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This study uses the Self Determination Theory (SDT) to describe and analyse what motivates pilots whilst having limited control over working hours. Pilots work in a challenging environment with variable working hours and high operational demands. This affects the pilots autonomous, intrinsic, extrinsic and controlled motivation. The study uses a qualitative approach interviewing eight Swedish pilots working at different airlines. This study describes and analyses the sense of autonomy, sense of competence and sense of relatedness, and how autonomous motivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and controlled motivation affects pilots´ motivation. This study finds that pilots value the sense of autonomy that comes from empowerment to take decisions within the strict framework of rules they operate in. The pilots feel a strong sense of competence from training programs and knowledge transfer colleagues, and relatedness to colleagues through a sense of being cared for, all these seems to promote autonomous and intrinsic motivation. Further, intrinsic motivation arises from a passion for flying and executing leadership. Extrinsic motivation arises from salary, and fear of punishment. The pilots lack of ability to control their working hours leads to controlled motivation and stress. The findings of this study could be used to improve pilot welfare and motivation. By understanding and addressing pilot motivation airlines can develop strategies to support its workforce more effectively.

This study uses the Self Determination Theory (SDT) to describe and analyse what motivates pilots whilst having limited control over working hours. Pilots work in a challenging environment with variable working hours and high operational demands. This affects the pilots autonomous, intrinsic, extrinsic and controlled motivation. The study uses a qualitative approach interviewing eight Swedish pilots working at different airlines. This study describes and analyses the sense of autonomy, sense of competence and sense of relatedness, and how autonomous motivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and controlled motivation affects pilots´ motivation. This study finds that pilots value the sense of autonomy that comes from empowerment to take decisions within the strict framework of rules they operate in. The pilots feel a strong sense of competence from training programs and knowledge transfer colleagues, and relatedness to colleagues through a sense of being cared for, all these seems to promote autonomous and intrinsic motivation. Further, intrinsic motivation arises from a passion for flying and executing leadership. Extrinsic motivation arises from salary, and fear of punishment. The pilots lack of ability to control their working hours leads to controlled motivation and stress. The findings of this study could be used to improve pilot welfare and motivation. By understanding and addressing pilot motivation airlines can develop strategies to support its workforce more effectively.

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the specific and temporal role of putative mechanisms of change in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for major depressive disorder (MDD).METHOD: 200 patients were randomized to CBT weekly, CBT twice weekly, IPT weekly or IPT twice weekly. Outcome and putative mechanisms of change (i.e., dysfunctional thinking, behavioral activation, CBT skills, IPT skills, therapeutic alliance, compliance, motivation) were measured multiple times up to six months after the start of treatment. Latent change score models were used to investigate temporal relations and test mediation. Explorative analyses tested whether baseline working memory moderated the effect of mechanism change on outcome change.RESULTS: CBT skills and dysfunctional thinking mediated the relation between treatment modality and changes in depression. In both treatments, IPT skills and behavioral activation were related to subsequent change in depression while a decrease in depression led to subsequent improvement in therapeutic alliance and a decrease in autonomous motivation. Change in compliance was unrelated to change in depression. Baseline working memory was related to therapy skill improvement.CONCLUSION: CBT skill improvement seems a specific mechanism of change leading to subsequent decrease in depression in CBT. Changes in IPT skills acted as a non-specific mechanism, subsequently reducing depression regardless of treatment modality. The specific role of cognitive change and behavioral activation remains unclear. Future studies should investigate the specificity and direction of the potential mechanisms of change throughout the course of therapy and investigate whether these mechanistic pathways differ between individuals.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka följande (1) relationen mellan självbestämmande motivation ochintentioner till fortsatt fotbollsspelande modereras positivt av ett uppgiftsinriktat motivationsklimat, (2) relationen mellan självbestämmande motivation och intentioner till fortsatt fotbollsspelandemodereras negativt av ett resultatinriktat motivationsklimat. Samt (3) relationen mellan kontrolleradmotivation och intentioner till fortsatt fotbollsspelande modereras positivt av ett resultatinriktatmotivationsklimat. Forskningsdesignen var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie som genomtillgänglighetsurval totalt rekryterade 96 unga fotbollsspelare inom olika divisioner i åldrarna 16-20år (M=17.01, SD=1.02). Resultatet av studien bekräftade hypotes (2), där det fanns ett statistisktsignifikant samband mellan självbestämmande motivation och högre intentioner att fortsätta sittfotbollsspelande vilket modererades negativt av ett resultatinriktat motivationsklimat. Hypotes (1) och hypotes (3) visade sig inte vara statistisk signifikanta. Resultatet av studien kan vara underlagför att förespråka självbestämmande former av motivation och undvika ett resultatinriktatmotivationsklimat inom ungdomsfotboll för att på så sätt öka intentionerna av fortsattfotbollsdeltagande., The aim of the study was to investigate the following (1) the relationship between self-determiningmotivation and intentions to continue playing football is moderated positively by a task-orientedmotivational climate, (2) the relationship between self-determining motivation and intentions tocontinue playing football is negatively moderated by a results-oriented motivational climate. And(3) the relationship between controlled motivation and intentions to continue playing football ispositively moderated by a results-oriented motivational climate. The research design was aquantitative cross-sectional study which, through the availability sample, recruited a total of 96young football players in different divisions, aged 16-20 years (M=17.01, SD=1.02). The results ofthe study confirmed hypothesis (2), where there was a statistically significant relationship betweenself-determining motivation and higher intentions to continue playing football, which wasmoderated negatively by a results-oriented motivation climate. Hypothesis (1) and hypothesis (3)did not appear to be statistically significant. The results of the study can be a basis for advocatingself-determining forms of motivation and avoiding a results-oriented motivational climate in youthfootball in order to increase the intentions of continued football participation.

Ett antal studier har visat att beröm kan ha positiva motivationseffekter på anställda med icke-komplexa arbetsuppgifter. Forskningen kring hur beröm påverkar anställda med komplexa arbetsuppgifter är dock fortfarande i ett inledande stadium men indikationer finns att de påverkas annorlunda. Syftet med studien är att addera kunskap till tidigare forskning genom att kartlägga hur beröm ges och hur det påverkar den autonoma samt kontrollerade motivationen hos anställda med komplexa arbetsuppgifter. För att besvara syftet har 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer av sjuksköterskor utförts. Ur studien framgår det att anställda med komplexa arbetsuppgifter får beröm med varierande frekvens, i olika sammanhang och på olika grunder, men vissa gemensamma tendenser går att urskilja. Studien visar även att beröm kan ha en direkt påverkan på den autonoma motivationen genom att kortsiktigt göra arbetet roligare men även indirekt genom att tillgodose de psykologiska behoven kompetens, tillhörighet och autonomi. Samtidigt riskerar beröm att påverka den kontrollerade motivationen på bekostnad av den autonoma om det ges så att det uppfattas som kontrollerande av den anställde. Studien bidrar således till befintlig forskning då den styrker redan observerade tendenser gällande hur beröm kan påverka de olika formerna av motivation och visar på beröms potential att således fungera som ett lovande ledningsverktyg. Studien bidrar dock även till en viss skepsis kring detta då den även påvisar att beröm riskerar att skada den autonoma motivationen vilket är något som tidigare har tillägnats lite uppmärksamhet. Beröm i denna studie avgränsas på det sätt att endast beröm som sker i en hierarkisk relation, alltså från chef till anställd, behandlas. Beröm mellan kollegor eller andra konstellationer ingår därav inte., A number of studies have shown that praise can have positive motivational effects on employees with non-complex tasks. However, research on how praise affects employees with complex tasks is still in an initial stage, but there are indications that they are affected differently. The purpose of the study is to add knowledge to previous research by mapping how praise is given and how it affects the autonomous and controlled motivation of employees with complex tasks. To answer the purpose, 15 semi-structured interviews of nurses were conducted. The study shows that employees with complex tasks are praised with varying frequency, in different contexts and on different grounds, but certain common tendencies can be distinguished. The study also shows that praise can have a direct impact on the autonomous motivation by making the work more fun in the short term, but also indirectly by satisfying the psychological needs of competence, relatedness and autonomy. At the same time, praise risks affecting the controlled motivation at the expense of the autonomous if it is given so that it is perceived as controlling by the employee. The study thus contributes to existing research as it confirms already observed tendencies regarding how praise can affect the various forms of motivation and shows the potential of praise to thus function as a promising management tool. However, the study also contributes to a certain skepticism about this as it also shows that praise risks damaging the autonomous motivation, which is something that has previously been given little attention. Praise in this study is delimited in the way that only praise that takes place in a hierarchical relationship, meaning from manager to employee, is treated. Praise between colleagues or other constellations is not included.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka följande (1) relationen mellan självbestämmande motivation ochintentioner till fortsatt fotbollsspelande modereras positivt av ett uppgiftsinriktat motivationsklimat, (2) relationen mellan självbestämmande motivation och intentioner till fortsatt fotbollsspelandemodereras negativt av ett resultatinriktat motivationsklimat. Samt (3) relationen mellan kontrolleradmotivation och intentioner till fortsatt fotbollsspelande modereras positivt av ett resultatinriktatmotivationsklimat. Forskningsdesignen var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie som genomtillgänglighetsurval totalt rekryterade 96 unga fotbollsspelare inom olika divisioner i åldrarna 16-20år (M=17.01, SD=1.02). Resultatet av studien bekräftade hypotes (2), där det fanns ett statistisktsignifikant samband mellan självbestämmande motivation och högre intentioner att fortsätta sittfotbollsspelande vilket modererades negativt av ett resultatinriktat motivationsklimat. Hypotes (1) och hypotes (3) visade sig inte vara statistisk signifikanta. Resultatet av studien kan vara underlagför att förespråka självbestämmande former av motivation och undvika ett resultatinriktatmotivationsklimat inom ungdomsfotboll för att på så sätt öka intentionerna av fortsattfotbollsdeltagande., The aim of the study was to investigate the following (1) the relationship between self-determiningmotivation and intentions to continue playing football is moderated positively by a task-orientedmotivational climate, (2) the relationship between self-determining motivation and intentions tocontinue playing football is negatively moderated by a results-oriented motivational climate. And(3) the relationship between controlled motivation and intentions to continue playing football ispositively moderated by a results-oriented motivational climate. The research design was aquantitative cross-sectional study which, through the availability sample, recruited a total of 96young football players in different divisions, aged 16-20 years (M=17.01, SD=1.02). The results ofthe study confirmed hypothesis (2), where there was a statistically significant relationship betweenself-determining motivation and higher intentions to continue playing football, which wasmoderated negatively by a results-oriented motivation climate. Hypothesis (1) and hypothesis (3)did not appear to be statistically significant. The results of the study can be a basis for advocatingself-determining forms of motivation and avoiding a results-oriented motivational climate in youthfootball in order to increase the intentions of continued football participation.

BACKGROUND: Recently, we showed that twice weekly sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for depression lead to better and faster treatment outcomes compared to once weekly sessions (Bruijniks et al., 2020). The present study investigated which pathways of change may account for the effects of different session frequencies.METHOD: The sample consisted of 200 patients who were randomized to CBT weekly, CBT twice weekly, IPT weekly, or IPT twice weekly. Outcome and therapy processes were measured at baseline, two weeks and monthly up to month 6 after the start of treatment. Latent change score models investigated temporal relations between change in therapy processes and change in depression and tested whether change in the therapy processes mediated the effect of session frequency on change in depression.RESULTS: IPT skills mediated the relation between session frequency and change in depression. A decrease in depression was related to subsequent improvement in CBT skills and subsequent decrease in motivation for therapy.CONCLUSION: The development of IPT skills may explain why a twice weekly higher session frequency is more effective in reducing depression compared to a once-weekly session frequency. Future studies should disentangle the causal effects of therapy process change throughout the course of therapy.

Ett antal studier har visat att beröm kan ha positiva motivationseffekter på anställda med icke-komplexa arbetsuppgifter. Forskningen kring hur beröm påverkar anställda med komplexa arbetsuppgifter är dock fortfarande i ett inledande stadium men indikationer finns att de påverkas annorlunda. Syftet med studien är att addera kunskap till tidigare forskning genom att kartlägga hur beröm ges och hur det påverkar den autonoma samt kontrollerade motivationen hos anställda med komplexa arbetsuppgifter. För att besvara syftet har 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer av sjuksköterskor utförts. Ur studien framgår det att anställda med komplexa arbetsuppgifter får beröm med varierande frekvens, i olika sammanhang och på olika grunder, men vissa gemensamma tendenser går att urskilja. Studien visar även att beröm kan ha en direkt påverkan på den autonoma motivationen genom att kortsiktigt göra arbetet roligare men även indirekt genom att tillgodose de psykologiska behoven kompetens, tillhörighet och autonomi. Samtidigt riskerar beröm att påverka den kontrollerade motivationen på bekostnad av den autonoma om det ges så att det uppfattas som kontrollerande av den anställde. Studien bidrar således till befintlig forskning då den styrker redan observerade tendenser gällande hur beröm kan påverka de olika formerna av motivation och visar på beröms potential att således fungera som ett lovande ledningsverktyg. Studien bidrar dock även till en viss skepsis kring detta då den även påvisar att beröm riskerar att skada den autonoma motivationen vilket är något som tidigare har tillägnats lite uppmärksamhet. Beröm i denna studie avgränsas på det sätt att endast beröm som sker i en hierarkisk relation, alltså från chef till anställd, behandlas. Beröm mellan kollegor eller andra konstellationer ingår därav inte., A number of studies have shown that praise can have positive motivational effects on employees with non-complex tasks. However, research on how praise affects employees with complex tasks is still in an initial stage, but there are indications that they are affected differently. The purpose of the study is to add knowledge to previous research by mapping how praise is given and how it affects the autonomous and controlled motivation of employees with complex tasks. To answer the purpose, 15 semi-structured interviews of nurses were conducted. The study shows that employees with complex tasks are praised with varying frequency, in different contexts and on different grounds, but certain common tendencies can be distinguished. The study also shows that praise can have a direct impact on the autonomous motivation by making the work more fun in the short term, but also indirectly by satisfying the psychological needs of competence, relatedness and autonomy. At the same time, praise risks affecting the controlled motivation at the expense of the autonomous if it is given so that it is perceived as controlling by the employee. The study thus contributes to existing research as it confirms already observed tendencies regarding how praise can affect the various forms of motivation and shows the potential of praise to thus function as a promising management tool. However, the study also contributes to a certain skepticism about this as it also shows that praise risks damaging the autonomous motivation, which is something that has previously been given little attention. Praise in this study is delimited in the way that only praise that takes place in a hierarchical relationship, meaning from manager to employee, is treated. Praise between colleagues or other constellations is not included.

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the specific and temporal role of putative mechanisms of change in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for major depressive disorder (MDD).METHOD: 200 patients were randomized to CBT weekly, CBT twice weekly, IPT weekly or IPT twice weekly. Outcome and putative mechanisms of change (i.e., dysfunctional thinking, behavioral activation, CBT skills, IPT skills, therapeutic alliance, compliance, motivation) were measured multiple times up to six months after the start of treatment. Latent change score models were used to investigate temporal relations and test mediation. Explorative analyses tested whether baseline working memory moderated the effect of mechanism change on outcome change.RESULTS: CBT skills and dysfunctional thinking mediated the relation between treatment modality and changes in depression. In both treatments, IPT skills and behavioral activation were related to subsequent change in depression while a decrease in depression led to subsequent improvement in therapeutic alliance and a decrease in autonomous motivation. Change in compliance was unrelated to change in depression. Baseline working memory was related to therapy skill improvement.CONCLUSION: CBT skill improvement seems a specific mechanism of change leading to subsequent decrease in depression in CBT. Changes in IPT skills acted as a non-specific mechanism, subsequently reducing depression regardless of treatment modality. The specific role of cognitive change and behavioral activation remains unclear. Future studies should investigate the specificity and direction of the potential mechanisms of change throughout the course of therapy and investigate whether these mechanistic pathways differ between individuals.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate how leaders' different types of pretraining motivation may influence transfer of leadership training. Drawing on self-determination theory, we examined the role of autonomous and controlled motivation for short- and long-term transfer in terms of employee-rated improvements of leaders' need support. Data were collected in conjunction with a leadership training program that was aimed at increasing need support among municipality leaders (n= 20 leaders and theirn= 323 employees), and surveys were sent to leaders and employees before training, posttraining, and 4 months after training. Bayesian multilevel modeling suggests that autonomous (Estimate = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI: 0.030, 0.329]) and controlled (Estimate = 0.08, 95% CI [0.013, 0.150]) premotivation among leaders are related to short-term improvements in need support. Although neither type of motivation had a credible long-term effect on transfer 4 months after the training, the 95% credibility interval indicate that the effect of autonomous motivation (Estimate = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.004, 0.269]) most likely is positive. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of using a theory-based multidimensional perspective on predictors of training transfer and on adding a temporal perceptive on their effects. Our study also points toward the importance of not only fostering autonomous motivation at work but recognizing the potential in controlled motivation.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate how leaders' different types of pretraining motivation may influence transfer of leadership training. Drawing on self-determination theory, we examined the role of autonomous and controlled motivation for short- and long-term transfer in terms of employee-rated improvements of leaders' need support. Data were collected in conjunction with a leadership training program that was aimed at increasing need support among municipality leaders (n= 20 leaders and theirn= 323 employees), and surveys were sent to leaders and employees before training, posttraining, and 4 months after training. Bayesian multilevel modeling suggests that autonomous (Estimate = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI: 0.030, 0.329]) and controlled (Estimate = 0.08, 95% CI [0.013, 0.150]) premotivation among leaders are related to short-term improvements in need support. Although neither type of motivation had a credible long-term effect on transfer 4 months after the training, the 95% credibility interval indicate that the effect of autonomous motivation (Estimate = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.004, 0.269]) most likely is positive. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of using a theory-based multidimensional perspective on predictors of training transfer and on adding a temporal perceptive on their effects. Our study also points toward the importance of not only fostering autonomous motivation at work but recognizing the potential in controlled motivation.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate how leaders' different types of pretraining motivation may influence transfer of leadership training. Drawing on self-determination theory, we examined the role of autonomous and controlled motivation for short- and long-term transfer in terms of employee-rated improvements of leaders' need support. Data were collected in conjunction with a leadership training program that was aimed at increasing need support among municipality leaders (n= 20 leaders and theirn= 323 employees), and surveys were sent to leaders and employees before training, posttraining, and 4 months after training. Bayesian multilevel modeling suggests that autonomous (Estimate = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI: 0.030, 0.329]) and controlled (Estimate = 0.08, 95% CI [0.013, 0.150]) premotivation among leaders are related to short-term improvements in need support. Although neither type of motivation had a credible long-term effect on transfer 4 months after the training, the 95% credibility interval indicate that the effect of autonomous motivation (Estimate = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.004, 0.269]) most likely is positive. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of using a theory-based multidimensional perspective on predictors of training transfer and on adding a temporal perceptive on their effects. Our study also points toward the importance of not only fostering autonomous motivation at work but recognizing the potential in controlled motivation.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka om (a) självbestämmande motivation medierar sambandet mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottsrelaterad utbrändhet. Samt om (b) kontrollerad motivation medierar sambandet mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottsrelaterad utbrändhet. Föreliggande studie är en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie och datainsamling genomfördes via tillgänglighetsurval. Totalt deltog 138 Crossfit deltagare i åldrarna 19 - 58 år (M= 32.19, Sd= 9.02). Baserat på studies syftet skapades två hypoteser som vidare testades i varsin medieringsanalys. Medieringsanalys 1 kunde inte bekräfta hypotesmodell 1 då resultatet påvisar en icke signifikant indirekt effekt mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottsrelaterad utbrändhet via självbestämmande motivation. Å andra sidan kunde medieringsanalys 2 bekräfta hypotesmodell 2 eftersom resultatet visar en signifikant indirekt effekt mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottsrelaterad utbrändhet via kontrollerad motivation. Resultatet tydliggör förståelsen av att kontrollerad motivation inom Crossfit anses bidrar med lägre grad av behovstillfredsställelse och ökar risken för utveckling av idrottsrelaterad utbrändhet., The purpose of the study was to investigate if (a) self-determining motivation mediates the correlation between psychological need satisfaction and athletic burnout. Also, if (b) controlled motivation mediates the correlation between psychological need satisfaction and athletic burnout. The current study is a quantitative cross-sectional study. Data was collected by accessibility sampling. There were 138 Crossfit participants who participated in the ages 19 - 58 (M= 32.19, Sd= 9.02). Based on the purpose of the study were two hypotheses created and tested in two separated mediation analysis. Mediation analysis 1 in the study could not accept hypotheses 1, based on the result which indicated no significant indirect effect between psychological need satisfaction and athletic burnout through self- determination motivation. Opposite, mediation analysis 2 could accept hypotheses 2 based on the result which indicated a significant indirect effect between psychological need satisfaction and athletic burnout through controlled motivation. The results illustrate the understanding of controlled motivation in Crossfit because it contributes lower psychological need satisfaction and higher the risk of developing athletic burnout.

Syftet med föreliggande kvantitativa tvärsnittsstudie var att undersöka medierande effekter av självbestämmande respektive kontrollerad motivation kopplat till förhållandet mellan behovstillfredsställelse och träning på gym. Detta baserat på tidigare forskning och med analytisk utgångspunkt i självbestämmandeteorin. I studien deltog 107 personer, varav 47 män och 60 kvinnor, i åldrarna 18-59 år (M=29.2, SD=8.4). Resultatet i studien påvisade att självbestämmande motivation medierar förhållandet mellan behovstillfredsställelse och träning på gym, medan kontrollerad motivation inte gör det. Detta resultat överensstämmer med vad tidigare forskning visat och understryker vikten av självbestämmande motivation ytterligare. Författarna till studien efterlyser mer kvalitativ forskning på ämnet som kan utvinna empiri uttryckt i ord snarare än siffror., The purpose of this study was to investigate mediating effects by self-determined motivation and controlled motivation on the relationship between need satisfaction and gym training. All based on previous research and with the Self-Determination Theory as an analytical standpoint. 107 people participated in the study, of which 47 were men and 60 were women, in ages between 18-59 (​M=​ 29.2, ​SD​=8.4). The result shows that self-determined motivation mediated the relationship between need satisfaction and gym training, while controlled motivation does not. This result correspond with what previous research has shown and emphasizes the importance of self-determined motivation further. The authors of this study calls for qualitative research on this field that can extract empirical data expressed in words rather than numbers.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka om (a) självbestämmande motivation medierar sambandet mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottsrelaterad utbrändhet. Samt om (b) kontrollerad motivation medierar sambandet mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottsrelaterad utbrändhet. Föreliggande studie är en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie och datainsamling genomfördes via tillgänglighetsurval. Totalt deltog 138 Crossfit deltagare i åldrarna 19 - 58 år (M= 32.19, Sd= 9.02). Baserat på studies syftet skapades två hypoteser som vidare testades i varsin medieringsanalys. Medieringsanalys 1 kunde inte bekräfta hypotesmodell 1 då resultatet påvisar en icke signifikant indirekt effekt mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottsrelaterad utbrändhet via självbestämmande motivation. Å andra sidan kunde medieringsanalys 2 bekräfta hypotesmodell 2 eftersom resultatet visar en signifikant indirekt effekt mellan behovstillfredsställelse och idrottsrelaterad utbrändhet via kontrollerad motivation. Resultatet tydliggör förståelsen av att kontrollerad motivation inom Crossfit anses bidrar med lägre grad av behovstillfredsställelse och ökar risken för utveckling av idrottsrelaterad utbrändhet., The purpose of the study was to investigate if (a) self-determining motivation mediates the correlation between psychological need satisfaction and athletic burnout. Also, if (b) controlled motivation mediates the correlation between psychological need satisfaction and athletic burnout. The current study is a quantitative cross-sectional study. Data was collected by accessibility sampling. There were 138 Crossfit participants who participated in the ages 19 - 58 (M= 32.19, Sd= 9.02). Based on the purpose of the study were two hypotheses created and tested in two separated mediation analysis. Mediation analysis 1 in the study could not accept hypotheses 1, based on the result which indicated no significant indirect effect between psychological need satisfaction and athletic burnout through self- determination motivation. Opposite, mediation analysis 2 could accept hypotheses 2 based on the result which indicated a significant indirect effect between psychological need satisfaction and athletic burnout through controlled motivation. The results illustrate the understanding of controlled motivation in Crossfit because it contributes lower psychological need satisfaction and higher the risk of developing athletic burnout.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate how leaders' different types of pretraining motivation may influence transfer of leadership training. Drawing on self-determination theory, we examined the role of autonomous and controlled motivation for short- and long-term transfer in terms of employee-rated improvements of leaders' need support. Data were collected in conjunction with a leadership training program that was aimed at increasing need support among municipality leaders (n= 20 leaders and theirn= 323 employees), and surveys were sent to leaders and employees before training, posttraining, and 4 months after training. Bayesian multilevel modeling suggests that autonomous (Estimate = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI: 0.030, 0.329]) and controlled (Estimate = 0.08, 95% CI [0.013, 0.150]) premotivation among leaders are related to short-term improvements in need support. Although neither type of motivation had a credible long-term effect on transfer 4 months after the training, the 95% credibility interval indicate that the effect of autonomous motivation (Estimate = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.004, 0.269]) most likely is positive. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of using a theory-based multidimensional perspective on predictors of training transfer and on adding a temporal perceptive on their effects. Our study also points toward the importance of not only fostering autonomous motivation at work but recognizing the potential in controlled motivation.

Syftet med föreliggande kvantitativa tvärsnittsstudie var att undersöka medierande effekter av självbestämmande respektive kontrollerad motivation kopplat till förhållandet mellan behovstillfredsställelse och träning på gym. Detta baserat på tidigare forskning och med analytisk utgångspunkt i självbestämmandeteorin. I studien deltog 107 personer, varav 47 män och 60 kvinnor, i åldrarna 18-59 år (M=29.2, SD=8.4). Resultatet i studien påvisade att självbestämmande motivation medierar förhållandet mellan behovstillfredsställelse och träning på gym, medan kontrollerad motivation inte gör det. Detta resultat överensstämmer med vad tidigare forskning visat och understryker vikten av självbestämmande motivation ytterligare. Författarna till studien efterlyser mer kvalitativ forskning på ämnet som kan utvinna empiri uttryckt i ord snarare än siffror., The purpose of this study was to investigate mediating effects by self-determined motivation and controlled motivation on the relationship between need satisfaction and gym training. All based on previous research and with the Self-Determination Theory as an analytical standpoint. 107 people participated in the study, of which 47 were men and 60 were women, in ages between 18-59 (​M=​ 29.2, ​SD​=8.4). The result shows that self-determined motivation mediated the relationship between need satisfaction and gym training, while controlled motivation does not. This result correspond with what previous research has shown and emphasizes the importance of self-determined motivation further. The authors of this study calls for qualitative research on this field that can extract empirical data expressed in words rather than numbers.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate how leaders' different types of pretraining motivation may influence transfer of leadership training. Drawing on self-determination theory, we examined the role of autonomous and controlled motivation for short- and long-term transfer in terms of employee-rated improvements of leaders' need support. Data were collected in conjunction with a leadership training program that was aimed at increasing need support among municipality leaders (n= 20 leaders and theirn= 323 employees), and surveys were sent to leaders and employees before training, posttraining, and 4 months after training. Bayesian multilevel modeling suggests that autonomous (Estimate = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI: 0.030, 0.329]) and controlled (Estimate = 0.08, 95% CI [0.013, 0.150]) premotivation among leaders are related to short-term improvements in need support. Although neither type of motivation had a credible long-term effect on transfer 4 months after the training, the 95% credibility interval indicate that the effect of autonomous motivation (Estimate = 0.13, 95% CI [-0.004, 0.269]) most likely is positive. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of using a theory-based multidimensional perspective on predictors of training transfer and on adding a temporal perceptive on their effects. Our study also points toward the importance of not only fostering autonomous motivation at work but recognizing the potential in controlled motivation.

Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a rapid growth of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its related burden. Regular physical activity (PA) is a successful prevention strategy but is challenging to maintain. Self-determination theory (SDT) posits that more autonomous forms of motivation are associated with more sustainable behavior change. Evidence to support this claim is lacking in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to explore the relationships between latent constructs of autonomous and controlled motivation, perceived competence, perceived relatedness, PA behavior, and glycemic biomarkers. Methods: Structural equation modeling was applied to cross-sectional data from a rural Ugandan population (N = 712, pre-diabetes = 329, diabetes = 383). Outcome measures included self-reported moderate and vigorous PA, pedometer counts, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Results: Our findings support SDT, but also suggest that different types of motivation regulate different domains and intensities of PA. Higher frequency of vigorous PA - which was linked to a lower HbA1C and FPG - was predicted by autonomous motivation (β = 0.24) but not by controlled motivation (β = -0.05). However, we found no association with moderate PA frequency nor with pedometer counts. Perceived competence and perceived relatedness predicted autonomous motivation. Autonomous motivation functioned as a mediator between those needs and PA behavior. Conclusion: This is the first study providing evidence for a SDT model explaining PA among people at risk of, or living with, T2D in a rural sub-Saharan African setting. Our findings suggest that individuals who experience genuine support from friends or family and who feel competent in doing vigorous PA can become motivated through identification of health benefits of PA as their own goals. This type of motivation resulted in a higher frequency of vigorous PA and better glycemic biomarkers. On the other hand, people who fe

Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a rapid growth of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its related burden. Regular physical activity (PA) is a successful prevention strategy but is challenging to maintain. Self-determination theory (SDT) posits that more autonomous forms of motivation are associated with more sustainable behavior change. Evidence to support this claim is lacking in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to explore the relationships between latent constructs of autonomous and controlled motivation, perceived competence, perceived relatedness, PA behavior, and glycemic biomarkers. Methods: Structural equation modeling was applied to cross-sectional data from a rural Ugandan population (N = 712, pre-diabetes = 329, diabetes = 383). Outcome measures included self-reported moderate and vigorous PA, pedometer counts, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Results: Our findings support SDT, but also suggest that different types of motivation regulate different domains and intensities of PA. Higher frequency of vigorous PA - which was linked to a lower HbA1C and FPG - was predicted by autonomous motivation (β = 0.24) but not by controlled motivation (β = -0.05). However, we found no association with moderate PA frequency nor with pedometer counts. Perceived competence and perceived relatedness predicted autonomous motivation. Autonomous motivation functioned as a mediator between those needs and PA behavior. Conclusion: This is the first study providing evidence for a SDT model explaining PA among people at risk of, or living with, T2D in a rural sub-Saharan African setting. Our findings suggest that individuals who experience genuine support from friends or family and who feel competent in doing vigorous PA can become motivated through identification of health benefits of PA as their own goals. This type of motivation resulted in a higher frequency of vigorous PA and better glycemic biomarkers. On the other hand, people who fe

Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a rapid growth of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its related burden. Regular physical activity (PA) is a successful prevention strategy but is challenging to maintain. Self-determination theory (SDT) posits that more autonomous forms of motivation are associated with more sustainable behavior change. Evidence to support this claim is lacking in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to explore the relationships between latent constructs of autonomous and controlled motivation, perceived competence, perceived relatedness, PA behavior, and glycemic biomarkers. Methods: Structural equation modeling was applied to cross-sectional data from a rural Ugandan population (N = 712, pre-diabetes = 329, diabetes = 383). Outcome measures included self-reported moderate and vigorous PA, pedometer counts, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Results: Our findings support SDT, but also suggest that different types of motivation regulate different domains and intensities of PA. Higher frequency of vigorous PA - which was linked to a lower HbA1C and FPG - was predicted by autonomous motivation (β = 0.24) but not by controlled motivation (β = -0.05). However, we found no association with moderate PA frequency nor with pedometer counts. Perceived competence and perceived relatedness predicted autonomous motivation. Autonomous motivation functioned as a mediator between those needs and PA behavior. Conclusion: This is the first study providing evidence for a SDT model explaining PA among people at risk of, or living with, T2D in a rural sub-Saharan African setting. Our findings suggest that individuals who experience genuine support from friends or family and who feel competent in doing vigorous PA can become motivated through identification of health benefits of PA as their own goals. This type of motivation resulted in a higher frequency of vigorous PA and better glycemic biomarkers. On the other hand, people who fe

Den här rapporten handlar om i vilken utsträckning det går att styra medarbetare med hjälp av beröm. Mer precist handlar rapporten om de möjligheter, risker, fördelar och nackdelar som är förknippade med att berömma medarbetare för att de ska bli vägledda och motiverade att uppnå sina organisationers mål. Syftet med rapporten är att utveckla en struktur för att beskriva olika berömpraktiker, att utveckla teori om beröm som styrinstrument och att sammanställa befintliga empiriska studier om beröm på arbetsplatser. Syftet är också att identifiera kunskaps-luckor avseende beröm som styrinstrument och ge förslag på fortsatt forskning. Av rapporten framgår att beröm kan ges för olika slags prestationer, utifrån olika kriterier och för individuella eller kollektiva prestationer. Det framgår också att beröm kan vara mer eller mindre framträdande på arbetsplatser. Hur framträdande beröm är beror på förutsägbarhet, styrka, frekvens, vem som delar ut berömmet, om det delas ut offentligt eller enskilt, om det baseras på objektiva eller subjektiva bedömning och (kanske) om det är skriftligt eller muntligt. Teoriutvecklingen baseras i huvudsak på självbestämmandeteori men även agent-principalteori, förväntansteori, stewardshipteori, socialkognitiv teori och det uppmärksamhetsbaserade synsättet. Resultatet av teoretiseringen är att beröm har potential att motivera och vägleda men att effekten beror på hur beröm ges och i vilken kontext det ges. Den genomförda litteraturgenomgången bekräftar i flera avseenden teoretiseringen men det dominerande intrycket är att det behövs mer empiriska studier, särskilt av sambanden mellan beröm och autonom motivation och mellan beröm och vägledning men även av kollektivt beröm och beröm i komplex verksamhet. Konkreta förslag till forskningsuppgifter ges avslutningsvis i rapporten., This report deals with if it is possible to control employees by praise. More precisely, the report deals with possibilities, risks, advantages and disadvantages related to praising employees for the purpose of directing and motivating them to fulfil organizational objectives. The aim of the report is to develop a structure for describing different praise practices, to generate theory about praise as a control instrument, and to compile current empirical research on workplace praise. In addition, the aim is to identify knowledge gaps concerning praise as a control instrument and suggest further research. The report shows that praise may be based on different types of performances, on different criteria and on individual or collective performance. It is also shown that praise may be more or less salient on workplaces. The salience of praise depends on predictability, strength, frequency, who the praiser is, if it is given in public or in private, if it is based on subjective or objective judgement and (maybe) if it given orally or in writing. The theory generation is mainly based on self-determination theory but also on agency theory, expectancy theory, stewardship theory, social-cognitive theory and the attentionbased view. Theoretically it is argued that praise has potential to motivate and direct employees and that the effects depend on how praise is given and on context.The literature review confirms the tentative theory in several regards but the dominating impression is that there is need of more empirical studies, especially on the connection between praise and autonomous motivation and between praise and direction but also on collective praise and praise in contexts of high work complexity. The report ends with tangible suggestions for future research.

Den här rapporten handlar om i vilken utsträckning det går att styra medarbetare med hjälp av beröm. Mer precist handlar rapporten om de möjligheter, risker, fördelar och nackdelar som är förknippade med att berömma medarbetare för att de ska bli vägledda och motiverade att uppnå sina organisationers mål. Syftet med rapporten är att utveckla en struktur för att beskriva olika berömpraktiker, att utveckla teori om beröm som styrinstrument och att sammanställa befintliga empiriska studier om beröm på arbetsplatser. Syftet är också att identifiera kunskaps-luckor avseende beröm som styrinstrument och ge förslag på fortsatt forskning. Av rapporten framgår att beröm kan ges för olika slags prestationer, utifrån olika kriterier och för individuella eller kollektiva prestationer. Det framgår också att beröm kan vara mer eller mindre framträdande på arbetsplatser. Hur framträdande beröm är beror på förutsägbarhet, styrka, frekvens, vem som delar ut berömmet, om det delas ut offentligt eller enskilt, om det baseras på objektiva eller subjektiva bedömning och (kanske) om det är skriftligt eller muntligt. Teoriutvecklingen baseras i huvudsak på självbestämmandeteori men även agent-principalteori, förväntansteori, stewardshipteori, socialkognitiv teori och det uppmärksamhetsbaserade synsättet. Resultatet av teoretiseringen är att beröm har potential att motivera och vägleda men att effekten beror på hur beröm ges och i vilken kontext det ges. Den genomförda litteraturgenomgången bekräftar i flera avseenden teoretiseringen men det dominerande intrycket är att det behövs mer empiriska studier, särskilt av sambanden mellan beröm och autonom motivation och mellan beröm och vägledning men även av kollektivt beröm och beröm i komplex verksamhet. Konkreta förslag till forskningsuppgifter ges avslutningsvis i rapporten., This report deals with if it is possible to control employees by praise. More precisely, the report deals with possibilities, risks, advantages and disadvantages related to praising employees for the purpose of directing and motivating them to fulfil organizational objectives. The aim of the report is to develop a structure for describing different praise practices, to generate theory about praise as a control instrument, and to compile current empirical research on workplace praise. In addition, the aim is to identify knowledge gaps concerning praise as a control instrument and suggest further research. The report shows that praise may be based on different types of performances, on different criteria and on individual or collective performance. It is also shown that praise may be more or less salient on workplaces. The salience of praise depends on predictability, strength, frequency, who the praiser is, if it is given in public or in private, if it is based on subjective or objective judgement and (maybe) if it given orally or in writing. The theory generation is mainly based on self-determination theory but also on agency theory, expectancy theory, stewardship theory, social-cognitive theory and the attentionbased view. Theoretically it is argued that praise has potential to motivate and direct employees and that the effects depend on how praise is given and on context.The literature review confirms the tentative theory in several regards but the dominating impression is that there is need of more empirical studies, especially on the connection between praise and autonomous motivation and between praise and direction but also on collective praise and praise in contexts of high work complexity. The report ends with tangible suggestions for future research.

Den här rapporten handlar om i vilken utsträckning det går att styra medarbetare med hjälp av beröm. Mer precist handlar rapporten om de möjligheter, risker, fördelar och nackdelar som är förknippade med att berömma medarbetare för att de ska bli vägledda och motiverade att uppnå sina organisationers mål. Syftet med rapporten är att utveckla en struktur för att beskriva olika berömpraktiker, att utveckla teori om beröm som styrinstrument och att sammanställa befintliga empiriska studier om beröm på arbetsplatser. Syftet är också att identifiera kunskaps-luckor avseende beröm som styrinstrument och ge förslag på fortsatt forskning. Av rapporten framgår att beröm kan ges för olika slags prestationer, utifrån olika kriterier och för individuella eller kollektiva prestationer. Det framgår också att beröm kan vara mer eller mindre framträdande på arbetsplatser. Hur framträdande beröm är beror på förutsägbarhet, styrka, frekvens, vem som delar ut berömmet, om det delas ut offentligt eller enskilt, om det baseras på objektiva eller subjektiva bedömning och (kanske) om det är skriftligt eller muntligt. Teoriutvecklingen baseras i huvudsak på självbestämmandeteori men även agent-principalteori, förväntansteori, stewardshipteori, socialkognitiv teori och det uppmärksamhetsbaserade synsättet. Resultatet av teoretiseringen är att beröm har potential att motivera och vägleda men att effekten beror på hur beröm ges och i vilken kontext det ges. Den genomförda litteraturgenomgången bekräftar i flera avseenden teoretiseringen men det dominerande intrycket är att det behövs mer empiriska studier, särskilt av sambanden mellan beröm och autonom motivation och mellan beröm och vägledning men även av kollektivt beröm och beröm i komplex verksamhet. Konkreta förslag till forskningsuppgifter ges avslutningsvis i rapporten., This report deals with if it is possible to control employees by praise. More precisely, the report deals with possibilities, risks, advantages and disadvantages related to praising employees for the purpose of directing and motivating them to fulfil organizational objectives. The aim of the report is to develop a structure for describing different praise practices, to generate theory about praise as a control instrument, and to compile current empirical research on workplace praise. In addition, the aim is to identify knowledge gaps concerning praise as a control instrument and suggest further research. The report shows that praise may be based on different types of performances, on different criteria and on individual or collective performance. It is also shown that praise may be more or less salient on workplaces. The salience of praise depends on predictability, strength, frequency, who the praiser is, if it is given in public or in private, if it is based on subjective or objective judgement and (maybe) if it given orally or in writing. The theory generation is mainly based on self-determination theory but also on agency theory, expectancy theory, stewardship theory, social-cognitive theory and the attentionbased view. Theoretically it is argued that praise has potential to motivate and direct employees and that the effects depend on how praise is given and on context.The literature review confirms the tentative theory in several regards but the dominating impression is that there is need of more empirical studies, especially on the connection between praise and autonomous motivation and between praise and direction but also on collective praise and praise in contexts of high work complexity. The report ends with tangible suggestions for future research.

Den här rapporten handlar om i vilken utsträckning det går att styra medarbetare med hjälp av beröm. Mer precist handlar rapporten om de möjligheter, risker, fördelar och nackdelar som är förknippade med att berömma medarbetare för att de ska bli vägledda och motiverade att uppnå sina organisationers mål. Syftet med rapporten är att utveckla en struktur för att beskriva olika berömpraktiker, att utveckla teori om beröm som styrinstrument och att sammanställa befintliga empiriska studier om beröm på arbetsplatser. Syftet är också att identifiera kunskaps-luckor avseende beröm som styrinstrument och ge förslag på fortsatt forskning. Av rapporten framgår att beröm kan ges för olika slags prestationer, utifrån olika kriterier och för individuella eller kollektiva prestationer. Det framgår också att beröm kan vara mer eller mindre framträdande på arbetsplatser. Hur framträdande beröm är beror på förutsägbarhet, styrka, frekvens, vem som delar ut berömmet, om det delas ut offentligt eller enskilt, om det baseras på objektiva eller subjektiva bedömning och (kanske) om det är skriftligt eller muntligt. Teoriutvecklingen baseras i huvudsak på självbestämmandeteori men även agent-principalteori, förväntansteori, stewardshipteori, socialkognitiv teori och det uppmärksamhetsbaserade synsättet. Resultatet av teoretiseringen är att beröm har potential att motivera och vägleda men att effekten beror på hur beröm ges och i vilken kontext det ges. Den genomförda litteraturgenomgången bekräftar i flera avseenden teoretiseringen men det dominerande intrycket är att det behövs mer empiriska studier, särskilt av sambanden mellan beröm och autonom motivation och mellan beröm och vägledning men även av kollektivt beröm och beröm i komplex verksamhet. Konkreta förslag till forskningsuppgifter ges avslutningsvis i rapporten., This report deals with if it is possible to control employees by praise. More precisely, the report deals with possibilities, risks, advantages and disadvantages related to praising employees for the purpose of directing and motivating them to fulfil organizational objectives. The aim of the report is to develop a structure for describing different praise practices, to generate theory about praise as a control instrument, and to compile current empirical research on workplace praise. In addition, the aim is to identify knowledge gaps concerning praise as a control instrument and suggest further research. The report shows that praise may be based on different types of performances, on different criteria and on individual or collective performance. It is also shown that praise may be more or less salient on workplaces. The salience of praise depends on predictability, strength, frequency, who the praiser is, if it is given in public or in private, if it is based on subjective or objective judgement and (maybe) if it given orally or in writing. The theory generation is mainly based on self-determination theory but also on agency theory, expectancy theory, stewardship theory, social-cognitive theory and the attentionbased view. Theoretically it is argued that praise has potential to motivate and direct employees and that the effects depend on how praise is given and on context.The literature review confirms the tentative theory in several regards but the dominating impression is that there is need of more empirical studies, especially on the connection between praise and autonomous motivation and between praise and direction but also on collective praise and praise in contexts of high work complexity. The report ends with tangible suggestions for future research.

Den här rapporten handlar om i vilken utsträckning det går att styra medarbetare med hjälp av beröm. Mer precist handlar rapporten om de möjligheter, risker, fördelar och nackdelar som är förknippade med att berömma medarbetare för att de ska bli vägledda och motiverade att uppnå sina organisationers mål. Syftet med rapporten är att utveckla en struktur för att beskriva olika berömpraktiker, att utveckla teori om beröm som styrinstrument och att sammanställa befintliga empiriska studier om beröm på arbetsplatser. Syftet är också att identifiera kunskaps-luckor avseende beröm som styrinstrument och ge förslag på fortsatt forskning. Av rapporten framgår att beröm kan ges för olika slags prestationer, utifrån olika kriterier och för individuella eller kollektiva prestationer. Det framgår också att beröm kan vara mer eller mindre framträdande på arbetsplatser. Hur framträdande beröm är beror på förutsägbarhet, styrka, frekvens, vem som delar ut berömmet, om det delas ut offentligt eller enskilt, om det baseras på objektiva eller subjektiva bedömning och (kanske) om det är skriftligt eller muntligt. Teoriutvecklingen baseras i huvudsak på självbestämmandeteori men även agent-principalteori, förväntansteori, stewardshipteori, socialkognitiv teori och det uppmärksamhetsbaserade synsättet. Resultatet av teoretiseringen är att beröm har potential att motivera och vägleda men att effekten beror på hur beröm ges och i vilken kontext det ges. Den genomförda litteraturgenomgången bekräftar i flera avseenden teoretiseringen men det dominerande intrycket är att det behövs mer empiriska studier, särskilt av sambanden mellan beröm och autonom motivation och mellan beröm och vägledning men även av kollektivt beröm och beröm i komplex verksamhet. Konkreta förslag till forskningsuppgifter ges avslutningsvis i rapporten., This report deals with if it is possible to control employees by praise. More precisely, the report deals with possibilities, risks, advantages and disadvantages related to praising employees for the purpose of directing and motivating them to fulfil organizational objectives. The aim of the report is to develop a structure for describing different praise practices, to generate theory about praise as a control instrument, and to compile current empirical research on workplace praise. In addition, the aim is to identify knowledge gaps concerning praise as a control instrument and suggest further research. The report shows that praise may be based on different types of performances, on different criteria and on individual or collective performance. It is also shown that praise may be more or less salient on workplaces. The salience of praise depends on predictability, strength, frequency, who the praiser is, if it is given in public or in private, if it is based on subjective or objective judgement and (maybe) if it given orally or in writing. The theory generation is mainly based on self-determination theory but also on agency theory, expectancy theory, stewardship theory, social-cognitive theory and the attentionbased view. Theoretically it is argued that praise has potential to motivate and direct employees and that the effects depend on how praise is given and on context.The literature review confirms the tentative theory in several regards but the dominating impression is that there is need of more empirical studies, especially on the connection between praise and autonomous motivation and between praise and direction but also on collective praise and praise in contexts of high work complexity. The report ends with tangible suggestions for future research.

Den här rapporten handlar om i vilken utsträckning det går att styra medarbetare med hjälp av beröm. Mer precist handlar rapporten om de möjligheter, risker, fördelar och nackdelar som är förknippade med att berömma medarbetare för att de ska bli vägledda och motiverade att uppnå sina organisationers mål. Syftet med rapporten är att utveckla en struktur för att beskriva olika berömpraktiker, att utveckla teori om beröm som styrinstrument och att sammanställa befintliga empiriska studier om beröm på arbetsplatser. Syftet är också att identifiera kunskaps-luckor avseende beröm som styrinstrument och ge förslag på fortsatt forskning. Av rapporten framgår att beröm kan ges för olika slags prestationer, utifrån olika kriterier och för individuella eller kollektiva prestationer. Det framgår också att beröm kan vara mer eller mindre framträdande på arbetsplatser. Hur framträdande beröm är beror på förutsägbarhet, styrka, frekvens, vem som delar ut berömmet, om det delas ut offentligt eller enskilt, om det baseras på objektiva eller subjektiva bedömning och (kanske) om det är skriftligt eller muntligt. Teoriutvecklingen baseras i huvudsak på självbestämmandeteori men även agent-principalteori, förväntansteori, stewardshipteori, socialkognitiv teori och det uppmärksamhetsbaserade synsättet. Resultatet av teoretiseringen är att beröm har potential att motivera och vägleda men att effekten beror på hur beröm ges och i vilken kontext det ges. Den genomförda litteraturgenomgången bekräftar i flera avseenden teoretiseringen men det dominerande intrycket är att det behövs mer empiriska studier, särskilt av sambanden mellan beröm och autonom motivation och mellan beröm och vägledning men även av kollektivt beröm och beröm i komplex verksamhet. Konkreta förslag till forskningsuppgifter ges avslutningsvis i rapporten., This report deals with if it is possible to control employees by praise. More precisely, the report deals with possibilities, risks, advantages and disadvantages related to praising employees for the purpose of directing and motivating them to fulfil organizational objectives. The aim of the report is to develop a structure for describing different praise practices, to generate theory about praise as a control instrument, and to compile current empirical research on workplace praise. In addition, the aim is to identify knowledge gaps concerning praise as a control instrument and suggest further research. The report shows that praise may be based on different types of performances, on different criteria and on individual or collective performance. It is also shown that praise may be more or less salient on workplaces. The salience of praise depends on predictability, strength, frequency, who the praiser is, if it is given in public or in private, if it is based on subjective or objective judgement and (maybe) if it given orally or in writing. The theory generation is mainly based on self-determination theory but also on agency theory, expectancy theory, stewardship theory, social-cognitive theory and the attentionbased view. Theoretically it is argued that praise has potential to motivate and direct employees and that the effects depend on how praise is given and on context.The literature review confirms the tentative theory in several regards but the dominating impression is that there is need of more empirical studies, especially on the connection between praise and autonomous motivation and between praise and direction but also on collective praise and praise in contexts of high work complexity. The report ends with tangible suggestions for future research.

Det senaste decenniet har visat en tydlig trend av ökad psykisk ohälsa, samt fysisk inaktivitet hos ungdomar i Sverige. Syftet med studien var att undersöka relationen mellan grundläggande psykologiska behov och psykisk hälsa genom de mellanliggande variablerna motivation och motionsbeteende hos gymnasieungdomar baserat på Självbestämmandeteorin. En kvantitativ undersökning genomfördes med 160 deltagare, varav 106 kvinnor och 54 män, i åldrarna 16 till 19 år (M=17,04, SD=0,93). Följande mätinstrument användes: Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire, Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, Psychological Need Thwarting Scale och Self-Rated Mental Health. Resultatet från medieringsanalyserna visade ett tydligt negativt samband mellan behovsfrustration och psykisk hälsa. Hela medieringsmodellen visade även att kontrollerad motivation och motionsbeteende kunde mediera relationen mellan tillhörighetsfrustration och psykisk hälsa. Behovsfrustration är ett relativt nytt och understuderat begrepp, vilket gör att studiens resultat kan bidra till ökad kunskap kring de faktorer som påverkar ungdomars psykiska hälsa. Till framtida forskning föreslås att inkludera variabler som rör autonomistöd samt fortsatt fördjupning i tillhörighetsbehovet i motion- och skolmiljöer. Detta skulle kunna ge mer kunskap och förståelse för ungdomars psykiska hälsa och motivationsorientering, vilket i sin tur skulle kunna gynna hälsoinsatser och promotion för ökad hälsa bland ungdomar.

Det senaste decenniet har visat en tydlig trend av ökad psykisk ohälsa, samt fysisk inaktivitet hos ungdomar i Sverige. Syftet med studien var att undersöka relationen mellan grundläggande psykologiska behov och psykisk hälsa genom de mellanliggande variablerna motivation och motionsbeteende hos gymnasieungdomar baserat på Självbestämmandeteorin. En kvantitativ undersökning genomfördes med 160 deltagare, varav 106 kvinnor och 54 män, i åldrarna 16 till 19 år (M=17,04, SD=0,93). Följande mätinstrument användes: Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire, Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, Psychological Need Thwarting Scale och Self-Rated Mental Health. Resultatet från medieringsanalyserna visade ett tydligt negativt samband mellan behovsfrustration och psykisk hälsa. Hela medieringsmodellen visade även att kontrollerad motivation och motionsbeteende kunde mediera relationen mellan tillhörighetsfrustration och psykisk hälsa. Behovsfrustration är ett relativt nytt och understuderat begrepp, vilket gör att studiens resultat kan bidra till ökad kunskap kring de faktorer som påverkar ungdomars psykiska hälsa. Till framtida forskning föreslås att inkludera variabler som rör autonomistöd samt fortsatt fördjupning i tillhörighetsbehovet i motion- och skolmiljöer. Detta skulle kunna ge mer kunskap och förståelse för ungdomars psykiska hälsa och motivationsorientering, vilket i sin tur skulle kunna gynna hälsoinsatser och promotion för ökad hälsa bland ungdomar.

In this study, a mixed-method design was employed to investigate the association between a student-centred, problem-based learning (PBL) method and law students’ motivation. Self-determination theory (SDT) states that autonomous motivation, which is associated with higher academic performance, can be reached when there is fulfillment of three psychological needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness. PBL aims to trigger autonomous motivation. In Study 1, 85 PBL law students (37% male; Mean age = 21.99 years) and 69 law students of a lecture-based, non-PBL program (39% male; Mean age = 22.72 years) filled out the Self-Regulation Questionnaire and an adapted version of the Work-related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale in order to measure autonomous and controlled motivation and perceived autonomy, competence and relatedness. In order to compare both groups, two MANOVAs were conducted and results showed differences neither in autonomous and controlled motivation, nor in feelings of autonomy and competence. However, PBL students experienced more relatedness. Additionally, in Study 2, focus-group discussions that were conducted indicated that PBL contains both autonomy-supportive and controlling elements, which might explain why no differences were found in perceptions of autonomy and autonomous and controlled motivation between PBL and non-PBL students. Furthermore, students reported that tutorial groups in PBL contributed to feelings of relatedness.

Syfte: Med utgångspunkt från Self Determination Theory belysa hur den autonoma och kontrollerade motivationen påverkas hos medarbetare då företag arbetar budgetlöst med avseende på decentralisering, målstyrning och belöningssystem. Metod: Studien har utgått från ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv där fenomenet som studerats ses vara av socialkonstruktivistisk art. Teori och empiri har arbetats fram iterativt med hjälp av abduktion där grunden för studien har varit i form av en fallstudie med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuguiden används som utgångspunkt vid kategoriseringen i empirin vilket analysen baseras på. Resultat & slutsats: Studien tyder på att decentralisering och målstyrning inom budgetlös styrning främst påverkar den autonoma motivationen. Gällande belöningssystem gav inte studien något entydigt resultat men vissa indikationer på att det fanns en risk för att en kontrollerad motivation skulle kunna uppstå. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Till vidare forskning inom budgetlös styrning föreslår vi att undersöka belöningssystem ur ett ledningsperspektiv och påverkan på deras motivation samt att undersöka huruvida det finns ett samband mellan principerna bakom en fungerande decentralisering och motivation. Studiens bidrag: Teoretiskt bidrar studien med att decentralisering och målstyrning påverkar den autonoma motivationen positivt medans belöningssystem kan bidra till att kontrollerad motivation uppstår. Praktiskt bidrag visar att decentralisering och målstyrning ökar möjligheten till eget ansvar och beslutsfattande, detta bör dock företag arbeta mer aktivt med., Aim: Based on the self-determination theory shed light on how the autonomous and controlled motivation affects the employees in companies using beyond budgeting regarding to decentralization , management by objectives and reward systems. Method: This study has a hermeneutic perspective with a base of social constructivism. The theory and the empirical material have been approached iteratively with the help of abduction method. The design of the study is a case study with a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews.The interview guide is used as the basis for categorization of empirical data which the analysis is based upon. Result & Conclusion: The study suggests that decentralization and management by objectives using beyond budgeting primarily affects the autonomic motivation. Current reward system did not show any unequivocal results but some indications that there was a risk that a controlled motivation could arise. Suggestions for future research: For further research in Beyond Budgeting, we propose to investigate the reward system from a management perspective and the impact on their motivation and to investigate whether there is a connection between the principles behind the functioning of decentralization and motivation. Contribution of the thesis: From a theoretical point of view, this study contributes to decentralization and management by objectives primarily affects the autonomous motivation while the reward system may contribute to controlled motivation. Practical contribution shows that decentralization and management by objectives within Beyond Budgeting increases the possibility of personal responsibility and decision-making, this should companies work more actively with.

Within the framework of Self-determination theory, influences of emotions on motivation are largely neglected. And when considering the recent findings that mindfulness is associated with emotional management, it is unknown how mindfulness may buffer emotions in relation to autonomous and controlled motivations. The present study examined the relationship between the two dimensions of emotion (i.e., pleasantness and arousal) and relative autonomous-oriented motivation, and the moderation effect of trait mindfulness on such relationship. A hundred and seventy-one students of a Swedish university participated in the survey. It was found that pleasantness, arousal and trait mindfulness were correlated positively with relative autonomous-oriented motivation, and that trait mindfulness moderated the relationship between pleasantness and the motivation. The findings suggest that pleasant and arousal emotions, and dispositional mindfulness may have positive effects on autonomous motivation.

Within the framework of Self-determination theory, influences of emotions on motivation are largely neglected. And when considering the recent findings that mindfulness is associated with emotional management, it is unknown how mindfulness may buffer emotions in relation to autonomous and controlled motivations. The present study examined the relationship between the two dimensions of emotion (i.e., pleasantness and arousal) and relative autonomous-oriented motivation, and the moderation effect of trait mindfulness on such relationship. A hundred and seventy-one students of a Swedish university participated in the survey. It was found that pleasantness, arousal and trait mindfulness were correlated positively with relative autonomous-oriented motivation, and that trait mindfulness moderated the relationship between pleasantness and the motivation. The findings suggest that pleasant and arousal emotions, and dispositional mindfulness may have positive effects on autonomous motivation.

Syfte: Med utgångspunkt från Self Determination Theory belysa hur den autonoma och kontrollerade motivationen påverkas hos medarbetare då företag arbetar budgetlöst med avseende på decentralisering, målstyrning och belöningssystem. Metod: Studien har utgått från ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv där fenomenet som studerats ses vara av socialkonstruktivistisk art. Teori och empiri har arbetats fram iterativt med hjälp av abduktion där grunden för studien har varit i form av en fallstudie med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuguiden används som utgångspunkt vid kategoriseringen i empirin vilket analysen baseras på. Resultat & slutsats: Studien tyder på att decentralisering och målstyrning inom budgetlös styrning främst påverkar den autonoma motivationen. Gällande belöningssystem gav inte studien något entydigt resultat men vissa indikationer på att det fanns en risk för att en kontrollerad motivation skulle kunna uppstå. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Till vidare forskning inom budgetlös styrning föreslår vi att undersöka belöningssystem ur ett ledningsperspektiv och påverkan på deras motivation samt att undersöka huruvida det finns ett samband mellan principerna bakom en fungerande decentralisering och motivation. Studiens bidrag: Teoretiskt bidrar studien med att decentralisering och målstyrning påverkar den autonoma motivationen positivt medans belöningssystem kan bidra till att kontrollerad motivation uppstår. Praktiskt bidrag visar att decentralisering och målstyrning ökar möjligheten till eget ansvar och beslutsfattande, detta bör dock företag arbeta mer aktivt med., Aim: Based on the self-determination theory shed light on how the autonomous and controlled motivation affects the employees in companies using beyond budgeting regarding to decentralization , management by objectives and reward systems. Method: This study has a hermeneutic perspective with a base of social constructivism. The theory and the empirical material have been approached iteratively with the help of abduction method. The design of the study is a case study with a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews.The interview guide is used as the basis for categorization of empirical data which the analysis is based upon. Result & Conclusion: The study suggests that decentralization and management by objectives using beyond budgeting primarily affects the autonomic motivation. Current reward system did not show any unequivocal results but some indications that there was a risk that a controlled motivation could arise. Suggestions for future research: For further research in Beyond Budgeting, we propose to investigate the reward system from a management perspective and the impact on their motivation and to investigate whether there is a connection between the principles behind the functioning of decentralization and motivation. Contribution of the thesis: From a theoretical point of view, this study contributes to decentralization and management by objectives primarily affects the autonomous motivation while the reward system may contribute to controlled motivation. Practical contribution shows that decentralization and management by objectives within Beyond Budgeting increases the possibility of personal responsibility and decision-making, this should companies work more actively with.