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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing 44% of conventional feeds in a high-cereal concentrate (CON) with by-products (BYP concentrate; 18% corn distillers dried grains with solubles, 18% dried citrus pulp, and 8% exhausted olive cake) on the meat characteristics and fatty acid (FA) profile of fattening light lambs. Two groups of 12 Lacaune lambs were fed concentrate and barley straw ad libitum from 13.8 to 26.0 kg of body weight. There were no differences (p ≥ 0.130) between groups in the pH, chemical composition, color, and texture parameters and in the estimated proportions of pigments in the longissimus dorsi. Feeding the BYP concentrate reduced the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the meat after 6 days of refrigerated storage (unmodified atmosphere), probably due to the greater polyphenol content in this concentrate. Compared with CON-fed lambs, the meat and the subcutaneous fat from BYP-fed lambs had lower saturated and greater polyunsaturated FA content as well as greater n-6/n-3 FA. In summary, feeding a blend of corn distiller dried grains with solubles, dried citrus pulp, and exhausted olive cake did not change the composition of the meat but improved its antioxidant status and FA profile., Depto. de Producción Animal, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing 44% of conventional feeds in a high-cereal concentrate (CON) with by-products (BYP concentrate; 18% corn distillers dried grains with solubles, 18% dried citrus pulp, and 8% exhausted olive cake) on the meat characteristics and fatty acid (FA) profile of fattening light lambs. Two groups of 12 Lacaune lambs were fed concentrate and barley straw ad libitum from 13.8 to 26.0 kg of body weight. There were no differences (p ≥ 0.130) between groups in the pH, chemical composition, color, and texture parameters and in the estimated proportions of pigments in the longissimus dorsi. Feeding the BYP concentrate reduced the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the meat after 6 days of refrigerated storage (unmodified atmosphere), probably due to the greater polyphenol content in this concentrate. Compared with CON-fed lambs, the meat and the subcutaneous fat from BYP-fed lambs had lower saturated and greater polyunsaturated FA content as well as greater n-6/n-3 FA. In summary, feeding a blend of corn distiller dried grains with solubles, dried citrus pulp, and exhausted olive cake did not change the composition of the meat but improved its antioxidant status and FA profile., Depto. de Producción Animal, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing cereals and protein concentrates in a high-cereal concentrate (control) for light lambs with corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 18%), dried citrus pulp (DCP; 18%), and exhausted olive cake (EOC; 8%) in a byproduct (BYP) concentrate on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and plasma metabolites. Two homogeneous groups of Lacaune lambs (13.8 kg ± 0.25 kg) were fed one of each concentrates and barley straw ad libitum until reaching about 26 kg body weight. There were no differences between groups on feed intake, average daily gain, or feed conversion ratio, but the control diet had greater (p < 0.001) dry matter digestibility. Diet had no effect on post-mortem ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations and profile, but NH3-N concentrations were lower (p = 0.003) for the BYP-fed group compared with the control one. However, plasma concentrations of amino acids, total proteins, urea, and hepatic enzymes were not affected by the diet. In conclusion, 44% of feed ingredients in the concentrate for light lambs can be replaced with a mixture of corn DDGS, DCP, and EOC without negatively affecting growing performance and animal health., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)/FEDER, Depto. de Producción Animal, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

[ES] En la actualidad, la carne de cerdo es una de las más consumidas en el mundo, por lo que se espera que su producción aumente en los próximos años. Por lo tanto, la industria alimentaria proporciona posibles materias primas alternativas para la alimentación animal a través de sus subproductos, que tienen una menor carga ambiental. Existen gran variedad de subproductos que pueden ser utilizados en alimentación porcina, entre los que se encuentra la pulpa cítrica, que es un subproducto típicamente mediterráneo que se obtiene de la extracción de zumo de cítricos. El hecho de que se pueda deshidratar, aumenta el interés de su utilización. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el efecto de la inclusión de subproductos de pulpa de cítricos en dietas de cerdos de cebo: Rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal. Para el ensayo productivo, que se llevó a cabo en la unidad experimental de cebo del Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal (CITA) del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), se utilizaron 160 cerdos de 25 kg de peso. Éstos fueron distribuidos de forma homogénea en 32 corrales a razón de 5 animales por corral. Después, se le asignó un tratamiento experimental a cada corral. Durante el periodo experimental, a los animales se les realizaron controles de peso quincenales y ecografías del espesor de la grasa dorsal y profundidad del lomo. También se llevó a cabo el control del consumo por corral. Una vez fueron sacrificados, en matadero se tomaron medidas de espesor de grasa, pH, color de las canales y se tomaron muestras de grasa subcutánea para analizar los ácidos grasos. Para el ensayo de la microbiota intestinal, se tomaron muestras de heces de 2 animales de cada corral, con las que se realizó un pool, obteniendo de esa manera una sola muestra por corral. Después, las muestras se sembraron en distintos medios de cultivo para finalmente proceder a la lectura de las colonias crecidas en cada uno de los medios. El, [EN] At present, pork is one of the most consumed in the world, so its production is expected to increase in the coming years. Therefore, the food industry provides possible alternative raw materials for animal feed through its by-products, which have a lower environmental burden. There is a wide variety of by-products that can be used in pig feed, among which is citrus pulp, which is a typically Mediterranean by-product obtained from the extraction of citrus juice. The fact that it can be dehydrated, increases the interest of its use. The main objective of this work is to determine the effect of the inclusion of citrus pulp by-products in diets of fattening pigs: productive yields and study of intestinal health. For the productive trial, which was carried out in the experimental fattening unit of the Animal Research and Technology Center (CITA) of the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 160 pigs weighing 25 kg were used. These were distributed homogeneously in 32 farmyards at the rate of 5 animals per farmyard. Afterwards, an experimental treatment was assigned to each farmyard. During the experimental period, the animals were subjected to fortnightly weight controls and ultrasound scans of the thickness of the back fat and the depth of the back. Consumption control per farmyard was also carried out. Once the animals were slaughtered, measurements were taken in the slaughterhouse of the thickness of the fat, pH and color of the carcasses and samples of subcutaneous fat were taken to analyze the fatty acids. For the intestinal microbiota test, stool samples were taken from 2 animals from each farmyard, which were pooled, thus obtaining only one sample per farmyard. Then, the samples were sown in different culture media to finally read the grown colonies in each of the media. The fatty acid analysis of the samples obtained at the slaughterhouse was carried out by gas chromatography. The results obtained in the microbiological counts, did not show sig

[ES] En la actualidad, la carne de cerdo es una de las más consumidas en el mundo, por lo que se espera que su producción aumente en los próximos años. Por lo tanto, la industria alimentaria proporciona posibles materias primas alternativas para la alimentación animal a través de sus subproductos, que tienen una menor carga ambiental. Existen gran variedad de subproductos que pueden ser utilizados en alimentación porcina, entre los que se encuentra la pulpa cítrica, que es un subproducto típicamente mediterráneo que se obtiene de la extracción de zumo de cítricos. El hecho de que se pueda deshidratar, aumenta el interés de su utilización. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el efecto de la inclusión de subproductos de pulpa de cítricos en dietas de cerdos de cebo: Rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal. Para el ensayo productivo, que se llevó a cabo en la unidad experimental de cebo del Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal (CITA) del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), se utilizaron 160 cerdos de 25 kg de peso. Éstos fueron distribuidos de forma homogénea en 32 corrales a razón de 5 animales por corral. Después, se le asignó un tratamiento experimental a cada corral. Durante el periodo experimental, a los animales se les realizaron controles de peso quincenales y ecografías del espesor de la grasa dorsal y profundidad del lomo. También se llevó a cabo el control del consumo por corral. Una vez fueron sacrificados, en matadero se tomaron medidas de espesor de grasa, pH, color de las canales y se tomaron muestras de grasa subcutánea para analizar los ácidos grasos. Para el ensayo de la microbiota intestinal, se tomaron muestras de heces de 2 animales de cada corral, con las que se realizó un pool, obteniendo de esa manera una sola muestra por corral. Después, las muestras se sembraron en distintos medios de cultivo para finalmente proceder a la lectura de las colonias crecidas en cada uno de los medios. El, [EN] At present, pork is one of the most consumed in the world, so its production is expected to increase in the coming years. Therefore, the food industry provides possible alternative raw materials for animal feed through its by-products, which have a lower environmental burden. There is a wide variety of by-products that can be used in pig feed, among which is citrus pulp, which is a typically Mediterranean by-product obtained from the extraction of citrus juice. The fact that it can be dehydrated, increases the interest of its use. The main objective of this work is to determine the effect of the inclusion of citrus pulp by-products in diets of fattening pigs: productive yields and study of intestinal health. For the productive trial, which was carried out in the experimental fattening unit of the Animal Research and Technology Center (CITA) of the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 160 pigs weighing 25 kg were used. These were distributed homogeneously in 32 farmyards at the rate of 5 animals per farmyard. Afterwards, an experimental treatment was assigned to each farmyard. During the experimental period, the animals were subjected to fortnightly weight controls and ultrasound scans of the thickness of the back fat and the depth of the back. Consumption control per farmyard was also carried out. Once the animals were slaughtered, measurements were taken in the slaughterhouse of the thickness of the fat, pH and color of the carcasses and samples of subcutaneous fat were taken to analyze the fatty acids. For the intestinal microbiota test, stool samples were taken from 2 animals from each farmyard, which were pooled, thus obtaining only one sample per farmyard. Then, the samples were sown in different culture media to finally read the grown colonies in each of the media. The fatty acid analysis of the samples obtained at the slaughterhouse was carried out by gas chromatography. The results obtained in the microbiological counts, did not show sig

[ES] En la actualidad, la carne de cerdo es una de las más consumidas en el mundo, por lo que se espera que su producción aumente en los próximos años. Por lo tanto, la industria alimentaria proporciona posibles materias primas alternativas para la alimentación animal a través de sus subproductos, que tienen una menor carga ambiental. Existen gran variedad de subproductos que pueden ser utilizados en alimentación porcina, entre los que se encuentra la pulpa cítrica, que es un subproducto típicamente mediterráneo que se obtiene de la extracción de zumo de cítricos. El hecho de que se pueda deshidratar, aumenta el interés de su utilización. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el efecto de la inclusión de subproductos de pulpa de cítricos en dietas de cerdos de cebo: Rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal. Para el ensayo productivo, que se llevó a cabo en la unidad experimental de cebo del Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal (CITA) del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), se utilizaron 160 cerdos de 25 kg de peso. Éstos fueron distribuidos de forma homogénea en 32 corrales a razón de 5 animales por corral. Después, se le asignó un tratamiento experimental a cada corral. Durante el periodo experimental, a los animales se les realizaron controles de peso quincenales y ecografías del espesor de la grasa dorsal y profundidad del lomo. También se llevó a cabo el control del consumo por corral. Una vez fueron sacrificados, en matadero se tomaron medidas de espesor de grasa, pH, color de las canales y se tomaron muestras de grasa subcutánea para analizar los ácidos grasos. Para el ensayo de la microbiota intestinal, se tomaron muestras de heces de 2 animales de cada corral, con las que se realizó un pool, obteniendo de esa manera una sola muestra por corral. Después, las muestras se sembraron en distintos medios de cultivo para finalmente proceder a la lectura de las colonias crecidas en cada uno de los medios. El, [EN] At present, pork is one of the most consumed in the world, so its production is expected to increase in the coming years. Therefore, the food industry provides possible alternative raw materials for animal feed through its by-products, which have a lower environmental burden. There is a wide variety of by-products that can be used in pig feed, among which is citrus pulp, which is a typically Mediterranean by-product obtained from the extraction of citrus juice. The fact that it can be dehydrated, increases the interest of its use. The main objective of this work is to determine the effect of the inclusion of citrus pulp by-products in diets of fattening pigs: productive yields and study of intestinal health. For the productive trial, which was carried out in the experimental fattening unit of the Animal Research and Technology Center (CITA) of the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 160 pigs weighing 25 kg were used. These were distributed homogeneously in 32 farmyards at the rate of 5 animals per farmyard. Afterwards, an experimental treatment was assigned to each farmyard. During the experimental period, the animals were subjected to fortnightly weight controls and ultrasound scans of the thickness of the back fat and the depth of the back. Consumption control per farmyard was also carried out. Once the animals were slaughtered, measurements were taken in the slaughterhouse of the thickness of the fat, pH and color of the carcasses and samples of subcutaneous fat were taken to analyze the fatty acids. For the intestinal microbiota test, stool samples were taken from 2 animals from each farmyard, which were pooled, thus obtaining only one sample per farmyard. Then, the samples were sown in different culture media to finally read the grown colonies in each of the media. The fatty acid analysis of the samples obtained at the slaughterhouse was carried out by gas chromatography. The results obtained in the microbiological counts, did not show sig

[ES] En la actualidad, la carne de cerdo es una de las más consumidas en el mundo, por lo que se espera que su producción aumente en los próximos años. Por lo tanto, la industria alimentaria proporciona posibles materias primas alternativas para la alimentación animal a través de sus subproductos, que tienen una menor carga ambiental. Existen gran variedad de subproductos que pueden ser utilizados en alimentación porcina, entre los que se encuentra la pulpa cítrica, que es un subproducto típicamente mediterráneo que se obtiene de la extracción de zumo de cítricos. El hecho de que se pueda deshidratar, aumenta el interés de su utilización. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el efecto de la inclusión de subproductos de pulpa de cítricos en dietas de cerdos de cebo: Rendimientos productivos y estudio de la salud intestinal. Para el ensayo productivo, que se llevó a cabo en la unidad experimental de cebo del Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal (CITA) del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), se utilizaron 160 cerdos de 25 kg de peso. Éstos fueron distribuidos de forma homogénea en 32 corrales a razón de 5 animales por corral. Después, se le asignó un tratamiento experimental a cada corral. Durante el periodo experimental, a los animales se les realizaron controles de peso quincenales y ecografías del espesor de la grasa dorsal y profundidad del lomo. También se llevó a cabo el control del consumo por corral. Una vez fueron sacrificados, en matadero se tomaron medidas de espesor de grasa, pH, color de las canales y se tomaron muestras de grasa subcutánea para analizar los ácidos grasos. Para el ensayo de la microbiota intestinal, se tomaron muestras de heces de 2 animales de cada corral, con las que se realizó un pool, obteniendo de esa manera una sola muestra por corral. Después, las muestras se sembraron en distintos medios de cultivo para finalmente proceder a la lectura de las colonias crecidas en cada uno de los medios. El, [EN] At present, pork is one of the most consumed in the world, so its production is expected to increase in the coming years. Therefore, the food industry provides possible alternative raw materials for animal feed through its by-products, which have a lower environmental burden. There is a wide variety of by-products that can be used in pig feed, among which is citrus pulp, which is a typically Mediterranean by-product obtained from the extraction of citrus juice. The fact that it can be dehydrated, increases the interest of its use. The main objective of this work is to determine the effect of the inclusion of citrus pulp by-products in diets of fattening pigs: productive yields and study of intestinal health. For the productive trial, which was carried out in the experimental fattening unit of the Animal Research and Technology Center (CITA) of the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 160 pigs weighing 25 kg were used. These were distributed homogeneously in 32 farmyards at the rate of 5 animals per farmyard. Afterwards, an experimental treatment was assigned to each farmyard. During the experimental period, the animals were subjected to fortnightly weight controls and ultrasound scans of the thickness of the back fat and the depth of the back. Consumption control per farmyard was also carried out. Once the animals were slaughtered, measurements were taken in the slaughterhouse of the thickness of the fat, pH and color of the carcasses and samples of subcutaneous fat were taken to analyze the fatty acids. For the intestinal microbiota test, stool samples were taken from 2 animals from each farmyard, which were pooled, thus obtaining only one sample per farmyard. Then, the samples were sown in different culture media to finally read the grown colonies in each of the media. The fatty acid analysis of the samples obtained at the slaughterhouse was carried out by gas chromatography. The results obtained in the microbiological counts, did not show sig

Background: The nutritional limitations of Cenchrus clandestinus –i.e., high protein and low energy concentrations- make it necessary to supplement cows with non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) sources to improve productive performance. Nevertheless, such supplementation can lead to ruminal acidosis. Objective: To evaluate partial replacement of corn grain (Zea mays, ZM) with sorghum grain (Sorghum vulgare, SV), cassava root (Manihot esculenta, MES) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp., C) on milk yield and quality, ruminal pH and health of grazing cows. Methods: Eight Holstein cows were evaluated in a 4 x4 Latin square design during the first 60 days of lactation. Treatments (isoenergetic rations, 1.45 ± 0.003 Mcal NEL/kgDM) consisted of a mixture of grass and four concentrates with different NFC sources. Results: No differences in dry matter intake, feed efficiency, ruminal pH, hematological and metabolic profile were observed between treatments. Rumen pH was higher than 6.0, confirming the absence of ruminal acidosis. Milk yield (energy-corrected), protein, and total solids were higher for MES vs. C. Conclusions: None of the NFC sources tested compromised the ruminal or systemic health of the cows, while MES improved milk yield and quality., Antecedentes: as limitações nutricionais do Cenchrus clandestinus-alta concentração de proteína e baixa densidade de energia- faz necessário suplementar às vacas com fontes de carboidratos não-fibrosos (NFC) para melhorar o desempenho produtivo. No entanto, essa suplementação pode gerar acidose ruminal. Objetivo: avaliar a substituição parcial do milho (Zea mays, ZM) por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, SV), mandioca (Manihot esculenta, MES) ou polpa cítrica (Citrus sp., C) na produção e qualidade do leite, pH ruminal e a saúde de vacas em pastejo. Métodos: oito vacas Holandesas foram avaliadas empregando um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4 durante os primeiros 60 dias de lactação. Os tratamentos (rações isoenergéticas, 1,45 ± 0,003 Mcal NEL/kg DM) consistiram de uma mistura de forragem e quatro concentrados com diferentes fontes de NFC. Resultados: não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos no consumo de matéria seca, eficiência alimentar, pH ruminal, perfil hematológico e metabólico. O pH ruminal foi superior a 6,0; confirmando a ausência de acidose ruminal. A produção do leite (corrigida para energia), proteína e sólidos totais foi maior para MES vs. C. Conclusões: nenhuma das fontes de NFC avaliadas comprometeu a saúde ruminal e sistêmica das vacas, embora o MES melhorou a produção e qualidade do leite., Antecedentes: las limitaciones nutricionales del Cenchrus clandestinus (alta concentración de proteína y baja densidad energética) hacen necesario suplementar las vacas con fuentes de carbohidratos no fibrosos (NFC) para mejorar su desempeño productivo. Sin embargo, esta suplementación puede generar acidosis ruminal. Objetivo: evaluar el reemplazo parcial de maíz (Zea mays, ZM) por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, SV), yuca (Manihot esculenta, MES) o pulpa cítrica (Citrus sp., C) sobre la producción de leche y su calidad, el pH ruminal y la salud de vacas en pastoreo. Métodos: ocho vacas Holstein fueron evaluadas empleando un diseño en cuadrado latino de 4 x 4 durante los primeros 60 días de lactancia. Los tratamientos (raciones isoenergéticas, 1,45 ± 0,003 Mcal NEL/kg MS) consistieron de una mezcla de forraje y cuatro concentrados con diferentes fuentes de NFC. Resultados: no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos en cuanto a consumo de materia seca, eficiencia alimenticia, pH ruminal, ni perfiles hematológico y metabólico. El pH ruminal fue mayor a 6,0; confirmando la ausencia de acidosis. La producción de leche (corregida por energía), proteína, y sólidos totales fue mayor para MES vs. C. Conclusiones: ninguna de las fuentes de NFC evaluadas comprometieron la salud ruminal o sistémica de las vacas, y MES mejoró la producción de leche y su calidad.

Background: The nutritional limitations of Cenchrus clandestinus –i.e., high protein and low energy concentrations- make it necessary to supplement cows with non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) sources to improve productive performance. Nevertheless, such supplementation can lead to ruminal acidosis. Objective: To evaluate partial replacement of corn grain (Zea mays, ZM) with sorghum grain (Sorghum vulgare, SV), cassava root (Manihot esculenta, MES) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp., C) on milk yield and quality, ruminal pH and health of grazing cows. Methods: Eight Holstein cows were evaluated in a 4 x4 Latin square design during the first 60 days of lactation. Treatments (isoenergetic rations, 1.45 ± 0.003 Mcal NEL/kgDM) consisted of a mixture of grass and four concentrates with different NFC sources. Results: No differences in dry matter intake, feed efficiency, ruminal pH, hematological and metabolic profile were observed between treatments. Rumen pH was higher than 6.0, confirming the absence of ruminal acidosis. Milk yield (energy-corrected), protein, and total solids were higher for MES vs. C. Conclusions: None of the NFC sources tested compromised the ruminal or systemic health of the cows, while MES improved milk yield and quality., Antecedentes: as limitações nutricionais do Cenchrus clandestinus-alta concentração de proteína e baixa densidade de energia- faz necessário suplementar às vacas com fontes de carboidratos não-fibrosos (NFC) para melhorar o desempenho produtivo. No entanto, essa suplementação pode gerar acidose ruminal. Objetivo: avaliar a substituição parcial do milho (Zea mays, ZM) por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, SV), mandioca (Manihot esculenta, MES) ou polpa cítrica (Citrus sp., C) na produção e qualidade do leite, pH ruminal e a saúde de vacas em pastejo. Métodos: oito vacas Holandesas foram avaliadas empregando um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4 durante os primeiros 60 dias de lactação. Os tratamentos (rações isoenergéticas, 1,45 ± 0,003 Mcal NEL/kg DM) consistiram de uma mistura de forragem e quatro concentrados com diferentes fontes de NFC. Resultados: não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos no consumo de matéria seca, eficiência alimentar, pH ruminal, perfil hematológico e metabólico. O pH ruminal foi superior a 6,0; confirmando a ausência de acidose ruminal. A produção do leite (corrigida para energia), proteína e sólidos totais foi maior para MES vs. C. Conclusões: nenhuma das fontes de NFC avaliadas comprometeu a saúde ruminal e sistêmica das vacas, embora o MES melhorou a produção e qualidade do leite., Antecedentes: las limitaciones nutricionales del Cenchrus clandestinus (alta concentración de proteína y baja densidad energética) hacen necesario suplementar las vacas con fuentes de carbohidratos no fibrosos (NFC) para mejorar su desempeño productivo. Sin embargo, esta suplementación puede generar acidosis ruminal. Objetivo: evaluar el reemplazo parcial de maíz (Zea mays, ZM) por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, SV), yuca (Manihot esculenta, MES) o pulpa cítrica (Citrus sp., C) sobre la producción de leche y su calidad, el pH ruminal y la salud de vacas en pastoreo. Métodos: ocho vacas Holstein fueron evaluadas empleando un diseño en cuadrado latino de 4 x 4 durante los primeros 60 días de lactancia. Los tratamientos (raciones isoenergéticas, 1,45 ± 0,003 Mcal NEL/kg MS) consistieron de una mezcla de forraje y cuatro concentrados con diferentes fuentes de NFC. Resultados: no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos en cuanto a consumo de materia seca, eficiencia alimenticia, pH ruminal, ni perfiles hematológico y metabólico. El pH ruminal fue mayor a 6,0; confirmando la ausencia de acidosis. La producción de leche (corregida por energía), proteína, y sólidos totales fue mayor para MES vs. C. Conclusiones: ninguna de las fuentes de NFC evaluadas comprometieron la salud ruminal o sistémica de las vacas, y MES mejoró la producción de leche y su calidad.

Citrus pulp is a highly abundant by-product of the citrus industry. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing extruded maize (EM; 20% of total diet) by dried citrus pulp (DCP; 20%) in a mixed diet on rumen fermentation and microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters. The two diets contained 50% alfalfa hay and 50% concentrate, and the same protein level. Four Rusitec fermenters were used in a cross-over design with two 13-d incubation runs. After 7-d of diet adaptation, diet disappearance, fermentation parameters, microbial growth, and microbial populations were assessed. Fermenters receiving the DCP showed greater pH values and fiber disappearance (p < 0.001) and lower methane production (p = 0.03) than those fed EM. Replacing EM by DCP caused an increase in the proportions of propionate and butyrate (p < 0.001) and a decrease in acetate (p = 0.04). Microbial growth, bacterial diversity, and the quantity of bacteria and protozoa DNA were not affected by the diet, but the relative abundances of fungi and archaea were greater (p < 0.03) in solid and liquid phases of DCP fermenters, respectively. Results indicate that DCP can substitute EM, promoting a more efficient ruminal fermentation.

The use of agroindustrial by-products, such as dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and dried citrus pulp (DCP), has been widely investigated in dairy cows, but information on their effects in dairy goats is limited. The influence of feeding olive cake (a by-product of olive oil production) to dairy goats has been assessed in some studies, but exhausted olive cake (EOC) has been much less investigated. Twelve Murciano-Granadina goats were used in a crossover design trial with 2 periods to assess the effects of including agroindustrial by-products on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, methane production, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, and milk yield and composition. In each period, 6 goats received daily a control diet comprising 1 kg of alfalfa hay and 1 kg of high-cereal concentrate, and another 6 goats received a diet (BYP) comprising 1 kg of alfalfa hay and 1 kg of a concentrate including corn DDGS, DCP, and EOC in proportions of 180, 180, and 80 g/kg of concentrate (as-fed basis), respectively. Diet had no effect on total dry matter intake, but intake of alfalfa hay, CP, and fat was greater for the BYP group than for the control group. There were no differences between diets in nutrient apparent digestibility, with the exception of fat, which was greater for the BYP diet compared with the control diet. Although fecal N tended to be greater for the BYP diet, there were no differences in N utilization. Compared with the control diet, milk yield tended to be greater and daily production of milk CP, fat, whey protein, and TS as well as milk gross energy were greater for the BYP diet. The concentration of C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0 fatty acids (FA) was or tended to be lower and the concentration of polyunsaturated FA was greater in the milk of BYP-fed goats compared with goats fed the control diet. Diet had no effect on ruminal parameters (pH, volatile FA, and NH-N concentrations) and methane emissions, but urinary excretion of total purine

[ES] El cerdo se consume de forma amplia en todo el mundo, y en su cría se producen cantidades relevantes de gases como el CH4 (metano) y el NH3 (amoniaco), los cuales tienen un efecto negativo sobre el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer cuál es el efecto sobre estas emisiones al incluir pulpas de cítricos en la dieta de cerdos de engorde. El estudio tendrá dos fases. En una primera fase, se recogerán purines correspondientes a una prueba de valor nutricional incorporando pulpas cítricas y se determinarán las emisiones potenciales de CH4 mediante el método del ¿potencial bioquímico de metano¿ (de sus siglas en inglés, BMP). En una segunda fase, se alimentarán 160 cerdos a partir de los 60 kg de peso vivo del cerdo y 4 tratamientos diferentes (40 animales por tratamiento) consistentes en dosis crecientes de pulpa cítrica (0%, 8%, 16% y 24%) y se recogerán los purines derivados de los mismos. Una vez retirados los purines se determinarán las emisiones de los gases (NH3 y CH4) semanalmente. Se empleará un medidor de gases fotoacústico para medir las concentraciones de los gases al finalizar el ensayo, paralelamente a una línea de impingers (borboteadores ácidos) que permitirán verificar las mediciones de NH3 por parte del medidor fotoacústico. Este TFM desarrollará competencias de investigación en materia de producción animal y medio ambiente. Igualmente, aborda un caso práctico relacionado con la economía circular, uniendo sectores como la industria agroalimentaria (a través de los subproductos de industrias cítricas), la alimentación animal (productores de piensos) y la producción animal (granjas)., [EN] Pig meat is the most consumed meat in a worldwide level and its consumption is expected to continue growing in the following years. However, this can also have negative consequences for the environment due to the increase of greenhouse gases and other gases such as ammonia (NH3) that can be emitted to the atmosphere. There are studies that report introducing modifications in the diet in order to reduce the gases that slurries emit. In this work the inclusion of citrus pulp (orange) in the diets of finishing pigs is studied, in order to quantify and analyze how such inclusion affects the gases that slurries emit. Specifically, two tests were performed: the first one had the aim of studying the effect of including a high level of citrus pulp on the methane production potential. Three different diets were used (two of them with a 50% inclusion of citrus pulp), and methane (CH4) from the slurry was quantified. The second test studied the effect on the emission of CH4 and NH3 in similar conditions to commercial conditions, by adding moderated quantities of citrus pulp to the feed. In this second study four diets were used, with different levels of inclusion citrus pulp inclusion: 0%, 8%, 16% and 24%. The emitted NH3 was measured with the open chamber method and the capture of the gas with an acid trap, while CH4 was measured with the closed chamber method and a photoacoustic gas analyzer. The results of the first study indicated that including citrus pulp affects the final composition of NH3 and TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) of the slurry, as well as its pH, while the potential emission of CH4 was reduced. On the other hand, the inclusion of moderated quantities of citrus pulp of the second study did not significantly affect any of the parameters, but a great variability of the results was observed. This was due to the behavior of the animals in water use, affecting the dilution of the slurries, which lead to hidden effects on gas emissions. Therefore, it was not po

[ES] El cerdo se consume de forma amplia en todo el mundo, y en su cría se producen cantidades relevantes de gases como el CH4 (metano) y el NH3 (amoniaco), los cuales tienen un efecto negativo sobre el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer cuál es el efecto sobre estas emisiones al incluir pulpas de cítricos en la dieta de cerdos de engorde. El estudio tendrá dos fases. En una primera fase, se recogerán purines correspondientes a una prueba de valor nutricional incorporando pulpas cítricas y se determinarán las emisiones potenciales de CH4 mediante el método del ¿potencial bioquímico de metano¿ (de sus siglas en inglés, BMP). En una segunda fase, se alimentarán 160 cerdos a partir de los 60 kg de peso vivo del cerdo y 4 tratamientos diferentes (40 animales por tratamiento) consistentes en dosis crecientes de pulpa cítrica (0%, 8%, 16% y 24%) y se recogerán los purines derivados de los mismos. Una vez retirados los purines se determinarán las emisiones de los gases (NH3 y CH4) semanalmente. Se empleará un medidor de gases fotoacústico para medir las concentraciones de los gases al finalizar el ensayo, paralelamente a una línea de impingers (borboteadores ácidos) que permitirán verificar las mediciones de NH3 por parte del medidor fotoacústico. Este TFM desarrollará competencias de investigación en materia de producción animal y medio ambiente. Igualmente, aborda un caso práctico relacionado con la economía circular, uniendo sectores como la industria agroalimentaria (a través de los subproductos de industrias cítricas), la alimentación animal (productores de piensos) y la producción animal (granjas)., [EN] Pig meat is the most consumed meat in a worldwide level and its consumption is expected to continue growing in the following years. However, this can also have negative consequences for the environment due to the increase of greenhouse gases and other gases such as ammonia (NH3) that can be emitted to the atmosphere. There are studies that report introducing modifications in the diet in order to reduce the gases that slurries emit. In this work the inclusion of citrus pulp (orange) in the diets of finishing pigs is studied, in order to quantify and analyze how such inclusion affects the gases that slurries emit. Specifically, two tests were performed: the first one had the aim of studying the effect of including a high level of citrus pulp on the methane production potential. Three different diets were used (two of them with a 50% inclusion of citrus pulp), and methane (CH4) from the slurry was quantified. The second test studied the effect on the emission of CH4 and NH3 in similar conditions to commercial conditions, by adding moderated quantities of citrus pulp to the feed. In this second study four diets were used, with different levels of inclusion citrus pulp inclusion: 0%, 8%, 16% and 24%. The emitted NH3 was measured with the open chamber method and the capture of the gas with an acid trap, while CH4 was measured with the closed chamber method and a photoacoustic gas analyzer. The results of the first study indicated that including citrus pulp affects the final composition of NH3 and TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) of the slurry, as well as its pH, while the potential emission of CH4 was reduced. On the other hand, the inclusion of moderated quantities of citrus pulp of the second study did not significantly affect any of the parameters, but a great variability of the results was observed. This was due to the behavior of the animals in water use, affecting the dilution of the slurries, which lead to hidden effects on gas emissions. Therefore, it was not po

[ES] El cerdo se consume de forma amplia en todo el mundo, y en su cría se producen cantidades relevantes de gases como el CH4 (metano) y el NH3 (amoniaco), los cuales tienen un efecto negativo sobre el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer cuál es el efecto sobre estas emisiones al incluir pulpas de cítricos en la dieta de cerdos de engorde. El estudio tendrá dos fases. En una primera fase, se recogerán purines correspondientes a una prueba de valor nutricional incorporando pulpas cítricas y se determinarán las emisiones potenciales de CH4 mediante el método del ¿potencial bioquímico de metano¿ (de sus siglas en inglés, BMP). En una segunda fase, se alimentarán 160 cerdos a partir de los 60 kg de peso vivo del cerdo y 4 tratamientos diferentes (40 animales por tratamiento) consistentes en dosis crecientes de pulpa cítrica (0%, 8%, 16% y 24%) y se recogerán los purines derivados de los mismos. Una vez retirados los purines se determinarán las emisiones de los gases (NH3 y CH4) semanalmente. Se empleará un medidor de gases fotoacústico para medir las concentraciones de los gases al finalizar el ensayo, paralelamente a una línea de impingers (borboteadores ácidos) que permitirán verificar las mediciones de NH3 por parte del medidor fotoacústico. Este TFM desarrollará competencias de investigación en materia de producción animal y medio ambiente. Igualmente, aborda un caso práctico relacionado con la economía circular, uniendo sectores como la industria agroalimentaria (a través de los subproductos de industrias cítricas), la alimentación animal (productores de piensos) y la producción animal (granjas)., [EN] Pig meat is the most consumed meat in a worldwide level and its consumption is expected to continue growing in the following years. However, this can also have negative consequences for the environment due to the increase of greenhouse gases and other gases such as ammonia (NH3) that can be emitted to the atmosphere. There are studies that report introducing modifications in the diet in order to reduce the gases that slurries emit. In this work the inclusion of citrus pulp (orange) in the diets of finishing pigs is studied, in order to quantify and analyze how such inclusion affects the gases that slurries emit. Specifically, two tests were performed: the first one had the aim of studying the effect of including a high level of citrus pulp on the methane production potential. Three different diets were used (two of them with a 50% inclusion of citrus pulp), and methane (CH4) from the slurry was quantified. The second test studied the effect on the emission of CH4 and NH3 in similar conditions to commercial conditions, by adding moderated quantities of citrus pulp to the feed. In this second study four diets were used, with different levels of inclusion citrus pulp inclusion: 0%, 8%, 16% and 24%. The emitted NH3 was measured with the open chamber method and the capture of the gas with an acid trap, while CH4 was measured with the closed chamber method and a photoacoustic gas analyzer. The results of the first study indicated that including citrus pulp affects the final composition of NH3 and TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) of the slurry, as well as its pH, while the potential emission of CH4 was reduced. On the other hand, the inclusion of moderated quantities of citrus pulp of the second study did not significantly affect any of the parameters, but a great variability of the results was observed. This was due to the behavior of the animals in water use, affecting the dilution of the slurries, which lead to hidden effects on gas emissions. Therefore, it was not po

The experiment investigated whether the effect of enzyme supplementation on performance and nutrient digestibility is dependent on type of the ingredient(s) used, by incorporating wheat bran (WB), sunflower meal (SFM) and citrus pulp (CP) to a reference diet (REF). Those ingredients are known to be rich in different types of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP). Diets were supplemented with and without (control) an enzyme mix (phytase 1,000 FTU/kg and xylanase U/kg) according to a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. In total, 24 tanks (3 replicates/treatment) were used with 30 fish each (Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus; mean initial body weight 41 g). Fish were restrictively fed the experimental diets for 43 days (80% of expected satiation). Enzyme supplementation affected the absolute growth (g/day) and FCR (p < 0.05), improving the growth of fish fed the WB and SFM diets, while fish fed the REF and CP diets did not benefit. NSP, energy, ash, phosphorous and calcium digestibility improved with enzyme supplementation (p < 0.05). There was an interaction effect on all growth parameters, as well as the digestibility of energy and phosphorus (p < 0.05). This indicates that the effectiveness of the enzymes was dependent on the NSP‐rich ingredient used and thus the composition of the NSP fraction

[EN] Purpose Studying the efect of citrus pulp silage in the growth performance, amino acid retention of sharpsnout sea bream juveniles. Methods Citrus pulp is an energy and protein source that has been used to replace wheat meal in Diplodus puntazzo fngerlings; 96 fsh of 21.5±0.67 g were nourished with two experimental diets for 105 days. The control diet (CON) contained 421.6 g/kg of protein and 22.6 MJ/kg of energy. The citrus pulp diet (CPD) included 442.7 g/kg of protein and 22.02 MJ/ kg of energy. Results At the end of this trial, the CPD did not afect the growth parameters, but the feed efciency values exhibited statistically signifcant diferences, with those fsh fed the CPD having higher values, possibly due to the presence of limonene in the diet. The CPD also resulted in a reduction in amino acid (AA) content due to the protein being bound to fbre; this consequence did not afect the fnal fsh AA profle. For AA retention, only arginine displayed signifcant diferences, although the rest of the AAs also showed efects of AA reduction from the CPD. Conclusion Citrus pulp silage can be used in D. puntazzo feeding, without adverse in the growth performance and the amino acid profle, although it did cause a reduction in feed efciency

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] Purpose Studying the efect of citrus pulp silage in the growth performance, amino acid retention of sharpsnout sea bream juveniles. Methods Citrus pulp is an energy and protein source that has been used to replace wheat meal in Diplodus puntazzo fngerlings; 96 fsh of 21.5±0.67 g were nourished with two experimental diets for 105 days. The control diet (CON) contained 421.6 g/kg of protein and 22.6 MJ/kg of energy. The citrus pulp diet (CPD) included 442.7 g/kg of protein and 22.02 MJ/ kg of energy. Results At the end of this trial, the CPD did not afect the growth parameters, but the feed efciency values exhibited statistically signifcant diferences, with those fsh fed the CPD having higher values, possibly due to the presence of limonene in the diet. The CPD also resulted in a reduction in amino acid (AA) content due to the protein being bound to fbre; this consequence did not afect the fnal fsh AA profle. For AA retention, only arginine displayed signifcant diferences, although the rest of the AAs also showed efects of AA reduction from the CPD. Conclusion Citrus pulp silage can be used in D. puntazzo feeding, without adverse in the growth performance and the amino acid profle, although it did cause a reduction in feed efciency

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

[EN] Pulps from different citrus fruits are relevant agro-industrial co-products in the Mediterranean area in terms of amounts produced and availability. Moreover, part of the product is dehydrated, which increases its interest in monogastric species such as rabbits. Seventy eight samples from various Spanish producers using several types of fresh fruits (orange, tangerine, lemon and pomelo) and different processing methods of orange and tangerine samples (either fresh or dried after adding Ca(OH)2) were analysed for their chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Average dry matter (DM) contents of ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin (ADL), soluble fibre, crude protein (CP), insoluble neutral and acid detergent CP, ether extract and gross energy were 49.0, 226, 139, 12.1, 213, 71.2, 13.1, 4.2, 30.5 g and 17.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Mean DM and CP in vitro digestibility were 86.7 and 95.6%, respectively. Digestible energy was estimated to be 15.1 MJ/kg DM. A high variability (coefficient of variation from 17% for CP to 60% for ADL) was observed among the samples for most of the traits studied, which was partially explained by the effects of type of fruit and processing. Lemon pulps had on average higher ash and fibre but lower sugar contents than the other pulps. Dehydration processes increased ash content (almost double than for fresh pulp) due to lime addition. As regards the current results, citrus pulp has potential for use in rabbit diets as a source of energy and soluble fibre.

The in vitro fermentation pattern of five sources of carbohydrates of differing nature (maize grain, MZ; sucrose, SU; wheat bran, WB; sugarbeet pulp, BP; and citrus pulp, CT) under conditions of high concentrate diets for ruminants was studied. A first 8 h incubation trial was performed under optimal pH using inoculum from ewes given a fibrous diet, to compare fermentative characteristics of substrates. As planned, incubation pH ranged within 6.3 to 6.6. The gas produced from CT was higher than MZ, SU and BP from 4 and 6 h onwards, and at 8 h, respectively (p<0.05). There were no differences (p>0.05) on total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, nor on acetate or propionate proportions, but butyrate was lowest (p<0.05) with CT and BP. The second incubation trial was performed in a poorly-buffered medium, with inoculum from ewes given a concentrate diet. All substrates showed a gradual drop of pH, being lowest with SU after 4 h (p<0.05). Throughout the incubation, gas production was highest with CT and lowest with MZ and BP (p<0.05). Total 8 h VFA concentration was higher with CT than BP, SU and MZ (p<0.05). Acetate proportion was higher, and that of propionate lower, with BP than WB (p<0.05), butyrate proportion being higher with MZ and WB than with BP and CT (p<0.05). Lactic acid concentration was higher (p<0.05) with SU than WB and BP. Fermentation characteristics and acidification potential of feeds depend on the nature of their carbohydrate fraction, and must be considered for practical applications.

The in vitro fermentation pattern of five sources of carbohydrates of differing nature (maize grain, MZ; sucrose, SU; wheat bran, WB; sugarbeet pulp, BP; and citrus pulp, CT) under conditions of high concentrate diets for ruminants was studied. A first 8 h incubation trial was performed under optimal pH using inoculum from ewes given a fibrous diet, to compare fermentative characteristics of substrates. As planned, incubation pH ranged within 6.3 to 6.6. The gas produced from CT was higher than MZ, SU and BP from 4 and 6 h onwards, and at 8 h, respectively (p<0.05). There were no differences (p>0.05) on total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, nor on acetate or propionate proportions, but butyrate was lowest (p<0.05) with CT and BP. The second incubation trial was performed in a poorly-buffered medium, with inoculum from ewes given a concentrate diet. All substrates showed a gradual drop of pH, being lowest with SU after 4 h (p<0.05). Throughout the incubation, gas production was highest with CT and lowest with MZ and BP (p<0.05). Total 8 h VFA concentration was higher with CT than BP, SU and MZ (p<0.05). Acetate proportion was higher, and that of propionate lower, with BP than WB (p<0.05), butyrate proportion being higher with MZ and WB than with BP and CT (p<0.05). Lactic acid concentration was higher (p<0.05) with SU than WB and BP. Fermentation characteristics and acidification potential of feeds depend on the nature of their carbohydrate fraction, and must be considered for practical applications.

[EN] This study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of orange pulp in the diet of dairy goats on production, milk composition, cheese yield and RCS. For this, two diets were made, one of them (control diet) consisted of alfalfa hay, barley straw and commercial feed. In the other diet (pulp) were included 2.5 kg of orange pulp and adjusted input concentrates both diets were isocaloric and isoproteic. The study was conducted with twenty goats Murciano Granadina (in mid-lactation) were distributed into two homogeneous groups in their productive characteristics. The experimental design consisted of a 2x2 latin square, wherein the two diets were tested during two consecutive periods of 21 days each. Initially, each diet was randomly assigned to a group of animals during the first period. Later in the second period diets were exchanged between the two groups. It was considered a stage adaptation of animals to the diets of 10 days and then made production controls on milk composition and SCC. At the end of each period were made of cheese manufacturing milk from each diet. Found that the addition of pulp in the diet significantly (P <0.001) and fat content of the milk solids, (4.66 ± 0.05% vs 5.13 ± 0.05% for fat and 13.59 ± 0.05% vs 14.06 ± 0.05% for the ES in control diet and pulp, respectively) but did not affect the production, content of protein and lactose, and, RCS and cheese yield., [ES] En este trabajo se ha evaluado el efecto de la inclusión de pulpa de naranja en la dieta de cabras lecheras sobre la producción, composición de la leche, RCS y su rendimiento quesero. Para ello se formularon dos dietas, una de ellas (dieta control) estaba compuesta por heno de alfalfa, paja de cebada y un pienso comercial. En la otra dieta (pulpa) se incluyeron 2,5 kg de pulpa de naranja y se ajustó el aporte de concentrados para que ambas dietas fuesen isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. El estudio se llevó a cabo con veinticuatro cabras de la raza Murciano Granadina (en mitad de su lactación) que fueron divididas en dos grupos homogéneos en sus características productivas. El diseño experimental consistió en un cuadro latino 2x2, en el que las dos dietas fueron ensayadas durante dos periodos consecutivos de 21 días cada uno. Inicialmente, cada dieta fue asignada de forma aleatoria a un grupo de animales durante el primer periodo. Posteriormente, en el segundo periodo se intercambiaron las dietas a los dos grupos. Se consideró una etapa de adaptación de los animales a las dietas de 10 días y a continuación se realizaron controles de producción, composición y RCS en leche. Al finalizar cada periodo se realizaron fabricaciones de queso con la leche procedente de cada dieta. Se comprobó que la incorporación de pulpa en la dieta aumentó significativamente (P<0,001) el contenido en grasa y extracto seco de la leche, (4,66±0,05% vs 5,13±0,05% para la grasa y 13,59±0,05% vs 14,06±0,05% para el ES en las dietas control y pulpa, respectivamente), pero no afectó a la producción, a los contenidos en proteína y lactosa, al RCS y al rendimiento quesero.

[EN] This study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of orange pulp in the diet of dairy goats on production, milk composition, cheese yield and RCS. For this, two diets were made, one of them (control diet) consisted of alfalfa hay, barley straw and commercial feed. In the other diet (pulp) were included 2.5 kg of orange pulp and adjusted input concentrates both diets were isocaloric and isoproteic. The study was conducted with twenty goats Murciano Granadina (in mid-lactation) were distributed into two homogeneous groups in their productive characteristics. The experimental design consisted of a 2x2 latin square, wherein the two diets were tested during two consecutive periods of 21 days each. Initially, each diet was randomly assigned to a group of animals during the first period. Later in the second period diets were exchanged between the two groups. It was considered a stage adaptation of animals to the diets of 10 days and then made production controls on milk composition and SCC. At the end of each period were made of cheese manufacturing milk from each diet. Found that the addition of pulp in the diet significantly (P <0.001) and fat content of the milk solids, (4.66 ± 0.05% vs 5.13 ± 0.05% for fat and 13.59 ± 0.05% vs 14.06 ± 0.05% for the ES in control diet and pulp, respectively) but did not affect the production, content of protein and lactose, and, RCS and cheese yield., [ES] En este trabajo se ha evaluado el efecto de la inclusión de pulpa de naranja en la dieta de cabras lecheras sobre la producción, composición de la leche, RCS y su rendimiento quesero. Para ello se formularon dos dietas, una de ellas (dieta control) estaba compuesta por heno de alfalfa, paja de cebada y un pienso comercial. En la otra dieta (pulpa) se incluyeron 2,5 kg de pulpa de naranja y se ajustó el aporte de concentrados para que ambas dietas fuesen isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. El estudio se llevó a cabo con veinticuatro cabras de la raza Murciano Granadina (en mitad de su lactación) que fueron divididas en dos grupos homogéneos en sus características productivas. El diseño experimental consistió en un cuadro latino 2x2, en el que las dos dietas fueron ensayadas durante dos periodos consecutivos de 21 días cada uno. Inicialmente, cada dieta fue asignada de forma aleatoria a un grupo de animales durante el primer periodo. Posteriormente, en el segundo periodo se intercambiaron las dietas a los dos grupos. Se consideró una etapa de adaptación de los animales a las dietas de 10 días y a continuación se realizaron controles de producción, composición y RCS en leche. Al finalizar cada periodo se realizaron fabricaciones de queso con la leche procedente de cada dieta. Se comprobó que la incorporación de pulpa en la dieta aumentó significativamente (P<0,001) el contenido en grasa y extracto seco de la leche, (4,66±0,05% vs 5,13±0,05% para la grasa y 13,59±0,05% vs 14,06±0,05% para el ES en las dietas control y pulpa, respectivamente), pero no afectó a la producción, a los contenidos en proteína y lactosa, al RCS y al rendimiento quesero.

[EN] This study evaluated the effect of the inclusion of orange pulp in the diet of dairy goats on production, milk composition, cheese yield and RCS. For this, two diets were made, one of them (control diet) consisted of alfalfa hay, barley straw and commercial feed. In the other diet (pulp) were included 2.5 kg of orange pulp and adjusted input concentrates both diets were isocaloric and isoproteic. The study was conducted with twenty goats Murciano Granadina (in mid-lactation) were distributed into two homogeneous groups in their productive characteristics. The experimental design consisted of a 2x2 latin square, wherein the two diets were tested during two consecutive periods of 21 days each. Initially, each diet was randomly assigned to a group of animals during the first period. Later in the second period diets were exchanged between the two groups. It was considered a stage adaptation of animals to the diets of 10 days and then made production controls on milk composition and SCC. At the end of each period were made of cheese manufacturing milk from each diet. Found that the addition of pulp in the diet significantly (P <0.001) and fat content of the milk solids, (4.66 ± 0.05% vs 5.13 ± 0.05% for fat and 13.59 ± 0.05% vs 14.06 ± 0.05% for the ES in control diet and pulp, respectively) but did not affect the production, content of protein and lactose, and, RCS and cheese yield., [ES] En este trabajo se ha evaluado el efecto de la inclusión de pulpa de naranja en la dieta de cabras lecheras sobre la producción, composición de la leche, RCS y su rendimiento quesero. Para ello se formularon dos dietas, una de ellas (dieta control) estaba compuesta por heno de alfalfa, paja de cebada y un pienso comercial. En la otra dieta (pulpa) se incluyeron 2,5 kg de pulpa de naranja y se ajustó el aporte de concentrados para que ambas dietas fuesen isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. El estudio se llevó a cabo con veinticuatro cabras de la raza Murciano Granadina (en mitad de su lactación) que fueron divididas en dos grupos homogéneos en sus características productivas. El diseño experimental consistió en un cuadro latino 2x2, en el que las dos dietas fueron ensayadas durante dos periodos consecutivos de 21 días cada uno. Inicialmente, cada dieta fue asignada de forma aleatoria a un grupo de animales durante el primer periodo. Posteriormente, en el segundo periodo se intercambiaron las dietas a los dos grupos. Se consideró una etapa de adaptación de los animales a las dietas de 10 días y a continuación se realizaron controles de producción, composición y RCS en leche. Al finalizar cada periodo se realizaron fabricaciones de queso con la leche procedente de cada dieta. Se comprobó que la incorporación de pulpa en la dieta aumentó significativamente (P<0,001) el contenido en grasa y extracto seco de la leche, (4,66±0,05% vs 5,13±0,05% para la grasa y 13,59±0,05% vs 14,06±0,05% para el ES en las dietas control y pulpa, respectivamente), pero no afectó a la producción, a los contenidos en proteína y lactosa, al RCS y al rendimiento quesero.

Objective. To evaluate the effect of three energy sources on the intake, total apparent digestibility and excretion of nutrients in cattle diet. Materials and methods. Six ruminally cannulated cows (730 ± 70 kg) were distributed into three treatments in a replicated 3x3 Latin square experimental design, where: (I) Control: Low ether extract diet (3.50% EE); (II) Soybean: High ether extract diet (5.30% EE) with inclusion of 15% soybean and (III) Citrus pulp: Low ether extract diet (3.00% EE) and high pectin involvement with inclusion of 15% citrus pulp. To determine the digestibility of DM and its fractions, chromic oxide was used as a marker. Nutrient excretion was calculated from the digestibility coefficient of each fraction. Results. The soybean treatment reduced (p<0.05) dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract and organic matter intake and increased ether extract intake. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the energy source on the digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, NDF, EE, NFE or OM. The TDN value was higher for the soybean treatment. The excretion of DM, NFE and OM was lower (p<0.05) for the soybean treatment. All energy sources influenced the excretion of crude protein. Conclusions. The energy sources used did not affect the digestibility of the diets and are indicated as high potential sources to be used in cattle., Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de tres fuentes energéticas sobre el consumo, la digestibilidad aparente total y la excreción de nutrientes de la dieta en bovinos. Materiales y métodos. Seis vacas (730±70 kg) canuladas en rumen fueron distribuidas en tres tratamientos, en un diseño experimental cuadrado latino 3x3 replicado, a saber: (I) Control: Dieta de bajo extracto etéreo (3.50% de EE); (II) Soya: Dieta de alto extracto etéreo (5.30% de EE) con inclusión de 15% de grano de soya y (III) Pulpa Cítrica: Dieta de bajo extracto etéreo (3.00% de EE) y alta participación de pectina con inclusión de 15% de pulpa cítrica. Para determinar la digestibilidad de la MS y sus fracciones, fue utilizado el marcador de óxido de cromo. La excreción de nutrientes, fue calculada a partir de los coeficientes de digestibilidad de cada fracción. Resultados. El tratamiento con soya redujo (p<0.05) el consumo de materia seca, proteína bruta, extracto no nitrogenado y materia orgánica, de igual manera, incrementó el consumo de extracto etéreo. No no se observó efecto (p.0.05) de fuente energética para los coeficientes de digestibilidad de la MS, PB, FDN, EE, ENN y MO. El valor de NDT fue mayor para el tratamiento con soya. La excreción de MS, ENN y MO fue menor (p<0.05) para el tratamiento con soya. Todas las fuentes energéticas influyeron en la excreción de proteína bruta. Conclusiones. Las fuentes energéticas utilizadas, no afectaron la digestibilidad de las dietas, y estan indicadas como fuentes de elevado potencial en la alimentación de bovinos.

Waste from orange juice extraction, such as skins, shells and seeds, are known as citrus pulp, they may cause two major impacts, be a potential source ofraw material in the food industry concentrates for animals, and reduce problem posed to the environment with unnecessary use of landfills. The purpose of this paper is to obtain experimental sorption isotherms of this waste, at a temperature of 20° in a wide range of water activity (0.33 -0.97) from the two producers of orange juice, called Túnez and Pomelo. The process used to determine isothermal sorption curves, is the method recommended by the COST Project 90, which consisted of placing a known amount of sample in an airtight container with a given relative humidity until the weight does not vary orreaches balance. In addition, an adjustment to the model proposed by Smith obtained average errors of 8.56% and 7.57% for Túnez and Pomelo, respectively., Os resíduos de extração de suco de laranja, tais como, pele, cascas e sementes, são conhecidas como citripolpa, seu uso pode gerar dois grandes impactos, ser uma fonte potencial de matéria prima na indústria de alimentos concentrados para animais; e reduzir o problema gerado ao ambiente, com o uso desnecessário dos recheados sanitários. O propósito deste trabalho é obter experimentalmente a isoterma de sorção da água na citripolpa, a uma temperatura de trabalho de 20º C numa ampla categoria de atividades da água (0,33 -0,97) a partir de dois produtores de suco de laranja, chamados Túnez e Pomelo (pomo). O processo empregado para determinar as curva isotermas de sorção, é o método recomendado pelo Projeto COST 90, o qual consistiu em colocar uma quantidade de mostra conhecida num recipiente hermético com uma umidade relativa determinada, até que o seu peso não varie ou alcance o equilíbrio. Além demais, realizou-se um ajuste com o modelo proposto pelo Smith obtendo-se erros médios de 8.56% e 7.57% para Túnez e Pomelo, respectivamente., Los residuos de extracción de jugo de naranja, tales como, hollejos, cascaras y semillas, son conocidos como citropulpa, su uso puede generar dos grandes impactos, ser una fuente potencial de materia prima en la industria de alimentos concentrados para animales; y reducir el problema generado al ambiente, con el uso innecesario de los rellenos sanitarios. El propósito de este trabajo es obtener experimentalmente la isoterma de sorción de agua en la citropulpa, a una temperatura de trabajo de 20 °C en un amplio rango de actividad de agua (0,33 -0,97) a partir de dos productores dejugo de naranja, denominados Túnez y Pomelo. El proceso utilizado para determinarlas curvas isotérmicas de sorción, es el método recomendado por el Proyecto COST 90, el cual consistió en colocar una cantidad demuestra conocida en un recipiente hermético con una humedad relativa determinada, hasta gue su peso no varíe o alcance el equilibrio. Además se realizó un ajuste con el modelo propuesto por Smith obteniéndose errores medios de 8.56 % y 1.51 % para Túnez y Pomelo, respectivamente.

The objective of this study was to determine if feeding carbohydrate supplements with faster degradation rates than corn to dairy cows grazing ryegrass would improve nitrogen capture, milk production, and components. Treatments were grain supplements based on: 1) corn (CORN), 2) barley and molasses (BM), or 3) citrus pulp and molasses (CM). For BM and CM, the diet composition was the same as that of CORN except that a portion of the corn was replaced with barley and molasses or citrus pulp and molasses, respectively, on a dry matter basis. Cows grazed ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture. Yield of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, and milk fat, as well as milk fat percentage, were not different among treatments. True milk protein percentage was higher for CORN (2.81%) compared with CM (2.70%), but was not different for BM (2.77%). However, true milk protein yield was not different among treatments. Milk urea N was higher for BM(11.43 mg/dL) compared with both CORN and CM (average: 9.95 mg/dL). There were no differences among CORN, BM, and CM treatments for overall BUN (average: 10.60 mg/dL). At 0400 h, however, cows on CORN had higher BUN than cows on CM(11.43 vs. 9.96 mg/dL), but there were no differences between CORN and BM (average: 11.21 mg/dL) or BM and CM (average: 10.48 mg/dL), and there were no differences among treatments at other time points. The CM diet might have shown more advantage if the pasture crude protein content was higher. Partial replacement of corn with citrus pulp for grazing cows should be further studied using pasture with higher crude protein content. Although cows receiving CM and BM did not produce more milk than cows on CORN, if barley or citrus pulp is less expensive than corn, they may be viable replacements for a portion of the corn supplement for grazing cows.

We developed a computer model for simulating the population dynamics of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker). The model incorporates previously published life history data for the almond moth developing on stored peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., including stage-specific immature developmental time and survival and adult longevity and fecundity. The model was modified so that it also could be used to simulate almond moth population dynamics on stored, dried citrus pulp and stored corn (Zea mays L.). We tested the validity of the model by using 4 previously published data sets. The model was useful for interpreting population dynamics observed in the previously published studies and will be useful for optimizing management strategies for the almond moth.