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This paper aims to examine the unique features of artisan enterprises in Ecuador and how cooperation programs and national peculiarities have influenced their development. Through descriptive and conceptual analysis, we can better understandhow these organizations have evolved within the historical and economic context of rural regions in Ecuador. The primary findings suggest that poverty alleviation and control measures have significantly impactedthe definition of artisan enterprises in Ecuador, which now closely resemble micro-enterprises. Development cooperation efforts in Ecuador have prioritized preserving artisanal production rather than replacing it with industrial production, promoting micro-enterprises growthas artisanal workshops., Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar las características únicas de las empresas artesanales en Ecuador y cómo los programas de cooperación y las peculiaridades nacionales han influido en su desarrollo. A través del análisis descriptivo y conceptual, podemos comprender mejor cómo han evolucionado estas organizaciones dentro del contexto histórico y económico de las regiones rurales del Ecuador. Los principales hallazgos sugieren que las medidas de control y alivio de la pobreza han impactado significativamente la definición de empresas artesanales en Ecuador, que ahora se parecen mucho a las microempresas. Los esfuerzos de cooperación al desarrollo en Ecuador han priorizado preservar la producción artesanal en lugar de reemplazarla con producción industrial, promoviendo el crecimiento de microempresas como talleres artesanales.

Background and Aims Patients with long atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) >= 24 h and stroke risk factors are often treated with anticoagulation for stroke prevention. Anticoagulation has never been compared with no anticoagulation in these patients. Methods This secondary pre-specified analysis of the Non-vitamin K antagonist Oral anticoagulants in patients with Atrial High-rate episodes (NOAH-AFNET 6) trial examined interactions between AHRE duration at baseline and anticoagulation with edoxaban compared with placebo in patients with AHRE and stroke risk factors. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of stroke, systemic embolism, or cardiovascular death. The safety outcome was a composite of major bleeding and death. Key secondary outcomes were components of these outcomes and electrocardiogram (ECG)-diagnosed atrial fibrillation. Results Median follow-up of 2389 patients with core lab-verified AHRE was 1.8 years. AHRE >= 24 h were present at baseline in 259/2389 patients (11%, 78 +/- 7 years old, 28% women, CHA2DS2-VASc 4). Clinical characteristics were not different from patients with shorter AHRE. The primary outcome occurred in 9/132 patients with AHRE >= 24 h (4.3%/patient-year, 2 strokes) treated with anticoagulation and in 14/127 patients treated with placebo (6.9%/patient-year, 2 strokes). Atrial high-rate episode duration did not interact with the efficacy (P-interaction = .65) or safety (P-interaction = .98) of anticoagulation. Analyses including AHRE as a continuous parameter confirmed this. Patients with AHRE >= 24 h developed more ECG-diagnosed atrial fibrillation (17.0%/patient-year) than patients with shorter AHRE (8.2%/patient-year; P < .001). Conclusions This hypothesis-generating analysis does not find an interaction between AHRE duration and anticoagulation therapy in patients with device-detected AHRE and stroke risk factors. Further research is needed to identify patients with long AHRE at high stroke risk.

Background and Aims Patients with long atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) >= 24 h and stroke risk factors are often treated with anticoagulation for stroke prevention. Anticoagulation has never been compared with no anticoagulation in these patients. Methods This secondary pre-specified analysis of the Non-vitamin K antagonist Oral anticoagulants in patients with Atrial High-rate episodes (NOAH-AFNET 6) trial examined interactions between AHRE duration at baseline and anticoagulation with edoxaban compared with placebo in patients with AHRE and stroke risk factors. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of stroke, systemic embolism, or cardiovascular death. The safety outcome was a composite of major bleeding and death. Key secondary outcomes were components of these outcomes and electrocardiogram (ECG)-diagnosed atrial fibrillation. Results Median follow-up of 2389 patients with core lab-verified AHRE was 1.8 years. AHRE >= 24 h were present at baseline in 259/2389 patients (11%, 78 +/- 7 years old, 28% women, CHA2DS2-VASc 4). Clinical characteristics were not different from patients with shorter AHRE. The primary outcome occurred in 9/132 patients with AHRE >= 24 h (4.3%/patient-year, 2 strokes) treated with anticoagulation and in 14/127 patients treated with placebo (6.9%/patient-year, 2 strokes). Atrial high-rate episode duration did not interact with the efficacy (P-interaction = .65) or safety (P-interaction = .98) of anticoagulation. Analyses including AHRE as a continuous parameter confirmed this. Patients with AHRE >= 24 h developed more ECG-diagnosed atrial fibrillation (17.0%/patient-year) than patients with shorter AHRE (8.2%/patient-year; P < .001). Conclusions This hypothesis-generating analysis does not find an interaction between AHRE duration and anticoagulation therapy in patients with device-detected AHRE and stroke risk factors. Further research is needed to identify patients with long AHRE at high stroke risk.

Background and Aims Patients with long atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) >= 24 h and stroke risk factors are often treated with anticoagulation for stroke prevention. Anticoagulation has never been compared with no anticoagulation in these patients. Methods This secondary pre-specified analysis of the Non-vitamin K antagonist Oral anticoagulants in patients with Atrial High-rate episodes (NOAH-AFNET 6) trial examined interactions between AHRE duration at baseline and anticoagulation with edoxaban compared with placebo in patients with AHRE and stroke risk factors. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of stroke, systemic embolism, or cardiovascular death. The safety outcome was a composite of major bleeding and death. Key secondary outcomes were components of these outcomes and electrocardiogram (ECG)-diagnosed atrial fibrillation. Results Median follow-up of 2389 patients with core lab-verified AHRE was 1.8 years. AHRE >= 24 h were present at baseline in 259/2389 patients (11%, 78 +/- 7 years old, 28% women, CHA2DS2-VASc 4). Clinical characteristics were not different from patients with shorter AHRE. The primary outcome occurred in 9/132 patients with AHRE >= 24 h (4.3%/patient-year, 2 strokes) treated with anticoagulation and in 14/127 patients treated with placebo (6.9%/patient-year, 2 strokes). Atrial high-rate episode duration did not interact with the efficacy (P-interaction = .65) or safety (P-interaction = .98) of anticoagulation. Analyses including AHRE as a continuous parameter confirmed this. Patients with AHRE >= 24 h developed more ECG-diagnosed atrial fibrillation (17.0%/patient-year) than patients with shorter AHRE (8.2%/patient-year; P < .001). Conclusions This hypothesis-generating analysis does not find an interaction between AHRE duration and anticoagulation therapy in patients with device-detected AHRE and stroke risk factors. Further research is needed to identify patients with long AHRE at high stroke risk.

Background and Aims Patients with long atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) >= 24 h and stroke risk factors are often treated with anticoagulation for stroke prevention. Anticoagulation has never been compared with no anticoagulation in these patients. Methods This secondary pre-specified analysis of the Non-vitamin K antagonist Oral anticoagulants in patients with Atrial High-rate episodes (NOAH-AFNET 6) trial examined interactions between AHRE duration at baseline and anticoagulation with edoxaban compared with placebo in patients with AHRE and stroke risk factors. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of stroke, systemic embolism, or cardiovascular death. The safety outcome was a composite of major bleeding and death. Key secondary outcomes were components of these outcomes and electrocardiogram (ECG)-diagnosed atrial fibrillation. Results Median follow-up of 2389 patients with core lab-verified AHRE was 1.8 years. AHRE >= 24 h were present at baseline in 259/2389 patients (11%, 78 +/- 7 years old, 28% women, CHA2DS2-VASc 4). Clinical characteristics were not different from patients with shorter AHRE. The primary outcome occurred in 9/132 patients with AHRE >= 24 h (4.3%/patient-year, 2 strokes) treated with anticoagulation and in 14/127 patients treated with placebo (6.9%/patient-year, 2 strokes). Atrial high-rate episode duration did not interact with the efficacy (P-interaction = .65) or safety (P-interaction = .98) of anticoagulation. Analyses including AHRE as a continuous parameter confirmed this. Patients with AHRE >= 24 h developed more ECG-diagnosed atrial fibrillation (17.0%/patient-year) than patients with shorter AHRE (8.2%/patient-year; P < .001). Conclusions This hypothesis-generating analysis does not find an interaction between AHRE duration and anticoagulation therapy in patients with device-detected AHRE and stroke risk factors. Further research is needed to identify patients with long AHRE at high stroke risk.

This work presents a systematic study of the properties (Light Output Non-Uniformity (LONU) and energy resolution) of two CsI(Tl) scintillation units over a span of almost three years, under adverse conditions of humidity and temperature. These two crystals are part of the CALIFA detector, a highly segmented calorimeter and spectrometer for rays and light-charged particles, that is placed surrounding the reaction target at Cave C, the experimental cave of the R B (Reactions with Radioactive Relativistic Beams) collaboration at the GSI-FAIR facilities in Darmstadt, Germany. The findings obtained after the experiment indicate that there was no significant impact on the performance in terms of resolution and LONU. This suggests that the employed wrapping for light collection effectively serves as an excellent barrier against humidity. As a result, the crystal is preserved in a far better condition than initially anticipated.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with long atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) ≥ 24 hours and stroke risk factors are often treated with anticoagulation for stroke prevention. Anticoagulation has never been compared to no anticoagulation in these patients. METHODS: This secondary prespecified analysis of NOAH-AFNET 6 examined interactions between AHRE duration at baseline and anticoagulation with edoxaban compared to placebo in patients with AHRE and stroke risk factors. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of stroke, systemic embolism, or cardiovascular death. The safety outcome was a composite of major bleeding and death. Key secondary outcomes were components of these outcomes and ECG-diagnosed atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: AHRE ≥24 hours were present at baseline in 259/2389 patients enrolled in NOAH-AFNET 6 (11%, 78 ± 7 years old, 28% women, CHA2DS2-VASc score 4). Clinical characteristics were not different from patients with shorter AHRE. During a median follow-up of 1.8 years, the primary outcome occurred in 9/132 patients with AHRE ≥24 hours (4.3%/patient-year, 2 strokes) treated with anticoagulation and in 14/127 patients treated with placebo (6.9%/patient-year, 2 strokes). AHRE duration did not interact with the efficacy (p-interaction = 0.65) or safety (p-interaction = 0.98) of anticoagulation. Analyses including AHRE as a continuous parameter confirmed this. Patients with AHRE ≥24 hours developed more ECG-diagnosed atrial fibrillation (17.0%/patient-year) than patients with shorter AHRE (8.2%/patient-year; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This hypothesis-generating analysis does not find an interaction between AHRE duration and anticoagulation therapy in patients with device-detected AHRE and stroke risk factors. Further research is needed to identify patients with long AHRE at high stroke risk., NOAH-AFNET6 was partially funded by BMBF (German Ministry of Education and Research, Berlin, Germany) through the DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany, grant number FKZ 81X2800182) and by Daiichi Sankyo Europe. Further support was provided by European Union CATCH ME (grant agreement no. 633196) to P.K. and U.S. and AFNET; AFFECTEU (grant agreement no. 847770) to P.K.; MAESTRIA (grant agreement 965286) to A.G., P.K., U.S. and AFNET; British Heart Foundation (AA/18/2/34218) to P.K.; German Research Foundation (Ki 509167694) to P.K.; DZHK (grant numbers 81Z0710116 and 81Z0710110) to P.K., Leducq Foundation to P.K., and the Dutch Heart Foundation (EmbRACE, grant number 01–002-2022-0118) to U.S. P.K. was partially supported by European Union AFFECT-EU (grant agreement no. 847770), MAESTRIA (grant agreement no. 965286), and British Heart Foundation (PG/17/30/32961; PG/20/22/35093; AA/18/2/34218); German Center for Cardiovascular Research supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research (DZHK, grant numbers DZHK FKZ 81X2800182, 81Z0710116, and 81Z0710110), German Research Foundation (Ki 509167694), and Leducq Foundation. R.B.S. has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement no. 648131, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement no. 847770 (AFFECTEU); German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.) (81Z1710103 and 81Z0710114); German Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF 01ZX1408A) and ERACoSysMed3 (031L0239); and Wolfgang Seefried project funding German Heart Foundation.

Cold-Water Corals play a paramount role in marine benthic ecosystems, increasing their complexity and providing spawning and nursery habitats to many species. However, due to their sessile lifestyle and ramified shape they are commonly entangled in nets and even by-caught during the practice of bottom-contact fishing, which includes impacts from both large-scale activities such as trawling and small-scale fishing (e.g., trammel nets or pots). In this context, passive and active restoration measures are crucial to avoid their damage and disappearance, which might cause the consequent loss of complexity and biodiversity of marine benthic communities. With the aim of modifying these fishing practices in the Marine Protected Area of Cap de Creus (North-Western Mediterranean), small-scale fishers and scientists (marine biologists) started a Participatory Process in which they agreed to develop a joint marine conservation program combining two distinct projects: a restoration project of the Cold-Water Corals incidentally captured on fishing nets for their subsequent reintroduction at sea (RESCAP project) and also a project on mitigation of fishing impacts on marine benthic communities (MITICAP project). Collaborative actions were carried out including interviews and exchanges of information with the purpose of collecting all the knowledge required for conducting the actions of the projects. This study shows the results of the assessment throughout five years (2017-2022) of cooperative work and highlights how crucial it is to develop long-term and revisable ocean literacy strategies for ensuring a sustainable ocean governance. An ocean literacy test evaluated the scientific knowledge of fishers at the end of the projects and revealed that despite all the efforts applied, still more work is needed, which reinforces the importance of improving the strategies of knowledge transfer for MPA management. Under the coordination of marine social anthropologists, a Cultural Consensu

BACKGROUND Device-detected atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) are atrial arrhythmias detected by implanted cardiac devices. AHREs resemble atrial fibrillation but are rare and brief. Whether the occurrence of AHREs in patients without atrial fibrillation (as documented on a conventional electrocardiogram [ECG]) justifies the initiation of anticoagulants is not known. METHODS We conducted an event-driven, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized trial involving patients 65 years of age or older who had AHREs lasting for at least 6 minutes and who had at least one additional risk factor for stroke. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive edoxaban or placebo. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, stroke, or systemic embolism, evaluated in a time-to-event analysis. The safety outcome was a composite of death from any cause or major bleeding. RESULTS The analysis population consisted of 2536 patients (1270 in the edoxaban group and 1266 in the placebo group). The mean age was 78 years, 37.4% were women, and the median duration of AHREs was 2.8 hours. The trial was terminated early, at a median follow-up of 21 months, on the basis of safety concerns and the results of an independent, informal assessment of futility for the efficacy of edoxaban; at termination, the planned enrollment had been completed. A primary efficacy outcome event occurred in 83 patients (3.2% per patient-year) in the edoxaban group and in 101 patients (4.0% per patient-year) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60 to 1.08; P = 0.15). The incidence of stroke was approximately 1% per patient-year in both groups. A safety outcome event occurred in 149 patients (5.9% per patient-year) in the edoxaban group and in 114 patients (4.5% per patient-year) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.67; P = 0.03). ECG-diagnosed atrial fibrillation developed in 462 of 2536 patients (18.2% total, 8.7% per patient-y

Although Astrospartus mediterraneus (Risso, 1826) is an emblematic Mediterranean species, limited information is currently available, as it has not received much attention from the marine scientific community to date. In this context, an unusually high abundance of this basket star was observed in 2018 as part of the by-catch of local artisanal fishers in the Cap de Creus area (NW Mediterranean Sea). Indeed, fishers reported that this species had increased in abundance and expanded its distribution in recent years, ultimately interfering with their fishing activity. As such, this study aimed to elucidate the abundance, distribution, size, and structure of A. mediterraneus populations, as well as to evaluate the potential impact this species has on artisanal fisheries’ performance in the study area. To such aim, this work benefited from the Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of the fishers, by-catch analyses of regular fishing events and video transects recorded employing Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV). Results show that A. mediterraneus has a specific distribution in the study area, mainly driven by habitat requirements. High abundances of the basket star were associated with rocky substrates with the presence of gorgonians, located between 50 and 80 m depth and preferentially occurringon sloping areas. Despite the lack of long-time monitoring data, A. mediterraneus' aggregations recorded in the studied area are the densest ones so far reported for the whole Mediterranean Sea with peakvalues of 18 ind. m−2 and a mean density of 0.45 ind. m −2 ± 0.71 ind. m−2. Additionally, the average size of their central disks (2.67 ± 0.97 cm), suggests that this is rather young population, which could be possibly linked with the beginning of a massive outbreak, which would be in accordance with the fishers’ own experiences, as it seems apparent that the species has been on the rise in recent years. Furt

Atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) are atrial tachyarrhythmias detected by continuous rhythm monitoring by pacemakers, defibrillators, or implantable cardiac monitors. Atrial high-rate episodes occur in 10-30% of elderly patients without atrial fibrillation. However, it remains unclear whether the presence of these arrhythmias has therapeutic consequences. The presence of AHRE increases the risk of stroke compared with patients without AHRE. Oral anticoagulation would have the potential to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AHRE but is also associated with a rate of major bleeding of & SIM;2%/year. The stroke rate in patients with AHRE appears to be lower than the stroke rate in patients with atrial fibrillation. Wearables like smart-watches will increase the absolute number of patients in whom atrial arrhythmias are detected. It remains unclear whether anticoagulation is effective and, equally important, safe in patients with AHRE. Two randomized clinical trials, NOAH-AFNET6 and ARTESiA, are expected to report soon. They will provide much-needed information on the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulation in patients with AHRE.

Atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) are atrial tachyarrhythmias detected by continuous rhythm monitoring by pacemakers, defibrillators, or implantable cardiac monitors. Atrial high-rate episodes occur in 10-30% of elderly patients without atrial fibrillation. However, it remains unclear whether the presence of these arrhythmias has therapeutic consequences. The presence of AHRE increases the risk of stroke compared with patients without AHRE. Oral anticoagulation would have the potential to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AHRE but is also associated with a rate of major bleeding of & SIM;2%/year. The stroke rate in patients with AHRE appears to be lower than the stroke rate in patients with atrial fibrillation. Wearables like smart-watches will increase the absolute number of patients in whom atrial arrhythmias are detected. It remains unclear whether anticoagulation is effective and, equally important, safe in patients with AHRE. Two randomized clinical trials, NOAH-AFNET6 and ARTESiA, are expected to report soon. They will provide much-needed information on the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulation in patients with AHRE.

Atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) are atrial tachyarrhythmias detected by continuous rhythm monitoring by pacemakers, defibrillators, or implantable cardiac monitors. Atrial high-rate episodes occur in 10-30% of elderly patients without atrial fibrillation. However, it remains unclear whether the presence of these arrhythmias has therapeutic consequences. The presence of AHRE increases the risk of stroke compared with patients without AHRE. Oral anticoagulation would have the potential to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AHRE but is also associated with a rate of major bleeding of & SIM;2%/year. The stroke rate in patients with AHRE appears to be lower than the stroke rate in patients with atrial fibrillation. Wearables like smart-watches will increase the absolute number of patients in whom atrial arrhythmias are detected. It remains unclear whether anticoagulation is effective and, equally important, safe in patients with AHRE. Two randomized clinical trials, NOAH-AFNET6 and ARTESiA, are expected to report soon. They will provide much-needed information on the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulation in patients with AHRE.

Atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) are atrial tachyarrhythmias detected by continuous rhythm monitoring by pacemakers, defibrillators, or implantable cardiac monitors. Atrial high-rate episodes occur in 10-30% of elderly patients without atrial fibrillation. However, it remains unclear whether the presence of these arrhythmias has therapeutic consequences. The presence of AHRE increases the risk of stroke compared with patients without AHRE. Oral anticoagulation would have the potential to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AHRE but is also associated with a rate of major bleeding of & SIM;2%/year. The stroke rate in patients with AHRE appears to be lower than the stroke rate in patients with atrial fibrillation. Wearables like smart-watches will increase the absolute number of patients in whom atrial arrhythmias are detected. It remains unclear whether anticoagulation is effective and, equally important, safe in patients with AHRE. Two randomized clinical trials, NOAH-AFNET6 and ARTESiA, are expected to report soon. They will provide much-needed information on the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulation in patients with AHRE.

Bottom trawling can significantly affect benthic communities, directly through immediate removal of sessile organisms and indirectly through sediment resuspension. Submarine canyons, often surrounded by fishing grounds, are important habitats for cold-water corals (CWC). Vulnerability of CWCs to increased suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is key to understanding the severity of bottom trawling effects on those communities. Here we show survival, growth, and physiological response of six CWCs from a Mediterranean submarine canyon (Dendrophyllia cornigera, Desmophyllum dianthus, Desmophyllum pertusum, Madrepora oculata, Leiopathes glaberrima and Muriceides lepida), exposed to a long-term, aquarium-based sedimentary disturbance experiment. Compared to cup coral and octocoral, which did not exhibit symptoms of distress, our data indicate that colonial scleractinian corals and black coral, which experienced substantial polyp mortality in enhanced SSC treatments, are more vulnerable. Indirect impact of bottom trawling could thus contribute to structural simplification of CWC communities posing an additional stressor alongside with global climate change

Atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) are atrial tachyarrhythmias detected by continuous rhythm monitoring by pacemakers, defibrillators, or implantable cardiac monitors. Atrial high-rate episodes occur in 10-30% of elderly patients without atrial fibrillation. However, it remains unclear whether the presence of these arrhythmias has therapeutic consequences. The presence of AHRE increases the risk of stroke compared with patients without AHRE. Oral anticoagulation would have the potential to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with AHRE but is also associated with a rate of major bleeding of & SIM;2%/year. The stroke rate in patients with AHRE appears to be lower than the stroke rate in patients with atrial fibrillation. Wearables like smart-watches will increase the absolute number of patients in whom atrial arrhythmias are detected. It remains unclear whether anticoagulation is effective and, equally important, safe in patients with AHRE. Two randomized clinical trials, NOAH-AFNET6 and ARTESiA, are expected to report soon. They will provide much-needed information on the efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulation in patients with AHRE.

Although Astrospartus mediterraneus (Risso, 1826) is an emblematic Mediterranean species, limited information is currently available, as it has not received much attention from the marine scientific community to date. In this context, an unusually high abundance of this basket star was observed in 2018 as part of the by-catch of local artisanal fishers in the Cap de Creus area (NW Mediterranean Sea). Indeed, fishers reported that this species had increased in abundance and expanded its distribution in recent years, ultimately interfering with their fishing activity. As such, this study aimed to elucidate the abundance, distribution, size, and structure of A. mediterraneus populations, as well as to evaluate the potential impact this species has on artisanal fisheries’ performance in the study area. To such aim, this work benefited from the Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of the fishers, by-catch analyses of regular fishing events and video transects recorded employing Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV). Results show that A. mediterraneus has a specific distribution in the study area, mainly driven by habitat requirements. High abundances of the basket star were associated with rocky substrates with the presence of gorgonians, located between 50 and 80 m depth and preferentially occurring on sloping areas. Despite the lack of long-time monitoring data, A. mediterraneus' aggregations recorded in the studied area are the densest ones so far reported for the whole Mediterranean Sea with peak values of 18 ind. m−2 and a mean density of 0.45 ind. m−2 ± 0.71 ind. m−2. Additionally, the average size of their central disks (2.67 ± 0.97 cm), suggests that this is rather young population, which could be possibly linked with the beginning of a massive outbreak, which would be in accordance with the fishers’ own experiences, as it seems apparent that the species has been on the rise in recent years. Furthermore, they unanimously consider this proliferation to be a considerable hand

[EN] The bycatch of these organisms damages the nets and hinders the fishing activity, which is creating unrest in the Catalan fishermen's associations, [ES] La captura accidental de estos organismos daña las redes y dificulta la actividad pesquera, lo que está creando malestar en las cofradías catalanas, [CAT] La captura accidental d’aquests organismes fa malbé les xarxes i dificulta l’activitat pesquera, la qual cosa està creant malestar a les confraries catalanes

The buying center (BC) has captivated the attention of researchers for >50 years, becoming a central element of organizational buying behavior. While it seems easy to identify the BC participants in any given situation, the marketing literature lacks an integrative framework for examining the nature of BC. The purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to develop a rigorous BC conceptual model; (2) to provide an assessment of the BC state-of-the-art; and (3) to identify key opportunities for future research. Based on a systematic literature review, the descriptive findings indicate a decreasing number of publications since the late 2000s and that top-tier marketing journals have been almost silent since the early 90s. The domain-based findings suggest a three-layer model driving a thorough understanding of the concept, the main stages associated with BC deployment (formation, dynamics, and outcomes), and the contextual factors influencing BC decision-making.

An online reverse auction (ORA) is a dynamic procurement mechanism that allows suppliers to compete in real time via a platform to gain a buyer's business. The ORA is a technological tool introduced in the late 1990s, gaining proponents and detractors among practitioners and academics. Remarkably, while practitioner interest in ORAs has grown, related marketing and supply chain management (SCM) research has declined. This contradiction between theory and practice suggests the need to conduct a systematic review to provide readers with a state-of-the-art understanding of ORAs and recommend fruitful avenues for further research. We focus on the marketing literature and contrast the findings with SCM literature, in such an analysis practical relevance is stressed. Our study offers three main contributions: (1) integration of the cumulative marketing knowledge on ORAs in the 2002–2020 period, (2) development of a three-layer framework of the ORA domain (i.e., conceptualization, ORA as a process, and research setting), and (3) construction of a new research agenda to deal with scholarly challenges and emerging trends.

La investigación en rayos cósmicos constituye, junto con las ondas gravitacionales, los rayos gammas de alta energía y los neutrinos, uno de los cuatro pilares de la llamada Astronomía Multimensajero. Los cuatro lineas son complementarias y juntas deben de abrirnos el paso a una mejor comprensión sobre la composición y el origen de la dinámica del universo. En el caso de los rayos cósmicos, tanto su origen como los procesos mediante los cuales alcanzan las elevadas energías siguen siendo desconocidos y son una fuente de investigación intensa y costosa. De hecho, desentrañar la física que hay detrás de la aceleración de los rayos cósmicos y su propagación en el medio interestelar con la finalidad de descubrir su naturaleza, es una de las principales actividades en este campo. A su vez los rayos cósmicos que llegan a la atmósfera terrestre, donde producen miles de millones de partículas secundarias, actúan a modo de rayos X, proporcionándonos información de todo el espacio atravesado hasta llegar a nuestros detectores. Durante los últimos años, en la Univ. de Santiago de Compostela se ha puesto en marcha un extenso programa para desarrollar una nueva familia de detectores de rayos cósmicos llamados TRASGOS, de los que ya hay varios operativos. Uno de ellos, llamado TRAGALDABAS, está tomando datos de forma regulara en la F. Física de la USC desde 2015 y un segundo, llamado TRISTAN, ha participado en dos campañas antárticas y estuvo tomando datos de calibración en la USC durante varios meses. Este trabajo pretende centrarse en el estudio comparado de los datos de rayos cósmicos tomados por ambos detectores mientras estuvieron tomando datos de forma paralela, lo que permitirá tanto su intercalibración como acceder a los datos de rayos cósmicos con una precisión óptima con el objeto de intentare descubrir nuevos efectos.

Astrospartus mediterraneus (Risso, 1826) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) is an emblematic Mediterranean species yet, it has few reports and hasn’t received much attention from the marine scientific community to date. In the framework of a project to assess how to mitigate the impact of artisanal fishing on benthic communities at the Site of Community Importance (SCI) of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean) (MITICAP Project), an unusually high abundance of the basket star (A. mediterraneus) was observed in 2018 as part of the by-catch of the local artisanal fishers. Indeed, the fishers involved in the project reported that this species had increased in abundance and expanded its distribution over the past years, ultimately interfering with their fishing activity. This work benefits from the Local Ecological Knowledge of the fishers, analyses field surveys and aims to elucidate the abundance, distribution, size, and structure of A. mediterraneus populations; as well as to examine the possible impact this species has on the artisanal fisheries performance. Data collection was performed through bycatch photo analysis of regular fishing events from May to August, analysis of video-transects recorded by means of Remote Operated Vehicles and conducting interviews with fishers to identify the impact. Basket stars were associated with rocky substrates with presence of gorgonians located between 50 to 80 m depth, preferentially occurring on sloping areas. Despite their high abundances (0.45±0.71 ind/m2), the aggregations witnessed in the Cap de Creus area could not be determined as an outbreak due to the lack of longtime monitoring data thus, yet it seems apparent based on the LEK of the fishers that the species has been on the rise for the past years and they unanimously consider that its proliferation causes them a handicap in terms of monetary and time losses

Las reservas marinas de interés pesquero son espacios protegidos cuyo objetivo principal es la regeneración de los recursos pesqueros y la conservación de la riqueza natural y de los ecosistemas. En este proyecto, investigamos el efecto de la implementación de una red de reservas marinas aprobadas recientemente por el Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, en la recuperación de especies impactadas por la pesca y el ecosistema donde habitan estas especies estudiando el grado de conectividad espacial entre las especies en la red de reservas. También se intentará revertir el pobre estado de conservación de los hábitats bentónicos del margen continental catalán y restablecer sus principales servicios y funciones del ecosistema llevando a cabo una restauración de dichas reservas marinas de interés pesquero mediante el retorno en el mar de los organismos recuperados en colaboración con las barcas de pesca

The canning industry plays a crucial role in the sector of marine foods, but produces several organic wastes and effluents with reduced economic value that must be upgraded to comply with the circular bioeconomy principles. Initially, we have searched the best experimental conditions for the hydrolysis of upper and lower halves from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) heads by four commercial proteases (alcalase, papain, protamex and esperase). Then, optimal conditions were corroborated at 5 L pH-Stat reactor producing fish oil, bones and fish protein hydrolysates (FPH). Alcalase and esperase applied on upper head were the options that led to the largest volumes of oils recovered, and the highest degrees of hydrolysis, digestion yields and concentrations of protein in FPH. Fish oils showed an excellent content in omega-3 fatty acids, mainly the highly valued docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In the case of FPH, the proportion of human essential amino acids was higher than 40% and the average protein size in the interval 1400–1800 Da. Finally, these hydrolysates were incorporated, as source of protein material in substitution of commercial peptones, in two types of bacterial culture media (marine and Man-Rogosa-Sharpe, MRS). The bioproductions of the four bacteria assayed (two lactic acid bacteria and two marine probiotic bacteria) in the low-cost media formulated with tuna hydrolysates were generally similar or even higher than found in commercial broths. The whole of these results evidenced the validity of the present proposal, aimed to the integral production of valuable biocompounds, in order to contribute to a more sustainable tuna canning industry

Tisochrysis lutea is an important microalgal species for fucoxanthin and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production with an optimum cultivation temperature of approximately 30 °C. The aim of the present work was to develop a winter strain with high productivity at 15 °C. The response of the original strain to a decrease in temperature from 30 °C to 15 °C was investigated in continuous turbidostat experiments. This was followed by adaptation for >180 days at 15 °C and 2 rounds of sorting for cells with high chlorophyll fluorescence (top 5%) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). For the original strain the productivity of biomass, fucoxanthin, and DHA decreased by 92 %, 98 % and 85 % respectively when decreasing the temperature from 30 °C to 15 °C. In the sorted cold-adapted ‘winter strain’, biomass, fucoxanthin, and DHA productivities were similar to those at 30 °C. In addition, the fucoxanthin concentration increased from 1.11 to 4.24 mg g−1 dry weight and the polar lipid fraction in total fatty acids increased from 21 % to 55 %. The winter strain showed a robust and stable phenotype after one year of cultivation, expanding the outdoor fucoxanthin and lipid production seasons for this species.

[EN] Fishing is one of the human activities with the highest impact on seabeds. During the past hundred years it has gradually expanded to deeper waters, and almost all continental shelf and slopes worldwide have now been fished to some extent. In EU managed fishing grounds between 200 and 1000 m depth, it is estimated that bottom trawling has impacted between 2% and 77% of the total area (Eigaard et al. 2017). This has caused a substantial degradation of vulnerable marine ecosystems, which are generally formed by long-lived, slow growing, sessile (attached to the seafloor) structuring organisms. Among these ecosystems, we encounter sponge grounds, coral gardens and cold-water coral reefs that provide habitat to a wide range of associated species, several of which are targeted by fishing fleets. In addition, the ecological effects of bottom trawling on these ecosystems is extremely long-lasting, as no sign of recovery has been observed in areas closed to trawling for more than ten years (Clark et al. 2019). […], [ES] La pesca es una de las actividades humanas con un mayor impacto sobre los fondos marinos. Durante el siglo pasado, la pesca se expandió progresivamente a aguas más profundas. En la actualidad, casi todas las plataformas y taludes continentales del mundo han sido explotados. En las zonas de pesca gestionadas por la UE entre 200 y 1000 m de profundidad, se estima que la pesca de arrastre de fondo ha impactado entre el 2% y el 77% de la superficie (Eigaard et al. 2017). Consecuentemente, se ha producido una degradación sustancial de ecosistemas marinos vulnerables, que generalmente albergan organismos sésiles (organismos fijados al fondo marino) estructurantes. Estos organismos se caracterizan por tener un crecimiento lento, ser muy longevos y presentar una estructura tridimensional compleja (patrones de ramificación intrincados). Entre los distintos ecosistemas vulnerables encontramos fondos de esponjas, agregaciones de octocorales o arrecifes de coral de aguas frías que proporcionan hábitat a una amplia gama de especies asociadas, varias de las cuales son explotadas por flotas pesqueras. Cabe destacar, los efectos adversos de la pesca de arrastre sobre estos ecosistemas ya que son extremadamente duraderos. En este sentido, en algunos ecosistemas vulnerables impactados por la pesca de arrastre no se han observado signos de recuperación incluso 10 años después del cese de la actividad pesquera (Clark et al. 2019). […], [CAT] La pesca és una de les activitats humanes amb un major impacte sobre els fons marins. Durant el segle passat la pesca es va expandir progressivament a aigües més profundes. En l’actualitat, gairebé totes les plataformes i talussos continentals del món han estat explotats. A les zones de pesca gestionades per la UE entre 200 i 1000 m de profunditat, s’estima que la pesca d’arrossegament de fons ha impactat entre el 2% i el 77% de la superfície (Eigaard et al. 2017). Conseqüentment, s’ha produït una degradació substancial d’ecosistemes marins vulnerables, que generalment alberguen organismes sèssils (organismes fixats al fons marí) estructurants. Aquests organismes es caracteritzen per tenir un creixement lent, ser molt longeus i presentar una estructura tridimensional complexa (morfologia arborescent, patrons de ramificació intricats). Entre els diferents ecosistemes vulnerables trobem fons d’esponges, agregacions d’octocorals o esculls de corals d’aigües fredes que proporcionen hàbitat a una àmplia gamma d’espècies associades, motles de les quals són explotades per flotes pesqueres. Cal destacar, els efectes adversos de la pesca d’arrossegament sobre aquests ecosistemes perquè són extremadament duradors. En aquest sentit, hi han ecosistemes vulnerables impactats per la pesca de róssec on no s’han observat signes de recuperació inclús 10 anys després d’haver finalizat el ròssec (Clark et al. 2019). […]

[EN] During the 20th and 21st centuries, the growing demand for marine resources by Mediterranean countries has led to a gradual increase in fishing pressure. As a result, both coastal and continental Mediterranean waters have suffered from the impacts of trawling and, to a lesser extent, of artisanal fishing with longlines, trammel nets and other minor fishing gear (Grinyó et al. 2021, Demestre et al. 2021). Following the indications proposed by the European Marine Strategy, a set of particularly vulnerable areas has begun to be delimited, and protection measures are to be implemented for their conservation (Law 41/2010, of 29 December, on marine protection; https://www.boe.es/eli/s/l/2010/12/29/41). These areas seek to develop integrated policies to promote sustainable fishing practices that prevent the over-exploitation of natural resources while at the same time mitigating the impacts that may occur on benthic habitats, which are those found directly on the seafloor. Although fisher’s gilds are still operative in most marine protected areas, only a minority of scientific studies and management plans have integrated the experience and knowledge of fishers in such areas. This scant involvement of fishers in drawing up the management measures often results in their opposition to them, as well as a lack of motivation regarding proposals for a more sustaniable explotation and preservation of the marine environment. […], [ES] Durante los siglos XX y XXI, la creciente demanda de recursos marinos por parte de los países mediterráneos ha conllevado un aumento progresivo de la presión pesquera. Como consecuencia, tanto los fondos litorales como los de la plataforma continental han sufrido y sufren los impactos de la pesca de arrastre, y en menor medida, de la pesca artesanal con palangre, trasmallo de fondo y otros artes de pesca menores (Demestre et al. 2021, Grinyó et al. 2021). En este sentido, y siguiendo las indicaciones propuestas por la Estrategia Marina Europea, se ha empezado a delimitar un conjunto de áreas especialmente vulnerables donde se pretende aplicar medidas de protección para la conservación de sus fondos (Ley 41/2010, de 29 de diciembre, de protección del medio marino; https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2010/12/29/41). En estas áreas se busca desarrollar políticas integradas para promover prácticas de pesca sostenible que eviten la sobreexplotación de los recursos naturales y al mismo tiempo permitan mitigar los impactos que puedan producirse sobre los hábitats bentónicos, que son aquellos que se encuentran directamente sobre el lecho marino. A pesar de que actualmente en la mayoría de las áreas marinas protegidas siguen trabajando pescadores, sólo una minoría de los estudios científicos y planes de gestión han integrado la experiencia y el conocimiento de los mismos sobre dichas zonas. Esta escasa implicación de los pescadores en la elaboración de las distintas medidas de gestión suele generar un rechazo de las mismas por parte del sector pesquero, lo que a menudo conlleva una falta de motivación a la hora de implementar propuestas para conservar el medio marino y buscar un uso más sostenible del mismo. […], [CAT] Durant els segles XX i XXI, la creixent demanda de recursos marins per part dels països mediterranis ha comportat un augment progressiu de la pressió pesquera. Com a conseqüència, tant els fons litorals com els de la plataforma continental mediterrània han sofert i sofreixen els impactes de la pesca d’arrossegament, i en menor mesura de la pesca artesanal amb palangre, tresmall de fons i altres arts de pesca menors (Grinyó et al. 2021, Demestre et al. 2021). En aquest sentit, i seguint les indicacions proposades per l’Estratègia Marina Europea, s’ha començat a delimitar un conjunt d’àrees especialment vulnerables on es pretén aplicar mesures de protecció per a la conservació dels seus fons (Llei 41/2010, de 29 de desembre, de protecció del medi marí; https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2010/12/29/41). En aquestes àrees es busca desenvolupar polítiques integrades per a promoure pràctiques de pesca sostenible que evitin la sobreexplotació dels recursos naturals i al mateix temps permetin mitigar els impactes que puguin produir-se sobre els hàbitats bentònics, que són aquells que es localitzen directament sobre el llit marí. En aquest sentit, tot i que en l’actualitat en la majoria de les àrees marines protegides continuen treballant-hi pescadors, només una minoria dels estudis científics i plans de gestió han integrat l’experiència i el coneixement dels pescadors sobre aquestes zones. Aquesta escassa implicació dels pescadors en l’elaboració de les diferents mesures de gestió sol generar un rebuig de les mateixes per part del sector pesquer, la qual cosa sovint comporta una falta de motivació a l’hora d’implementar propostes per a conservar el medi marí i buscar una explotació més sostenible d’aquest. […]

Gorgonians are one of the main ecosystem engineers on marine benthic ecosystems across a wide range of latitudes and depths. These organisms play a key role in marine benthic communities, and thanks to their complex tridimensional structures, they provide shelter and nursery grounds to marine species acting as habitat-forming species, among other functions. After more than a 5 yearlong experience on restoration projects in the Catalan continental platform1 and the new RRI participatory approaches of the European project ResBios2, there were enough evidences to believe on the existence of a dense population of Leoptogorgia sarmentosa (Esper, 1791) within Barcelona’s waters, which led to the project “Gorgònia Barcelona”3. This project was born in 2021 in Barcelona, one of the cities with more inhabitants of the Mediterranean, in collaboration with the Catalan Federation of Subaquatic Activities (FECDAS) and local social associations. This project counts with the support of the City Hall of Barcelona and the community of practices of biosciences & RRI from ResBios. The framework of the project consists of two base grounds: 1) prospective activities on the study area and regular samplings of L. sarmentosa for aquaria experiments regarding future active restoration techniques for the species. 2) the potential development of a new submarine touristic attraction in the city, in collaboration with FECDAS and local social associations. Participatory processes involving different stakeholders (local government actors, educators, policy makers, diving centres, neighborhood institutions, citizenship) are followed. The project’s approach allows not only to set a base ground for experimental analysis and explore improvements on existing marine restoring techniques, but also to conduct epistemological studies and contribute to ocean literacy and to blue economy of the city of Barcelona. In order to face the next challenges of our time we should re-consider our knowledge but also o

Des del 2018 s’han recuperat 2.800 colònies que queden atrapades a les xarxes de pesca i es retornen posteriorment al fons marí de nou

Simulation results for light transport in long tapered CsI(Tl) crystals using look-up tables (LUTs) are presented. The LUTs were derived from the topography of a polished and a lapped surface of a CsI(Tl) crystal measured with atomic force microscopy. Simulations with different combinations of polished and lapped surfaces were performed, to extract the non-uniformity of light collection depending on the interaction point, and compared to experimental results. The simulations reproduce the general trend given by the measurements, and show that more homogeneous light collection is attained when all lateral sides of the crystal are lapped. For the lapped crystal the simulation model is most sensitive to the reflectivity of the enhanced specular reflector (ESR) foil surrounding the crystal, which is one of several properties influencing the light transport examined in this study. The sensitivity of the light-output non-uniformity to variations in the absorption length observed in a batch of CsI(Tl) crystals in a previous study is also discussed. Residual differences between the simulation and the measurements can potentially be attributed to the scattering of scintillation photons inside the materials used. Additional measurements to further advance the construction of the simulation model are suggested.

Des del 2018 s’han recuperat 2.800 colònies que queden atrapades a les xarxes de pesca i es retornen posteriorment al fons marí de nou

Cold-water gorgonians dwelling on the continental shelf are a common by-catch of bottom-contact fishing practices. Given the slow growth and limited recruitment of cold-water gorgonians, the impact of fishing activities may seriously compromise the conservation of the highly complex coral gardens communities. For this reason, the development of effective active and passive restoration methods is nowadays a priority in order to enhance the natural recovery of impacted cold-water coral gardens. However, the ecological restoration of mesophotic and deep-sea communities remains extremely limited, due to its technological requirements and associated costs, which bring its wide-scale and long-term application into question. This study reports the preliminary results of the first large-scale active restoration of more than 400 cold-water gorgonians on the Mediterranean continental shelf. By actively involving local fishers during two consecutive fishing seasons, by-catch gorgonians were recovered and returned to the continental shelf (at 80–90 m depth). The monitoring surveys performed by using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) revealed that 460 gorgonian transplants survived over an area of 0.23 ha. The reintroduced cold-water gorgonian population was compared to a reference natural population in terms of size and spatial structure. The cost of the restoration amounted to 140,000 €/ha, which is significantly lower than that of any deep-sea restoration actions performed to date. The results of this cost-effective active restoration highlight the viability of large-scale restoration of impacted cold-water coral communities, with promising results for the conservation and recovery of mesophotic and deep-sea ecosystems

To optimize fucoxanthin production in Tisochrysis lutea, the effect of different process parameters on fucoxanthin productivity (Pfx) were evaluated using batch and continuous experiments. In batch, the highest Pfx was found at 30 °C and 300 μmol m−2 s−1, allowing to design continuous experiments to optimize the dilution rate. The highest ever reported Pfx (9.43–9.81 mg L−1 d−1) was achieved at dilution rates of 0.53 and 0.80 d−1. Irradiance was varied (50–500 μmol m−2 s−1) to result in a range of absorbed light between 2.23 and 25.80 mol m−2 d−1 at a fixed dilution rate (0.53 d−1). These experiments validated the hypothesis that light absorbed can be used to predict fucoxanthin content, resulting in 2.23 mol m−2 d−1 triggering the highest fucoxanthin content (16.39 mg/g). The highest Pfx was found with 18.38 mol m−2 d−1. These results can be used to achieve high Pfx or fucoxanthin content during cultivation of Tisochrysis lutea.

Los trabajos que integran este volumen constituyen una muestra significativa de las aportaciones actuales de la lingüística de corpus en el ámbito hispánico. La primera parte está dedicada al análisis de fenómenos gramaticales con datos de corpus. La segunda se centra en el diseño y elaboración de corpus textuales de diverso tipo, con especial atención a las posibilidades de recuperación y explotación de los datos que contienen. En ambos bloques se pone de manifiesto la variedad de recursos y métodos de análisis propiciados por el desarrollo de corpus tanto del español como de otras lenguas (gallego, portugués, alemán). Varios capítulos muestran la necesidad de un enfoque plurilingüe, bien para dar cuenta de fenómenos de variación y cambio en situaciones de contacto, bien para desarrollar recursos lingüísticos para la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras o para la traducción. La autoría plural de la obra configura un panorama diverso y estimulante de las posibilidades que ofrece la lingüística de corpus para profundizar en el conocimiento de las lenguas.

Objetivos: Se conoce que el tratamiento de microabrasión es efectivo para el tratamiento de las decoloraciones dentales, pero el diente sufre un desgaste y queda debilitado, es por esto, que, en la actualidad, se realiza posteriormente un tratamiento de remineralización con una serie de compuestos para recuperar los minerales perdidos del diente. Por lo que, este trabajo quiere dar a conocer las ventajas que se consiguen añadiendo un proceso de remineralización después de la microabrasión en el tratamiento de las lesiones en esmalte. Material y métodos: Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica para hacer una comparativa y dar a conocer las ventajas de combinar la microabrasión con la remineralización del esmalte en el tratamiento de las decoloraciones dentales. Resultados: Se confirma que el uso de agentes remineralizantes promueven una mejora en la estructura del diente después del tratamiento con microabrasivos en el tratamiento de las lesiones del esmalte. Conclusión: El tratamiento combinado de microabrasión y remineralización es el tratamiento ideal para la eliminación de las decoloraciones dentales, ya que le proporciona una serie de ventajas a la superficie del esmalte., Objective: It is known that the microabrasion treatment is effective for the treatment of dental discolorations, but the tooth suffers from wear and gets weakened. Which is why, subsequently to microabrasion, a remineralization treatment is carried out including a series of compounds to recover lost minerals from the tooth. Therefore, this work aims to publish the advantages of adding a remineralization process after microabrasion in the treatment of enamel lesions. Materials and methods: A literature review is carried out to compare and to reveal the advantages of combining microabrasion with enamel remineralization in the treatment of dental discolorations. Results: The use of remineralizing agents is confirmed to promote an improvement in the tooth structure after microabrasive treatment in the treatment of enamel lesions. Conclusions: The combination of microabrasion with remineralization treatment seems to be the ideal treatment for the elimination of dental discolorations, since it provides a series of advantages to the damaged enamel surface.

CALIFA is the high efficiency and energy resolution calorimeter for the R3B experiment at FAIR, intended for detecting high energy charged particles and ¿-rays in inverse kinematics direct reactions. It surrounds the reaction target in a segmented configuration of Barrel and Forward End-Cap pieces. The CALIFA Barrel consists of 1952 detection units made of CsI(Tl) long-shaped scintillator crystals, and it is being commissioned during the Phase0 experiments at FAIR. The first setup for the CALIFA Barrel commissioning is presented here. Results of detector performance with ¿-rays are obtained, and show that the system fulfills the design requirements.

CALIFA is the high efficiency and energy resolution calorimeter for the RB experiment at FAIR, intended for detecting high energy light charged particles and gamma rays in scattering experiments, and is being commissioned during the Phase-0 experiments at FAIR, between 2018 and 2020. It surrounds the reaction target in a segmented configuration with 2432 detection units made of long CsI(Tl) finger-shaped scintillator crystals. CALIFA has a 10 year intended operational lifetime as the RB calorimeter, necessitating measures to be taken to ensure enduring performance. In this paper we present a systematic study of two groups of 6 different detection units of the CALIFA detector after more than four years of operation. The energy resolution and light output yield are evaluated under different conditions. Tests cover the aging of the first detector units assembled and investigates recovery procedures for degraded detection units. A possible reason for the observed degradation is given, pointing to the crystal-APD coupling.

This work aimed to investigate the accumulation of fucoxanthin and lipids in Tisochrysis lutea during growth (N+) and nitrogen-starvation (N−) and to correlate these products with single-cell emissions using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Fucoxanthin content decreased 52.94% from N+ to N− in batch cultivation; increased 40.53% as dilution rate changed from 0.16 to 0.55 d−1 in continuous cultivation. Total lipids (N−) were constant (~250 mg/g), but the abundance of neutral lipids increased from 4.87% to 40.63%. Nile red can stain both polar and neutral lipids. However, in vivo, this differentiation is limited due to an overlapping of signals between 600 and 660 nm, caused by neutral lipids concentrations above 3.48% (W/W). Chlorophyll autofluorescence (720 nm) was reported for the first time as a proxy for fucoxanthin (R2 = 0.90) and polar lipids (R2 = 0.98). FACS can be used in high throughput quantification of pigments and lipids and to select and sort cells with high-fucoxanthin/lipids.

Self-terminating atrial arrhythmias are commonly detected on continuous rhythm monitoring, e.g. by pacemakers or defibrillators. It is unclear whether the presence of these arrhythmias has therapeutic consequences. We sought to summarize evidence on the prevalence of atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) and their impact on risk of stroke. We performed a comprehensive, tabulated review of published literature on the prevalence of AHRE. In patients with AHRE, but without atrial fibrillation (AF), we reviewed the stroke risk and the potential risk/benefit of oral anticoagulation. Atrial high-rate episodes are found in 10-30% of AF-free patients. Presence of AHRE slightly increases stroke risk (0.8% to 1%/year) compared with patients without AHRE. Atrial high-rate episode of longer duration (e.g. those >24 h) could be associated with a higher stroke risk. Oral anticoagulation has the potential to reduce stroke risk in patients with AHRE but is associated with a rate of major bleeding of 2%/year. Oral anticoagulation is not effective in patients with heart failure or survivors of a stroke without AF. It remains unclear whether anticoagulation is effective and safe in patients with AHRE. Atrial high-rate episodes are common and confer a slight increase in stroke risk. There is true equipoise on the best way to reduce stroke risk in patients with AHRE. Two ongoing trials (NOAH-AFNET 6 and ARTESiA) will provide much-needed information on the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulation using non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with AHRE.

Self-terminating atrial arrhythmias are commonly detected on continuous rhythm monitoring, e.g. by pacemakers or defibrillators. It is unclear whether the presence of these arrhythmias has therapeutic consequences. We sought to summarize evidence on the prevalence of atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) and their impact on risk of stroke. We performed a comprehensive, tabulated review of published literature on the prevalence of AHRE. In patients with AHRE, but without atrial fibrillation (AF), we reviewed the stroke risk and the potential risk/benefit of oral anticoagulation. Atrial high-rate episodes are found in 10-30% of AF-free patients. Presence of AHRE slightly increases stroke risk (0.8% to 1%/year) compared with patients without AHRE. Atrial high-rate episode of longer duration (e.g. those >24 h) could be associated with a higher stroke risk. Oral anticoagulation has the potential to reduce stroke risk in patients with AHRE but is associated with a rate of major bleeding of 2%/year. Oral anticoagulation is not effective in patients with heart failure or survivors of a stroke without AF. It remains unclear whether anticoagulation is effective and safe in patients with AHRE. Atrial high-rate episodes are common and confer a slight increase in stroke risk. There is true equipoise on the best way to reduce stroke risk in patients with AHRE. Two ongoing trials (NOAH-AFNET 6 and ARTESiA) will provide much-needed information on the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulation using non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with AHRE.

Some of the main features of the new generation Trasgo detectors are their capability in measuring the incoming direction and the arrival time of secondary cosmic particles. They also offer the identification capability between muon and electrons and a rough calorimetry for electrons. Using ground-based stations, these properties allow for the development of new tools for the measurement of primary cosmic ray fluxes. In order to verify and quantify the suitability of Trasgo detectors, whether a single one or arrays of them, to provide reliable information of the properties (mass, energy, incoming direction) of primary cosmic rays we have started an initiative for the systematic study of the 'lateral distributions' displayed by electrons and muons, or by bundles of those particles, using MonteCarlo simulations. In a first approach, electrons and muons were produced in vertical showers from primary H, He, C and Fe nuclei, and with incoming energies limited to a maximum of 10$^{15}$ eV per nucleon. This choice represents a significant component of all secondary particles, which can be measured on Earth's surface. The lateral distributions study has been done at the two locations of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) and Livingston Island (Antarctica), where Trasgo detectors are either in operation, or will be operative in the near future.

Self-terminating atrial arrhythmias are commonly detected on continuous rhythm monitoring, e.g. by pacemakers or defibrillators. It is unclear whether the presence of these arrhythmias has therapeutic consequences. We sought to summarize evidence on the prevalence of atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) and their impact on risk of stroke. We performed a comprehensive, tabulated review of published literature on the prevalence of AHRE. In patients with AHRE, but without atrial fibrillation (AF), we reviewed the stroke risk and the potential risk/benefit of oral anticoagulation. Atrial high-rate episodes are found in 10-30% of AF-free patients. Presence of AHRE slightly increases stroke risk (0.8% to 1%/year) compared with patients without AHRE. Atrial high-rate episode of longer duration (e.g. those >24 h) could be associated with a higher stroke risk. Oral anticoagulation has the potential to reduce stroke risk in patients with AHRE but is associated with a rate of major bleeding of 2%/year. Oral anticoagulation is not effective in patients with heart failure or survivors of a stroke without AF. It remains unclear whether anticoagulation is effective and safe in patients with AHRE. Atrial high-rate episodes are common and confer a slight increase in stroke risk. There is true equipoise on the best way to reduce stroke risk in patients with AHRE. Two ongoing trials (NOAH-AFNET 6 and ARTESiA) will provide much-needed information on the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulation using non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with AHRE.

Cosmic rays cover a wide range of scientific fields of research: study and development of particle detectors, study of very high energy particles, astroparticles and nuclear astrophysics... . This thesis, I summarize the work realized in the research and development of Trasgo detectors for identification of muons and electrons originated by cosmic rays, and for installation of detection systems and study of atmospheric showers with several arrays of detectors build at University of Santiago de Compostela (USC) and other geographic locations such as the Antartic continent. The results presented were electron-muon identification for Tragaldabas detector from simulations of EnsarRoot framework and, response of both Tragaldabas and Tristan, lateral distribution study and study of clusters at ground level made with simulations of Corsika program. These allow to identify the nature of the cosmic ray at ground level with Tragaldabas and characteristics of primary cosmic rays (mass, energy and arrival direction) with Trasgo-like detectors installed over vast areas at ground level of the USC.

Some of the main features of the new generation Trasgo detectors are their capability in measuring the incoming direction and the arrival time of secondary cosmic particles. They also offer the identification capability between muon and electrons and a rough calorimetry for electrons. Using ground-based stations, these properties allow for the development of new tools for the measurement of primary cosmic ray fluxes. In order to verify and quantify the suitability of Trasgo detectors, whether a single one or arrays of them, to provide reliable information of the properties (mass, energy, incoming direction) of primary cosmic rays we have started an initiative for the systematic study of the 'lateral distributions' displayed by electrons and muons, or by bundles of those particles, using MonteCarlo simulations. In a first approach, electrons and muons were produced in vertical showers from primary H, He, C and Fe nuclei, and with incoming energies limited to a maximum of 10$^{15}$ eV per nucleon. This choice represents a significant component of all secondary particles, which can be measured on Earth's surface. The lateral distributions study has been done at the two locations of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) and Livingston Island (Antarctica), where Trasgo detectors are either in operation, or will be operative in the near future.

Self-terminating atrial arrhythmias are commonly detected on continuous rhythm monitoring, e.g. by pacemakers or defibrillators. It is unclear whether the presence of these arrhythmias has therapeutic consequences. We sought to summarize evidence on the prevalence of atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) and their impact on risk of stroke. We performed a comprehensive, tabulated review of published literature on the prevalence of AHRE. In patients with AHRE, but without atrial fibrillation (AF), we reviewed the stroke risk and the potential risk/benefit of oral anticoagulation. Atrial high-rate episodes are found in 10-30% of AF-free patients. Presence of AHRE slightly increases stroke risk (0.8% to 1%/year) compared with patients without AHRE. Atrial high-rate episode of longer duration (e.g. those >24 h) could be associated with a higher stroke risk. Oral anticoagulation has the potential to reduce stroke risk in patients with AHRE but is associated with a rate of major bleeding of 2%/year. Oral anticoagulation is not effective in patients with heart failure or survivors of a stroke without AF. It remains unclear whether anticoagulation is effective and safe in patients with AHRE. Atrial high-rate episodes are common and confer a slight increase in stroke risk. There is true equipoise on the best way to reduce stroke risk in patients with AHRE. Two ongoing trials (NOAH-AFNET 6 and ARTESiA) will provide much-needed information on the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulation using non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with AHRE.

Self-terminating atrial arrhythmias are commonly detected on continuous rhythm monitoring, e.g. by pacemakers or defibrillators. It is unclear whether the presence of these arrhythmias has therapeutic consequences. We sought to summarize evidence on the prevalence of atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) and their impact on risk of stroke. We performed a comprehensive, tabulated review of published literature on the prevalence of AHRE. In patients with AHRE, but without atrial fibrillation (AF), we reviewed the stroke risk and the potential risk/benefit of oral anticoagulation. Atrial high-rate episodes are found in 10-30% of AF-free patients. Presence of AHRE slightly increases stroke risk (0.8% to 1%/year) compared with patients without AHRE. Atrial high-rate episode of longer duration (e.g. those >24 h) could be associated with a higher stroke risk. Oral anticoagulation has the potential to reduce stroke risk in patients with AHRE but is associated with a rate of major bleeding of 2%/year. Oral anticoagulation is not effective in patients with heart failure or survivors of a stroke without AF. It remains unclear whether anticoagulation is effective and safe in patients with AHRE. Atrial high-rate episodes are common and confer a slight increase in stroke risk. There is true equipoise on the best way to reduce stroke risk in patients with AHRE. Two ongoing trials (NOAH-AFNET 6 and ARTESiA) will provide much-needed information on the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulation using non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with AHRE.

©2018 American Physical Society, Background: For many years, quasifree scattering reactions in direct kinematics have been extensively used to study the structure of stable nuclei, demonstrating the potential of this approach. The R^3B collaboration has performed a pilot experiment to study quasifree scattering reactions in inverse kinematics for a stable 12^C beam. The results from that experiment constitute the first quasifree scattering results in inverse and complete kinematics. This technique has lately been extended to exotic beams to investigate the evolution of shell structure, which has attracted much interest due to changes in shell structure if the number of protons or neutrons is varied. Purpose: In this work we investigate for the first time the quasifree scattering reactions (p,pn) and (p,2p) simultaneously for the same projectile in inverse and complete kinematics for radioactive beams with the aim to study the evolution of single-particle properties from N=14 to N=15. Method: The structure of the projectiles 23^O, 22^O, and 21^N has been studied simultaneously via (p,pn) and (p,2p) quasifree knockout reactions in complete inverse kinematics, allowing the investigation of proton and neutron structure at the same time. The experimental data were collected at the R^3B-LAND setup at GSI at beam energies of around 400 MeV/u. Two key observables have been studied to shed light on the structure of those nuclei: the inclusive cross sections and the corresponding momentum distributions. Conclusions: The knockout reactions (p,pn) and (p,2p) with radioactive beams in inverse kinematics have provided important and complementary information for the study of shell evolution and structure. For the (p,pn) channels, indications of a change in the structure of these nuclei moving from N=14 to N=15 have been observed, i.e., from the 0d_5/2 shell to the 1_s1/2. This supports previous observations of a subshell closure at N=14 for neutron-rich oxygen isotopes and its weakening for the nitrogen isotopes., NuPNET ERA-NET within the NuPNET GANAS, German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Unión Europea. FP7, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Research Council of Lithuania, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO), Unión Europea. H2020, United States Department of Energy (DOE), National Science Foundation (NSF), Swedish Research Council, Depto. de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica y Electrónica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos (IPARCOS), TRUE, pub

Background: For many years, quasifree scattering reactions in direct kinematics have been extensively used to study the structure of stable nuclei, demonstrating the potential of this approach. The (RB)-B-3 collaboration has performed a pilot experiment to study quasifree scattering reactions in inverse kinematics for a stable C-12 beam. The results from that experiment constitute the first quasifree scattering results in inverse and complete kinematics. This technique has lately been extended to exotic beams to investigate the evolution of shell structure, which has attracted much interest due to changes in shell structure if the number of protons or neutrons is varied. Purpose: In this work we investigate for the first time the quasifree scattering reactions (p, pn) and (p, 2p) simultaneously for the same projectile in inverse and complete kinematics for radioactive beams with the aim to study the evolution of single-particle properties from N = 14 to N = 15. Method: The structure of the projectiles O-23, O-22, and N-21 has been studied simultaneously via (p, pn) and (p, 2p) quasifree knockout reactions in complete inverse kinematics, allowing the investigation of proton and neutron structure at the same time. The experimental data were collected at the (RB)-B-3-LAND setup at GSI at beam energies of around 400 MeV/u. Two key observables have been studied to shed light on the structure of those nuclei: the inclusive cross sections and the corresponding momentum distributions. Conclusions: The knockout reactions (p, pn) and (p, 2p) with radioactive beams in inverse kinematics have provided important and complementary information for the study of shell evolution and structure. For the (p, pn) channels, indications of a change in the structure of these nuclei moving from N = 14 to N = 15 have been observed, i.e., from the 0d(5/2) shell to the 1s(1/2). This supports previous observations of a subshell closure at N = 14 for neutron-rich oxygen isotopes and its weakening

In this work we investigate for the first time the quasi-free scattering reactions (p,pn) and (p,2p) simultaneously for the same projectile in inverse and complete kinematics for radioactive beams with the aim to study the evolution of single-particle properties from N = 14 to N = 15.