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PURPOSE To investigate the cortical mechanisms that prevent diplopia in intermittent exotropia (X(T)) during binocular alignment (orthotropia). METHODS The authors studied 12 X(T) patients aged 5 to 22 years. Seventy-five percent had functional stereo vision with stereoacuity similar to that of 12 age-matched controls (0.2-3.7 min arc). Identical face images were presented to the two eyes for 400 ms. In one eye, the face was presented at the fovea; in the other, offset along the horizontal axis with up to 12° eccentricity. The task was to indicate whether one or two faces were perceived. RESULTS All X(T) patients showed normal diplopia when the nonfoveal face was presented to nasal hemiretina, though with a slightly larger fusional range than age-matched controls. However, 10 of 12 patients never experienced diplopia when the nonfoveal face was presented to temporal hemiretina (i.e., when the stimulus simulated exodeviation). Patients showed considerable variability when the single image was perceived. Some patients suppressed the temporal stimulus regardless of which eye viewed it, whereas others suppressed a particular eye even when it viewed the foveal stimulus. In two patients, the simulated exodeviation might have triggered a shift from normal to anomalous retinal correspondence. CONCLUSIONS Antidiplopic mechanisms in X(T) can be reliably triggered by purely retinal information during orthotropia, but the nature of these mechanisms varies between patients., Royal Society, Medical Research Council, Depto. de Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

The incorporation of organic semiconducting materials within solid-state electronic devices provides a potential route to highly efficient photovoltaics, transistors, and light emitting diodes. Key to the realisation of such devices is efficient intramolecular charge transport within molecular species, as well as intermolecular/interdomain transport, which necessitates highly ordered supramolecular domains. The on-surface synthesis of polymeric organic materials (incorporating donor and/or acceptor moieties) is one pathway towards the production of highly ordered molecular domains. Here we study the formation of a polymer based upon a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) monomer unit, possessing aryl-halide groups to facilitate on-surface covalent coupling and functionalised with alkyl chains which drive the self-assembly of both the monomer material prior to reaction and the domains of polymeric material following on-surface synthesis. The self-assembled structure of close-packed domains of the monomer units, and the ordered polymers, are investigated and characterised using scanning tunnelling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease observed with aging that represents the most common form of dementia. To date, therapies targeting end-stage disease plaques, tangles, or inflammation have limited efficacy. Therefore, we set out to identify a potential earlier targetable phenotype. Utilizing a mouse model of AD and human fetal cells harboring mutant amyloid precursor protein, we show cell intrinsic neural precursor cell (NPC) dysfunction precedes widespread inflammation and amyloid plaque pathology, making it the earliest defect in the evolution of the disease. We demonstrate that reversing impaired NPC self-renewal via genetic reduction of USP16, a histone modifier and critical physiological antagonist of the Polycomb Repressor Complex 1, can prevent downstream cognitive defects and decrease astrogliosis in vivo. Reduction of USP16 led to decreased expression of senescence gene Cdkn2a and mitigated aberrant regulation of the Bone Morphogenetic Signaling (BMP) pathway, a previously unknown function of USP16. Thus, we reveal USP16 as a novel target in an AD model that can both ameliorate the NPC defect and rescue memory and learning through its regulation of both Cdkn2a and BMP signaling.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease observed with aging that represents the most common form of dementia. To date, therapies targeting end-stage disease plaques, tangles, or inflammation have limited efficacy. Therefore, we set out to identify a potential earlier targetable phenotype. Utilizing a mouse model of AD and human fetal cells harboring mutant amyloid precursor protein, we show cell intrinsic neural precursor cell (NPC) dysfunction precedes widespread inflammation and amyloid plaque pathology, making it the earliest defect in the evolution of the disease. We demonstrate that reversing impaired NPC self-renewal via genetic reduction of USP16, a histone modifier and critical physiological antagonist of the Polycomb Repressor Complex 1, can prevent downstream cognitive defects and decrease astrogliosis in vivo. Reduction of USP16 led to decreased expression of senescence gene Cdkn2a and mitigated aberrant regulation of the Bone Morphogenetic Signaling (BMP) pathway, a previously unknown function of USP16. Thus, we reveal USP16 as a novel target in an AD model that can both ameliorate the NPC defect and rescue memory and learning through its regulation of both Cdkn2a and BMP signaling.

Deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining is expected to start within the next decade. There is currently a pressing need to develop best practices to minimise the potential environmental impacts of this new industry. Project-specific environmental management processes, such as environmental impact assessment (EIA), and the associated environmental management and monitoring plan (EMMP), must be effective to sufficiently mitigate environmental impacts of deep-sea mining (DSM) projects. This paper identifies the key drivers, barriers, and enablers to polymetallic nodule mining from a review of recent literature and develops an environmental management framework prior to any exploitation licenses being approved. We explore how the drivers to polymetallic nodule mining are framed in a global context, including claims that it will facilitate clean energy transitions, increase mineral supply diversity, and improve life cycle sustainability. We highlight the key barriers to effective environmental management, including epistemic uncertainty about deep-sea ecosystems, assessment of harmful effects from mining activities, and stakeholder support for a social license. We identify three enablers, including the precautionary approach, the ecosystem approach, and adaptive management, all of which are highly interdependent and must be operationalised to address the identified barriers. The results of this analysis indicate a complex social-ecological narrative infused throughout recent literature, emphasising the need for systems-level thinking and broader stakeholder participation. We present an environmental management framework designed to support good industry practice and guide future research.

Deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining is expected to start within the next decade. There is currently a pressing need to develop best practices to minimise the potential environmental impacts of this new industry. Project-specific environmental management processes, such as environmental impact assessment (EIA), and the associated environmental management and monitoring plan (EMMP), must be effective to sufficiently mitigate environmental impacts of deep-sea mining (DSM) projects. This paper identifies the key drivers, barriers, and enablers to polymetallic nodule mining from a review of recent literature and develops an environmental management framework prior to any exploitation licenses being approved. We explore how the drivers to polymetallic nodule mining are framed in a global context, including claims that it will facilitate clean energy transitions, increase mineral supply diversity, and improve life cycle sustainability. We highlight the key barriers to effective environmental management, including epistemic uncertainty about deep-sea ecosystems, assessment of harmful effects from mining activities, and stakeholder support for a social license. We identify three enablers, including the precautionary approach, the ecosystem approach, and adaptive management, all of which are highly interdependent and must be operationalised to address the identified barriers. The results of this analysis indicate a complex social-ecological narrative infused throughout recent literature, emphasising the need for systems-level thinking and broader stakeholder participation. We present an environmental management framework designed to support good industry practice and guide future research.

The COSMOS-UK observation network has been providing field-scale soil moisture and hydrometeorological measurements across the UK since 2013. At the time of publication a total of 51 COSMOS-UK sites have been established, each delivering high-temporal resolution data in near-real time. Each site utilizes a cosmic-ray neutron sensor, which counts epithermal neutrons at the land surface. These measurements are used to derive field-scale near-surface soil water content, which can provide unique insight for science, industry, and agriculture by filling a scale gap between localized point soil moisture and large-scale satellite soil moisture datasets. Additional soil physics and meteorological measurements are made by the COSMOS-UK network including precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, soil heat flux, wind speed and direction, and components of incoming and outgoing radiation. These near-real-time observational data can be used to improve the performance of hydrological models, validate remote sensing products, improve hydro-meteorological forecasting, and underpin applications across a range of other scientific fields. The most recent version of the COSMOS-UK dataset is publically available at https://doi.org/10.5285/b5c190e4-e35d-40ea-8fbe-598da03a1185 (Stanley et al., 2021).

Background: The D-Health Trial aims to determine whether monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation can reduce the mortality rate and prevent cancer. We did not have adequate statistical power for subgroup analyses, so could not justify the high cost of collecting blood samples at baseline. To enable future exploratory analyses stratified by baseline vitamin D status, we developed models to predict baseline serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration. Methods: We used data and serum 25(OH)D concentrations from participants who gave a blood sample during the trial for compliance monitoring and were randomised to placebo. Data were partitioned into training (80%) and validation (20%) datasets. Deseasonalised serum 25(OH)D concentrations were dichotomised using cut-points of 50, 60 and 75 nmol/L. We fitted boosted regression tree models, based on 13 predictors, and evaluated model performance using the validation data. Results: The training and validation datasets had 1788 (10.5% <50 nmol/L, 23.1% <60 nmol, 48.8 <75 nmol/L) and 447 (11.9% <50 nmol/L, 25.7% <60 nmol/L, and 49.2% <75 nmol/L) samples, respectively. Ambient UV radiation and total intake of vitamin D were the strongest predictors of ‘low’ serum 25(OH)D concentration. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.71, 0.70, and 0.66 for cut-points of <50, <60 and <75 nmol/L respectively. Conclusions: We exploited compliance monitoring data to develop models to predict serum 25(OH)D concentration for D-Health participants at baseline. This approach may prove useful in other trial settings where there is an obstacle to exhaustive data collection.

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

The COSMOS-UK observation network has been providing field-scale soil moisture and hydrometeorological measurements across the UK since 2013. At the time of publication a total of 51 COSMOS-UK sites have been established, each delivering high-temporal resolution data in near-real time. Each site utilizes a cosmic-ray neutron sensor, which counts epithermal neutrons at the land surface. These measurements are used to derive field-scale near-surface soil water content, which can provide unique insight for science, industry, and agriculture by filling a scale gap between localized point soil moisture and large-scale satellite soil moisture datasets. Additional soil physics and meteorological measurements are made by the COSMOS-UK network including precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, soil heat flux, wind speed and direction, and components of incoming and outgoing radiation. These near-real-time observational data can be used to improve the performance of hydrological models, validate remote sensing products, improve hydro-meteorological forecasting, and underpin applications across a range of other scientific fields. The most recent version of the COSMOS-UK dataset is publically available at https://doi.org/10.5285/b5c190e4-e35d-40ea-8fbe-598da03a1185 (Stanley et al., 2021).

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: - Investment 1: Avocado Cluster (Project Investments AV14000 and AV17005) - Investment 2: Engineered Wood Products (Project Investment PNB 407-1516: Increasing the value of under-utilised forest resources through the development of advanced engineered wood products) - Investment 3: Food Cluster (ten food-oriented RD&E project investments spanning the period 2016/17 to 2020/21) - Investment 4: FutureBeef (Project Investments E.INV.1412 and L.GBF.1802) - Investment 5: Supply Chain Model – Asian Markets (Project Investment AM15002: Serviced supply chains: Monitoring and modelling to improve the quality of Australian fresh produce into Asian markets) - Investment 6: Wambiana (a long-term, ongoing investment comprised of nine discrete investments funded over the period 1995/96 to 2020/21)

Single cell transcriptomics is revolutionising our understanding of tissue and disease heterogeneity, yet cell type identification remains a partially manual task. Published algorithms for automatic cell annotation are limited to known cell types and fail to capture novel populations, especially cancer cells. We developed northstar, a computational approach to classify thousands of cells based on published data within seconds while simultaneously identifying and highlighting new cell states such as malignancies. We tested northstar on data from glioblastoma, melanoma, and seven different healthy tissues and obtained high accuracy and robustness. We collected eleven pancreatic tumors and identified three shared and five private neoplastic cell populations, offering insight into the origins of neuroendocrine and exocrine tumors. Northstar is a useful tool to assign known and novel cell type and states in the age of cell atlases.

Single cell transcriptomics is revolutionising our understanding of tissue and disease heterogeneity, yet cell type identification remains a partially manual task. Published algorithms for automatic cell annotation are limited to known cell types and fail to capture novel populations, especially cancer cells. We developed northstar, a computational approach to classify thousands of cells based on published data within seconds while simultaneously identifying and highlighting new cell states such as malignancies. We tested northstar on data from glioblastoma, melanoma, and seven different healthy tissues and obtained high accuracy and robustness. We collected eleven pancreatic tumors and identified three shared and five private neoplastic cell populations, offering insight into the origins of neuroendocrine and exocrine tumors. Northstar is a useful tool to assign known and novel cell type and states in the age of cell atlases.

Single cell transcriptomics is revolutionising our understanding of tissue and disease heterogeneity, yet cell type identification remains a partially manual task. Published algorithms for automatic cell annotation are limited to known cell types and fail to capture novel populations, especially cancer cells. We developed northstar, a computational approach to classify thousands of cells based on published data within seconds while simultaneously identifying and highlighting new cell states such as malignancies. We tested northstar on data from glioblastoma, melanoma, and seven different healthy tissues and obtained high accuracy and robustness. We collected eleven pancreatic tumors and identified three shared and five private neoplastic cell populations, offering insight into the origins of neuroendocrine and exocrine tumors. Northstar is a useful tool to assign known and novel cell type and states in the age of cell atlases.

The COSMOS-UK User Guide is a comprehensive guide to the data collected by COSMOS-UK, including the near-real time soil moisture data derived from counts of neutrons derived from cosmic rays. The User Guide contains: i) information about the sites, their locations and other metadata; ii) details of the instruments deployed at each site; iii) background information about the cosmic ray neutron counter which is used to derive soil moisture within a 12 hectare footprint; and iv) descriptions of data and information products that are available from COSMOS-UK.

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

Single cell transcriptomics is revolutionising our understanding of tissue and disease heterogeneity, yet cell type identification remains a partially manual task. Published algorithms for automatic cell annotation are limited to known cell types and fail to capture novel populations, especially cancer cells. We developed northstar, a computational approach to classify thousands of cells based on published data within seconds while simultaneously identifying and highlighting new cell states such as malignancies. We tested northstar on data from glioblastoma, melanoma, and seven different healthy tissues and obtained high accuracy and robustness. We collected eleven pancreatic tumors and identified three shared and five private neoplastic cell populations, offering insight into the origins of neuroendocrine and exocrine tumors. Northstar is a useful tool to assign known and novel cell type and states in the age of cell atlases.

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region

This report presents the results of a series of cost-benefit analyses (CBA) of completed research, development and extension (RD&E) investments made by the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland (DAF). DAF required an analysis of six project and project cluster investments. The project and project cluster investments were: • Investment 1: Delivery of superior forage cereal varieties for sub-tropical Queensland • Investment 2: Measures to reduce the spread of Cowpea Mild Mosaic Virus in Queensland French Bean crops • Investment 3: Transforming subtropical/tropical tree crop productivity • Investment 4: Leading Sheep • Investment 5: Genetic improvement of reproduction in tropical beef cattle • Investment 6: Regional soil testing guidelines for the Northern Grains region