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The effect of multiple recasting of commercial Co-Cr base dental alloy (Dentalite-C) on its structural characteristics and ion release rates in artificial saliva has been investigated. The number of recasting was once, four and eight times. The as-cast microstructure became uniformer as the number of recasting was increased whereby macro-and micro-hardness and electrical conductivity of the castings decreased. Metallic ion release in artificial saliva was monitored in vitro over the period of 22 weeks at the temperature of 37 degrees C and pH 2.3. Only Co and Fe were evidenced in artificial saliva and their release rates are measured. The ion release rates increases with time. The ion release rate of Fe was larger than Co. The ion release rates increases substantially by increasing the number of recasting.

The effect of multiple recasting of commercial Co-Cr base dental alloy (Dentalite-C) on its structural characteristics and ion release rates in artificial saliva has been investigated. The number of recasting was once, four and eight times. The as-cast microstructure became uniformer as the number of recasting was increased whereby macro-and micro-hardness and electrical conductivity of the castings decreased. Metallic ion release in artificial saliva was monitored in vitro over the period of 22 weeks at the temperature of 37 degrees C and pH 2.3. Only Co and Fe were evidenced in artificial saliva and their release rates are measured. The ion release rates increases with time. The ion release rate of Fe was larger than Co. The ion release rates increases substantially by increasing the number of recasting.

The effect of multiple recasting of commercial Co-Cr base dental alloy (Dentalite-C) on its structural characteristics and ion release rates in artificial saliva has been investigated. The number of recasting was once, four and eight times. The as-cast microstructure became uniformer as the number of recasting was increased whereby macro-and micro-hardness and electrical conductivity of the castings decreased. Metallic ion release in artificial saliva was monitored in vitro over the period of 22 weeks at the temperature of 37 degrees C and pH 2.3. Only Co and Fe were evidenced in artificial saliva and their release rates are measured. The ion release rates increases with time. The ion release rate of Fe was larger than Co. The ion release rates increases substantially by increasing the number of recasting.

For patients suffering bradycardia, i.e., too slow heart rhythm, the common treatment is having a pacemaker implanted. The pacemaker system consists of the pacemaker and a pacing lead. The pacing lead is connected to the pacemaker and at the other end there is a stimulation electrode. The most common conductor material is a cobalt-based super alloy (MP35N® or 35N LT®), with the main constituents Ni, Co, Cr and Mo. The pacemaker electrode is often made of a substrate material with a rough surface coating. The substrate materials are predominantly platinum/iridium alloy and titanium. The material choice is of great importance for the performance and stability during long-term service. Excellent corrosion resistance is required to minimize elution of metal ions in the human body. In this thesis, the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the Co-based alloys and Ta (as electrode substrate), in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with and without addition of H2O2, was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and simulated pacemaker pulsing. The metal release from the Co-based alloy during the passivation treatment and exposure in the synthetic biological media was measured by using inductive coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Moreover, surface composition was analyzed by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the chemical passivation of Co-based alloy 35N LT® increased the corrosion resistance and reduced Co release significantly, even in more hostile environment, i.e. PBS with addition of H2O2. The increased corrosion resistance is due to the Cr enrichment in the surface layer. The reduced Co release is due to a preferential dissolution of Co from the surface oxide layer during the chemical passivation. The electrochemical investigation of uncoated and rough TiN coated Ta show that uncoated Ta is not suitable electrode material due to, QC 20101122

For patients suffering bradycardia, i.e., too slow heart rhythm, the common treatment is having a pacemaker implanted. The pacemaker system consists of the pacemaker and a pacing lead. The pacing lead is connected to the pacemaker and at the other end there is a stimulation electrode. The most common conductor material is a cobalt-based super alloy (MP35N® or 35N LT®), with the main constituents Ni, Co, Cr and Mo. The pacemaker electrode is often made of a substrate material with a rough surface coating. The substrate materials are predominantly platinum/iridium alloy and titanium. The material choice is of great importance for the performance and stability during long-term service. Excellent corrosion resistance is required to minimize elution of metal ions in the human body. In this thesis, the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the Co-based alloys and Ta (as electrode substrate), in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with and without addition of H2O2, was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and simulated pacemaker pulsing. The metal release from the Co-based alloy during the passivation treatment and exposure in the synthetic biological media was measured by using inductive coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Moreover, surface composition was analyzed by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the chemical passivation of Co-based alloy 35N LT® increased the corrosion resistance and reduced Co release significantly, even in more hostile environment, i.e. PBS with addition of H2O2. The increased corrosion resistance is due to the Cr enrichment in the surface layer. The reduced Co release is due to a preferential dissolution of Co from the surface oxide layer during the chemical passivation. The electrochemical investigation of uncoated and rough TiN coated Ta show that uncoated Ta is not suitable electrode material due to, QC 20101122

For patients suffering bradycardia, i.e., too slow heart rhythm, the common treatment is having a pacemaker implanted. The pacemaker system consists of the pacemaker and a pacing lead. The pacing lead is connected to the pacemaker and at the other end there is a stimulation electrode. The most common conductor material is a cobalt-based super alloy (MP35N® or 35N LT®), with the main constituents Ni, Co, Cr and Mo. The pacemaker electrode is often made of a substrate material with a rough surface coating. The substrate materials are predominantly platinum/iridium alloy and titanium. The material choice is of great importance for the performance and stability during long-term service. Excellent corrosion resistance is required to minimize elution of metal ions in the human body. In this thesis, the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the Co-based alloys and Ta (as electrode substrate), in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with and without addition of H2O2, was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and simulated pacemaker pulsing. The metal release from the Co-based alloy during the passivation treatment and exposure in the synthetic biological media was measured by using inductive coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Moreover, surface composition was analyzed by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the chemical passivation of Co-based alloy 35N LT® increased the corrosion resistance and reduced Co release significantly, even in more hostile environment, i.e. PBS with addition of H2O2. The increased corrosion resistance is due to the Cr enrichment in the surface layer. The reduced Co release is due to a preferential dissolution of Co from the surface oxide layer during the chemical passivation. The electrochemical investigation of uncoated and rough TiN coated Ta show that uncoated Ta is not suitable electrode material due to, QC 20101122

For patients suffering bradycardia, i.e., too slow heart rhythm, the common treatment is having a pacemaker implanted. The pacemaker system consists of the pacemaker and a pacing lead. The pacing lead is connected to the pacemaker and at the other end there is a stimulation electrode. The most common conductor material is a cobalt-based super alloy (MP35N® or 35N LT®), with the main constituents Ni, Co, Cr and Mo. The pacemaker electrode is often made of a substrate material with a rough surface coating. The substrate materials are predominantly platinum/iridium alloy and titanium. The material choice is of great importance for the performance and stability during long-term service. Excellent corrosion resistance is required to minimize elution of metal ions in the human body. In this thesis, the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the Co-based alloys and Ta (as electrode substrate), in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with and without addition of H2O2, was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and simulated pacemaker pulsing. The metal release from the Co-based alloy during the passivation treatment and exposure in the synthetic biological media was measured by using inductive coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Moreover, surface composition was analyzed by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the chemical passivation of Co-based alloy 35N LT® increased the corrosion resistance and reduced Co release significantly, even in more hostile environment, i.e. PBS with addition of H2O2. The increased corrosion resistance is due to the Cr enrichment in the surface layer. The reduced Co release is due to a preferential dissolution of Co from the surface oxide layer during the chemical passivation. The electrochemical investigation of uncoated and rough TiN coated Ta show that uncoated Ta is not suitable electrode material due to, QC 20101122

For patients suffering bradycardia, i.e., too slow heart rhythm, the common treatment is having a pacemaker implanted. The pacemaker system consists of the pacemaker and a pacing lead. The pacing lead is connected to the pacemaker and at the other end there is a stimulation electrode. The most common conductor material is a cobalt-based super alloy (MP35N® or 35N LT®), with the main constituents Ni, Co, Cr and Mo. The pacemaker electrode is often made of a substrate material with a rough surface coating. The substrate materials are predominantly platinum/iridium alloy and titanium. The material choice is of great importance for the performance and stability during long-term service. Excellent corrosion resistance is required to minimize elution of metal ions in the human body. In this thesis, the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the Co-based alloys and Ta (as electrode substrate), in a phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with and without addition of H2O2, was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and simulated pacemaker pulsing. The metal release from the Co-based alloy during the passivation treatment and exposure in the synthetic biological media was measured by using inductive coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Moreover, surface composition was analyzed by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the chemical passivation of Co-based alloy 35N LT® increased the corrosion resistance and reduced Co release significantly, even in more hostile environment, i.e. PBS with addition of H2O2. The increased corrosion resistance is due to the Cr enrichment in the surface layer. The reduced Co release is due to a preferential dissolution of Co from the surface oxide layer during the chemical passivation. The electrochemical investigation of uncoated and rough TiN coated Ta show that uncoated Ta is not suitable electrode material due to, QC 20101122