaboración de declaraciones de exportaciones en la aduana colombiana, para esto, como inicio se encontrará un estudio de entorno y de mercado mediante la metodología de PESTEL, seguido de un estudio de mercado donde se ahondó sobre lo relacionado con el producto, precio, plaza y promoción, tomando en cuenta la oferta y la demanda en Colombia. En el tercer ámbito encontramos el estudio técnico en donde se evaluó la localización, el tamaño y la ingeniería de la empresa a crear; continuando con el estudio administrativo y organizacional donde se observa el organigrama de la empresa a crear, los cargos y perfiles. Para terminar con el estudio de prefactibilidad, encontramos el estudio legal, en el que podemos determinar la documentación y los estudios necesarios para la creación de la empresa; seguido por el estudio financiero, en el cual se encontraron los presupuestos, estados financieros proyectados, flujo de caja neto, análisis financiero y aplicación de los conceptos de evaluación financiera como VPN, TIO y TIR de la empresa, a través de ellos se evalúa la prefactibilidad económica para la creación de la empresa, obteniendo como resultado que, de acuerdo con los indicadores económicos, el proyecto es viable., The purpose of this research works is developed a pre-feasibility study for the creation of a company that trains and advises on the use of a tool with artificial intelligence for the elaboration of export declarations in the Colombian customs. For this as a beginning it will be a study of the environment and the market using the PESTEL methodology. Followed by a market study where the product, price, place and promotion were discussed. Taking into account supply and demand in Colombia. In the third area we find the technical study where the location, size and engineering. Continuing with the administrative and organizational study where the organizational chart, the positions and profiles are observed. To finish it you can find the legal study, in which can determine the documentation and the necessary studies for the creation of the company; followed by the financial study in which the budget, projected financial statements, net cash flow, financial analysis and application of the concepts of financial evaluation such as NPV, TIO and IRR. Through them the pre-feasibility is evaluated obtaining as a result that the project is viable according to the economic indicators.

This work refers to a very specific part of the liturgical corpus of the cathedral of Toledo. It is a small set of books and notebooks, which, under the name of consuetas, customs or ceremonies, collected the uses of each place: calendar of festivities, rank of each celebration, memories and anniversaries. All of them were the perfect complement to the Missals, Breviaries and Manuals or Ordinaries used, respectively, for the celebration of mass, the office and the administration of the sacraments or other rites. Together with them, I will add the information offered by chapter statutes and constitutions, which regulated many details of the cathedral ceremonial and the role played by the different groups that made up the chapter and even its lay servants., En este trabajo se alude a una parte muy concreta del corpus litúrgico de la catedral de Toledo. Se trata de un pequeño conjunto de libros y cuadernos, que, bajo el nombre de consuetas, costumbres o ceremonieros recogían los usos propios de cada lugar: calendario de festividades, rango de cada celebración, memorias y aniversarios. Todos ellos eran el perfecto complemento de los Misales, Breviarios y Manuales u Ordinarios utilizados, respectivamente, para la celebración de la misa, el oficio y la administración de los sacramentos u otros ritos. A ellos sumaré la información que ofrecen estatutos y constituciones capitulares, en los que se regulaban muchos detalles del ceremonial catedralicio y del papel que desarrollaban los diferentes colectivos que conformaban el cabildo e incluso sus servidores laicos.

The ancient Ipolka-Obulco-Bolkuna-Porcuna, has been leaving a deep trace over the years that have covered with traditions, customs, festivals..., the life of the town. This town-city has always enjoyed many of them, both religious and secular. With due passage of time, some have been disappearing, although they have remained in the collective memory and we have heard them from the lips of those who lived them, (the Virgin of the Acorn and the Orange, the Soldiers of Jesus...), others, we have known them in our youth (Lardero Thursday, Toricos de Reyes, throwing the handkerchief in the olive harvest...), many others still exist and some others are being revived lately. It happens the same with the trades and jobs that modern technology is leaving to oblivion and are now only the object of ethnological study. Here we collect the entire festive calendar, both religious and secular, the work calendar and its festive implications, traditions and ways of life, some that we live and others that we heared from the lips of our elders., La milenaria Ipolka-Obulco-Bolkuna-Porcuna, ha ido dejando un poso, que, a través de la historia, ha llenado de tradiciones, costumbres, fiestas…, la vida de la localidad. Gozó siempre esta villa-ciudad de un gran número de ellas, tanto religiosas como profanas. Algunas por el paso del tiempo han ido desapareciendo, aunque han quedado en la memoria colectiva y las hemos oído de los labios de los que las vivieron, (la Virgen de la Bellota y la de la Naranja, los Soldados de Jesús…), otras las hemos conocido en nuestra juventud (Jueves lardeo, Toricos de Reyes, echar el pañuelo en la recolección de la aceituna…), otras muchas continúan en la actualidad y algunas otras se van recuperando al día de hoy. Lo mismo ocurre con los oficios y trabajos que la moderna tecnología va dejando en el olvido y solamente son ya objeto de estudio etnológico. Aquí recogemos todo el calendario festivo, tanto religioso como profano, el calendario laboral y sus implicaciones festivas, las tradiciones y las formas de vida, unas que las vivimos y otras que escuchamos en los labios de nuestros mayores.

The presence of unaccompanied migrant minors (MENAS) in our country is increasing, being a topical issue due, among other things, to the magnitude and importance that it has reached as a social phenomenon. Thus, it is one of the most important issues throughout Europe, and inescapably, in Mediterranean countries, as is the case of Spain. The general objective of this article is to analyse the situation of unaccompanied foreign minors in the Region of Murcia. The design of this study follows a quantitative, descriptive, and non-experimental approach. This has been carried out in two centers for minors managed by Fundación Diagrama, in which 46 unaccompanied minors live. The instrument used was a questionnaire designed ad-hoc. The results have shown that it is not a homogeneous group in relation to its socio-educational profile, origin, interests, migratory reasons, or levels of support, so each of the specific problems must be addressed. In conclusion, knowledge of the language, lack of support or low training are highlighted as key factors to achieve the inclusion of these minors in host societies., La presencia de menores migrantes no acompañados (MENAS) en nuestro país es cada vez mayor, siendo un tema de actualidad debido, entre otras cosas, a la magnitud y trascendencia que ha alcanzado como fenómeno social. Así, se trata de unas de las temáticas de mayor trascendencia en toda Europa, y de forma ineludible, en países del Mediterráneo, como es el caso de España. El objetivo general de este artículo es analizar la situación de los menores extranjeros no acompañados en la Región de Murcia. El diseño de este estudio sigue un enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo y no experimental. Este se ha realizado en dos centros de menores gestionados por Fundación Diagrama, en los que conviven 46 menores no acompañados. El instrumento empleado ha sido un cuestionario diseñado ad-hoc. Los resultados han mostrado que no se trata de un grupo homogéneo en relación a su perfil socio-educativo, procedencia, intereses, motivos migratorios o niveles de apoyo, por lo que se debe atender a cada una de las problemáticas específicas. Como conclusión, se resalta el conocimiento del idioma, la falta de apoyos o la baja formación, como factores clave para lograr la inclusión de estos menores en las sociedades de acogida.

Customs smuggling is a crime that was initially criminalized to protect the Public Treasury and the Tax Regime, due to the tax evasion generated by the entry of goods through clandestine points other than the customs offices authorized for such purpose. However, over the years, smuggling has ceased to be a crime whose classification protects purely economic interests and has become a criminal offense that influences the commission of other more serious crimes, such as international drug transit. Although the connection between the two crimes is not usually so obvious, after the analysis of both backgrounds it shows that many of the people who started out smuggling merchandise formed criminal groups for this purpose, later ended up engaging in more profitable illicit activities such as drug trafficking. Even though the government has tried to battle this problem in recent years, the country's history and current reality has been an obstacle in the fight against customs smuggling, a crime that, by remaining constantly unpunished, has left the country with legal, fiscal, health and security consequences., El contrabando aduanero es un delito que inicialmente se tipificó para proteger la Hacienda Pública y el Régimen Tributario, debido a la evasión de impuestos que se generaba al ingresar mercancía por puntos clandestinos distintos a las aduanas habilitadas para el efecto. Sin embargo, con el pasar de los años, el contrabando ha dejado de ser un delito cuya tipificación resguarda intereses netamente económicos y se ha convertido en una figura delictiva que influye en la comisión de otros delitos de mayor gravedad, como lo es el tránsito internacional de droga. Si bien la conexión entre ambos delitos no suele ser tan evidente, conforme se analizan los antecedentes de ambos, se observa que varias de las personas que iniciaron contrabandeando mercancía formaban grupos criminales para cumplir este objetivo, terminando tiempo después dedicándose a actividades ilícitas más rentables como el narcotráfico. A pesar de que el Gobierno ha intentado combatir este problema durante los últimos años, la historia del país y su realidad actual ha sido un obstáculo en la lucha contra el contrabando aduanero, delito que al quedar constantemente en la impunidad, ha dejado en el país consecuencias jurídicas, fiscales, de salud y de seguridad.

Like many other communities, the Abanyala clan struggles with the intricacies of resource distribution, which is greatly influenced by the political environment and sociocultural dynamics. Essentially, who has access to resources and how they are allocated are largely determined by the Abanyala clan's political structure. Political elites, or those in positions of power and influence, control resources and, occasionally, put their interests ahead of fair distribution, which leads to inequities. To maintain their advantages, these political elites may use strategies like alliances and patronage networks. Various pieces of literature were reviewed, especially those that are deeply ingrained with historical customs and cultural standards that are similar to the Abanyala clan's interactions between politics and business. These relationships frequently reinforce the socioeconomic status and influence over the resource distribution of particular families or groups according to established hierarchies. Due to its qualitative nature, the study used a descriptive research design. This paper used Thorstein Veblen’s theory to underscore the issue of resource distribution. It helped in analyzing the use of power, the people who profit from it, and the effects on the availability of resources for the larger community. The major finding was the need for the Abanyala clan to allocate resources in a way that is inclusive and deliberate.

Like many other communities, the Abanyala clan struggles with the intricacies of resource distribution, which is greatly influenced by the political environment and sociocultural dynamics. Essentially, who has access to resources and how they are allocated are largely determined by the Abanyala clan's political structure. Political elites, or those in positions of power and influence, control resources and, occasionally, put their interests ahead of fair distribution, which leads to inequities. To maintain their advantages, these political elites may use strategies like alliances and patronage networks. Various pieces of literature were reviewed, especially those that are deeply ingrained with historical customs and cultural standards that are similar to the Abanyala clan's interactions between politics and business. These relationships frequently reinforce the socioeconomic status and influence over the resource distribution of particular families or groups according to established hierarchies. Due to its qualitative nature, the study used a descriptive research design. This paper used Thorstein Veblen’s theory to underscore the issue of resource distribution. It helped in analyzing the use of power, the people who profit from it, and the effects on the availability of resources for the larger community. The major finding was the need for the Abanyala clan to allocate resources in a way that is inclusive and deliberate.

Práce je zaměřena na analýzu procesu celního odbavení a jsou v ní popsány postupy celého procesu. V teoretické části jsou vysvětleny základní pojmy z oblasti celnictví, v praktické části je popsán postup celního procesu z pohledu řidiče krok za krokem. V návrhové části jsou navržena doporučení, která by mohla vést k vylepšení celého procesu., The work is focused on the analysis of the customs clearance process and describes the procedures of the whole process. The theoretical part explains the basic concepts of customs, the practical part describes the customs clearance process from the driver's point of view step by step. In the design part, recommendations are proposed that could lead to improvements in the whole process., Dopravní fakulta Jana Pernera, Studentka přednesla ucelenou a logicky uspořádanou obhajobu své bakalářské práce. V ní dokázala přesvědčivým způsobem obhájit závěry svých řešení. U doplňkových otázek prokázala schopnost logického myšlení, pohotové reakce, jasného a srozumitelného vysvětlení., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Bakalářská práce, formou deskriptivní případové studie, zodpovídá výzkumnou otázku: "Jaká je hospodárnost příslušníků Celní správy při výkonu kontrol hazardních her v České republice?" S využitím výročních zpráv Celní správy za období 2011-2021 bylo zjištěno, že kontrolní činnost Celní správy v oblasti provozování hazardních her je hospodárná. A to proto, že od roku 2017 došlo k redukci počtu míst z 917 na 737, počtu heren z 2687 na 59 a počtu herních zařízení z 61026 na 490. Z provedené analýzy tak vyplynulo, že před rokem 2017 bylo možné zkontrolovat místa, herny a herní zařízení přibližně jednou za tři roky. Po roce 2017 došlo ke zvýšení vynaložených nákladů na kontroly hazardu zhruba o 9,5 mil. Kč a ke snížení počtu míst, heren a herních zařízení, v důsledku čehož lze zkontrolovat hazard s větší frekvencí, v průměru jednou za rok., This bachelor thesis, in the form of a descriptive case study that answers the research question: "What is the efficiency of the customs officers in performing gambling controls in the Czechia?" The thesis uses the annual reports of the Customs Administration for the period 2011-2021, and it was found that control activity of the Customs Administration in the field of gambling operation is efficiency because since 2017, there has been a reduction in the number of locations from 917 to 737, the number of gambling rooms from 2687 to 59 and the number of gaming equipments from 61026 to 490. The analysis showed that before year 2017 it was possible to check locations, gaming rooms and gaming equipments approximately once a year. After year 2017, the costs of gambling control increased by approximately 9.5 million czech coins and the number of locations, gaming rooms and gaming equipments has been reduced, as a result of which gambling can be inspected with greater frequency., Fakulta ekonomicko-správní, Studentka přednesla obhajobu práce s názvem Celní správa České republiky a její kontrolní činnost v oblasti provozování hazardních her v České republice. Cílem práce je popsat regulaci provozování hazardních her v České republice a s využitím výročních zpráv Celní správy ČR za období alespoň deseti let vyhodnotit činnost v této oblasti ve vztahu k velikosti rozpočtu a počtu zaměstnanců Celní správy ČR. Otázky vedoucího: O1: Závěr Vaší analýze je, že kontrolní činnost Celní správy ČR v oblasti regulace hazardu je z pohledu vynaložených prostředků i počtu zaměstnanců hospodárná. Přitom k poklesu míst a herních zařízení kontrolovaných Celní správou ČR došlo v důsledku zpřísnění právní regulace po roce 2016. Při zhruba stejném počtu systemizovaných míst obsazených příslušníky Celní správy ČR v analyzovaném období to znamená, že se změnil rozsah jejich činnosti? Doplňující otázky komise: O1: V tabulce uvádíte plat na 1 celníka, opravdu to tak je? O2: V tabulce máte uvedeno, že je v milionech korun, ale celkově se jedná o jednotky, je to tak? O3: V závěru máte, že se snížil počet heren, avšak počet míst se nesnížil tak markantně. Proč? Studentka dokázala reagovat správně, avšak práce vykazuje určité nedostatky., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Objective: To know the customs and gastronomy of the province of Sihuas, department of Ancash. Methods: Due to the very nature of the research, we worked within the qualitative approach, using the phenomenological method as a method, based on an open design that was adapted according to reality, which was presented at the time the study was carried out. As an instrument the same researchers, who were collecting the reports through observation and the oral reports of the participants who intervened in each town visited. It was necessary to identify oneself and be in the communities for several days in order to gain the trust of the population in order to obtain the information required for our study; then making the written report describing all the observations and oral reports received from the participants from the villages visited. Results: It is concluded from the different significant points that have been found in the investigation. Mentioning each of them., Objetivo: Conocer las costumbres y la gastronomía de la provincia de Sihuas departamento de Ancash. Métodos: Por la misma naturaleza de la investigación, se trabajó dentro del enfoque cualitativo, utilizando como método, el fenomenológico, basado en un diseño abierto que fueron adecuándose de acuerdo a la realidad, que se presentaron en el momento que se realizó el estudio. Como instrumento los mismos investigadores, que fueron recogiendo los informes mediante la observación y los informes orales de los participantes que intervinieron en cada pueblo visitado. Fue necesario identificarse y estar en las comunidades varios días a fin de ganarse la confianza del poblador para poder sacar la información requerida para nuestro estudio; luego realizando el informe escrito describiendo todo las observaciones y los informes orales recibidos de los participantes de los pueblos visitados. Resultados: Se llega a concluir de los diferentes puntos significativos que se han encontrado en la investigación. Mencionando cada uno de ellos.

Objective: To know the customs and gastronomy of the province of Sihuas, department of Ancash. Methods: Due to the very nature of the research, we worked within the qualitative approach, using the phenomenological method as a method, based on an open design that was adapted according to reality, which was presented at the time the study was carried out. As an instrument the same researchers, who were collecting the reports through observation and the oral reports of the participants who intervened in each town visited. It was necessary to identify oneself and be in the communities for several days in order to gain the trust of the population in order to obtain the information required for our study; then making the written report describing all the observations and oral reports received from the participants from the villages visited. Results: It is concluded from the different significant points that have been found in the investigation. Mentioning each of them., Objetivo: Conocer las costumbres y la gastronomía de la provincia de Sihuas departamento de Ancash. Métodos: Por la misma naturaleza de la investigación, se trabajó dentro del enfoque cualitativo, utilizando como método, el fenomenológico, basado en un diseño abierto que fueron adecuándose de acuerdo a la realidad, que se presentaron en el momento que se realizó el estudio. Como instrumento los mismos investigadores, que fueron recogiendo los informes mediante la observación y los informes orales de los participantes que intervinieron en cada pueblo visitado. Fue necesario identificarse y estar en las comunidades varios días a fin de ganarse la confianza del poblador para poder sacar la información requerida para nuestro estudio; luego realizando el informe escrito describiendo todo las observaciones y los informes orales recibidos de los participantes de los pueblos visitados. Resultados: Se llega a concluir de los diferentes puntos significativos que se han encontrado en la investigación. Mencionando cada uno de ellos.

Regardless the laudable efforts made to date to highlight the role that women played in late medieval development of commerce, still not much is known about their contribution to the economy and trade. In the light of this, it is important to analyze the female presence in the customs of the General of Aragon in the middle of 15th century. While their presence may have been residual and sporadic, the analysis can shed some light on the range of action and expansion they had and the specific objects of exchange available. Therefore, and although the volume of goods passing through the Aragonese collidas in the hands of women does not allow us to draw conclusions, it at least gives us an overall idea of the control they had over their own production, the main products they introduced or exported, and also the local consumption according to their daily needs and economic and social possibilities., A pesar de los encomiables esfuerzos realizados hasta la fecha por reivindicar el papel que la mujer tuvo en el desarrollo mercantil bajomedieval, todavía no se conoce suficiente su contribución a la economía y al comercio. De ahí deriva la importancia de analizar la presencia femenil en las aduanas del General de Aragón a mediados del siglo XV que, pese a ser residual y esporádica, permite aproximarnos a sus espacios de alcance y expansión y a los objetos de intercambio característicos. Por consiguiente, y aunque el volumen de mercancías que pasan por las collidas aragonesas en manos femeninas no permite sacar grandes conclusiones, sí al menos nos da una idea de conjunto del control de su propia producción, de los principales productos que introducen o exportan y del consumo local de acuerdo con sus necesidades cotidianas y posibilidades económicas y sociales.

Regardless the laudable efforts made to date to highlight the role that women played in late medieval development of commerce, still not much is known about their contribution to the economy and trade. In the light of this, it is important to analyze the female presence in the customs of the General of Aragon in the middle of 15th century. While their presence may have been residual and sporadic, the analysis can shed some light on the range of action and expansion they had and the specific objects of exchange available. Therefore, and although the volume of goods passing through the Aragonese collidas in the hands of women does not allow us to draw conclusions, it at least gives us an overall idea of the control they had over their own production, the main products they introduced or exported, and also the local consumption according to their daily needs and economic and social possibilities., A pesar de los encomiables esfuerzos realizados hasta la fecha por reivindicar el papel que la mujer tuvo en el desarrollo mercantil bajomedieval, todavía no se conoce suficiente su contribución a la economía y al comercio. De ahí deriva la importancia de analizar la presencia femenil en las aduanas del General de Aragón a mediados del siglo XV que, pese a ser residual y esporádica, permite aproximarnos a sus espacios de alcance y expansión y a los objetos de intercambio característicos. Por consiguiente, y aunque el volumen de mercancías que pasan por las collidas aragonesas en manos femeninas no permite sacar grandes conclusiones, sí al menos nos da una idea de conjunto del control de su propia producción, de los principales productos que introducen o exportan y del consumo local de acuerdo con sus necesidades cotidianas y posibilidades económicas y sociales.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present the international export control regimes applicable to Mexican customs based on the realism theory of international relations. Originality/value: The study of international export control regimes gains importance due to the dynamism and the need to update security regulatory structures to customs policies, particularly in Mexican customs. Design/methodology: A qualitative study is carried out applying the literature review technique through the method of analysis under a non-experimental cross-sectional design. Findings: The documentary review made it possible to list the elements that make up the international legal framework for the control of merchandise to ensure and facilitate trade. Practical implications: It is concluded that it is necessary to insist that Mexico and Latin America adhere to international policies on merchandise control to facilitate the security of merchandise in the supply chain, thus contributing to the global improvement in international standards of security in the traffic of goods, Propósito: El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer los regímenes internacionales de control de exportaciones aplicables a la aduana mexicana a partir de la teoría del realismo de las relaciones internacionales. Originalidad/valor: El estudio de los regímenes internacionales de control de exportaciones cobra importancia debido al dinamismo y la necesidad de actualizar las estructuras normativas de seguridad a las políticas aduaneras, particularmente en la aduana mexicana. Diseño/Metodología: Se realiza un estudio cualitativo aplicando la técnica de revisión de literatura a través del método de análisis bajo un diseño no experimental transversal. Resultados: La revisión documental permitió enlistar los elementos que integran el marco jurídico internacional del control de mercancías para asegurar y facilitar el comercio. Implicaciones: Se concluye que es preciso insistir en que México y América Latina se acojan a las políticas internacionales en materia de control de mercancías, para facilitar la seguridad de las mercancías en la cadena de suministro. De esta manera, se contribuye al mejoramiento global en los estándares internacionales de seguridad en el tráfi co de bienes

The great encyclopedist Makhmud Kashgari's "Devonu lugatit turk" is very valuable about the division of Turkic tribes and clans in the 11th century, their place of residence, customs, folklore, socio-economic status, history, commonalities and differences in language, reliable data are given.

The great encyclopedist Makhmud Kashgari's "Devonu lugatit turk" is very valuable about the division of Turkic tribes and clans in the 11th century, their place of residence, customs, folklore, socio-economic status, history, commonalities and differences in language, reliable data are given.

Market places offer gastronomic alternatives that reflect the traditions, everydayness, and territorialcharacteristics that become tourist attractions. However, internal migrations to Bogota have affected the gastronomic traditions, and therefore, the city’s traditional food supply. Given the importance of culinary culture for tourism, this research aims to identify the current offer of Bogota’s traditional dishes in four market places. The analysis was carried out using a descriptive qualitative approach, conducting field research, and data triangulation with the actors involved in the gastronomic process of the market places. The results revealed that 33 % of Bogota’s traditional dishes are not offered in the market places, providing an opportunity to rescue the city’s gastronomy coordinating tourist activities of market places and production of typical food. This finding contributes to the characterization of these territorial spaces and is relevant for future researches seeking strategies that can guarantee an offer in the market places., Las plazas de mercado son lugares en los cuales se encuentran alternativas gastronómicas que reflejan costumbres, cotidianidad y características del territorio, luego suelen convertirse en atractivos turísticos, sin embargo, las migraciones internas de la población a Bogotá han afectado las tradiciones gastronómicas y, por lo tanto, la oferta de comida típica de la ciudad. Al tener en cuenta la importancia de la cultura culinaria para el turismo, se planteó esta investigación con el propósito de identificar la oferta actual de los platos típicos bogotanos en cuatro plazas de mercado. La metodología utilizada tuvo un enfoque cualitativo de carácter descriptivo, con trabajo de campo in situ y una triangulación de datos con los actores involucrados en el proceso gastronómico de las plazas de mercado. Se identificó que el 33 % de los platos típicos bogotanos no se ofertan en las plazas, por lo anterior, existe la posibilidad de rescatar la gastronomía bogotana y, en consecuencia, las actividades turísticas de las plazas, así como la producción de alimentos típicos. Este hallazgo es relevante al caracterizar estos espacios territoriales para futuras investigaciones que busquen estrategias que puedan garantizar una oferta en las plazas de mercado., Os mercados públicos são lugares onde é possível encontrar alternativas gastronômicas que refletem costumes, vida cotidiana e características do território que se tornam atrativos turísticos, no entanto, a migração interna da população para Bogotá afetou as tradições gastronômicas e, portanto, a oferta de comidas típicas da cidade. Considerando a importância da cultura culinária para o turismo, esta pesquisa foi realizada a fim de identificar a oferta atual de pratos típicos de Bogotá em quatro mercados. A metodologia utilizada foi uma abordagem qualitativa de natureza descritiva, realizando trabalho de campo in situ e uma triangulação de dados com os atores envolvidos no processo gastronômico dos locais de mercado. Foi identificado que 33 % dos pratos típicos de Bogotá não são oferecidos nos mercados, sendo essa uma oportunidade de resgatar a gastronomia de Bogotá articulando as atividades turísticas dos mercados e a produção de comidas típicas, esta constatação é relevante na caracterização desses espaços territoriais para futuras pesquisas que busquem estratégias que possam garantir uma oferta nos mercados.

Market places offer gastronomic alternatives that reflect the traditions, everydayness, and territorialcharacteristics that become tourist attractions. However, internal migrations to Bogota have affected the gastronomic traditions, and therefore, the city’s traditional food supply. Given the importance of culinary culture for tourism, this research aims to identify the current offer of Bogota’s traditional dishes in four market places. The analysis was carried out using a descriptive qualitative approach, conducting field research, and data triangulation with the actors involved in the gastronomic process of the market places. The results revealed that 33 % of Bogota’s traditional dishes are not offered in the market places, providing an opportunity to rescue the city’s gastronomy coordinating tourist activities of market places and production of typical food. This finding contributes to the characterization of these territorial spaces and is relevant for future researches seeking strategies that can guarantee an offer in the market places., Las plazas de mercado son lugares en los cuales se encuentran alternativas gastronómicas que reflejan costumbres, cotidianidad y características del territorio, luego suelen convertirse en atractivos turísticos, sin embargo, las migraciones internas de la población a Bogotá han afectado las tradiciones gastronómicas y, por lo tanto, la oferta de comida típica de la ciudad. Al tener en cuenta la importancia de la cultura culinaria para el turismo, se planteó esta investigación con el propósito de identificar la oferta actual de los platos típicos bogotanos en cuatro plazas de mercado. La metodología utilizada tuvo un enfoque cualitativo de carácter descriptivo, con trabajo de campo in situ y una triangulación de datos con los actores involucrados en el proceso gastronómico de las plazas de mercado. Se identificó que el 33 % de los platos típicos bogotanos no se ofertan en las plazas, por lo anterior, existe la posibilidad de rescatar la gastronomía bogotana y, en consecuencia, las actividades turísticas de las plazas, así como la producción de alimentos típicos. Este hallazgo es relevante al caracterizar estos espacios territoriales para futuras investigaciones que busquen estrategias que puedan garantizar una oferta en las plazas de mercado., Os mercados públicos são lugares onde é possível encontrar alternativas gastronômicas que refletem costumes, vida cotidiana e características do território que se tornam atrativos turísticos, no entanto, a migração interna da população para Bogotá afetou as tradições gastronômicas e, portanto, a oferta de comidas típicas da cidade. Considerando a importância da cultura culinária para o turismo, esta pesquisa foi realizada a fim de identificar a oferta atual de pratos típicos de Bogotá em quatro mercados. A metodologia utilizada foi uma abordagem qualitativa de natureza descritiva, realizando trabalho de campo in situ e uma triangulação de dados com os atores envolvidos no processo gastronômico dos locais de mercado. Foi identificado que 33 % dos pratos típicos de Bogotá não são oferecidos nos mercados, sendo essa uma oportunidade de resgatar a gastronomia de Bogotá articulando as atividades turísticas dos mercados e a produção de comidas típicas, esta constatação é relevante na caracterização desses espaços territoriais para futuras pesquisas que busquem estratégias que possam garantir uma oferta nos mercados.

This research is entitled Collaborative Pillars of Rural Development, which is located in Latdalam Village, South Tanimbar District, Tanimbar Islands Regency, Maluku Province. With a qualitative descriptive model, researchers took field data to obtain scientific facts related to How Collaborative Pillars Drive Latdalam Village Development. And the results of this study are (1) the communication of the driving pillars of village development in the village of Latdalam (Village Government, Churches, and Customary Institutions) needs to be maximized; (2) Commitment from the driving pillars and the community needs to be implemented with high development and awareness, and suggestions are given to this problem, namely: Implementation of the concept of Collaborating the village driving pillars in Latdalam, because healthy collaboration will create healthy ones, and be an example which is good for the next generation to maintain and develop the concept of collaboration in subsequent developments.

National ideas are formed in the process of intracultural socialization and in interaction with other peoples. The main part of these ideas is formed in the process of understanding the common history, culture, traditions, place of origin and statehood. At present, there is a tendency to revive the national culture, the origins of which are contained in the traditions of the past, people are being introduced to their traditions. The study of the Russian language of national culture in the lessons contributes to the preservation of national identity.

National ideas are formed in the process of intracultural socialization and in interaction with other peoples. The main part of these ideas is formed in the process of understanding the common history, culture, traditions, place of origin and statehood. At present, there is a tendency to revive the national culture, the origins of which are contained in the traditions of the past, people are being introduced to their traditions. The study of the Russian language of national culture in the lessons contributes to the preservation of national identity.

It is proposed to use conics as a reference price method, contributing to the verification of the value of goods at customs, according to the international classification of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HCDS). After the introduction, the SADC and elements related to the scope operations in this work are described. The following section exposes substantive elements contained in previous studies regarding the importance of the customs value, giving way to the proposed methodology, based on the geometry of hyperbolas explained through implicit derivation; subsequently, the data and modeling are described, exemplifying with coffee exports from Brazil, showing how unit price estimates could be made, assuming real time, with respect to reference prices in other periods. In conclusions, it highlights that this proposal could mean a new alternative for estimating transfer prices, and it would also contribute to optimize resources by discarding from review or audit those operations that do not suggest undervaluation or overvaluation., Se propone utilizar cónicas como método de precios de referencia, contribuyendo con la verificación del valor de mercancías en la aduana, de acuerdo con la clasificación internacional del Sistema Armonizado de Designación y Codificación de Mercancías (SADC). Después de la introducción, se describe el SADC y elementos relacionados con las operaciones de alcance en este trabajo. El siguiente apartado expone elementos sustantivos contenidos en estudios precedentes respecto a la importancia del valor en aduana, dando paso a la metodología propuesta, basada en la geometría de hipérbolas explicada mediante derivación implícita; posteriormente se describen los datos y el modelado, ejemplificando con exportaciones de café desde Brasil, mostrando cómo podrían realizarse estimaciones de precios unitarios, suponiendo tiempo real, con respecto a precios de referencia en otros períodos. Destaca en conclusiones que esta propuesta podría significar una nueva alternativa para estimar precios de transferencia, además que contribuiría a optimizar recursos descartando de revisión o auditoría a las operaciones que no sugieran subvaluación o sobrevaluación.

In Garcia Marquez's narrative, the isolated geographical location, determined by the presence of water that delimits the territory, is also a constant topic. The scenario in which the stories take place is, for the most part, a single place, so there are few displacements. Throughout this work, he sought to determine to what extent this can be considered a metaphor for loneliness, in addition to reviewing whether it bears any relation to the history of Latin America. All this allowed us to reflect and understand part of the attitude of the characters. On the other hand, the evolution of the represented universe was also analyzed, to understand what role the temporal aspect plays. Finally, the customs and traditions were determined. All this in order to fragment the cosmos that the Colombian Nobel Prize winner recreates in his novels and his relationship with Latin American history., En la narrativa de García Márquez, la ubicación geográfica aislada, determinada por la presencia de agua que delimita el territorio, además, es un tópico constante. El escenario en el que se desarrollan las historias es, en su mayoría, un solo lugar, por lo que no abundan los desplazamientos. A lo largo de este trabajo, se buscó determinar en qué medida se puede considerar esto como una metáfora de la soledad, además de revisar si guarda alguna relación con la historia de Latinoamérica. Todo esto permitió reflexionar y comprender parte de la actitud de los personajes. Por otro lado, también se analizó la evolución del universo representado, para comprender qué rol cumple el aspecto temporal. Finalmente, se determinó las costumbres y tradiciones. Todo esto con el fin de fragmentar el cosmos que recrea el nobel colombiano en sus novelas y su relación con la historia latinoamericana.

The objective of this article is to study the impact of the cultural deep-rooted fondness in Mexico for festivities and celebrations on household spending behavior. Using an interdisciplinary approach, this work analyzes official records of expenditure related to festivities in Mexico. The study finds evidence of an abundant allocation of family economic resources to events such as family parties, festivals, parades, and civic and religious ceremonies. Some of the celebrations are held regularly, whereas others take place on special occasions in individuals’ lives. In either case, the result is a significant flow of spending to finance the appetite for revelry. This work concludes that, as a result of cultural factors, Mexican people are used to holding celebrations quite frequently. Those celebrations often involve conspicuous spending. Both the frequency and the ostentatious spending impact negatively on family finances for urban and rural households, the latter bearing the brunt of the burden because their average income is lower than that of the former.

The great encyclopedist Makhmud Kashgari's "Devonu lugatit turk" is very valuable about the division of Turkic tribes and clans in the 11th century, their place of residence, customs, folklore, socio-economic status, history, commonalities and differences in language, reliable data are given.

Market places offer gastronomic alternatives that reflect the traditions, everydayness, and territorialcharacteristics that become tourist attractions. However, internal migrations to Bogota have affected the gastronomic traditions, and therefore, the city’s traditional food supply. Given the importance of culinary culture for tourism, this research aims to identify the current offer of Bogota’s traditional dishes in four market places. The analysis was carried out using a descriptive qualitative approach, conducting field research, and data triangulation with the actors involved in the gastronomic process of the market places. The results revealed that 33 % of Bogota’s traditional dishes are not offered in the market places, providing an opportunity to rescue the city’s gastronomy coordinating tourist activities of market places and production of typical food. This finding contributes to the characterization of these territorial spaces and is relevant for future researches seeking strategies that can guarantee an offer in the market places., Las plazas de mercado son lugares en los cuales se encuentran alternativas gastronómicas que reflejan costumbres, cotidianidad y características del territorio, luego suelen convertirse en atractivos turísticos, sin embargo, las migraciones internas de la población a Bogotá han afectado las tradiciones gastronómicas y, por lo tanto, la oferta de comida típica de la ciudad. Al tener en cuenta la importancia de la cultura culinaria para el turismo, se planteó esta investigación con el propósito de identificar la oferta actual de los platos típicos bogotanos en cuatro plazas de mercado. La metodología utilizada tuvo un enfoque cualitativo de carácter descriptivo, con trabajo de campo in situ y una triangulación de datos con los actores involucrados en el proceso gastronómico de las plazas de mercado. Se identificó que el 33 % de los platos típicos bogotanos no se ofertan en las plazas, por lo anterior, existe la posibilidad de rescatar la gastronomía bogotana y, en consecuencia, las actividades turísticas de las plazas, así como la producción de alimentos típicos. Este hallazgo es relevante al caracterizar estos espacios territoriales para futuras investigaciones que busquen estrategias que puedan garantizar una oferta en las plazas de mercado., Os mercados públicos são lugares onde é possível encontrar alternativas gastronômicas que refletem costumes, vida cotidiana e características do território que se tornam atrativos turísticos, no entanto, a migração interna da população para Bogotá afetou as tradições gastronômicas e, portanto, a oferta de comidas típicas da cidade. Considerando a importância da cultura culinária para o turismo, esta pesquisa foi realizada a fim de identificar a oferta atual de pratos típicos de Bogotá em quatro mercados. A metodologia utilizada foi uma abordagem qualitativa de natureza descritiva, realizando trabalho de campo in situ e uma triangulação de dados com os atores envolvidos no processo gastronômico dos locais de mercado. Foi identificado que 33 % dos pratos típicos de Bogotá não são oferecidos nos mercados, sendo essa uma oportunidade de resgatar a gastronomia de Bogotá articulando as atividades turísticas dos mercados e a produção de comidas típicas, esta constatação é relevante na caracterização desses espaços territoriais para futuras pesquisas que busquem estratégias que possam garantir uma oferta nos mercados.

The global health crisis affected by the COVID-19 pandemic announced on March 11, 2020 presents enormous challenges for all developed and developing countries, including Ecuador, where its health system is put to the test and its economic and social deepen. For Ecuador, international trade is a source of economic improvement, it is for the well-being of the economies that they must specialize and take advantage of the benefits that they will bring us. A clear example is that Ecuador is a country that does not produce goods derived from metals, and therefore must import said goods. For this reason, in an economy such as the Ecuadorian one, the restrictive measures to the free entry of imported inputs have greatly affected the growth of the importing sectors and/or producers of other goods that benefit from the importation of this type of goods, and that is the case in the application of tariff safeguards. The main objective of the research is to determine the organizational analysis of customs in Ecuador, during the Covid-19 pandemic period 2020-2021. For this research, a quantitative tool was used in which a comparison of data was made on the years 2019, 2020 and 2021 on total exports and imports to see how covid-19 affected customs in Ecuador. Keywords: International trade; Covid-19; exports; imports; customs., La crisis sanitaria mundial afectada por la pandemia de COVID-19 anunciada el 11 de marzo del 2020 presenta enormes desafíos para todos los países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo, incluido Ecuador, donde su sistema de salud se pone a prueba y sus problemas económicos y sociales se profundizan. Para el Ecuador el comercio internacional es una fuente de mejora económica, es por el bienestar de las economías que deben especializarse y aprovechar los beneficios que nos traerán. Un claro ejemplo es que Ecuador es un país que no produce bienes derivados de los metales, y por lo tanto debe importar dichos bienes. Por ello, en una economía como la ecuatoriana, las medidas restrictivas a la libre entrada de insumos importados han afectado en gran medida el crecimiento de los sectores importadores y/o productores de otros bienes que se benefician de la importación con este tipo de bienes, y ese es el caso en la aplicación de salvaguardas arancelarias. La investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar el análisis organizacional de las aduanas en Ecuador, durante la pandemia Covid-19 periodo 2020-2021. Para esta investigación se utilizó una herramienta cuantitativa en la cual se realizó una comparación de datos sobre los años 2019,2020 y 2021 sobre las exportaciones e importaciones totales para ver como afecto el covid-19 en las aduanas en el Ecuador. Palabras clave: Comercio internacional; Covid-19; exportaciones; importaciones; aduanas.

It is proposed to use conics as a reference price method, contributing to the verification of the value of goods at customs, according to the international classification of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HCDS). After the introduction, the SADC and elements related to the scope operations in this work are described. The following section exposes substantive elements contained in previous studies regarding the importance of the customs value, giving way to the proposed methodology, based on the geometry of hyperbolas explained through implicit derivation; subsequently, the data and modeling are described, exemplifying with coffee exports from Brazil, showing how unit price estimates could be made, assuming real time, with respect to reference prices in other periods. In conclusions, it highlights that this proposal could mean a new alternative for estimating transfer prices, and it would also contribute to optimize resources by discarding from review or audit those operations that do not suggest undervaluation or overvaluation., Se propone utilizar cónicas como método de precios de referencia, contribuyendo con la verificación del valor de mercancías en la aduana, de acuerdo con la clasificación internacional del Sistema Armonizado de Designación y Codificación de Mercancías (SADC). Después de la introducción, se describe el SADC y elementos relacionados con las operaciones de alcance en este trabajo. El siguiente apartado expone elementos sustantivos contenidos en estudios precedentes respecto a la importancia del valor en aduana, dando paso a la metodología propuesta, basada en la geometría de hipérbolas explicada mediante derivación implícita; posteriormente se describen los datos y el modelado, ejemplificando con exportaciones de café desde Brasil, mostrando cómo podrían realizarse estimaciones de precios unitarios, suponiendo tiempo real, con respecto a precios de referencia en otros períodos. Destaca en conclusiones que esta propuesta podría significar una nueva alternativa para estimar precios de transferencia, además que contribuiría a optimizar recursos descartando de revisión o auditoría a las operaciones que no sugieran subvaluación o sobrevaluación.

National ideas are formed in the process of intracultural socialization and in interaction with other peoples. The main part of these ideas is formed in the process of understanding the common history, culture, traditions, place of origin and statehood. At present, there is a tendency to revive the national culture, the origins of which are contained in the traditions of the past, people are being introduced to their traditions. The study of the Russian language of national culture in the lessons contributes to the preservation of national identity.

National ideas are formed in the process of intracultural socialization and in interaction with other peoples. The main part of these ideas is formed in the process of understanding the common history, culture, traditions, place of origin and statehood. At present, there is a tendency to revive the national culture, the origins of which are contained in the traditions of the past, people are being introduced to their traditions. The study of the Russian language of national culture in the lessons contributes to the preservation of national identity.

Preservation of cultural identity is a recurring concern due to the accelerated loss of cultural elements such as the original language, customs, and oral traditions. Especially in the new generations that show indifference, as a consequence of the displacement of their places of origin and the discrimination expressed by culturally predominant groups. This study aimed to review articles and analyze the contributions of intercultural communicative competence. The documentary review methodology of 50 articles published in reliable databases was used. Conceptual definitions, characteristics, components, elements, principles, and dimensions were considered. Concluding that it is necessary to intervene in the schools with strategies to mitigate the predominance of cultural homogenization and, consequently, the loss of the cultural identity of minority groups., A preservação da identidade cultural é uma preocupação recorrente devido à perda acelerada de elementos culturais como a língua original, costumes e tradições orais. Especialmente nas novas gerações que demonstram indiferença, como consequência do deslocamento de seus lugares de origem e da discriminação expressa por grupos culturalmente predominantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo revisar artigos e analisar as contribuições da competência comunicativa intercultural. Foi utilizada a metodologia de revisão documental de 50 artigos publicados em bases de dados confiáveis. Foram consideradas as definições conceituais, características, componentes, elementos, princípios e dimensões. Concluindo que é necessário intervir a partir das escolas com estratégias para mitigar a predominância da homogeneização cultural e, consequentemente, a perda da identidade cultural dos grupos minoritários., La preservación de la identidad cultural es una preocupación recurrente por la acelerada pérdida de elementos culturales como la lengua originaria, costumbres y tradiciones orales. Especialmente en las nuevas generaciones que muestran indiferencia, como consecuencia del desplazamiento de sus lugares de origen y la discriminación expresada por grupos culturalmente predominantes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar artículos y analizar los aportes de la competencia comunicativa intercultural. Se recurrió a la metodología de revisión documental de 50 artículos publicados en bases de datos confiables. Se consideró definiciones conceptuales, características, componentes, elementos, principios y dimensiones. Concluyendo que es preciso intervenir desde las escuelas con estrategias para mitigar el predominio de la homogeneización cultural y, por consiguiente, la pérdida de la identidad cultural de los grupos minoritarios.

La investigación presentada tiene como objetivo principal identificar cómo los factores culturales locales influyen sobre las prácticas de Gestión Humana de las empresas bananeras presentes en el Urabá Antioqueño. El contexto donde se desarrolló el estudio es una zona geográfica de Colombia, caracterizada por una alta dedicación agropecuaria, específicamente la producción de banano tipo exportación que aporta en mayor porcentaje a la economía de la región y del país. De ahí que la presencia de población originaria del territorio y aquella proveniente de otros sectores del país, así como factores históricos de violencia, desplazamiento, ocupación ilegal del territorio; dan lugar a la configuración de una amplitud cultural considerable para tenerlo en cuenta como un factor importante en las organizaciones bananeras. A lo largo de la trayectoria del negocio, éste se ha organizado en asociaciones de productores, comercializadores y grupos sindicales, que han posibilitado la formalización de beneficios y salarios convencionales, que otorgan garantías importantes para quienes laboran en el sector. Por lo anterior, se consideró la relación laboral, desde el punto de vista estratégico de gestión humana, enfocándose en identificar qué factores culturales de la región como: costumbres, rituales, historias y valores ejercen influencia sobre las prácticas de gestión humana implementadas por las empresas y dirigidas a la base operativa de las mismas. Para lograrlo, se desarrolló la investigación a través de la metodología de investigación cualitativa, lo cual permitió encontrar que la presencia de factores culturales locales en la base operativa de las empresas bananeras, influyen sobre las prácticas de Gestión Humana, en tanto que, posibilitan su implementación o también llegan a ser factores obstaculizadores; por lo tanto, al tomar en cuenta las experiencias y conocimientos de líderes de gestión humana y líderes operativos, se concluyó que el conocer y tener conciencia del con, The main objective of the research presented is to identify how local cultural factors influence the Human Management practices of the banana companies present in Urabá Antioquia. The context where the study was developed is a geographical area of Colombia, characterized by a high agricultural dedication, specifically the production of export-type bananas, which contributes a greater percentage to the economy of the region and the country. Hence, the presence of a population native to the territory and that from other sectors of the country, as well as historical factors of violence, displacement, illegal occupation of the territory; give rise to the configuration of a considerable cultural breadth to take it into account as an important factor in banana organizations. Throughout the history of the business, it has been organized in associations of producers, marketers and union groups, which have made it possible to formalize benefits and conventional salaries, which grant important guarantees to those who work in the sector. Due to the above, the employment relationship was considered from the strategic point of view of human management, focusing on identifying which cultural factors of the region such as: Customs, Rituals, Stories and Values exert influence on human management practices implemented by companies. and addressed to their operational base. To achieve this, the research was developed through the qualitative research methodology, which allowed us to find that the presence of local cultural factors in the operational base of the banana companies influence Human Management practices, as they enable their implementation. or they also become hindering factors; therefore, by taking into account the experiences and knowledge of human management leaders and operational leaders, it was concluded that knowing and being aware of the local cultural context is a necessary strategic task so that the design and implementation of practices are coherent and contribute

A Report to an AcademyandJosephine the SingerorThe Mouse Folkare two stories by Franz Kafka capableof portraying the conflict that Nietzsche describes on hisOn Genealogy of MoralsandDawn, between theestablishment of memory and the force of forgetting, the capacity of establish customs and the build of apresent. Thus, this article will analyze, first, the problem of the establishment of customs through memory inNietzsche. And then, secondly, this problem will be analyzed in the Kafka’s stories, taking in considerationthe role of forgetting and the animality. In this way, the establishment of memory through the exerciseof new customs and the forgetting of animality by its characters, play a main role in thinking about therelationship between the domestication of the animal that the human is and the forms of forgetting andmemory of Kafkaesque animals. Therefore, the contribution of this article lies in incorporating a philosophicalreflection to literary analysis, which allows mediating Kafka’s stories and Nietzsche’s philosophy of customs,in a transdisciplinary way, Un informe para una academia y Josefina la cantante o El pueblo de los ratones son dos cuentos de Franz Kafka capaces de retratar el conflicto que Nietzsche examina en su Genealogía de la Moral y en Aurora, entre la instauración de la memoria y la fuerza del olvido, la capacidad de establecer costumbres y la construcción de un presente. Así, en este artículo se buscará, primero, analizar el problema del establecimiento de las costumbres a través de la memoria en Nietzsche. Y, segundo, se indagará este asunto, junto al rol del olvido y la animalidad, en los cuentos de Kafka ya mencionados. De esta manera, la instauración de la memoria a través del ejercicio de nuevas costumbres y el olvido de la animalidad por parte de sus personajes, juegan un rol principal para pensar la relación entre la domesticación del animal que el humano es y las formas de olvido y memoria de los animales kafkianos. Asimismo, la contribución de este artículo radica en incorporar una reflexión filosófica al análisis literario, lo que permite mediar los cuentos de Kafka y la filosofía de las costumbres de Nietzsche, de manera transdisciplinaria.

In a globalized context that threatens collective identities and traditional practices, a small village in the Extremadura (Spain), countryside insists on saying “no”, recovering memory and knowledge from experience. Despite facing structural changes as a consequence of severe demographic problems, the inhabitants of Salvaleón have not given up on recalling the justice pursued by their ancestors. They make common use of the riches that emanate from the meadow of Monte Porrino as a way of weaving their social fabric. The agreeable task of discovering this rural community led to the structuring of this article with three main axes: 1. Revealing symbolic aspects present in the collective identity, constructed around a communal country estate; 2. Observing, analyzing and interpreting the centennial ritual of the distribution of the shares of acorns; and 3. Valuing the potential of this tradition in the cohesion, well-being, and resistance of this village., En un contexto globalizado que atenta contra identidades y tradiciones, un pequeño pueblo rural de Extremadura (España), recuperando la memoria y el saber de sus experiencias. A pesar de enfrentar cambios estructurales como consecuencia de un grave problema demográfico, los moradores de Salvaleón no desisten en evocar la justicia perseguida por sus antepasados, haciendo uso común de las riquezas emanadas de la dehesa Monte Porrino como forma de sostener el tejido social. La metodología utilizada ha sido cualitativa realizando trabajo de campo y observación participante. El conocimiento de este pequeño pueblo nos animó a realizar dicha investigación desde tres ejes principales: a) Desvelar aspectos simbólicos presentes en la identidad colectiva construida en torno a la finca comunal; b) Observar e interpretar el rito centenario del reparto de las partes de las bellotas; c) Valorar las potencialidades de esta tradición en la cohesión, bienestar y resistencia de este pueblo.

The proposition consists of interpreting as memories of formation and civilizing relations of the girls students at the Instituto “Nossa Senhora Aparecida” (INSA) Salinas-MG (1951-1972). The INSA was faunded in 1951, and its organization was supported by the Clarissas Franciscanas. The study is situated in the field of memory (HALBWACHS, 2006), oral history (PORTELLI, 2016) and theories of civilizing processes (ELIAS, 1993; 1994). It is a qualitative approach in which former students of the Institute were interviewed, their evocations made us understand that the educational figuration presented characteristics of a civilizing process of girls that was constituted through the modeling of habits and behaviors through traditional and political-cultural practices. We consider that the memories revealed are a model of formation at INSA connected to a social organization, to which they were educated for civilization, and disciplinary in contexts of gender inequality and subtle orientation., A proposição consiste em interpretar as memórias de formação e de relações civilizatórias das meninas estudantes no Instituto “Nossa Senhora Aparecida” (INSA) Salinas-MG (1951-1972). O INSA foi criado em 1951, sua organização contou com a ação das freiras Clarrisas Franciscanas. O estudo está situado nos campos da memória (HALBWACHS, 2006), história oral (PORTELLI, 2016) e das teorias dos processos civilizadores (ELIAS, 1993, 1994). Trata-se de uma abordagem qualitativa em que foram entrevistadas ex-estudantes do Instituto, e as suas evocações nos fizeram compreender que a figuração educacional apresentava características de um processo civilizador de meninas que se constituiu por meio de modelagem de hábitos e comportamentos através de práticas tradicionais e políticas-culturais. Consideramos que as memórias revelam a formação no INSA conectada a um modelo de organização social e civilizatória: as alunas eram educadas para demonstrar sutileza, delicadeza, obediência e disciplina em contextos de desigualdades de gênero e de orientação católica., La propuesta consiste en interpretar las memorias de formación y relaciones civilizatorias de las alumnas del Instituto "Nossa Senhora Aparecida" (INSA) Salinas-MG (1951-1972). El INSA fue creado en 1951, y su organización contó con la acción de las monjas Clarisas Franciscanas. El estudio se sitúa en el ámbito de la memoria (HALBWACHS, 2006), la historia oral (PORTELLI, 2016) y las teorías de los procesos civilizatorios (ELIAS, 1993; 1994). Entrevistadas antiguas alumnas del Instituto, sus evocaciones nos hicieron comprender que la figuración educativa presentaba características de un proceso civilizador de las niñas que se constituía en el modelado de hábitos y comportamientos a través de prácticas tradicionales y político-culturales. Consideramos que las memorias revelan la formación en el INSA conectada a un modelo de organización social y de civilización, los estudiantes fueron educados para demostrar sutileza, delicadeza, obediencia y disciplina en contextos de desigualdades de género y orientación católica.

This article analyzes representative examples of pictorial art in Argentina during the first half of the 19th century through the study of iconographic representations, which, when compared with written sources, reveal allegories, symbols and national identities. These show the socio-cultural transitions of political type, which were portrayed by foreign and native artists in the visual imaginary comprised by two periods 1810- 1829 and 1830 - 1852. In the first period, the beginnings of modern Argentine pictorial art express in their works the heroic legacy left by the liberation campaigns and the heroes of the country, within the framework of neoclassicism that will be reflected throughout the first half of the 19th century. In the second period the themes and symbols change to reflect a nationalism that gained strength through the image as a visual discourse by means of the dictatorial regime of General Juan Manuel de Rosas., Este artigo analisa exemplos representativos da arte pictórica na Argentina durante a primeirametade do século XIX através do estudo das representações iconográficas, que, quandocomparadas com fontes escritas, revelam alegorias, símbolos e identidades nacionais. Estasmostram as transições socioculturais de natureza política, que foram retratadas por artistasestrangeiros e nativos no imaginário visual dos dois períodos 1810-1829 e 1830-1852. No primeiroperíodo, o início da arte pictórica argentina moderna exprime nas suas obras o legado heróicodeixado pelas campanhas de libertação e pelos heróis do país, no quadro do neoclassicismoque se reflectiria ao longo da primeira metade do século XIX. No segundo período, os temas esímbolos mudaram para reflectir um nacionalismo que ganhou força através da imagem comodiscurso visual por meio do regime ditatorial do General Juan Manuel de Rosas., Este artículo analiza ejemplos representativos del arte pictórico en Argentina durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX mediante el estudio de representaciones iconográficas, que, al ser cotejadas con fuentes escritas, arrojan alegorías, símbolos e identidades nacionales. Estas evidencian las transiciones socioculturales de tipo político, que fueron retratadas por artistas extranjeros y nativos en el imaginario visual comprendido por dos periodos: 1810- 1829 y 1830 - 1852. En el primero, los inicios del arte pictórico moderno argentino, expresan en sus obras el legado heroico que dejaron las campañas libertadoras y los próceres de la patria, dentro del marco del neoclasicismo que se verá reflejado a lo largo de la primera mitad del siglo XIX. En el segundo periodo cambian los temas y símbolos para reflejar un nacionalismo que tomó fuerza mediante la imagen como discurso visual por medio del régimen dictatorial del general Juan Manuel de Rosas.