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The use of mixtures of pesticides and consecutive pesticide applications challenge current regulations aimed at protecting ecosystem health due to unpredictable effects of complex and dynamic mixtures. In this study, we tested the ecotoxicological effects of mixtures of herbicides, applied following a real application scheme of soybean production on soil health in a mesocosm experiment. The experiment included two sequential applications; first, glyphosate + dicamba + clethodim, and 30 days later, flumioxazin + metolachlor. Commercial products were used at the recommended doses and at two other concentrations: half and double the recommended dose. Soybean plants were exposed to the herbicide-contaminated soil from the time of sowing to the beginning of pod formation. Half of the plants were harvested at the vegetative stage and the remaining plants at the reproductive stage to evaluate endpoints related to plant support and nutrient cycling. Plant biomass was significantly affected during the vegetative stage at the recommended and double the recommended dose, with the effects being mixture-dose dependent. Lower total and arbuscular colonization of mycorrhizas were also observed in double the recommended dose, and intermediate results were observed for the recommended dose. Nodule mass and phosphorous concentration in plants decreased with increasing herbicide doses. By the end of the experiment, nodule mass and total mycorrhizal colonization were low in the plants treated with double the recommended dose of herbicides. However, both endpoints reached similar values to the control at lower herbicide doses. Plant height and phenology were only lower at double the recommended dose during the experiment. The use of non-standard endpoints evidenced that important soil functions were transiently or permanently affected, while the realistic application scheme accounted for the impact of the management practice currently used. Pesticide risk assessment should therefore, in

A linear relationship between heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2) has been reported in homeothermic animals, indicating that is possible to estimate heat production through HR measurements. This relationship may depend on the animal activity and environmental conditions. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the air temperature and animal posture and activity on heat production and VO2 in relation to HR. In addition, as a secondary objective, the energy cost of eating and ruminating versus idling and standing versus lying down was determined. Twelve Holstein lactating cows were housed inside climate-controlled respiration chambers for 8 d, where the air temperature was gradually increased from 7 to 21°C during the night and from 16 to 30°C during the day with daily increments of 2°C for both daytime and nighttime. During the 8-d data collection period, HR and gaseous exchange measurements were performed, and animal posture and activity were recorded continuously. The oxygen pulse (O2P), which represents the amount of oxygen that is consumed by the cow per heartbeat, was calculated as the ratio between VO2 and HR. Results showed that heat production and VO2 were linearly and positively associated with HR, but this relationship largely varied between individual cows. Within the range tested, O2P was unaffected by temperature, but we detected a tendency for an interaction of O2P with the temperature range tested during the night versus during the day. This indicates that the effect of air temperature on O2P is nonlinear. Standing and eating slightly increased O2P (1.0 and 2.5%) compared with lying down and idling, respectively, whereas rumination increased O2P by 5.1% compared with idling. It was concluded that the potential bias introduced by these effects on the O2P for the application of the technique is limited. The energy cost of eating and ruminating over idling was 223 ± 11 and 45 ± 6 kJ/kg0.75 per day, respectively, wher

This article aims to demonstrate how critical urban geography and Urban Political Ecology (UPE) can provide analytical tools to fully incorporate the social dimension in Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), overcoming ageographical and depoliticized understandings of sustainable stormwater transitions. Through its socio-technical framework, Sustainability Transitions Theory (STT) has contributed significantly to the discourses around governance, infrastructure and management of the new stormwater paradigm from hazard to resource. However, the theory fails to recognise the complexities that geographical, historical and political dynamics introduce into this process, as questions arise regarding why, how and for whom stormwater becomes a resource. The article argues that UPE can offer insights into why and how drainage transitions may take place in specific contexts, considering aspects of sustainability, social equity, justice and democracy., Aquest article té com a objectiu reconèixer que la geografia urbana crítica i l'ecologia política urbana (EPU) poden proporcionar eines analítiques per incorporar completament la dimensió social als sistemes urbans de drenatge sostenible (SUD), superant les enteses ageogràfiques i despolititzades de les transicions sostenibles de les aigües pluvials. La teoria de les transicions de la sostenibilitat ha contribuït significativament, a través del seu marc sociotècnic, als discursos de governança, infraestructura i gestió del nou paradigma de les aigües pluvials d'amenaça a recurs. No obstant això, falla a l'hora de reconèixer les complexitats que les dinàmiques geogràfiques, històriques i polítiques introdueixen en aquest procés a mesura que sorgeixen preguntes sobre per què, com i per a qui les aigües pluvials es converteixen en un recurs. L'article sosté que l'EPU pot oferir informació sobre per què i com les transicions de drenatge poden tenir lloc en contextos específics, considerant aspectes de sostenibilitat, equitat social, justícia i democràcia., Este artículo tiene como objetivo reconocer que la geografía urbana crítica y la ecología política urbana (UPE) pueden proporcionar herramientas analíticas para incorporar por completo la dimensión social a los sistemas urbanos de drenaje sostenible (SUD), superando los entendimientos ageográficos y despolitizados de las transiciones sostenibles de las aguas pluviales. La teoría de las transiciones de la sostenibilidad ha contribuido significativamente, a través de su marco sociotécnico, a los discursos de gobernanza, infraestructura y gestión del nuevo paradigma de las aguas pluviales de amenaza a recurso. Sin embargo, falla a la hora de reconocer las complejidades que las dinámicas geográficas, históricas y políticas introducen en este proceso a medida que surgen preguntas sobre por qué, cómo y para quién las aguas pluviales se convierten en un recurso. El artículo sostiene que la EPU puede ofrecer información sobre por qué y cómo las transiciones de drenaje pueden tener lugar en contextos específicos, considerando aspectos de sostenibilidad, equidad social, justicia y democracia., Cet article vise à reconnaître comment la géographie urbaine critique et l'Ecologie Politique Urbaine (EPU) peuvent fournir des outils d'analyse pour intégrer pleinement la dimension sociale dans les Systèmes de Drainage Urbain Durable (SUDs), dépassant les compréhensions géographiques et dépolitisées des transitions d'utilisation durable des eaux de pluie. La théorie des transitions de durabilité a contribué de manière significative à travers son cadre sociotech-nique aux discours de gouvernance, d'infrastructure et de gestion du nouveau paradigme des eaux pluviales de la menace à la ressource. Cependant, elle ne reconnaît pas les complexités que les dynamiques géographiques, historiques et politiques introduisent dans ce processus alors que des questions se posent sur pourquoi, comment et pour qui les eaux pluviales deviennent une ressource. L'article soutient que l'EPU peut fournir des informations sur pourquoi et comment les transitions de drainage peuvent avoir lieu dans des contextes spécifiques, en tenant compte des aspects de durabilité, d'équité sociale, de justice et de démocratie.

Much has been debated regarding the environmental and economic aspects that conform the pillars of sustainability in nature-based solutions (NbSs). However, the social implications are lagging behind in both theory and practice. NbSs are not inherently socially and environmentally just and they might not work for or benefit everyone. On the contrary, they may lead to unequal environmental tradeoffs influencing therefore community acceptance. This research explored the different levels of community acceptance of NbSs in the Tordera delta (Catalonia) through structured interviews and Q-methodology with representative stakeholders. It pretended to contribute to more just NbS discussions by identifying variables of community acceptance through a socio-environmental perspective. The results exposed existing socio-economic and socio-spatial differences that cause unequal co-benefits and tradeoffs among stakeholders of the area. Three distinctive discourses were identified: (1) NbSs as an opportunity to re-naturalize the river; (2) the possibility of NbS implementation if aligned with the current socio-economic structure of the delta; and (3) the belief in a hybrid NbS future, combining grey infrastructure and NbSs. Building on those results and discussions, the paper reflected on a restructuration of the delta's governance through further collaborative processes to seek a more socio-environmentally just and inclusive NbSs in the area.

In this paper I analyze the notion of publikumsbezogene Privatheit (public-related privacy, or public-oriented subjectivity), coined by Jürgen Habermas in his analysis of the public sphere. I propose a reconstruction of the notion to clarify its scope and explanatory potential, and I make a projection towards the digital public sphere. I propose that this public-oriented privacy can theoretically be postulated as a relevant common feature between the “original” public sphere and the digital public sphere, and in that sense, constitutes a conceptual tool that can shed light on the latter., Este trabajo analiza la noción de privacidad relacionada con un público, o subjetividad orientada a un público, acuñada por Jürgen Habermas en su análisis de la esfera pública. Se propone una reconstrucción de dicha noción para esclarecer su alcance y potencial explicativo, y además se realiza una proyección hacia la esfera pública digital. El artículo propone que esta privacidad orientada a un público se puede postular teóricamente como un rasgo común relevante entre la esfera pública “original” y la esfera pública digital, y en ese sentido, constituye una herramienta conceptual que puede echar luz sobre esta última.

In this paper I analyze the notion of publikumsbezogene Privatheit (public-related privacy, or public-oriented subjectivity), coined by Jürgen Habermas in his analysis of the public sphere. I propose a reconstruction of the notion to clarify its scope and explanatory potential, and I make a projection towards the digital public sphere. I propose that this public-oriented privacy can theoretically be postulated as a relevant common feature between the “original” public sphere and the digital public sphere, and in that sense, constitutes a conceptual tool that can shed light on the latter., Este trabajo analiza la noción de privacidad relacionada con un público, o subjetividad orientada a un público, acuñada por Jürgen Habermas en su análisis de la esfera pública. Se propone una reconstrucción de dicha noción para esclarecer su alcance y potencial explicativo, y además se realiza una proyección hacia la esfera pública digital. El artículo propone que esta privacidad orientada a un público se puede postular teóricamente como un rasgo común relevante entre la esfera pública “original” y la esfera pública digital, y en ese sentido, constituye una herramienta conceptual que puede echar luz sobre esta última.

Introduction: The CD4 cell count and percent at initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are measures of advanced HIV disease and thus are important indicators of programme performance for children living with HIV. In particular, World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 guidelines on advanced HIV disease noted that >80% of children aged <5 years started cART with WHO Stage 3 or 4 disease or severe immune suppression. We compared temporal trends in CD4 measures at cART start in children from low-, middle- and high-income countries, and examined the effect of WHO treatment initiation guidelines on reducing the proportion of children initiating cART with advanced disease. Methods: We included children aged <16 years from the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (IeDEA) Collaboration (Caribbean, Central and South America, Asia-Pacific, and West, Central, East and Southern Africa), the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research in Europe (COHERE), the North American Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS) and International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) 219C study. Severe immunodeficiency was defined using WHO guidelines. We used generalized weighted additive mixed effect models to analyse temporal trends in CD4 measurements and piecewise regression to examine the impact of 2006 and 2010 WHO cART initiation guidelines. Results: We included 52,153 children from fourteen low-, eight lower middle-, five upper middle- and five high-income countries. From 2004 to 2013, the estimated percentage of children starting cART with severe immunodeficiency declined from 70% to 42% (low-income), 67% to 64% (lower middle-income) and 61% to 43% (upper middle-income countries). In high-income countries, severe immunodeficiency at cART initiation declined from 45% (1996) to 14% (2012). There were annual decreases in the percentage of children with severe immuno

Sparse, knot-based Gaussian processes have enjoyed considerable success as scalable approximations to full Gaussian processes. Certain sparse models can be derived through specific variational approximations to the true posterior, and knots can be selected to minimize the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the approximate and true posterior. While this has been a successful approach, simultaneous optimization of knots can be slow due to the number of parameters being optimized. Furthermore, there have been few proposed methods for selecting the number of knots, and no experimental results exist in the literature. We propose using a one-at-a-time knot selection algorithm based on Bayesian optimization to select the number and locations of knots. We showcase the competitive performance of this method relative to simultaneous optimization of knots on three benchmark data sets, but at a fraction of the computational cost.

Knot-based, sparse Gaussian processes have enjoyed considerable success as scalable approximations to full Gaussian processes. Problems can occur, however, when knot selection is done by optimizing the marginal likelihood. For example, the marginal likelihood surface is highly multimodal, which can cause suboptimal knot placement where some knots serve practically no function. This is especially a problem when many more knots are used than are necessary, resulting in extra computational cost for little to no gains in accuracy. We propose a one-at-a-time knot selection algorithm to select both the number and placement of knots. Our algorithm uses Bayesian optimization to efficiently propose knots that are likely to be good and largely avoids the pathologies encountered when using the marginal likelihood as the objective function. We provide empirical results showing improved accuracy and speed over the current standard approaches.

Palabras de la profesora Margarita Carriquiry en homenaje del fallecido profesor Jorge Albistur.

Las Mesas de Desarrollo Rural (MDR) constituyen ámbitos de diálogo e intercambio entre las organizaciones sociales del medio rural, el Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) y otras instituciones públicas, para la articulación público-privada en relación con las políticas de desarrollo rural. En la práctica, se han convertido en espacios en donde se manifiestan las necesidades de la población rural, donde con el liderazgo del MGAP se coordinan acciones para brindar soluciones y se nivela información respecto a los programas y proyectos disponibles. Mediante la realización de entrevistas y revisión de materiales referidos a las MDR, se estudiaron las Mesas de tres departamentos de Uruguay (Salto, Rivera y Río Negro); con el objetivo de profundizar en la comprensión de su funcionamiento y analizar los efectos de estos nuevos dispositivos en la acción territorial. De la grilla de monitoreo se desprende que dicha herramienta ha favorecido la construcción de espacios de participación, los que han sido capitalizados principalmente por organizaciones formales e instituciones locales, donde frecuentemente las representaciones individuales se solapan a las colectivas. En el caso de Rivera, la representatividad es más territorial, autodefiniéndose los participantes como representantes de las comunidades rurales. En Salto y Río Negro, en cambio, la representatividad corresponde a referentes de las organizaciones rurales de productores familiares. En la práctica, se pudo corroborar que existen tensiones o “ruidos”, debido a la dificultad de formalizar un flujo de información adecuada, siendo principalmente ésta de tipo ascendente, donde resulta más fácil recoger demandas para canalizar en las MDR, que restituir la información intercambiada después de las reuniones. De las tres Mesas se desprende que la de Salto ha fomentado en mayor medida la participación de los actores en las decisiones formales individuales o colectivas, favoreciendo la capacidad de acción y pre

For some time now, Uruguay has begun debating the inheritance tax. An insufficiently known critique of the inheritance is that of Carlos Vaz Ferreira, the most prominent philosopher in the history of Uruguay, with an active participation in the public affairs of the country, both in his intellectual activity —classes, lectures, written work— and the institutional one —as rector and dean in the UDELAR. Vaz’s critique of inheritance is especially interesting because, although he wrote a century ago, his ideas are somewhat in tune with some of the features present in the international experience in this type of taxation, as well as with Anthony Atkinson's most recent proposals. At the local level, Vaz’s thought may be illuminating some parallels between the current Uruguayan progressive government and the “progressive” government that surrounded Vaz: the Batllismo., Desde hace un tiempo en Uruguay se ha comenzado a debatir sobre el impuesto a la herencia. Una crítica a la herencia insuficientemente conocida es la de Carlos Vaz Ferreira, el filósofo más destacado en la historia de Uruguay, con una activa participación en los asuntos públicos del país, tanto desde su actividad intelectual —clases, conferencias, obra escrita— como desde la institucional —como rector y decano en la Udelar—. La crítica de Vaz a la herencia resulta especialmente interesante porque, aunque escribió hace ya un siglo, sus ideas tienen cierta sintonía tanto con algunos rasgos presentes en la experiencia internacional en este tipo de impuestos, como con las propuestas más recientes de Anthony Atkinson. En el plano local, el pensamiento de Vaz puede resultar iluminador de algunos paralelismos entre el actual gobierno progresista uruguayo y el que fuera el gobierno “progresista” que rodeó a Vaz: el batllismo.

For some time now, Uruguay has begun debating the inheritance tax. An insufficiently known critique of the inheritance is that of Carlos Vaz Ferreira, the most prominent philosopher in the history of Uruguay, with an active participation in the public affairs of the country, both in his intellectual activity —classes, lectures, written work— and the institutional one —as rector and dean in the UDELAR. Vaz’s critique of inheritance is especially interesting because, although he wrote a century ago, his ideas are somewhat in tune with some of the features present in the international experience in this type of taxation, as well as with Anthony Atkinson's most recent proposals. At the local level, Vaz’s thought may be illuminating some parallels between the current Uruguayan progressive government and the “progressive” government that surrounded Vaz: the Batllismo., Desde hace un tiempo en Uruguay se ha comenzado a debatir sobre el impuesto a la herencia. Una crítica a la herencia insuficientemente conocida es la de Carlos Vaz Ferreira, el filósofo más destacado en la historia de Uruguay, con una activa participación en los asuntos públicos del país, tanto desde su actividad intelectual —clases, conferencias, obra escrita— como desde la institucional —como rector y decano en la Udelar—. La crítica de Vaz a la herencia resulta especialmente interesante porque, aunque escribió hace ya un siglo, sus ideas tienen cierta sintonía tanto con algunos rasgos presentes en la experiencia internacional en este tipo de impuestos, como con las propuestas más recientes de Anthony Atkinson. En el plano local, el pensamiento de Vaz puede resultar iluminador de algunos paralelismos entre el actual gobierno progresista uruguayo y el que fuera el gobierno “progresista” que rodeó a Vaz: el batllismo.

For some time now, Uruguay has begun debating the inheritance tax. An insufficiently known critique of the inheritance is that of Carlos Vaz Ferreira, the most prominent philosopher in the history of Uruguay, with an active participation in the public affairs of the country, both in his intellectual activity —classes, lectures, written work— and the institutional one —as rector and dean in the UDELAR. Vaz’s critique of inheritance is especially interesting because, although he wrote a century ago, his ideas are somewhat in tune with some of the features present in the international experience in this type of taxation, as well as with Anthony Atkinson's most recent proposals. At the local level, Vaz’s thought may be illuminating some parallels between the current Uruguayan progressive government and the “progressive” government that surrounded Vaz: the Batllismo., Desde hace un tiempo en Uruguay se ha comenzado a debatir sobre el impuesto a la herencia. Una crítica a la herencia insuficientemente conocida es la de Carlos Vaz Ferreira, el filósofo más destacado en la historia de Uruguay, con una activa participación en los asuntos públicos del país, tanto desde su actividad intelectual —clases, conferencias, obra escrita— como desde la institucional —como rector y decano en la Udelar—. La crítica de Vaz a la herencia resulta especialmente interesante porque, aunque escribió hace ya un siglo, sus ideas tienen cierta sintonía tanto con algunos rasgos presentes en la experiencia internacional en este tipo de impuestos, como con las propuestas más recientes de Anthony Atkinson. En el plano local, el pensamiento de Vaz puede resultar iluminador de algunos paralelismos entre el actual gobierno progresista uruguayo y el que fuera el gobierno “progresista” que rodeó a Vaz: el batllismo.

A pilot study has been carried out, on the muscular groups involved in roll tacking, in two optimist dinghy sailors of different age and experience. The purpose was to elaborate suggestions for a training plan. Trials have been carried out in a swimming pool, where it was possible to measure the activation of seven muscles during the entire maneuver, by means of electromyographic technique. It has been possible to describe different temporal patterns and activation peaks. Patterns were affected by the subject age and by the wind conditions. We suggested that training should be focused to prevent possible lumbar injuries and help them in their technique., Se realizó un estudio piloto sobre los músculos implicados en la “virada por avante” en dos regatistas de clase “Optimist”, de diferente edad y experiencia, al fin de elaborar sugerencias para un plan de entrenamiento físico. Las pruebas se realizaron en piscina, donde fue posible medir cuantitativamente, a través de técnicas de electromiografía y análisis de vídeo, la activación de siete músculos durante la maniobra. Fue posible reconocer diferencias en los picos de activación y patrones de activación muscular. Los resultados fueron afectados por la edad y las condiciones de viento. Sugerimos que el entrenamiento se enfoque sobre la prevención de lesiones lumbares, y en la técnica.

For some time now, Uruguay has begun debating the inheritance tax. An insufficiently known critique of the inheritance is that of Carlos Vaz Ferreira, the most prominent philosopher in the history of Uruguay, with an active participation in the public affairs of the country, both in his intellectual activity —classes, lectures, written work— and the institutional one —as rector and dean in the UDELAR. Vaz’s critique of inheritance is especially interesting because, although he wrote a century ago, his ideas are somewhat in tune with some of the features present in the international experience in this type of taxation, as well as with Anthony Atkinson's most recent proposals. At the local level, Vaz’s thought may be illuminating some parallels between the current Uruguayan progressive government and the “progressive” government that surrounded Vaz: the Batllismo., Desde hace un tiempo en Uruguay se ha comenzado a debatir sobre el impuesto a la herencia. Una crítica a la herencia insuficientemente conocida es la de Carlos Vaz Ferreira, el filósofo más destacado en la historia de Uruguay, con una activa participación en los asuntos públicos del país, tanto desde su actividad intelectual —clases, conferencias, obra escrita— como desde la institucional —como rector y decano en la Udelar—. La crítica de Vaz a la herencia resulta especialmente interesante porque, aunque escribió hace ya un siglo, sus ideas tienen cierta sintonía tanto con algunos rasgos presentes en la experiencia internacional en este tipo de impuestos, como con las propuestas más recientes de Anthony Atkinson. En el plano local, el pensamiento de Vaz puede resultar iluminador de algunos paralelismos entre el actual gobierno progresista uruguayo y el que fuera el gobierno “progresista” que rodeó a Vaz: el batllismo.

Las Mesas de Desarrollo Rural (MDR) constituyen ámbitos de diálogo e intercambio entre las organizaciones sociales del medio rural, el Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) y otras instituciones públicas, para la articulación público-privada en relación con las políticas de desarrollo rural. En la práctica, se han convertido en espacios en donde se manifiestan las necesidades de la población rural, donde con el liderazgo del MGAP se coordinan acciones para brindar soluciones y se nivela información respecto a los programas y proyectos disponibles. Mediante la realización de entrevistas y revisión de materiales referidos a las MDR, se estudiaron las Mesas de tres departamentos de Uruguay (Salto, Rivera y Río Negro); con el objetivo de profundizar en la comprensión de su funcionamiento y analizar los efectos de estos nuevos dispositivos en la acción territorial. De la grilla de monitoreo se desprende que dicha herramienta ha favorecido la construcción de espacios de participación, los que han sido capitalizados principalmente por organizaciones formales e instituciones locales, donde frecuentemente las representaciones individuales se solapan a las colectivas. En el caso de Rivera, la representatividad es más territorial, autodefiniéndose los participantes como representantes de las comunidades rurales. En Salto y Río Negro, en cambio, la representatividad corresponde a referentes de las organizaciones rurales de productores familiares. En la práctica, se pudo corroborar que existen tensiones o “ruidos”, debido a la dificultad de formalizar un flujo de información adecuada, siendo principalmente ésta de tipo ascendente, donde resulta más fácil recoger demandas para canalizar en las MDR, que restituir la información intercambiada después de las reuniones. De las tres Mesas se desprende que la de Salto ha fomentado en mayor medida la participación de los actores en las decisiones formales individuales o colectivas, favoreciendo la capacidad de acción y pre

For some time now, Uruguay has begun debating the inheritance tax. An insufficiently known critique of the inheritance is that of Carlos Vaz Ferreira, the most prominent philosopher in the history of Uruguay, with an active participation in the public affairs of the country, both in his intellectual activity —classes, lectures, written work— and the institutional one —as rector and dean in the UDELAR. Vaz’s critique of inheritance is especially interesting because, although he wrote a century ago, his ideas are somewhat in tune with some of the features present in the international experience in this type of taxation, as well as with Anthony Atkinson's most recent proposals. At the local level, Vaz’s thought may be illuminating some parallels between the current Uruguayan progressive government and the “progressive” government that surrounded Vaz: the Batllismo., Desde hace un tiempo en Uruguay se ha comenzado a debatir sobre el impuesto a la herencia. Una crítica a la herencia insuficientemente conocida es la de Carlos Vaz Ferreira, el filósofo más destacado en la historia de Uruguay, con una activa participación en los asuntos públicos del país, tanto desde su actividad intelectual —clases, conferencias, obra escrita— como desde la institucional —como rector y decano en la Udelar—. La crítica de Vaz a la herencia resulta especialmente interesante porque, aunque escribió hace ya un siglo, sus ideas tienen cierta sintonía tanto con algunos rasgos presentes en la experiencia internacional en este tipo de impuestos, como con las propuestas más recientes de Anthony Atkinson. En el plano local, el pensamiento de Vaz puede resultar iluminador de algunos paralelismos entre el actual gobierno progresista uruguayo y el que fuera el gobierno “progresista” que rodeó a Vaz: el batllismo.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are used in Canada and the United States in planning and assessing diets of apparently healthy individuals and population groups. The approaches used to establish DRIs on the basis of classical nutrient deficiencies and/or toxicities have worked well. However, it has proved to be more challenging to base DRI values on chronic disease endpoints; deviations from the traditional framework were often required, and in some cases, DRI values were not established for intakes that affected chronic disease outcomes despite evidence that supported a relation. The increasing proportions of elderly citizens, the growing prevalence of chronic diseases, and the persistently high prevalence of overweight and obesity, which predispose to chronic disease, highlight the importance of understanding the impact of nutrition on chronic disease prevention and control. A multidisciplinary working group sponsored by the Canadian and US government DRI steering committees met from November 2014 to April 2016 to identify options for addressing key scientific challenges encountered in the use of chronic disease endpoints to establish reference values. The working group focused on 3 key questions: 1) What are the important evidentiary challenges for selecting and using chronic disease endpoints in future DRI reviews, 2) what intake-response models can future DRI committees consider when using chronic disease endpoints, and 3) what are the arguments for and against continuing to include chronic disease endpoints in future DRI reviews? This report outlines the range of options identified by the working group for answering these key questions, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each option.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are used in Canada and the United States in planning and assessing diets of apparently healthy individuals and population groups. The approaches used to establish DRIs on the basis of classical nutrient deficiencies and/or toxicities have worked well. However, it has proved to be more challenging to base DRI values on chronic disease endpoints; deviations from the traditional framework were often required, and in some cases, DRI values were not established for intakes that affected chronic disease outcomes despite evidence that supported a relation. The increasing proportions of elderly citizens, the growing prevalence of chronic diseases, and the persistently high prevalence of overweight and obesity, which predispose to chronic disease, highlight the importance of understanding the impact of nutrition on chronic disease prevention and control. A multidisciplinary working group sponsored by the Canadian and US government DRI steering committees met from November 2014 to April 2016 to identify options for addressing key scientific challenges encountered in the use of chronic disease endpoints to establish reference values. The working group focused on 3 key questions: 1) What are the important evidentiary challenges for selecting and using chronic disease endpoints in future DRI reviews, 2) what intake-response models can future DRI committees consider when using chronic disease endpoints, and 3) what are the arguments for and against continuing to include chronic disease endpoints in future DRI reviews? This report outlines the range of options identified by the working group for answering these key questions, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each option.

Background: Dietary diversity is a key element of diet quality, but diets of women of reproductive age (WRA; aged 15-49 y) in resource-poor settings are often deficient in a range of micronutrients. Previous work showed associations between simple food-group diversity indicators (FGIs) and micronutrient adequacy among WRA. For operational and advocacy purposes, however, there is strong demand for a dichotomous indicator reflecting an acceptable level of dietary diversity. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a dichotomous indicator of dietary diversity inWRA. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of 9 data sets containing quantitative dietary data from WRA in resource-poor settings (total n = 4166). From the raw dietary data, we calculated an individual "mean probability of adequacy" (MPA) across 11 micronutrients. Several candidate FGIs were constructed. Indicator performance in predicting an MPA > 0.60 was assessed within each data set by using receiver-operating characteristic analysis and sensitivity and specificity analysis at various FGI cutoffs. The analysis was performed separately for nonpregnant and nonlactating (NPNL) women and for lactating women. Results: We identified 2 "best candidate" dichotomous indicators on the basis of 9- or 10-point food-group scores (FGI-9 and FGI-10) with a cutoff of ≥ 5 food groups. Both were significantly correlated to MPA in each site (P < 0.001). Areas under the curve were moderate, ranging from 0.62 to 0.82 among NPNL women and from 0.56 to 0.90 among lactating women. Comparisons of results slightly favored FGI-10 for all women. Conclusions: When resource-intensive dietary methods are not feasible, a simple dichotomous indicator based on a cutoff of ≥ 5 of 10 defined food groups reflects "minimum dietary diversity for women of reproductive age." According to the conclusions of a consensus meeting of experts, this indicator is well suited for population-level assessment, advocacy, and possibly also for track

Background The global burden of childhood tuberculosis (TB) is estimated to be 0.5 million new cases per year. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children are at high risk for TB. Diagnosis of TB in HIV-infected children remains a major challenge. Methods We describe TB diagnosis and screening practices of pediatric antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. We used web-based questionnaires to collect data on ART programs and patients seen from March to July 2012. Forty-three ART programs treating children in 23 countries participated in the study. Results Sputum microscopy and chest Radiograph were available at all programs, mycobacterial culture in 40 (93%) sites, gastric aspiration in 27 (63%), induced sputum in 23 (54%), and Xpert MTB/RIF in 16 (37%) sites. Screening practices to exclude active TB before starting ART included contact history in 41 sites (84%), symptom screening in 38 (88%), and chest Radiograph in 34 sites (79%). The use of diagnostic tools was examined among 146 children diagnosed with TB during the study period. Chest Radiograph was used in 125 (86%) children, sputum microscopy in 76 (52%), induced sputum microscopy in 38 (26%), gastric aspirate microscopy in 35 (24%), culture in 25 (17%), and Xpert MTB/RIF in 11 (8%) children. Conclusions Induced sputum and Xpert MTB/RIF were infrequently available to diagnose childhood TB, and screening was largely based on symptom identification. There is an urgent need to improve the capacity of ART programs in low- and middle-income countries to exclude and diagnose TB in HIV-infected children

Previous studies have shown that radiocarbon activities (C-14) in the low-latitude, middepth Pacific and Indian Oceans were anomalously low during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1, similar to 17.8-14.6ka) and the Younger Dryas (YD, similar to 12.8-11.5ka), coincident with intervals of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and declining atmospheric C-14. However, a full explanation of these events remains elusive due to sparse and sometimes conflicting data. Here we present new C-14 measurements on benthic and planktic foraminifera that, in combination with previously published measurements, enable us to reconstruct the C-14 depth gradient near Baja California. Vertical profiles were similar to present during the Last Glacial Maximum and BOlling/Allerod (14.6-12.8ka) but display a pronounced middepth (similar to 700m) C-14 minimum during HS1 and the YD. The latter observation, along with a comparison to other regional reconstructions, appears to rule out intermediate waters from the north or from directly below as proximate sources of aged C-14-depleted ocean carbon during deglaciation and point instead to changes in the composition of Equatorial Pacific intermediate waters. Simple mixing constraints require Equatorial Pacific intermediate waters to be only slightly lower in C-14 than at Baja California, in contrast with previous observations of extremely low C-14 at Galapagos Rise. While the latter may have been influenced by localized releases of geologic (C-14-dead) CO2, the smaller and more widespread deglacial C-14 anomalies in the Arabian Sea and North Pacific seem to require a source of aged carbon in the glacial deep Southern and Pacific Oceans for which there is growing evidence.

Previous studies have shown that radiocarbon activities (C-14) in the low-latitude, middepth Pacific and Indian Oceans were anomalously low during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1, similar to 17.8-14.6ka) and the Younger Dryas (YD, similar to 12.8-11.5ka), coincident with intervals of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and declining atmospheric C-14. However, a full explanation of these events remains elusive due to sparse and sometimes conflicting data. Here we present new C-14 measurements on benthic and planktic foraminifera that, in combination with previously published measurements, enable us to reconstruct the C-14 depth gradient near Baja California. Vertical profiles were similar to present during the Last Glacial Maximum and BOlling/Allerod (14.6-12.8ka) but display a pronounced middepth (similar to 700m) C-14 minimum during HS1 and the YD. The latter observation, along with a comparison to other regional reconstructions, appears to rule out intermediate waters from the north or from directly below as proximate sources of aged C-14-depleted ocean carbon during deglaciation and point instead to changes in the composition of Equatorial Pacific intermediate waters. Simple mixing constraints require Equatorial Pacific intermediate waters to be only slightly lower in C-14 than at Baja California, in contrast with previous observations of extremely low C-14 at Galapagos Rise. While the latter may have been influenced by localized releases of geologic (C-14-dead) CO2, the smaller and more widespread deglacial C-14 anomalies in the Arabian Sea and North Pacific seem to require a source of aged carbon in the glacial deep Southern and Pacific Oceans for which there is growing evidence.

Previous studies have shown that radiocarbon activities (C-14) in the low-latitude, middepth Pacific and Indian Oceans were anomalously low during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1, similar to 17.8-14.6ka) and the Younger Dryas (YD, similar to 12.8-11.5ka), coincident with intervals of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and declining atmospheric C-14. However, a full explanation of these events remains elusive due to sparse and sometimes conflicting data. Here we present new C-14 measurements on benthic and planktic foraminifera that, in combination with previously published measurements, enable us to reconstruct the C-14 depth gradient near Baja California. Vertical profiles were similar to present during the Last Glacial Maximum and BOlling/Allerod (14.6-12.8ka) but display a pronounced middepth (similar to 700m) C-14 minimum during HS1 and the YD. The latter observation, along with a comparison to other regional reconstructions, appears to rule out intermediate waters from the north or from directly below as proximate sources of aged C-14-depleted ocean carbon during deglaciation and point instead to changes in the composition of Equatorial Pacific intermediate waters. Simple mixing constraints require Equatorial Pacific intermediate waters to be only slightly lower in C-14 than at Baja California, in contrast with previous observations of extremely low C-14 at Galapagos Rise. While the latter may have been influenced by localized releases of geologic (C-14-dead) CO2, the smaller and more widespread deglacial C-14 anomalies in the Arabian Sea and North Pacific seem to require a source of aged carbon in the glacial deep Southern and Pacific Oceans for which there is growing evidence.

Previous studies have shown that radiocarbon activities (C-14) in the low-latitude, middepth Pacific and Indian Oceans were anomalously low during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1, similar to 17.8-14.6ka) and the Younger Dryas (YD, similar to 12.8-11.5ka), coincident with intervals of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and declining atmospheric C-14. However, a full explanation of these events remains elusive due to sparse and sometimes conflicting data. Here we present new C-14 measurements on benthic and planktic foraminifera that, in combination with previously published measurements, enable us to reconstruct the C-14 depth gradient near Baja California. Vertical profiles were similar to present during the Last Glacial Maximum and BOlling/Allerod (14.6-12.8ka) but display a pronounced middepth (similar to 700m) C-14 minimum during HS1 and the YD. The latter observation, along with a comparison to other regional reconstructions, appears to rule out intermediate waters from the north or from directly below as proximate sources of aged C-14-depleted ocean carbon during deglaciation and point instead to changes in the composition of Equatorial Pacific intermediate waters. Simple mixing constraints require Equatorial Pacific intermediate waters to be only slightly lower in C-14 than at Baja California, in contrast with previous observations of extremely low C-14 at Galapagos Rise. While the latter may have been influenced by localized releases of geologic (C-14-dead) CO2, the smaller and more widespread deglacial C-14 anomalies in the Arabian Sea and North Pacific seem to require a source of aged carbon in the glacial deep Southern and Pacific Oceans for which there is growing evidence.

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; CRP4, HarvestPlus; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

This article discusses the question of the meaning of the humanities in contemporary societies, studying some works by the art historian E.H. Gombrich and the Uruguayan philosopher Carlos Vaz Ferreira –and occasionally the contemporary philosophers Martha Nussbaum, Craig Calhoun and Jürgen Habermas–. In doing so, it explores the idea that the value of humanities couldbe better understood beyond the notion of utility if we accept that they have as their main purpose the search for meaning and the grasp of diverse possibilities of existence. In order to do so, we should take into account the false opposition etween science and technology vs Humanities and lean towards the historic dimension of human behaviour. Following the Gombrich and Vaz Ferreira'spopularization vocation, I briefly present two arguments of Vaz Ferreira I find fertile, I mention other two arguments I think bring unintended consequences, and I end illustrating a naive argument as part of the same outreach vocation., En este artículo se plantea la cuestión del sentido de las humanidades en las sociedades contemporáneas a partir de algunos textos del historiadordel arte E.H. Gombrich y del filósofo uruguayo Carlos Vaz Ferreira –apelando también puntualmente a los filósofos contemporáneos Martha Nussbaum, Craig Calhoun y JürgenHabermas–. Se intenta exponer la idea de si el valor de las humanidades puede comprenderse desde un punto de vista que supere el criterio de utilidad y considere su rol como actividades que contribuyen a la búsqueda de sentido y a la comprensión de diversas posibilidades de existencia; para lo cual debería tenerse en cuenta la falsa oposición entre ciencia y tecnología / humanidades, e incorporar la dimensión histórica del quehacerhumano. Siguiendo la vocación divulgadora de Gombrich y Vaz Ferreira, se presentan someramente dos líneas argumentales de Vaz Ferreira que considero fértiles, menciono otras dos que por el contrario creo traen consecuencias no deseadas, para terminar ilustrando un argumento ingenuo que se inscribe en esa misma vocación divulgadora.

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; HarvestPlus, HarvestPlus; PHND; MTID

In this paper we study the situation of livestock farmers related to the afforestation of the northwest region of Uruguay and suggest that their vulnerability has characteristics that vary according to characteristics of the modified ecosystem in which they operate and develop their resource endowments. We present an overview of mixed farming that includes trees and especially those that include cattle grazing. It is shown that the development of these systems has been associated with incentives from public policies, the demand for primary goods and the emergence of forms of agricultural organization that had not been present in the country. It presents various aspects of developments in the areas where forestry has shown great progress, justifying the need to elaborate on knowledge of the consequences of these changes. In particular, it proposes an approach that emphasizes the identification of interactions that we consider to be beneficial for both items. Briefly reviews some consequences that are manifested in changes in ecosystem services and the changes are associated with the original holding in the region: livestock. To analyze differences in vulnerability among farmers and in particular how this feature is affected by its connection with afforestation present a typology and the results of a series of interviews conducted archetypal representatives of the types we offer. Our study shows that differences exist between farmers associated with the afforestation that allow us to propose that will be affected differentially by changes that occur and the desirability of developing differential offers training and include consideration of public policy proposals that improve their situation. In particular, the valuation of environmental services throughout the silvopastoral systems can result in improved income from these new players in our national agriculture.

In this paper we study the situation of livestock farmers related to the afforestation of the northwest region of Uruguay and suggest that their vulnerability has characteristics that vary according to characteristics of the modified ecosystem in which they operate and develop their resource endowments. We present an overview of mixed farming that includes trees and especially those that include cattle grazing. It is shown that the development of these systems has been associated with incentives from public policies, the demand for primary goods and the emergence of forms of agricultural organization that had not been present in the country. It presents various aspects of developments in the areas where forestry has shown great progress, justifying the need to elaborate on knowledge of the consequences of these changes. In particular, it proposes an approach that emphasizes the identification of interactions that we consider to be beneficial for both items. Briefly reviews some consequences that are manifested in changes in ecosystem services and the changes are associated with the original holding in the region: livestock. To analyze differences in vulnerability among farmers and in particular how this feature is affected by its connection with afforestation present a typology and the results of a series of interviews conducted archetypal representatives of the types we offer. Our study shows that differences exist between farmers associated with the afforestation that allow us to propose that will be affected differentially by changes that occur and the desirability of developing differential offers training and include consideration of public policy proposals that improve their situation. In particular, the valuation of environmental services throughout the silvopastoral systems can result in improved income from these new players in our national agriculture.

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; CRP4, PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

PR, IFPRI3; ISI; HarvestPlus; CRP4, HarvestPlus; PHND; MTID; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

BackgroundAlthough patient attrition is recognized as a threat to the long-term success of antiretroviral therapy programs worldwide, there is no universal definition for classifying patients as lost to follow-up (LTFU). We analyzed data from health facilities across Africa, Asia, and Latin America to empirically determine a standard LTFU definition.Methods and findingsAt a set "status classification" date, patients were categorized as either "active" or "LTFU" according to different intervals from time of last clinic encounter. For each threshold, we looked forward 365 d to assess the performance and accuracy of this initial classification. The best-performing definition for LTFU had the lowest proportion of patients misclassified as active or LTFU. Observational data from 111 health facilities-representing 180,718 patients from 19 countries-were included in this study. In the primary analysis, for which data from all facilities were pooled, an interval of 180 d (95% confidence interval [CI]: 173-181 d) since last patient encounter resulted in the fewest misclassifications (7.7%, 95% CI: 7.6%-7.8%). A secondary analysis that gave equal weight to cohorts and to regions generated a similar result (175 d); however, an alternate approach that used inverse weighting for cohorts based on variance and equal weighting for regions produced a slightly lower summary measure (150 d). When examined at the facility level, the best-performing definition varied from 58 to 383 d (mean=150 d), but when a standard definition of 180 d was applied to each facility, only slight increases in misclassification (mean=1.2%, 95% CI: 1.0%-1.5%) were observed. Using this definition, the proportion of patients classified as LTFU by facility ranged from 3.1% to 45.1% (mean=19.9%, 95% CI: 19.1%-21.7%).ConclusionsBased on this evaluation, we recommend the adoption of ≥180 d since the last clinic visit as a standard LTFU definition. Such standardization is an important step to understanding the rea

BackgroundAlthough patient attrition is recognized as a threat to the long-term success of antiretroviral therapy programs worldwide, there is no universal definition for classifying patients as lost to follow-up (LTFU). We analyzed data from health facilities across Africa, Asia, and Latin America to empirically determine a standard LTFU definition.Methods and findingsAt a set "status classification" date, patients were categorized as either "active" or "LTFU" according to different intervals from time of last clinic encounter. For each threshold, we looked forward 365 d to assess the performance and accuracy of this initial classification. The best-performing definition for LTFU had the lowest proportion of patients misclassified as active or LTFU. Observational data from 111 health facilities-representing 180,718 patients from 19 countries-were included in this study. In the primary analysis, for which data from all facilities were pooled, an interval of 180 d (95% confidence interval [CI]: 173-181 d) since last patient encounter resulted in the fewest misclassifications (7.7%, 95% CI: 7.6%-7.8%). A secondary analysis that gave equal weight to cohorts and to regions generated a similar result (175 d); however, an alternate approach that used inverse weighting for cohorts based on variance and equal weighting for regions produced a slightly lower summary measure (150 d). When examined at the facility level, the best-performing definition varied from 58 to 383 d (mean=150 d), but when a standard definition of 180 d was applied to each facility, only slight increases in misclassification (mean=1.2%, 95% CI: 1.0%-1.5%) were observed. Using this definition, the proportion of patients classified as LTFU by facility ranged from 3.1% to 45.1% (mean=19.9%, 95% CI: 19.1%-21.7%).ConclusionsBased on this evaluation, we recommend the adoption of ≥180 d since the last clinic visit as a standard LTFU definition. Such standardization is an important step to understanding the rea

PR, IFPRI3; ISI, PHND

Aportes de la novela histórica a la construcción de la identidad nacional

PR, IFPRI3; ISI

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the ongoing process of recruiting patients into a multicenter randomized trial on follow-up after curative surgery for colorectal cancer. The trial is registered in Clinical Trials Registration. METHOD: Prospective registration of all operated patients as well as inclusions (curative resection, stage II or III disease,

Objective To analyse the ongoing process of recruiting patients into a multicenter randomized trial on follow-up after curative surgery for colorectal cancer. The trial is registered in Clinical Trials Registration. Method Prospective registration of all operated patients as well as inclusions (curative resection, stage II or III disease, < 75 years, clean colonand exclusions of the individual patients in eight participating departments. Results Between January 2006 and September 2007, 1309 patients have been operated upon. Of these 502 (38.3 %) met the inclusion criteria, 148 (29.5%) had exclusion criteria. Of the final eligible patients 241 (68.1 %) were randomized. No specific barriers to inclusion were identified. Conclusion Of an overall population of patients operated for colorectal cancer about one in five were randomized. Bearing the rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria in mind, this is considered satisfactory, and the investigated population may be representative of patients meeting the inclusion criteria Udgivelsesdato: 2009/9

Objective To analyse the ongoing process of recruiting patients into a multicenter randomized trial on follow-up after curative surgery for colorectal cancer. The trial is registered in Clinical Trials Registration. Method Prospective registration of all operated patients as well as inclusions (curative resection, stage II or III disease, < 75 years, clean colonand exclusions of the individual patients in eight participating departments. Results Between January 2006 and September 2007, 1309 patients have been operated upon. Of these 502 (38.3 %) met the inclusion criteria, 148 (29.5%) had exclusion criteria. Of the final eligible patients 241 (68.1 %) were randomized. No specific barriers to inclusion were identified. Conclusion Of an overall population of patients operated for colorectal cancer about one in five were randomized. Bearing the rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria in mind, this is considered satisfactory, and the investigated population may be representative of patients meeting the inclusion criteria Udgivelsesdato: 2009/9

PR, ISI; IFPRI3, PHND