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The use of the concept of "primary energy" is present in all types of regulations at both European and national level, so that all aspects related to the reduction of energy use and energy efficiency measures speak in terms of primary energy and Primary Energy Factors, necessary for its conversion. The existing consensus on the use of the term is not such in terms of the methodology for calculating the Primary Energy Factors to be adopted, which is the reason for the search for a methodology that acquires the status of global and standard. Using an analytical methodology, this study will analyze and compare the main methods used by agencies and institutions: the Physical Energy Content Method and the Partial Substitution Method, together with another less widely used method, the Exergy Method. The three calculation methodologies will be applied to the case study of the Swedish electricity production mix. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of those methodologies, as well as discuss the difficulties of defining some variables such as efficiencies and system boundaries. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the complexity of trying to analyze a system as complex as the energy consumption of a country based on the calculation of a single number or Primary Energy Factor. The system boundaries affect the results. At the same time, the use of the Physical Energy Content Method is discarded because it incurs thermodynamic discrepancies. On the other hand, the use of the Partial Substitution Method and Exergy Method is encouraged, since they reflect more accurately the primary energy consumption, as long as the values of efficiencies that they use are clearly defined and referenced. However, there is a more widespread use of the Physical Energy Content Method in the institutions since the other methods present the great difficulty of establishing a consensus on the energy and exergy efficiencies values adopted. The compl

Background and discussion of the problem: At present, it is not possible to compare the greenhouse gas emissions in the third-party logistics sector on an equal basis, as there are different methods of calculating greenhouse gas emissions to be applied to third-party logistics companies. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to highlight the challenges that arise for the 3PL company and its business-to-business customers when there are different greenhouse gas emission calculation methods available for application. Method: A qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with the 3PL company, the government agency, and three business-to-business customers. In addition, a text analysis of five different third-party logistics companies was conducted. Conclusion: The study has determined that the current calculation methods are insufficient as individual calculation methods and are not suitable for comparison. As a result, inequity in the third-party logistics industry is likely to persist, as third-party logistics companies may report distorted results. The study also shows that when third-party logistics providers are unsure about which calculating method to use, their business-to-business customers are impacted. The study contributes to practical usefulness as the 3PL company gains a clearer insight into how other stakeholders relate to the different calculation methods, which is also relevant for other third-party logistics companies. The study has also contributed to theoretical usefulness through several different articles, creating an extended theoretical availability for the third-party logistics industry., Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: För närvarande går det inte att likställt jämföra växthusgasutsläpp inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen, eftersom det finns olika beräkningsmetoder av växthusgasutsläpp att tillämpa för tredjepartslogistikföretagen. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att belysa utmaningar som uppstår för 3PL företaget och dess business-to-business kunder när det finns olika beräkningsmetoder av växthusgasutsläpp att tillämpa. Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts genom semi-strukturerad intervjustudie med 3PL företaget, myndigheten och tre business-to-business kunder. Samt har en textanalys på fem olika tredjepartslogistikföretag genomförts. Slutsats: Studien fastställer att de beräkningsmetoder som tillhandahålls idag inte lämpar sig för jämförande och är otillräckliga som enskilda beräkningsmetoder. Slutsatsen av detta är att orättvisan inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen kommer kvarstå då tredjepartslogistikföretagen kan redovisa förvrängda resultat. Studien fastställer även att tredjepartslogistikföretagens business-to-business kunder påverkas när tredjepartslogistikföretagen känner sig osäkra kring valet av beräkningsmetod. Studien bidrar till praktisk användbarhet då 3PL företaget får en klarare insyn i hur andra intressenter förhåller sig till de olika beräkningsmetoderna, vilket även är relevant för andra tredjepartslogistikföretag. Studien har även bidragit till teoretisk användbarhet genom att användning av flera olika artiklar skapat en utökad teoretisk tillgänglighet inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen.

The use of the concept of "primary energy" is present in all types of regulations at both European and national level, so that all aspects related to the reduction of energy use and energy efficiency measures speak in terms of primary energy and Primary Energy Factors, necessary for its conversion. The existing consensus on the use of the term is not such in terms of the methodology for calculating the Primary Energy Factors to be adopted, which is the reason for the search for a methodology that acquires the status of global and standard. Using an analytical methodology, this study will analyze and compare the main methods used by agencies and institutions: the Physical Energy Content Method and the Partial Substitution Method, together with another less widely used method, the Exergy Method. The three calculation methodologies will be applied to the case study of the Swedish electricity production mix. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of those methodologies, as well as discuss the difficulties of defining some variables such as efficiencies and system boundaries. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the complexity of trying to analyze a system as complex as the energy consumption of a country based on the calculation of a single number or Primary Energy Factor. The system boundaries affect the results. At the same time, the use of the Physical Energy Content Method is discarded because it incurs thermodynamic discrepancies. On the other hand, the use of the Partial Substitution Method and Exergy Method is encouraged, since they reflect more accurately the primary energy consumption, as long as the values of efficiencies that they use are clearly defined and referenced. However, there is a more widespread use of the Physical Energy Content Method in the institutions since the other methods present the great difficulty of establishing a consensus on the energy and exergy efficiencies values adopted. The compl

The use of the concept of "primary energy" is present in all types of regulations at both European and national level, so that all aspects related to the reduction of energy use and energy efficiency measures speak in terms of primary energy and Primary Energy Factors, necessary for its conversion. The existing consensus on the use of the term is not such in terms of the methodology for calculating the Primary Energy Factors to be adopted, which is the reason for the search for a methodology that acquires the status of global and standard. Using an analytical methodology, this study will analyze and compare the main methods used by agencies and institutions: the Physical Energy Content Method and the Partial Substitution Method, together with another less widely used method, the Exergy Method. The three calculation methodologies will be applied to the case study of the Swedish electricity production mix. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of those methodologies, as well as discuss the difficulties of defining some variables such as efficiencies and system boundaries. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the complexity of trying to analyze a system as complex as the energy consumption of a country based on the calculation of a single number or Primary Energy Factor. The system boundaries affect the results. At the same time, the use of the Physical Energy Content Method is discarded because it incurs thermodynamic discrepancies. On the other hand, the use of the Partial Substitution Method and Exergy Method is encouraged, since they reflect more accurately the primary energy consumption, as long as the values of efficiencies that they use are clearly defined and referenced. However, there is a more widespread use of the Physical Energy Content Method in the institutions since the other methods present the great difficulty of establishing a consensus on the energy and exergy efficiencies values adopted. The compl

Problem solving and representation are two fundamental processes of mathematical activity. Their development provides a key basis for learning mathematics at all school levels. Hence the importance of promoting these processes from an early age. The aim of this article is to describe the representations and ways of solution posed by a group of children in pre-school education (5-6 years), in a Catalan school, when solving an open-ended arithmetic problem. The study follows a descriptive-interpretative methodology. A school task is designed and implemented from which individual written productions are obtained. In addition, interviews were conducted with each of the students and the corresponding video recordings were made. The data are systematised and a twophase analysis is carried out: initially the types of representation are characterised and then the calculation methods used by the children. The results indicate that all the participating pupils produce representations to solve the problem. All the children make iconic representations, and a few combine iconic and symbolic representations. As for the ways of solving the problem, continuous counting predominates, although in some cases proposals are made in which more complex reasoning is evident. In these cases, the children propose groupings which are expressed by means of drawings and symbols., La resolución de problemas y la representación son dos procesos fundamentales de la actividad matemática. Su desarrollo proporciona una base clave para el aprendizaje de las matemáticas en todos los niveles escolares. Por ello, la importancia de la promoción de estos procesos desde las primeras edades. El objetivo de este artículo es describir las representaciones y formas de solución planteadas por un grupo de 23 niñas y niños de educación infantil (5-6 años), de una escuela catalana, cuando resuelven un problema aritmético abierto. El estudio sigue una metodología descriptiva-interpretativa. Se diseña e implementa una tarea escolar de la que se obtienen producciones escritas individuales. Se realizan además entrevistas a cada uno de los alumnos y se cuenta con los registros en vídeo correspondientes. Los datos se sistematizan y se realiza un análisis en dos fases: inicialmente se caracterizan los tipos de representación y luego los métodos de cálculo planteados por los niños. Los resultados indican que los alumnos participantes elaboran representaciones para resolver el problema. Todos los niños y las niñas realizan representaciones icónicas, y algunos pocos combinan representaciones icónicas y simbólicas. En cuanto a las formas de solución del problema predomina el conteo continuo, aunque en algunos casos se realizan propuestas en las que se evidencian razonamientos más complejos. En estos casos, los niños1 plantean agrupaciones las cuales se expresan mediante dibujos y símbolos

Background and discussion of the problem: At present, it is not possible to compare the greenhouse gas emissions in the third-party logistics sector on an equal basis, as there are different methods of calculating greenhouse gas emissions to be applied to third-party logistics companies. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to highlight the challenges that arise for the 3PL company and its business-to-business customers when there are different greenhouse gas emission calculation methods available for application. Method: A qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with the 3PL company, the government agency, and three business-to-business customers. In addition, a text analysis of five different third-party logistics companies was conducted. Conclusion: The study has determined that the current calculation methods are insufficient as individual calculation methods and are not suitable for comparison. As a result, inequity in the third-party logistics industry is likely to persist, as third-party logistics companies may report distorted results. The study also shows that when third-party logistics providers are unsure about which calculating method to use, their business-to-business customers are impacted. The study contributes to practical usefulness as the 3PL company gains a clearer insight into how other stakeholders relate to the different calculation methods, which is also relevant for other third-party logistics companies. The study has also contributed to theoretical usefulness through several different articles, creating an extended theoretical availability for the third-party logistics industry., Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: För närvarande går det inte att likställt jämföra växthusgasutsläpp inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen, eftersom det finns olika beräkningsmetoder av växthusgasutsläpp att tillämpa för tredjepartslogistikföretagen. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att belysa utmaningar som uppstår för 3PL företaget och dess business-to-business kunder när det finns olika beräkningsmetoder av växthusgasutsläpp att tillämpa. Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts genom semi-strukturerad intervjustudie med 3PL företaget, myndigheten och tre business-to-business kunder. Samt har en textanalys på fem olika tredjepartslogistikföretag genomförts. Slutsats: Studien fastställer att de beräkningsmetoder som tillhandahålls idag inte lämpar sig för jämförande och är otillräckliga som enskilda beräkningsmetoder. Slutsatsen av detta är att orättvisan inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen kommer kvarstå då tredjepartslogistikföretagen kan redovisa förvrängda resultat. Studien fastställer även att tredjepartslogistikföretagens business-to-business kunder påverkas när tredjepartslogistikföretagen känner sig osäkra kring valet av beräkningsmetod. Studien bidrar till praktisk användbarhet då 3PL företaget får en klarare insyn i hur andra intressenter förhåller sig till de olika beräkningsmetoderna, vilket även är relevant för andra tredjepartslogistikföretag. Studien har även bidragit till teoretisk användbarhet genom att användning av flera olika artiklar skapat en utökad teoretisk tillgänglighet inom tredjepartslogistikbranschen.

Institutions such as ICOFORT (International committee on fortifications and military heritage) encourages the development of diagnosis strategies for the conservation and maintenance of historic earthen walls as highly necessary. Thus, it is important to be aware of the conditions in urban contexts, where the deterioration can be more aggressive and the risk of damage increases. Despite this, there are many strategies of constructive diagnosis for these kinds of monuments, but not many of them are concerned with the structural assessment of situations in which the ramparts work as a retaining wall in an unforeseen way. The medieval ramparts of Seville (Spain) are shown as a completely representative case study of the above-mentioned situation. In the research sector, the monument resists the lateral earth pressure developed by the new difference in height at both sides of the wall. Based on the limited states principle and on different international codes formulation, a tool was programmed to carry out automatic calculations to verify the case study’s overall stability conditions using standard sections. The obtained results were based on the overturning, bearing, and sliding overdesign factors (ODF) and determined a stable situation that could be at risk because of changes in the surrounding such as, excavations or the movements of the ground water table, or seismic events. Thus, the need and usefulness of strategies and control instruments that should be integrated into heritage intervention projects have been proved.

Institutions such as ICOFORT (International committee on fortifications and military heritage) encourages the development of diagnosis strategies for the conservation and maintenance of historic earthen walls as highly necessary. Thus, it is important to be aware of the conditions in urban contexts, where the deterioration can be more aggressive and the risk of damage increases. Despite this, there are many strategies of constructive diagnosis for these kinds of monuments, but not many of them are concerned with the structural assessment of situations in which the ramparts work as a retaining wall in an unforeseen way. The medieval ramparts of Seville (Spain) are shown as a completely representative case study of the above-mentioned situation. In the research sector, the monument resists the lateral earth pressure developed by the new difference in height at both sides of the wall. Based on the limited states principle and on different international codes formulation, a tool was programmed to carry out automatic calculations to verify the case study’s overall stability conditions using standard sections. The obtained results were based on the overturning, bearing, and sliding overdesign factors (ODF) and determined a stable situation that could be at risk because of changes in the surrounding such as, excavations or the movements of the ground water table, or seismic events. Thus, the need and usefulness of strategies and control instruments that should be integrated into heritage intervention projects have been proved.

Institutions such as ICOFORT (International committee on fortifications and military heritage) encourages the development of diagnosis strategies for the conservation and maintenance of historic earthen walls as highly necessary. Thus, it is important to be aware of the conditions in urban contexts, where the deterioration can be more aggressive and the risk of damage increases. Despite this, there are many strategies of constructive diagnosis for these kinds of monuments, but not many of them are concerned with the structural assessment of situations in which the ramparts work as a retaining wall in an unforeseen way. The medieval ramparts of Seville (Spain) are shown as a completely representative case study of the above-mentioned situation. In the research sector, the monument resists the lateral earth pressure developed by the new difference in height at both sides of the wall. Based on the limited states principle and on different international codes formulation, a tool was programmed to carry out automatic calculations to verify the case study’s overall stability conditions using standard sections. The obtained results were based on the overturning, bearing, and sliding overdesign factors (ODF) and determined a stable situation that could be at risk because of changes in the surrounding such as, excavations or the movements of the ground water table, or seismic events. Thus, the need and usefulness of strategies and control instruments that should be integrated into heritage intervention projects have been proved.

Background and problem: There is a need for more research that is specific to a particular branch of industry when it comes to capital budgeting. Especially when it comes to mapping how companies within the Swedish forest industry proceed capital budgeting when investing in tangible fixed assets. The reason for this is that the research regarding the subject within the industry is either made abroad, focusing only on a few companies or excluding the non-financial considerations that are made during the capital budgeting process. It is not reasonable to not take these considerations into account, due to the fact that it has a great impact on the capital investment decision. Besides this, it is through both the financial and the non-financial consequences that the complex reality can be captured. In other words, capital budgeting can only be studied in large when including both financial and non-financial considerations at the same time as there is a need to delimit the research to one industry and one country. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map how companies within the Swedish forest industry handle capital budgeting when investing in tangible fixed assets. The mapping will be done by determining which calculation methods that are frequently used and what financial and non-financial considerations that are made. The purpose is also to define the reasons as to why the Swedish forest companies prioritize precisely these considerations when managing capital budgeting. The ambition is to make sure that the research’s conclusions depict capital budgeting in the industry and trought that contribute to a greater understanding of the practical application of capital budgeting within Swedish forest industry. Method: The thesis is primarily described as a qualitative research that is based on interviews. The empirical data is mostly gathered through semi structured interviews with respondents from different Swedish forest companies and the interviews are supplement

Institutions such as ICOFORT (International committee on fortifications and military heritage) encourages the development of diagnosis strategies for the conservation and maintenance of historic earthen walls as highly necessary. Thus, it is important to be aware of the conditions in urban contexts, where the deterioration can be more aggressive and the risk of damage increases. Despite this, there are many strategies of constructive diagnosis for these kinds of monuments, but not many of them are concerned with the structural assessment of situations in which the ramparts work as a retaining wall in an unforeseen way. The medieval ramparts of Seville (Spain) are shown as a completely representative case study of the above-mentioned situation. In the research sector, the monument resists the lateral earth pressure developed by the new difference in height at both sides of the wall. Based on the limited states principle and on different international codes formulation, a tool was programmed to carry out automatic calculations to verify the case study’s overall stability conditions using standard sections. The obtained results were based on the overturning, bearing, and sliding overdesign factors (ODF) and determined a stable situation that could be at risk because of changes in the surrounding such as, excavations or the movements of the ground water table, or seismic events. Thus, the need and usefulness of strategies and control instruments that should be integrated into heritage intervention projects have been proved.

Institutions such as ICOFORT (International committee on fortifications and military heritage) encourages the development of diagnosis strategies for the conservation and maintenance of historic earthen walls as highly necessary. Thus, it is important to be aware of the conditions in urban contexts, where the deterioration can be more aggressive and the risk of damage increases. Despite this, there are many strategies of constructive diagnosis for these kinds of monuments, but not many of them are concerned with the structural assessment of situations in which the ramparts work as a retaining wall in an unforeseen way. The medieval ramparts of Seville (Spain) are shown as a completely representative case study of the above-mentioned situation. In the research sector, the monument resists the lateral earth pressure developed by the new difference in height at both sides of the wall. Based on the limited states principle and on different international codes formulation, a tool was programmed to carry out automatic calculations to verify the case study’s overall stability conditions using standard sections. The obtained results were based on the overturning, bearing, and sliding overdesign factors (ODF) and determined a stable situation that could be at risk because of changes in the surrounding such as, excavations or the movements of the ground water table, or seismic events. Thus, the need and usefulness of strategies and control instruments that should be integrated into heritage intervention projects have been proved.

Background and problem: There is a need for more research that is specific to a particular branch of industry when it comes to capital budgeting. Especially when it comes to mapping how companies within the Swedish forest industry proceed capital budgeting when investing in tangible fixed assets. The reason for this is that the research regarding the subject within the industry is either made abroad, focusing only on a few companies or excluding the non-financial considerations that are made during the capital budgeting process. It is not reasonable to not take these considerations into account, due to the fact that it has a great impact on the capital investment decision. Besides this, it is through both the financial and the non-financial consequences that the complex reality can be captured. In other words, capital budgeting can only be studied in large when including both financial and non-financial considerations at the same time as there is a need to delimit the research to one industry and one country. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map how companies within the Swedish forest industry handle capital budgeting when investing in tangible fixed assets. The mapping will be done by determining which calculation methods that are frequently used and what financial and non-financial considerations that are made. The purpose is also to define the reasons as to why the Swedish forest companies prioritize precisely these considerations when managing capital budgeting. The ambition is to make sure that the research’s conclusions depict capital budgeting in the industry and trought that contribute to a greater understanding of the practical application of capital budgeting within Swedish forest industry. Method: The thesis is primarily described as a qualitative research that is based on interviews. The empirical data is mostly gathered through semi structured interviews with respondents from different Swedish forest companies and the interviews are supplement

Institutions such as ICOFORT (International committee on fortifications and military heritage) encourages the development of diagnosis strategies for the conservation and maintenance of historic earthen walls as highly necessary. Thus, it is important to be aware of the conditions in urban contexts, where the deterioration can be more aggressive and the risk of damage increases. Despite this, there are many strategies of constructive diagnosis for these kinds of monuments, but not many of them are concerned with the structural assessment of situations in which the ramparts work as a retaining wall in an unforeseen way. The medieval ramparts of Seville (Spain) are shown as a completely representative case study of the above-mentioned situation. In the research sector, the monument resists the lateral earth pressure developed by the new difference in height at both sides of the wall. Based on the limited states principle and on different international codes formulation, a tool was programmed to carry out automatic calculations to verify the case study’s overall stability conditions using standard sections. The obtained results were based on the overturning, bearing, and sliding overdesign factors (ODF) and determined a stable situation that could be at risk because of changes in the surrounding such as, excavations or the movements of the ground water table, or seismic events. Thus, the need and usefulness of strategies and control instruments that should be integrated into heritage intervention projects have been proved.

Дана дисертація складається з 5 розділів, пояснювальна записка на 107 сторінок, містить 10 рисунків, 6 формул, 40 таблиць, 20 графіків. В даній магістерській дисертації розглянуто проблеми пилового забруднення житлових масивів м. Києва автомобільним транспортом. Проведено аналіз методик для розрахунку концентрації викиду пилу НДЗС. В результаті роботи детально розглянуто та досліджено забруднення 3-х перехресть Шевченківського району міста Києва. Проведено моделювання розсіювання забруднюючої речовини та порівняно з натурними вимірами. Удосконалено методику розрахунку викиду викиду пилу НДЗС від автотранспорту. Результатом дослідження магістерської дисертації стало введення коефіцієнту, що мінімізує похибку змодельованих даних в порівнянні з натурними вимірюваннями., This dissertation consists of 5 sections, an explanatory note on 107 pages, contains 10 figures, 6 formulas, 40 tables, 20 graphs. This master's thesis deals with the problems of dust pollution of residential areas of Kyiv. An analysis of the methods for calculating the concentration of NSAID dust emission is performed. As a result of the work, the contamination of the 3 intersections of the Shevchenkivskyi district of the city of Kyiv was examined and investigated. The scattering of the pollutant is compared with the field measurements. Methods for calculating pollutant emissions have been improved. The result of the research of the master's thesis was the introduction of a coefficient that minimizes the error of the simulated data in comparison with full-scale measurements., Данная диссертация состоит из 5 разделов, пояснительная записка на 107 страниц, содержит 10 рисунков, 6 формул, 40 таблиц, 20 графиков. В данной магистерской диссертации рассмотрены проблемы пылевого загрязнения жилых массивов м. Киева автомобильным транспортом. Проведен анализ методик для расчета концентрации выброса пыли НДЗС. В результате работы подробно рассмотрены и исследованы загрязнения 3-х перекрестков Шевченковского района города Киева. Проведено моделирование рассеивания загрязняющего вещества и по сравнению с натурными измерениями Усовершенствована методика расчета выброса выброса пыли НДЗС от автотранспорта. Результатом исследования магистерской диссертации стало введение коэффициента, что минимизирует погрешность смоделированных данных по сравнению с натурными измерениями.

RIVM rapport:Dit rapport bevat een erratum d.d. 22 augustus 2019 op de pagina's 101-107 Het RIVM heeft met een Europese werkgroep verbeterpunten opgesteld voor de nieuwe Europese rekenmethode om geluidniveaus voor wegverkeer, railverkeer en industrie te berekenen. Volgens de werkgroep, waarin meerdere lidstaten vertegenwoordigd waren, is de rekenmethode met deze voorstellen flink verbeterd. Wel is nog onderzoek nodig naar de mate waarin de bodem een dempend effect heeft op geluid. Deze factor is mede bepalend voor hoeveel geluid van de bron uiteindelijk bij woningen komt. Het doel van de rekenmethode is om in Europa op uniforme wijze de geluidniveaus te berekenen op basis waarvan actieplannen worden opgesteld om de gezondheid van mensen te beschermen tegen hoge geluidniveaus. Het gaat hierbij vooral om woningen. Alle EU-lidstaten zijn vanaf 1 januari 2019 verplicht deze methode te gebruiken als ze geluidkaarten maken vanwege de Europese richtlijn omgevingslawaai. Deze geluidkaart moeten zij elke vijf jaar maken voor grote gemeenten (agglomeraties), drukke provinciale wegen, rijkswegen en hoofdspoorwegen. De verbeterpunten zullen in de volgende ronde, 2022, worden meegenomen. De meeste landen hebben in 2017 geluidkaarten gemaakt over de situatie in 2016. De werkgroep is in 2018 met instemming van de Europese Commissie aan de slag gegaan. Aanleiding was eerder onderzoek van het RIVM waaruit bleek dat de Europese rekenmethode, Cnossos-EU:2015 geheten, onduidelijkheden en fouten bevat. Ook waren verbeteringen mogelijk. De werkgroep heeft per punt aangegeven waarom ze het als een probleem zien en een onderbouwd voorstel voor verbetering opgesteld. De werkgroep beveelt ook aan een handreiking op te stellen om de hoeveelheid geluid van bijvoorbeeld treinverkeer per land zo uniform mogelijk te berekenen. Lokale situaties en verschillen in materieel kunnen er namelijk voor zorgen dat de hoeveelheid geluid vanuit deze bron per land verschilt. Naast dit rapport heeft het RIVM voorstellen o, This report contains an erratum d.d. 22 august 2019 on pages 101-107 In collaboration with a European working group, RIVM has formulated points for improvement regarding the new European calculation method for noise levels from road traffic, railway traffic and industry. According to the working group which consists of representatives from various member states, the proposals presented have greatly improved the calculation method. However, further research is still needed into the extent to which the soil has a noise dampening effect. This is one of the factors that determine how much of the noise produced at the source, eventually reaches residential units. The objective of the calculation method is to ensure that a uniform method is used throughout Europe to calculate noise levels on the basis of which action plans are prepared for protecting the health of human beings from excessive noise levels. The method at hand focuses primarily on residential housing. As of 1 January 2019, all EU member states are required to use this method when preparing noise maps in response to the European Environmental Noise Guidelines. These noise maps must be prepared once every five years for large municipalities (agglomerations), busy secondary roads, motorways, and main railways. The points for improvement will be taken into account in the following round scheduled for 2022. In 2017, most countries prepared noise maps for the situation in 2016. The working group started its work in 2018 with the approval of the European Commission. This was in response to previous research by RIVM, which made it clear that the European calculation method, called Cnossos-EU:2015, contains ambiguities and errors. Improvements were also possible. For each point in question, the working group explained why they considered it to be a problem and also prepared a motivated proposal for improvement. The working group also recommends preparing a guideline for calculating the amount of noise, from railway t

Dit rapport bevat een erratum d.d. 22 augustus 2019 op de pagina's 101-107 Het RIVM heeft met een Europese werkgroep verbeterpunten opgesteld voor de nieuwe Europese rekenmethode om geluidniveaus voor wegverkeer, railverkeer en industrie te berekenen. Volgens de werkgroep, waarin meerdere lidstaten vertegenwoordigd waren, is de rekenmethode met deze voorstellen flink verbeterd. Wel is nog onderzoek nodig naar de mate waarin de bodem een dempend effect heeft op geluid. Deze factor is mede bepalend voor hoeveel geluid van de bron uiteindelijk bij woningen komt. Het doel van de rekenmethode is om in Europa op uniforme wijze de geluidniveaus te berekenen op basis waarvan actieplannen worden opgesteld om de gezondheid van mensen te beschermen tegen hoge geluidniveaus. Het gaat hierbij vooral om woningen. Alle EU-lidstaten zijn vanaf 1 januari 2019 verplicht deze methode te gebruiken als ze geluidkaarten maken vanwege de Europese richtlijn omgevingslawaai. Deze geluidkaart moeten zij elke vijf jaar maken voor grote gemeenten (agglomeraties), drukke provinciale wegen, rijkswegen en hoofdspoorwegen. De verbeterpunten zullen in de volgende ronde, 2022, worden meegenomen. De meeste landen hebben in 2017 geluidkaarten gemaakt over de situatie in 2016. De werkgroep is in 2018 met instemming van de Europese Commissie aan de slag gegaan. Aanleiding was eerder onderzoek van het RIVM waaruit bleek dat de Europese rekenmethode, Cnossos-EU:2015 geheten, onduidelijkheden en fouten bevat. Ook waren verbeteringen mogelijk. De werkgroep heeft per punt aangegeven waarom ze het als een probleem zien en een onderbouwd voorstel voor verbetering opgesteld. De werkgroep beveelt ook aan een handreiking op te stellen om de hoeveelheid geluid van bijvoorbeeld treinverkeer per land zo uniform mogelijk te berekenen. Lokale situaties en verschillen in materieel kunnen er namelijk voor zorgen dat de hoeveelheid geluid vanuit deze bron per land verschilt. Naast dit rapport heeft het RIVM voorstellen o, This report contains an erratum d.d. 22 august 2019 on pages 101-107 In collaboration with a European working group, RIVM has formulated points for improvement regarding the new European calculation method for noise levels from road traffic, railway traffic and industry. According to the working group which consists of representatives from various member states, the proposals presented have greatly improved the calculation method. However, further research is still needed into the extent to which the soil has a noise dampening effect. This is one of the factors that determine how much of the noise produced at the source, eventually reaches residential units. The objective of the calculation method is to ensure that a uniform method is used throughout Europe to calculate noise levels on the basis of which action plans are prepared for protecting the health of human beings from excessive noise levels. The method at hand focuses primarily on residential housing. As of 1 January 2019, all EU member states are required to use this method when preparing noise maps in response to the European Environmental Noise Guidelines. These noise maps must be prepared once every five years for large municipalities (agglomerations), busy secondary roads, motorways, and main railways. The points for improvement will be taken into account in the following round scheduled for 2022. In 2017, most countries prepared noise maps for the situation in 2016. The working group started its work in 2018 with the approval of the European Commission. This was in response to previous research by RIVM, which made it clear that the European calculation method, called Cnossos-EU:2015, contains ambiguities and errors. Improvements were also possible. For each point in question, the working group explained why they considered it to be a problem and also prepared a motivated proposal for improvement. The working group also recommends preparing a guideline for calculating the amount of noise, from railway t

RIVM rapport:Dit rapport bevat een erratum d.d. 22 augustus 2019 op de pagina's 101-107 Het RIVM heeft met een Europese werkgroep verbeterpunten opgesteld voor de nieuwe Europese rekenmethode om geluidniveaus voor wegverkeer, railverkeer en industrie te berekenen. Volgens de werkgroep, waarin meerdere lidstaten vertegenwoordigd waren, is de rekenmethode met deze voorstellen flink verbeterd. Wel is nog onderzoek nodig naar de mate waarin de bodem een dempend effect heeft op geluid. Deze factor is mede bepalend voor hoeveel geluid van de bron uiteindelijk bij woningen komt. Het doel van de rekenmethode is om in Europa op uniforme wijze de geluidniveaus te berekenen op basis waarvan actieplannen worden opgesteld om de gezondheid van mensen te beschermen tegen hoge geluidniveaus. Het gaat hierbij vooral om woningen. Alle EU-lidstaten zijn vanaf 1 januari 2019 verplicht deze methode te gebruiken als ze geluidkaarten maken vanwege de Europese richtlijn omgevingslawaai. Deze geluidkaart moeten zij elke vijf jaar maken voor grote gemeenten (agglomeraties), drukke provinciale wegen, rijkswegen en hoofdspoorwegen. De verbeterpunten zullen in de volgende ronde, 2022, worden meegenomen. De meeste landen hebben in 2017 geluidkaarten gemaakt over de situatie in 2016. De werkgroep is in 2018 met instemming van de Europese Commissie aan de slag gegaan. Aanleiding was eerder onderzoek van het RIVM waaruit bleek dat de Europese rekenmethode, Cnossos-EU:2015 geheten, onduidelijkheden en fouten bevat. Ook waren verbeteringen mogelijk. De werkgroep heeft per punt aangegeven waarom ze het als een probleem zien en een onderbouwd voorstel voor verbetering opgesteld. De werkgroep beveelt ook aan een handreiking op te stellen om de hoeveelheid geluid van bijvoorbeeld treinverkeer per land zo uniform mogelijk te berekenen. Lokale situaties en verschillen in materieel kunnen er namelijk voor zorgen dat de hoeveelheid geluid vanuit deze bron per land verschilt. Naast dit rapport heeft het RIVM voorstellen o, This report contains an erratum d.d. 22 august 2019 on pages 101-107 In collaboration with a European working group, RIVM has formulated points for improvement regarding the new European calculation method for noise levels from road traffic, railway traffic and industry. According to the working group which consists of representatives from various member states, the proposals presented have greatly improved the calculation method. However, further research is still needed into the extent to which the soil has a noise dampening effect. This is one of the factors that determine how much of the noise produced at the source, eventually reaches residential units. The objective of the calculation method is to ensure that a uniform method is used throughout Europe to calculate noise levels on the basis of which action plans are prepared for protecting the health of human beings from excessive noise levels. The method at hand focuses primarily on residential housing. As of 1 January 2019, all EU member states are required to use this method when preparing noise maps in response to the European Environmental Noise Guidelines. These noise maps must be prepared once every five years for large municipalities (agglomerations), busy secondary roads, motorways, and main railways. The points for improvement will be taken into account in the following round scheduled for 2022. In 2017, most countries prepared noise maps for the situation in 2016. The working group started its work in 2018 with the approval of the European Commission. This was in response to previous research by RIVM, which made it clear that the European calculation method, called Cnossos-EU:2015, contains ambiguities and errors. Improvements were also possible. For each point in question, the working group explained why they considered it to be a problem and also prepared a motivated proposal for improvement. The working group also recommends preparing a guideline for calculating the amount of noise, from railway t

RIVM rapport:Dit rapport bevat een erratum d.d. 22 augustus 2019 op de pagina's 101-107 Het RIVM heeft met een Europese werkgroep verbeterpunten opgesteld voor de nieuwe Europese rekenmethode om geluidniveaus voor wegverkeer, railverkeer en industrie te berekenen. Volgens de werkgroep, waarin meerdere lidstaten vertegenwoordigd waren, is de rekenmethode met deze voorstellen flink verbeterd. Wel is nog onderzoek nodig naar de mate waarin de bodem een dempend effect heeft op geluid. Deze factor is mede bepalend voor hoeveel geluid van de bron uiteindelijk bij woningen komt. Het doel van de rekenmethode is om in Europa op uniforme wijze de geluidniveaus te berekenen op basis waarvan actieplannen worden opgesteld om de gezondheid van mensen te beschermen tegen hoge geluidniveaus. Het gaat hierbij vooral om woningen. Alle EU-lidstaten zijn vanaf 1 januari 2019 verplicht deze methode te gebruiken als ze geluidkaarten maken vanwege de Europese richtlijn omgevingslawaai. Deze geluidkaart moeten zij elke vijf jaar maken voor grote gemeenten (agglomeraties), drukke provinciale wegen, rijkswegen en hoofdspoorwegen. De verbeterpunten zullen in de volgende ronde, 2022, worden meegenomen. De meeste landen hebben in 2017 geluidkaarten gemaakt over de situatie in 2016. De werkgroep is in 2018 met instemming van de Europese Commissie aan de slag gegaan. Aanleiding was eerder onderzoek van het RIVM waaruit bleek dat de Europese rekenmethode, Cnossos-EU:2015 geheten, onduidelijkheden en fouten bevat. Ook waren verbeteringen mogelijk. De werkgroep heeft per punt aangegeven waarom ze het als een probleem zien en een onderbouwd voorstel voor verbetering opgesteld. De werkgroep beveelt ook aan een handreiking op te stellen om de hoeveelheid geluid van bijvoorbeeld treinverkeer per land zo uniform mogelijk te berekenen. Lokale situaties en verschillen in materieel kunnen er namelijk voor zorgen dat de hoeveelheid geluid vanuit deze bron per land verschilt. Naast dit rapport heeft het RIVM voorstellen o, This report contains an erratum d.d. 22 august 2019 on pages 101-107 In collaboration with a European working group, RIVM has formulated points for improvement regarding the new European calculation method for noise levels from road traffic, railway traffic and industry. According to the working group which consists of representatives from various member states, the proposals presented have greatly improved the calculation method. However, further research is still needed into the extent to which the soil has a noise dampening effect. This is one of the factors that determine how much of the noise produced at the source, eventually reaches residential units. The objective of the calculation method is to ensure that a uniform method is used throughout Europe to calculate noise levels on the basis of which action plans are prepared for protecting the health of human beings from excessive noise levels. The method at hand focuses primarily on residential housing. As of 1 January 2019, all EU member states are required to use this method when preparing noise maps in response to the European Environmental Noise Guidelines. These noise maps must be prepared once every five years for large municipalities (agglomerations), busy secondary roads, motorways, and main railways. The points for improvement will be taken into account in the following round scheduled for 2022. In 2017, most countries prepared noise maps for the situation in 2016. The working group started its work in 2018 with the approval of the European Commission. This was in response to previous research by RIVM, which made it clear that the European calculation method, called Cnossos-EU:2015, contains ambiguities and errors. Improvements were also possible. For each point in question, the working group explained why they considered it to be a problem and also prepared a motivated proposal for improvement. The working group also recommends preparing a guideline for calculating the amount of noise, from railway t

This paper theoretically and experimentally investigates the semi-empirical formulas recommended by Eurocode 2 (EC2), fib Model Code 2010 (MC2010), and Eurocode 2 with the German National Annex (DIN) for calculating crack widths in reinforced concrete. It is shown that the formulas can be derived from the principles for the idealized behavior of RC ties. However, instead of explicitly solving the resulting differential equations, the use of simplifications leads to inconsistent formulas. An experimental study was carried out involving the testing of eight RC ties to discover the modeling uncertainty of the formulas. It was found that EC2 substantially overestimated the crack widths for the RC ties. MC2010 and DIN seemed to predict the crack widths better, but gave rather a large number of nonconservative crack width predictions. These experimental results, combined with the theoretical study, suggest that a more consistent calculation model should be formulated by explicitly solving the resulting differential equation., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Applied Mechanics

This paper theoretically and experimentally investigates the semi-empirical formulas recommended by Eurocode 2 (EC2), fib Model Code 2010 (MC2010), and Eurocode 2 with the German National Annex (DIN) for calculating crack widths in reinforced concrete. It is shown that the formulas can be derived from the principles for the idealized behavior of RC ties. However, instead of explicitly solving the resulting differential equations, the use of simplifications leads to inconsistent formulas. An experimental study was carried out involving the testing of eight RC ties to discover the modeling uncertainty of the formulas. It was found that EC2 substantially overestimated the crack widths for the RC ties. MC2010 and DIN seemed to predict the crack widths better, but gave rather a large number of nonconservative crack width predictions. These experimental results, combined with the theoretical study, suggest that a more consistent calculation model should be formulated by explicitly solving the resulting differential equation., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Applied Mechanics

In this paper we consider the use of evaporative cooling towers of the type (BG-1600) for discharging in the atmosphere of flue gas waste heat boiler of the gas turbine unit (GTU-70) operating in steam-gas cycle. A method for calculation of cooling towers for the case of removal of exhaust gases from the turbine through the exhaust tower of the cooling tower. Given the result of the calculation of the cooling tower that is installed on combined-cycle unit Novokuibyshev CHP-1., В данной работе рассматривается вариант использования испарительной градирни башенного типа (БГ-1600) для отвода в атмосферу уходящих газов котла-утилизатора газотурбинной установки (ГТУ-70), работающей в парогазовом цикле. Представлена методика расчета башенной градирни для случая отвода уходящих газов газотурбинной установки через вытяжную башню градирни. Приведен результат расчета градирни, установленной на парогазовом блоке Новокуйбышевской ТЭЦ-1.

Now engineers have a large number of specialized programs for design and simulation of water distribution networks in different situations. Regardless of the type of problem it is necessary to solve a nonlinear system of network equations. The equations are solved using iterative methods. In some cases, application of the above methods involves the convergence problem. To resolve it, a correct choice of the initial values of calculated parameters is required. This article describes solving the system of network equations by the continuation method. The method allows calculation any of the network parameters to a given accuracy with nearly all initial values of the variables., Сейчас в распоряжении инженеров имеется большое количество специализированных программ для проектирования и моделирования работы распределительных сетей водоснабжения в различных ситуациях. Независимо от вида поставленной задачи возникает необходимость решения нелинейной системы уравнений сети. Решение осуществляется теми или иными итерационными методами. Иногда при их использовании возникает проблема сходимости. Для ее решения необходимо правильно выбирать начальные значения рассчитываемых параметров. В данной статье рассматривается решение системы уравнений сети методом продолжения. Метод позволяет рассчитывать любые параметры сети с заданной точностью при практически любых начальных значениях переменных.

Research has shown mathematics education is highly dependent on teaching materials. Here mathematics textbooks have a dominant role in Swedish schools. When curriculum determines the content of textbooks, it promotes confidence in both schools and teachers. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare textbooks using Basil Bernstein’s theoretical concepts of classification, frames and sequencing to investigate how content and structure are connected to the calculation methods of addition and subtraction. The following questions are posed: In what way have the calculation methods of addition and subtraction of the natural and rational numbers been presented in four selected textbooks for grade 4 in Swedish public schools? What are the similarities and differences in content and structure in these teaching materials? The study finds a variety and selection of material presented in the selected textbooks. Consequently, it is important for teachers to take in to consideration the content and structure of a textbook in mathematics to realize its potential in the classroom.

Research has shown mathematics education is highly dependent on teaching materials. Here mathematics textbooks have a dominant role in Swedish schools. When curriculum determines the content of textbooks, it promotes confidence in both schools and teachers. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare textbooks using Basil Bernstein’s theoretical concepts of classification, frames and sequencing to investigate how content and structure are connected to the calculation methods of addition and subtraction. The following questions are posed: In what way have the calculation methods of addition and subtraction of the natural and rational numbers been presented in four selected textbooks for grade 4 in Swedish public schools? What are the similarities and differences in content and structure in these teaching materials? The study finds a variety and selection of material presented in the selected textbooks. Consequently, it is important for teachers to take in to consideration the content and structure of a textbook in mathematics to realize its potential in the classroom.

Using on-line services and the ChemBioOffice2014 software package the values of the partition coefficients of some N-R-amine derivatives have been calculated. To identify the quantitative relationships and select the optimal algorithm of calculations the correlation and regression analysis of the values obtained has been conducted. Statistically significant values of correlation for the partition coefficients calculated have been determined. It has been shown that it is advisable to use the value AlogPs for further application., При использовании он-лайн сервисов и програмного пакета ChemBioOffice2014 рассчитаны значения коэффициентов распределения некоторых N-R-аминопроизводных, и, с целью выявления количественных соотношений и выбора оптимального алгоритма расчетов, проведен корреляционно-регрессионный анализ полученных значений. Установлены статистически достоверные значения корреляции рассчитанных коэффициентов распределения и показано, что для дальнейшего использования целесообразно использовать значение AlogPs., З використанням он-лайн сервісів та програмного пакету ChemBioOffice2014 розраховані значення коефіцієнтів розподілу деяких N-R-амінопохідних, та, з метою виявлення кількісних співвідношень та вибору оптимального алгоритму розрахунків проведено кореляційно-регресійний аналіз одержаних значень. Встановлено статистично достовірні значення кореляції розрахованих коефіцієнтів розподілу та показано, що для подальшого використання доцільно використовувати значення AlogPs.

The study focuses on switching overvoltage applied to semiconductor switches of semiconductor AC devices at the moment of switching electric circuits owing to the energy that has accumulated in the inductive elements of the mains and a disconnectable load.Since the cost of power semiconductor devices is determined both by the current with which they are compatible and the class of the device that determines the amount of blocked voltage, it is important to use special measures that would reduce the voltage and make it closer to that of the network. Usually, the voltage is reduced with the help of protective RC-circuits and nonlinear surge suppressors (varistors).The aim of the research was to refine the methods of calculating the switching overvoltage and parameters of protection circuits in semiconductor devices with account for the diversity of semiconductor switches and their dynamic characteristics since the current methods of calculation do not fully account for them and, therefore, are not fully precise.The newly developed methods of calculating the switching surge consider dependence of the reverse recovery of power semiconductor devices on the rate of current decline in their circuit as well as high resistance of modern semiconductor devices to the effect of ultra-high voltage slew rates. The methodology also takes into account the conditions of the load switching with the help of these devices.The developed methodology of selecting parameters for the RC-protective circuit accounts for the nature of any switching transients and significantly extends the range of protective circuit parameters.The proposed surge suppressor for semiconductor AC switching devices is additionally supplied with a varistor that is connected in parallel to the RC-circuit, which allows a significant reduction in the capacitance of the circuit condenser and the leakage current and approximately 30% reduction in the rate of switching surges. This would greatly reduce the class of power, Выполнены исследования коммутационных перенапряжений, прикладываемых к полупроводниковым ключам полупроводниковых аппаратов переменного тока при коммутации электрических цепей. Предложена уточнённая методика расчёта величины этих перенапряжений для полупроводниковых ключей, зашунтированных защитными RC-цепями с варисторами, учитывающая как динамические характеристики силовых приборов полупроводниковых ключей, так и разных вариантов исполнения последних. Методика позволяет значительно повысить точность расчёта параметров защитных цепей. Приведены примеры расчёта коммутационных перенапряжений для наиболее распространённых условий работы полупроводниковых аппаратов., Виконані дослідження комутаційних перенапруг, прикладених до напівпровідникових ключів напівпровідникових апаратів змінного струму при комутації електричних кіл. Запропонована уточнена методика розрахунку величини цих перенапруг для напівпровідникових ключів, зашунтованих захисними RC-колами разом з варисторами, яка враховує як динамічні характеристики силових приладів напівпровідникових ключів, так і різних варіантів виконання останніх. Методика дозволяє значно підвищити точність розрахунку параметрів захисних кіл. Наведені приклади розрахунку комутаційних перенапруг для найбільш розповсюджених умов роботи напівпровідникових апаратів.

Tato práce se zabývá předběžnými a výslednými kalkulacemi v podniku. Teoretická část popisuje vnitropodnikové ekonomické řízení, charakteristiku nákladů a kalkulace. Praktická část je zaměřena na popis společnosti Brück AM spol. s r.o. a na analýzu kalkulačního systému v podniku. Následně jsou porovnány předběžné a výsledné kalkulace pro vybrané výkony. Jejich odchylky jsou analyzovány včetně jejich možného původu. Závěr práce obsahuje shrnutí a doporučení pro podnik., This thesis deals with preliminary and final calculations in an enterprise. The theoretical part describes internal economic management, cost characteristics and calculations. The practical part is focused on description of the company Brück AM Ltd. and analysis of the calculation system in the company. Subsequently, preliminary and final calculations for certain performances are compared. Their differences are analysed, including their possible origin. The conclusion of the thesis includes summary and recommendations for the company., Fakulta ekonomicko-správní

Since the introduction of the EPBD (Energy Performance in Buildings Directive) in Europe, member states (MS) have developed a great deal of codes, procedures, rules and software tools. The European Union (EU) devotes many resources to harmonizing all these codes among MS, such as the Concerted Action (CA) and the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) standards. However, few countries follow the complete CEN standards and there is uncertainty about the current situation. This paper compares, through a practical case, the CEN standards with codes created in Spain on the basis of a measured building. The conclusion is that at least in the Spanish case there is a mismatch with CEN, regarding the losses in the HVAC distribution sub-systems, which should be fixed. Finally, the results presented can be useful for other countries which are trying to implement similar codes to improve their energy efficiency in the building sector. In 2003 the European Commission (EC) issued a Directive, 2002/91/EC [8]. On 19 May 2010, a recast of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive [9] was adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in order to strengthen the energy performance requirements and to clarify and streamline some of the provisions from the 2002 Directive it recasts. The objective of this directive is to promote the improvement of the energy performance of buildings within the community, taking into account outdoor climatic and local conditions, as well as indoor climate requirements and cost-effectiveness. For new and existing buildings this requires a calculation of the energy performance of the building including heating, ventilation, cooling and lighting systems, based on primary energy. Each building must have an energy certificate and regular inspections of heating, cooling and ventilation systems must be performed. This directive required all member countries to implement the directive in the building codes at the national leve

El artículo revisa las diferencias más significativas que existen entre el Eurocódigo 6 - Estructuras de Fábrica, UNE-ENV 1996-1-1 de junio de 1995, y la versión final (noviembre de 2003) del Código Técnico de la Edificación español en el campo de las estructuras de fábrica en sentido lato, haciendo hincapié en los cambios introducidos en el método de cálculo por asimilación a pórticos y en el método simplificado. Las diferencias existentes han llevado a comparar numéricamente los métodos propuestos con otros estudiados en trabajos anteriormente realizados, comparación que se refleja en una serie de gráficos., [Abstract]The article reviews the most significant differences between Eurocode 6 - Design of masonry structures, EN 1996-1-1 June 1995, and the final version (November 2003) of the spanish Building Technical Code in the field of masonry structures broadly, emphasizing the changes in the method calculation by assimilation porches and in the simplified method. The differences have led to numerically compare with other proposed methods studied in previous work, compared reflected in a series of graphs.

The thesis examines the fatigue life of weld ends, where very little usable research previously has been conducted, and often the weld ends are the critical parts of the weld. It is essential knowing the fatigue life of welds to be able to use them most efficiently.The report is divided into two parts; in the first the different calculation methods used today at Toyota Material Handling are examined and compared. Based on the results from the analysis and what is used mostly today, the effective notch approach is the method used in part two.To validate the calculation methods and models used, fatigue testing of the welded test specimens was conducted together with a stress test. New modelling methods of the weld ends that coincide with the test results were made in the finite element software Abaqus. A new way of modelling the weld ends for the effective notch method is also proposed. By using a notch radius of 0.2 mm and rounded weld ends the calculated fatigue life better matches the life of the real weld ends.

The thesis examines the fatigue life of weld ends, where very little usable research previously has been conducted, and often the weld ends are the critical parts of the weld. It is essential knowing the fatigue life of welds to be able to use them most efficiently.The report is divided into two parts; in the first the different calculation methods used today at Toyota Material Handling are examined and compared. Based on the results from the analysis and what is used mostly today, the effective notch approach is the method used in part two.To validate the calculation methods and models used, fatigue testing of the welded test specimens was conducted together with a stress test. New modelling methods of the weld ends that coincide with the test results were made in the finite element software Abaqus. A new way of modelling the weld ends for the effective notch method is also proposed. By using a notch radius of 0.2 mm and rounded weld ends the calculated fatigue life better matches the life of the real weld ends.

A general approach to Monte Carlo methods for Coulomb collisions is proposed. Its key idea is an approximation of Landau-Fokker-Planck (LFP) equations by Boltzmann equations of quasi-Maxwellian kind. High-frequency fields are included into consideration and comparison with the well-known results are given.

According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) all new European buildings (residential, commercial, industrial, etc.) must since 2006 have an energy declaration based on the calculated energy performance of the building, including heating, ventilating, cooling and lighting systems. This energy declaration must refer to the primary energy or CO2 emissions. The European Organization for Standardization (CEN) has prepared a series of standards for energy performance calculations for buildings and systems. This paper presents related standards for heating systems. The relevant CEN-standards are presented and a sample calculation of energy performance is made for a small single family house, an office building and an industrial building in three different geographical locations: Stockholm, Brussels, and Venice. The additional heat losses from heating systems can be 10–20% of the building energy demand. The additional loss depends on the type of heat emitter, type of control, pump and boiler. Keywords: Heating systems; CEN standards; Energy performance; Calculation methods

We present a computationally efficient, adaptive solver for the solution of the Poisson and Helmholtz equation used in flow simulations in domains with combinations of unbounded and periodic directions. The method relies on using FFTs on an extended domain and it is based on the method proposed by Hockney and Eastwood for plasma simulations. The method is well-suited to problems with dynamically growing domains and in particular flow simulations using vortex particle methods. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated in simulations of trailing vortices.

Diplomová práce se zabývá hodnocením kalkulačního systému v podniku Siemens, s.r.o. Cílem práce bylo vytvořit specifickou kalkulaci nákladů pro společnost Siemens, s.r.o. Teoretická část je zaměřena na kalkulaci nákladů a problematiku outsourcingu. Analytická část popisuje charakteristiku odštěpného závodu Industry Maintenance Technology společnosti Siemens, s.r.o. Poté následuje podkapitola věnována samotné kalkulaci projektu outsourcingu. Šablony tabulek, firmě poslouží při rozvrhování kalkulací na získání nové zakázky., This diploma thesis deals with evaluation of the costing system in Siemens Ltd. The aim of the thesis was to create a specific cost calculation for Siemens Ltd. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on cost calculation and problems of outsourcing. The analytical part describes characteristics of Industry Maintenance Technology, which is a branch of Siemens, Ltd. Then follows a subchapter which is devoted to the calculation of an outsourcing project. Table patterns will serve the company when scheduling costs for acquiring a new contract., Ve zpracování, Import 29/09/2010

In this paper, presented is the stale-of-the-art of energy Efficiency of residential buildings in Serbia. Special attention is paid to energy efficiency in already existing buildings. The average energy consumption in residential buildings in Serbia is over 150 kWhm(-2) per year, while in developed European countries it is about 50 kWm(-2) per year. In this paper examined is the contribution of ventilation losses, through the windows of low quality, regardless whether they are poorly made, or made from bad materials, or with no adeguate glass. Besides ventilation losses, which are of major importance in our buildings, special attention is paid to transmission losses, which are conseguence of the quality and energy efficiency of the facade. All of the above statements are proved by measurements obtained on a representative building of the Block 34 in New Belgrade, built in the eighties of the last century. In addition to measurements performed the calculation of energy consumption for heating during winter has been made. The results of two different methods of calculation of energy consumption for heating are compared with the values obtained by measuring.

In this paper, presented is the stale-of-the-art of energy Efficiency of residential buildings in Serbia. Special attention is paid to energy efficiency in already existing buildings. The average energy consumption in residential buildings in Serbia is over 150 kWhm(-2) per year, while in developed European countries it is about 50 kWm(-2) per year. In this paper examined is the contribution of ventilation losses, through the windows of low quality, regardless whether they are poorly made, or made from bad materials, or with no adeguate glass. Besides ventilation losses, which are of major importance in our buildings, special attention is paid to transmission losses, which are conseguence of the quality and energy efficiency of the facade. All of the above statements are proved by measurements obtained on a representative building of the Block 34 in New Belgrade, built in the eighties of the last century. In addition to measurements performed the calculation of energy consumption for heating during winter has been made. The results of two different methods of calculation of energy consumption for heating are compared with the values obtained by measuring.

In this paper, presented is the stale-of-the-art of energy Efficiency of residential buildings in Serbia. Special attention is paid to energy efficiency in already existing buildings. The average energy consumption in residential buildings in Serbia is over 150 kWhm(-2) per year, while in developed European countries it is about 50 kWm(-2) per year. In this paper examined is the contribution of ventilation losses, through the windows of low quality, regardless whether they are poorly made, or made from bad materials, or with no adeguate glass. Besides ventilation losses, which are of major importance in our buildings, special attention is paid to transmission losses, which are conseguence of the quality and energy efficiency of the facade. All of the above statements are proved by measurements obtained on a representative building of the Block 34 in New Belgrade, built in the eighties of the last century. In addition to measurements performed the calculation of energy consumption for heating during winter has been made. The results of two different methods of calculation of energy consumption for heating are compared with the values obtained by measuring.

Изложены особенности алгоритма деформационного метода расчета стержневых систем, реализованного в программе SdCAD средствами программирования MathCAD с использованием системного интегратора MathConnex-2000. Показана возможность создания вычислительного комплекса SdCAD с передачей функций MathConnex-2000 пользовательскому интерфейсу, написанному на языках высокого уровня и функционирующему совместно с универсальным вычислительным ядром из MathCAD-блоков.

In particle methods, an accuracy degradation can occur because of the distortion of the element positions. A solution consists in the periodic re-initialization of the particles onto regular locations, at the nodes of a lattice. This so-called redistribution works by the interpolation of particle quantities. The present work considers the design of redistribution schemes on general lattices and in particular on lattices with a higher level of symmetry than the usual cubic lattice. Such lattices allow schemes which are more compact and more isotropic. We test our schemes in the context of three-dimensional vortex methods.

Teoretická část bakalářské práce shrnuje základní teoretická východiska kalkulační metody Activity-based costing. Práce se zabývá nedostatky tradičních modelů nákladového účetnictví, objasňuje nové přístupy ke zpracování režijních nákladů metodou Activitybased costing a dopady implementace této kalkulační metody na možnosti řízení firmy – koncept Activity-based Management (ABC/M).Praktická část práce se zabývá vývojem jednoduchého softwarového systému, umožňujícího operativní zprovoznění kalkulačního systému v konkrétní obchodní firmě. Na základě definovaných požadavků je provedena analýza a návrh implementace softwarového systému. Vytvořená aplikace, využívající webové uživatelské rozhraní vytvořené pomocí technologie Java Server Pages (JSP), je postavena na platformě Java EE. Aplikace je určena pro nasazení na aplikační servery firmy Sun – SJSAS 9., Theoretical part of this bachelor work is dealing with description of Activity-based costing method. Failing of traditional managerial accounting systems is described and new techniques of overhead cost processing using a Activity-based Costing method are introduced. Also new management possibilities are mentioned in relation to implementation of an ABC/M concept. Practical part of the work is involved in development of a simple software system, that is to be used for operative processing of a calculation system in a small business company. On the base of defined requirements a problem analysis and a software implementation proposal are made. Software application was implemented on a Java EE development platform. User web interface is developed on a Java Server Pages (JSP) technology. The created application is intended to be deployed on a Sun Java System Application Server platform edition 9., Ústav elektrotechniky a informatiky, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

RIVM rapport:Het zicht op eenduidige regelgeving voor en heldere internationale afspraken over geluid en geluidbeleid wordt nog te vaak vertroebeld door het feit dat verschillende landen op verschillende wijze en met verschillende maten meten en rekenen. Hierdoor is het moeilijk om gegevens over geluidhinder van verschillende landen met elkaar te vergelijken. In dit rapport worden de wettelijk voorgeschreven geluidmaten van een groot aantal Europese landen voor het geluid van weg-, trein en vliegverkeer met elkaar vergeleken. Hieruit blijkt de grote verscheidenheid aan gehanteerde geluidmaten, met name bij het vliegverkeer. Dit rapport gaat tevens in op de consequenties van op handen zijnde veranderingen van dosismaten voor de Nederlandse situatie. Ook in de wijze waarop gerekend wordt volgens de verschillende vigerende nationale reken- en meetvoorschriften voor verkeerslawaai (en waarvan de resultaten in de slecht vergelijkbare geluidmaten worden uitgedrukt) blijken grote verschillen te bestaan, vooral in het emissiegedeelte van de berekeningen. Tenslotte wordt een vereenvoudigd overzicht van de normstelling voor de verschillende Europese landen gegeven. Ook hieruit blijkt weer de grote verscheidenheid aan normen, zowel in hoogte als in dosismaat waarin deze zijn uitgedrukt., Clear, unambiguous legislation and international agreements on noise and noise policy are often hampered by the different ways different countries deal with measures and calculations.This obstructs the comparison of international data on annoyance by noise.This report describes the legal indices of road, railway and aircraft noise of different European countries. It shows the diversity of current indices, especially in the area of aircraft noise.This report also describes the consequences of changes due in noise indices for the Dutch situation. The way of calculating traffic noise differs a lot between different European countries. Biggest differences occur in calcultating the emission. Finally, noise standards in different European countries are compared. Again, it shows a big diversity, as well in the height of the standards as in the noise indices used.

RIVM rapport:Het zicht op eenduidige regelgeving voor en heldere internationale afspraken over geluid en geluidbeleid wordt nog te vaak vertroebeld door het feit dat verschillende landen op verschillende wijze en met verschillende maten meten en rekenen. Hierdoor is het moeilijk om gegevens over geluidhinder van verschillende landen met elkaar te vergelijken. In dit rapport worden de wettelijk voorgeschreven geluidmaten van een groot aantal Europese landen voor het geluid van weg-, trein en vliegverkeer met elkaar vergeleken. Hieruit blijkt de grote verscheidenheid aan gehanteerde geluidmaten, met name bij het vliegverkeer. Dit rapport gaat tevens in op de consequenties van op handen zijnde veranderingen van dosismaten voor de Nederlandse situatie. Ook in de wijze waarop gerekend wordt volgens de verschillende vigerende nationale reken- en meetvoorschriften voor verkeerslawaai (en waarvan de resultaten in de slecht vergelijkbare geluidmaten worden uitgedrukt) blijken grote verschillen te bestaan, vooral in het emissiegedeelte van de berekeningen. Tenslotte wordt een vereenvoudigd overzicht van de normstelling voor de verschillende Europese landen gegeven. Ook hieruit blijkt weer de grote verscheidenheid aan normen, zowel in hoogte als in dosismaat waarin deze zijn uitgedrukt., Clear, unambiguous legislation and international agreements on noise and noise policy are often hampered by the different ways different countries deal with measures and calculations.This obstructs the comparison of international data on annoyance by noise.This report describes the legal indices of road, railway and aircraft noise of different European countries. It shows the diversity of current indices, especially in the area of aircraft noise.This report also describes the consequences of changes due in noise indices for the Dutch situation. The way of calculating traffic noise differs a lot between different European countries. Biggest differences occur in calcultating the emission. Finally, noise standards in different European countries are compared. Again, it shows a big diversity, as well in the height of the standards as in the noise indices used.

RIVM rapport:Het zicht op eenduidige regelgeving voor en heldere internationale afspraken over geluid en geluidbeleid wordt nog te vaak vertroebeld door het feit dat verschillende landen op verschillende wijze en met verschillende maten meten en rekenen. Hierdoor is het moeilijk om gegevens over geluidhinder van verschillende landen met elkaar te vergelijken. In dit rapport worden de wettelijk voorgeschreven geluidmaten van een groot aantal Europese landen voor het geluid van weg-, trein en vliegverkeer met elkaar vergeleken. Hieruit blijkt de grote verscheidenheid aan gehanteerde geluidmaten, met name bij het vliegverkeer. Dit rapport gaat tevens in op de consequenties van op handen zijnde veranderingen van dosismaten voor de Nederlandse situatie. Ook in de wijze waarop gerekend wordt volgens de verschillende vigerende nationale reken- en meetvoorschriften voor verkeerslawaai (en waarvan de resultaten in de slecht vergelijkbare geluidmaten worden uitgedrukt) blijken grote verschillen te bestaan, vooral in het emissiegedeelte van de berekeningen. Tenslotte wordt een vereenvoudigd overzicht van de normstelling voor de verschillende Europese landen gegeven. Ook hieruit blijkt weer de grote verscheidenheid aan normen, zowel in hoogte als in dosismaat waarin deze zijn uitgedrukt., Clear, unambiguous legislation and international agreements on noise and noise policy are often hampered by the different ways different countries deal with measures and calculations.This obstructs the comparison of international data on annoyance by noise.This report describes the legal indices of road, railway and aircraft noise of different European countries. It shows the diversity of current indices, especially in the area of aircraft noise.This report also describes the consequences of changes due in noise indices for the Dutch situation. The way of calculating traffic noise differs a lot between different European countries. Biggest differences occur in calcultating the emission. Finally, noise standards in different European countries are compared. Again, it shows a big diversity, as well in the height of the standards as in the noise indices used.

Glare laminates are materials that consist of alternating aluminium and glass prepreg layers especially designed for aeroplane structures. The result is a material that combines the properties of its constituents and the properties of a bonded structure. Some of the favourable characteristics of Glare are its fatigue, impact and fire resistance properties and the possibility to create tailored design solutions. After 25 years of development and extensive investigations within the aerospace environment, Glare is now ready to be applied for industrial production. It will be applied in large parts of the new Airbus A380 fuselage, which is planned to have its first flight in 2004. This research describes the behaviour of Glare with holes that are made within production and the behaviour when the material is damaged due to an impact like for example a bird strike or an engine seperationf what creates cracks. These holes and this damage are regarded as blunt and sharp notches respectively. The failure mechanisms that were observed are investigated and function as the basis for the development of engineering calculation methods for the blunt and sharp notch behaviour of arbitrary Glare laminates. Additional research concerning the behaviour of spliced Glare laminates in the presence of notches, the presence of a crack in a row of holes and the development of Glare with crack stoppers is presented., Aerospace Engineering

Glare laminates are materials that consist of alternating aluminium and glass prepreg layers especially designed for aeroplane structures. The result is a material that combines the properties of its constituents and the properties of a bonded structure. Some of the favourable characteristics of Glare are its fatigue, impact and fire resistance properties and the possibility to create tailored design solutions. After 25 years of development and extensive investigations within the aerospace environment, Glare is now ready to be applied for industrial production. It will be applied in large parts of the new Airbus A380 fuselage, which is planned to have its first flight in 2004. This research describes the behaviour of Glare with holes that are made within production and the behaviour when the material is damaged due to an impact like for example a bird strike or an engine seperationf what creates cracks. These holes and this damage are regarded as blunt and sharp notches respectively. The failure mechanisms that were observed are investigated and function as the basis for the development of engineering calculation methods for the blunt and sharp notch behaviour of arbitrary Glare laminates. Additional research concerning the behaviour of spliced Glare laminates in the presence of notches, the presence of a crack in a row of holes and the development of Glare with crack stoppers is presented., Aerospace Engineering

Smoke spread via ventilation systems relying on running fans or bypasses can be calculated with performance based fire safety analyses tools. The focus of this thesis work was to review existing methods for treating this problem and to further develop current analysis methods. Suggestions are also made for setting up guidelines as to what are tolerable amounts of smoke spread depending on building type and the activity in the building. With the methods developed a number of practical systems have been assessed. Parametric studies have been performed to study how different system changes affect the possibility to prevent smoke spread via ventilation ducts. The work presented in this thesis is of relevance for selecting and optimising ventilation systems in practical situations. Calculations have been compared with results from full-scale fire tests. (Swedish)

An interactive boundary-layer method is described for computing unsteady incompressible flow over airfoils, including the initiation of dynamic stall. The inviscid unsteady panel method developed by Platzer and Teng is extended to include viscous effects. The solutions of the boundary-layer equations are obtained with an inverse finite-difference method employing an interaction law based on the Hilbert integral, and the algebraic eddy-viscosity formulation of Cebeci and Smith. The method is applied to airfoils subject to periodic and ramp-type motions and its abilities are examined for a range of angles of attack, reduced frequency, and pitch rate.