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As the understanding of disease grows, so does the opportunity for personalization of therapies targeted to the needs of the individual. To bring about a step change in the personalization of medical devices it is shown that multi-material inkjet-based 3D printing can meet this demand by combining functional materials, voxelated manufacturing, and algorithmic design. In this paper composite structures designed with both controlled deformation and reduced biofilm formation are manufactured using two formulations that are deposited selectively and separately. The bacterial biofilm coverage of the resulting composites is reduced by up to 75% compared to commonly used silicone rubbers, without the need for incorporating bioactives. Meanwhile, the composites can be tuned to meet user defined mechanical performance with ±10% deviation. Device manufacture is coupled to finite element modelling and a genetic algorithm that takes the user-specified mechanical deformation and computes the distribution of materials needed to meet this under given load constraints through a generative design process. Manufactured products are assessed against the mechanical and bacterial cell-instructive specifications and illustrate how multifunctional personalization can be achieved using generative design driven multi-material inkjet based 3D printing.

As the understanding of disease grows, so does the opportunity for personalization of therapies targeted to the needs of the individual. To bring about a step change in the personalization of medical devices it is shown that multi-material inkjet-based 3D printing can meet this demand by combining functional materials, voxelated manufacturing, and algorithmic design. In this paper composite structures designed with both controlled deformation and reduced biofilm formation are manufactured using two formulations that are deposited selectively and separately. The bacterial biofilm coverage of the resulting composites is reduced by up to 75% compared to commonly used silicone rubbers, without the need for incorporating bioactives. Meanwhile, the composites can be tuned to meet user defined mechanical performance with ±10% deviation. Device manufacture is coupled to finite element modelling and a genetic algorithm that takes the user-specified mechanical deformation and computes the distribution of materials needed to meet this under given load constraints through a generative design process. Manufactured products are assessed against the mechanical and bacterial cell-instructive specifications and illustrate how multifunctional personalization can be achieved using generative design driven multi-material inkjet based 3D printing.

As the understanding of disease grows, so does the opportunity for personalization of therapies targeted to the needs of the individual. To bring about a step change in the personalization of medical devices it is shown that multi-material inkjet-based 3D printing can meet this demand by combining functional materials, voxelated manufacturing, and algorithmic design. In this paper composite structures designed with both controlled deformation and reduced biofilm formation are manufactured using two formulations that are deposited selectively and separately. The bacterial biofilm coverage of the resulting composites is reduced by up to 75% compared to commonly used silicone rubbers, without the need for incorporating bioactives. Meanwhile, the composites can be tuned to meet user defined mechanical performance with ±10% deviation. Device manufacture is coupled to finite element modelling and a genetic algorithm that takes the user-specified mechanical deformation and computes the distribution of materials needed to meet this under given load constraints through a generative design process. Manufactured products are assessed against the mechanical and bacterial cell-instructive specifications and illustrate how multifunctional personalization can be achieved using generative design driven multi-material inkjet based 3D printing.

As the understanding of disease grows, so does the opportunity for personalization of therapies targeted to the needs of the individual. To bring about a step change in the personalization of medical devices it is shown that multi-material inkjet-based 3D printing can meet this demand by combining functional materials, voxelated manufacturing, and algorithmic design. In this paper composite structures designed with both controlled deformation and reduced biofilm formation are manufactured using two formulations that are deposited selectively and separately. The bacterial biofilm coverage of the resulting composites is reduced by up to 75% compared to commonly used silicone rubbers, without the need for incorporating bioactives. Meanwhile, the composites can be tuned to meet user defined mechanical performance with ±10% deviation. Device manufacture is coupled to finite element modelling and a genetic algorithm that takes the user-specified mechanical deformation and computes the distribution of materials needed to meet this under given load constraints through a generative design process. Manufactured products are assessed against the mechanical and bacterial cell-instructive specifications and illustrate how multifunctional personalization can be achieved using generative design driven multi-material inkjet based 3D printing.

As the understanding of disease grows, so does the opportunity for personalization of therapies targeted to the needs of the individual. To bring about a step change in the personalization of medical devices it is shown that multi-material inkjet-based 3D printing can meet this demand by combining functional materials, voxelated manufacturing, and algorithmic design. In this paper composite structures designed with both controlled deformation and reduced biofilm formation are manufactured using two formulations that are deposited selectively and separately. The bacterial biofilm coverage of the resulting composites is reduced by up to 75% compared to commonly used silicone rubbers, without the need for incorporating bioactives. Meanwhile, the composites can be tuned to meet user defined mechanical performance with ±10% deviation. Device manufacture is coupled to finite element modelling and a genetic algorithm that takes the user-specified mechanical deformation and computes the distribution of materials needed to meet this under given load constraints through a generative design process. Manufactured products are assessed against the mechanical and bacterial cell-instructive specifications and illustrate how multifunctional personalization can be achieved using generative design driven multi-material inkjet based 3D printing.

As the understanding of disease grows, so does the opportunity for personalization of therapies targeted to the needs of the individual. To bring about a step change in the personalization of medical devices it is shown that multi-material inkjet-based 3D printing can meet this demand by combining functional materials, voxelated manufacturing, and algorithmic design. In this paper composite structures designed with both controlled deformation and reduced biofilm formation are manufactured using two formulations that are deposited selectively and separately. The bacterial biofilm coverage of the resulting composites is reduced by up to 75% compared to commonly used silicone rubbers, without the need for incorporating bioactives. Meanwhile, the composites can be tuned to meet user defined mechanical performance with ±10% deviation. Device manufacture is coupled to finite element modelling and a genetic algorithm that takes the user-specified mechanical deformation and computes the distribution of materials needed to meet this under given load constraints through a generative design process. Manufactured products are assessed against the mechanical and bacterial cell-instructive specifications and illustrate how multifunctional personalization can be achieved using generative design driven multi-material inkjet based 3D printing.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles, similar to those seen in the structure of human bone, have been produced via hydrothermal synthesisand used to produce nanocomposite materials via melt blending with poly(lactic acid)(PLA). Both of these processes are scalable and commercially relevant. Tailored dispersants were developed and used to improve the dispersion of the HA. Modest improvements in flexural properties were observed (max increases 30% of dry modulus, 13% of wet strength). Rheometry is not suggestive of achieving percolation,so there is potential to improve mechanical properties further. It was established that very dry processing conditions are essential to maintaining the molecular weight of the PLA during processing and that the use of the tailored dispersants can also help to mitigateprocess-induced degradation.MicroCT has proved to be a useful quality control tool to support TEM analysis.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

Polylactic acid and novel nanoplatelets of hydroxyapatite (HANP) were compounded in a laboratory scale twin-screw extruder and injection moulded to shape. The effect of HANP loading content, between 1 wt% and 10 wt%, and of HANP surface coating with tailored molecular dispersants, on the processability and rheological behaviour were investigated. Dispersion of HANP within the matrix system was determined qualitatively using transmission electron micrographs. Surface coating of HANP with dispersants was observed to change the state of HANP dispersion in the nanocomposites. This was also reflected in the changes of the nanocomposites’ rheological response with the moduli of coated HANP systems increasing at lower frequencies.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

Polylactic acid and novel nanoplatelets of hydroxyapatite (HANP) were compounded in a laboratory scale twin-screw extruder and injection moulded to shape. The effect of HANP loading content, between 1 wt% and 10 wt%, and of HANP surface coating with tailored molecular dispersants, on the processability and rheological behaviour were investigated. Dispersion of HANP within the matrix system was determined qualitatively using transmission electron micrographs. Surface coating of HANP with dispersants was observed to change the state of HANP dispersion in the nanocomposites. This was also reflected in the changes of the nanocomposites’ rheological response with the moduli of coated HANP systems increasing at lower frequencies.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles, similar to those seen in the structure of human bone, have been produced via hydrothermal synthesisand used to produce nanocomposite materials via melt blending with poly(lactic acid)(PLA). Both of these processes are scalable and commercially relevant. Tailored dispersants were developed and used to improve the dispersion of the HA. Modest improvements in flexural properties were observed (max increases 30% of dry modulus, 13% of wet strength). Rheometry is not suggestive of achieving percolation,so there is potential to improve mechanical properties further. It was established that very dry processing conditions are essential to maintaining the molecular weight of the PLA during processing and that the use of the tailored dispersants can also help to mitigateprocess-induced degradation.MicroCT has proved to be a useful quality control tool to support TEM analysis.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles, similar to those seen in the structure of human bone, have been produced via hydrothermal synthesisand used to produce nanocomposite materials via melt blending with poly(lactic acid)(PLA). Both of these processes are scalable and commercially relevant. Tailored dispersants were developed and used to improve the dispersion of the HA. Modest improvements in flexural properties were observed (max increases 30% of dry modulus, 13% of wet strength). Rheometry is not suggestive of achieving percolation,so there is potential to improve mechanical properties further. It was established that very dry processing conditions are essential to maintaining the molecular weight of the PLA during processing and that the use of the tailored dispersants can also help to mitigateprocess-induced degradation.MicroCT has proved to be a useful quality control tool to support TEM analysis.

Polylactic acid and novel nanoplatelets of hydroxyapatite (HANP) were compounded in a laboratory scale twin-screw extruder and injection moulded to shape. The effect of HANP loading content, between 1 wt% and 10 wt%, and of HANP surface coating with tailored molecular dispersants, on the processability and rheological behaviour were investigated. Dispersion of HANP within the matrix system was determined qualitatively using transmission electron micrographs. Surface coating of HANP with dispersants was observed to change the state of HANP dispersion in the nanocomposites. This was also reflected in the changes of the nanocomposites’ rheological response with the moduli of coated HANP systems increasing at lower frequencies.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

Polylactic acid and novel nanoplatelets of hydroxyapatite (HANP) were compounded in a laboratory scale twin-screw extruder and injection moulded to shape. The effect of HANP loading content, between 1 wt% and 10 wt%, and of HANP surface coating with tailored molecular dispersants, on the processability and rheological behaviour were investigated. Dispersion of HANP within the matrix system was determined qualitatively using transmission electron micrographs. Surface coating of HANP with dispersants was observed to change the state of HANP dispersion in the nanocomposites. This was also reflected in the changes of the nanocomposites’ rheological response with the moduli of coated HANP systems increasing at lower frequencies.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles, similar to those seen in the structure of human bone, have been produced via hydrothermal synthesisand used to produce nanocomposite materials via melt blending with poly(lactic acid)(PLA). Both of these processes are scalable and commercially relevant. Tailored dispersants were developed and used to improve the dispersion of the HA. Modest improvements in flexural properties were observed (max increases 30% of dry modulus, 13% of wet strength). Rheometry is not suggestive of achieving percolation,so there is potential to improve mechanical properties further. It was established that very dry processing conditions are essential to maintaining the molecular weight of the PLA during processing and that the use of the tailored dispersants can also help to mitigateprocess-induced degradation.MicroCT has proved to be a useful quality control tool to support TEM analysis.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

This work investigates the linear and non-linear viscoelastic melt rheology of four grades of polycarbonate melt-compounded with 3 wt% Nanocyl NC7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and of the matching matrix polymers. Amplitude sweeps reveal an earlier onset of non-linearity and a strain overshoot in the nanocomposites. Mastercurves are constructed from isothermal frequency sweeps using vertical and horizontal shifting. Although all nanocomposites exhibit a second plateau at ~105 Pa, the relaxation times estimated from the peak in loss tangent are not statistically different from those of pure melts estimated from cross-over frequencies: all relaxation times scale with molar mass in the same way, evidence that relaxation of the polymer network is the dominant mechanism in both filled and unfilled materials. Non-linear rheology is also measured in large amplitude oscillatory shear. A comparison of the responses from frequency and amplitude sweep experiments reveals the importance of strain and temperature history on the response of such nanocomposites.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles, similar to those seen in the structure of human bone, have been produced via hydrothermal synthesisand used to produce nanocomposite materials via melt blending with poly(lactic acid)(PLA). Both of these processes are scalable and commercially relevant. Tailored dispersants were developed and used to improve the dispersion of the HA. Modest improvements in flexural properties were observed (max increases 30% of dry modulus, 13% of wet strength). Rheometry is not suggestive of achieving percolation,so there is potential to improve mechanical properties further. It was established that very dry processing conditions are essential to maintaining the molecular weight of the PLA during processing and that the use of the tailored dispersants can also help to mitigateprocess-induced degradation.MicroCT has proved to be a useful quality control tool to support TEM analysis.

Polylactic acid and novel nanoplatelets of hydroxyapatite (HANP) were compounded in a laboratory scale twin-screw extruder and injection moulded to shape. The effect of HANP loading content, between 1 wt% and 10 wt%, and of HANP surface coating with tailored molecular dispersants, on the processability and rheological behaviour were investigated. Dispersion of HANP within the matrix system was determined qualitatively using transmission electron micrographs. Surface coating of HANP with dispersants was observed to change the state of HANP dispersion in the nanocomposites. This was also reflected in the changes of the nanocomposites’ rheological response with the moduli of coated HANP systems increasing at lower frequencies.