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Red blush is one of the key quality markers of blood orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Therefore, the influence of pre- (1, 2, and 3 mM) and postharvest (0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM) methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) (1, 2, and 3 mM) treatments on redness, colouring pigments, and health-promoting compounds in cold stored ‘Tarocco Ippolito’ blood oranges was investigated. Preharvest application of 3 mM MeJA significantly increased rind citrus colour index (CCI) by 43.3% and colorimetric coordinate a* (redness) by 3.1% and decreased h° (hue angle, 0 = red), L* (lightness), and b* (yellowness) by 13.7%, 12.6%, and 23.4%, respectively. This treatment also enhanced CCI (57.4%), reduced h° (16.5%) and L* (36.4%), and increased total anthocyanins (88%), monomeric anthocyanins (117%), and flavonoids (77%) in the juice. Postharvest dip of 1.5 mM MeJA (5 min) improved CCI of juice (53.6%) and a* (5.5%), reduced h° (15.9%), L* (19.8%), and b* (19.4%), and increased total anthocyanins (66.7%), monomeric anthocyanins (74%), and flavonoids (23.4%) in the juice. Preharvest application of 1 mM SA increased rind CCI (50.8%) and reduced L* (13.6%), b* (16.4%), and h° (29.5%). All preharvest SA treatments significantly increased total phenolics in the juice. Lycopene was increased (61.7%) by 5 min postharvest dip of 3 mM SA. In conclusion, 3 mM preharvest spray application of MeJA four weeks before harvest and postharvest dip of 1.5 mM MeJA (5 min) are effective in improving red colour of rind and juice and health-promoting compounds in blood orange juice.

Peaches and nectarines have a short shelf life even when harvested at appropriate physiological maturity. Market life is increased by storage at low temperatures. However, chilling injury symptoms can appear, causing physiological disorders and limiting shipping potential. The rootstock effect on the post-harvest quality has hardly been explored. Thus, the principal aim of this work was to study the influence of seven different Prunus rootstocks on the “Big Top” nectarine cv, considering harvest and post-harvest quality parameters and their correlation with chilling injury disorders. Basic fruit quality traits, individual sugars and organic acids analyzed by HPLC and other biochemical compounds such as relative antioxidant capacity, total phenolics content, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C and related enzyme activities (PAL, POD, PPO) were considered. In addition, correlations with possible candidate genes for chilling injury (CI) tolerance were searched by qPCR. Although a low susceptibility to CI symptoms has been found in “Big Top”, rootstocks “PADAC 9902-01”, “PADAC 99-05” and “ReplantPAC” exhibited lower CI symptoms. A statistically significant influence of the evaluated rootstocks was found concerning the parameters of this study. Phenols and anthocyanins seem to be important parameters to be considered in the prevention of chilling injury disorders. Moreover, PAL1, PPO4, PG2 and LDOX genes relative expressions were positively associated with chilling injury susceptibility. This study opens new perspectives for understanding peach fruit adaptation and response to cold storage temperatures during the post-harvest period.

Peaches and nectarines have a short shelf life even when harvested at appropriate physiological maturity. Market life is increased by storage at low temperatures. However, chilling injury symptoms can appear, causing physiological disorders and limiting shipping potential. The rootstock effect on the post-harvest quality has hardly been explored. Thus, the principal aim of this work was to study the influence of seven different Prunus rootstocks on the “Big Top” nectarine cv, considering harvest and post-harvest quality parameters and their correlation with chilling injury disorders. Basic fruit quality traits, individual sugars and organic acids analyzed by HPLC and other biochemical compounds such as relative antioxidant capacity, total phenolics content, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C and related enzyme activities (PAL, POD, PPO) were considered. In addition, correlations with possible candidate genes for chilling injury (CI) tolerance were searched by qPCR. Although a low susceptibility to CI symptoms has been found in “Big Top”, rootstocks “PADAC 9902-01”, “PADAC 99-05” and “ReplantPAC” exhibited lower CI symptoms. A statistically significant influence of the evaluated rootstocks was found concerning the parameters of this study. Phenols and anthocyanins seem to be important parameters to be considered in the prevention of chilling injury disorders. Moreover, PAL1, PPO4, PG2 and LDOX genes relative expressions were positively associated with chilling injury susceptibility. This study opens new perspectives for understanding peach fruit adaptation and response to cold storage temperatures during the post-harvest period.

Elwendia wolfii and E. caroides are two herbaceous perennials that were initially classified in the Bunium genus and later transferred to the Elwendia genus. They are a rich source of bioactive and antioxidant compounds and have the potential to become sources of oil-bearing crops. The aim of this study was to investigate requirements for embryo growth, dormancy break and seed germination in these two species. The effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and dry storage were also examined to determine the type of dormancy. The pericarps and seed coats of both species were water-permeable, and the embryos were small and differentiated but underdeveloped, with initial embryo lengths of 0.28 mm in E. wolfii and 0.96 mm in E. caroides, respectively. These underdeveloped embryos were either di (>98%) or tricotyledonous (<2%) and required cold temperatures to grow, indicating that these seeds had morphological dormancy (MD). The critical length required for germination was 3.44 mm for E. wolfii and 4.17 mm for E. caroides. However, seeds of both species reached less than 50% final germination if subjected only to cold incubation. Higher final germination was possible if seeds were pre-treated with dry cold storage (-22 ºC) or exposed to GA3, indicating the existence of physiological dormancy (PD) in part of the seed population. Therefore, both species had non-deep complex morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). This study demonstrates that E. caroides and E. wolfii share the same germination requirements, suggesting a common ecological strategy in their seed germination process.

Marination is commonly used to preserve fish, which, in combination with other non-thermal technologies, such as vacuum impregnation and high hydrostatic pressure, may help to preserve freshness and extend shelf life. In addition, marination may mask changes in physicochemical properties and the sensory attributes of fish resulting from intense pressurization treatments. In this study, we evaluated the effects of vacuum impregnation (50 mbar for 5 min) alone or in combination with a moderate pressurization treatment (250 MPa for 6 min) on the physicochemical properties, microbiological and oxidative stability, and sensory properties of refrigerated seabream fillets. Compared to conventional marination, vacuum impregnation alone had no effect on the aforementioned properties, except for a higher perception of lemon aroma (0.9 vs. 1.6). However, vacuum impregnation with pressurization reduced the total viable mesophilic aerobic bacteria to counts below 4 log colony forming units (CFU)/g after 16 days of storage at¿=¿2 °C, compared to 6 log CFU/g with conventional marination. Additionally, the color and texture were affected by the pressurization treatment. However, color was more susceptible, and at the beginning of storage, lightness was higher in the pressurized samples than in the control (52 vs. 78). Regardless, this whitening effect and other minor changes in texture and sensory properties compared to conventional marination with vacuum impregnation with pressurization can be considered of little relevance considering the increase in shelf life, the lack of lipid oxidation (maintained at low and similar levels as those of the non-pressurized samples), and the intrinsic whitening effects of certain marinades., This research was funded by the European Union’s Horizon2020 NewTechAqua project (grant agreement no. 862658). Partial financial support was received from the CERCA Program from the Generalitat de Catalunya., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The thermal performance of a 115 L latent heat storage prototype for cooling data centers was investigated. Experimentally, the heat transfer power and heat absorbed by the heat exchanger during the charging and discharging processes were measured at two flow rates (5 and 10 L/min). Numerically, two phase-change models were developed using the enthalpy and effective heat capacity methods, respectively. The results showed that the enthalpy method provides an overall better prediction of the absorbed heat, whereas the other method only agrees well with the measured results during the melting process. Thus, it is suggested that further modification of the effective heat capacity with temperature improves the agreement between the results. For a volume flow rate of 5 L/min, the average heat transfer power predicted by the enthalpy model was 2290 W during the melting process and > 920 W during the solidification process due to the smaller temperature difference for heat transfer caused by supercooling. The prototype achieved the highest average heat exchange capacity rate when melted to a 50% of its total capacity. This study provides a baseline for predicting and improving the thermal performance of latent heat storage.

Contamination of white-brined cheeses (WBCs) with yeasts is of major concern in the dairy industry. This study aimed to identify yeast contaminants and characterize their succession in white-brined cheese during a shelf-life of 52 weeks. White-brined cheeses added herbs (WBC1) or sundried tomatoes (WBC2) were produced at a Danish dairy and incubated at 5 °C and 10 °C. An increase in yeast counts was observed for both products within the first 12–14 weeks of incubation and stabilized afterwards varying in a range of 4.19–7.08 log CFU/g. Interestingly, higher incubation temperature, especially in WBC2, led to lower yeast counts, concurrently with higher diversity of yeast species. Observed decrease in yeast counts was, most likely, due to negative interactions between yeast species leading to growth inhibition. In total, 469 yeast isolates from WBC1 and WBC2 were genotypically classified using the (GTG)5-rep-PCR technique. Out of them, 132 representative isolates were further identified by sequencing the D1/D2 domain of the 26 S rRNA gene. Predominant yeast species in WBCs were Candida zeylanoides and Debaryomyces hansenii, while Candida parapsilosis, Kazachstania bulderi, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia fermentans, Pichia kudriavzevii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus were found in lower frequency. Heterogeneity of yeast species in WBC2 was generally larger compared to WBC1. This study indicated that, along with contamination levels, taxonomic heterogeneity of yeasts is an important factor influencing yeast cell counts, as well as product quality during storage.

Contamination of white-brined cheeses (WBCs) with yeasts is of major concern in the dairy industry. This study aimed to identify yeast contaminants and characterize their succession in white-brined cheese during a shelf-life of 52 weeks. White-brined cheeses added herbs (WBC1) or sundried tomatoes (WBC2) were produced at a Danish dairy and incubated at 5 °C and 10 °C. An increase in yeast counts was observed for both products within the first 12–14 weeks of incubation and stabilized afterwards varying in a range of 4.19–7.08 log CFU/g. Interestingly, higher incubation temperature, especially in WBC2, led to lower yeast counts, concurrently with higher diversity of yeast species. Observed decrease in yeast counts was, most likely, due to negative interactions between yeast species leading to growth inhibition. In total, 469 yeast isolates from WBC1 and WBC2 were genotypically classified using the (GTG)5-rep-PCR technique. Out of them, 132 representative isolates were further identified by sequencing the D1/D2 domain of the 26 S rRNA gene. Predominant yeast species in WBCs were Candida zeylanoides and Debaryomyces hansenii, while Candida parapsilosis, Kazachstania bulderi, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia fermentans, Pichia kudriavzevii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus were found in lower frequency. Heterogeneity of yeast species in WBC2 was generally larger compared to WBC1. This study indicated that, along with contamination levels, taxonomic heterogeneity of yeasts is an important factor influencing yeast cell counts, as well as product quality during storage.

Cold storage is commonly used to prolong papaya fruit storability. Furthermore, the optimal recommended storage temperature is below 10℃ for export and distant market. However, chilling injury (CI) occurs at 10℃ or lower during prolonged cold storage. This condition hampered consumer acceptance, resulting in economic losses for producers and exporters. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the potential of postharvest polyamine dips and storage conditions to improve the quality and shelf life of ‘Solo’ papaya fruit. The experiment was conducted as 4 x 2 factorial arranged in a completely randomised design (CRD) with eight replications. The fruits were treated with putrescine (PUT) (0 (control), 1, 2 and 3 mM) before storage for 21 days at 7.5 and 13℃ plus 5 days storage at ambient temperature. Additionally, the PUT effect on quality attributes and shelf-life were studied. The results showed that physiological and pathological disorders increased with progressive storage, irrespective of storage temperature. However, PUT treatment reduced the incidence of chilling injury and anthracnose at both 7.5 and 13℃. Additionally, the interaction of treatment and cold storage temperature significantly affected ‘Solo’ papaya fruit physical and biochemical quality attributes. Furthermore, treatment with 2 and 3 mM PUT concentration reduced changes in colour, mass, firmness, TA, and TSS compared to control. In conclusion, postharvest PUT improved ‘Solo’ papaya fruit quality and prolonged shelf-life., AgriSETA (Agricultural Sector Training Authority)

We measured susceptibilities of Ugandan Plasmodium falciparum isolates assayed on the day of collection or after storage at 4°C. Samples were incubated with serial dilutions of 8 antimalarials, and susceptibilities were determined from 72-h growth inhibition assays. Storage was associated with decreased growth and lower 50% inhibitory concentration values, but differences between assays beginning on day 0 or after 1 or 2 days of storage were modest, indicating that short-term storage before drug susceptibility determination is feasible.

Understanding the formation and dissociation mechanisms of gas hydrate in porous media is important for the development of new energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies related to cold storage as they provide significant latent heat and energy density at suitable phase change temperature. The challenge is to understand the interactions between gas hydrates and the chosen storage media in order to assess the operating conditions likely to optimize time and energy consumption in cold production and storage systems. In this work, CO2 hydrates formation and dissociation are investigated in two morphologically different porous materials: sand and silica gels. A calorimetric approach is applied to study both the CO2 hydrate formation kinetics, particularly the induction time, and the amount of hydrate formed for each of the two porous materials. The experiments are performed using a differential thermal analysis device with two identical measuring cells. The present work is focused on assessing the effect of key factors like water saturation, particle size and the morphology of porous media on CO2 hydrate formation and dissociation processes. Overall, the results do not show a statistically significant correlation between these factors and the induction time. Interestingly, the results obtained with dual porous silica gel showed a higher amount of hydrate formed compared to those with sand for similar initial pressure, temperature and water content conditions. This result may be due to the fact that silica gels provide higher surface area due to their smaller particle size (20-45 µm vs. 80-450 µm for sand), and the presence of internal pore volume in silica gel particles.

Global warming is one of the most pressing environmental concerns which correlates strongly with anthropogenic CO2 emissions so that the CO2 decreasing strategies have been meaningful worldwide attention. As an option, natural gas hydrate reservoirs have steadily emerged as a potent source of energy which would simultaneously be the proper places for CO2 sequestration if the method of CO2/CH4 replacement could be developed. On the flip side, CO2 hydrates as safe and non-flammable solid compounds without an irreversible chemical reaction would contribute to different industrial processes if their approaches could be improved. Toward developing substantial applications of CO2 hydrates, laboratory experiments, process modelling, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can aid to understand their characteristics and mechanisms involved. Therefore, the current review has been organized in form of four distinct sections. The first part reviews the studies on sequestering CO2 into the natural gas hydrate reservoirs. The next section gives an overview of process flow diagrams of CO2 hydrate-based techniques in favour of CO2 Capture and Sequestration & Utilization (CCS&U). The third section summarizes the merits, flaws, and different effects of hydrate promoters as well as porous media on CO2 hydrate systems at macroscopic and mesoscopic levels, and also how these components can improve CO2 hydrate properties, progressing toward the more feasibility of CO2 hydrate industrial applications. The final sector recapitulates the MD frameworks of CO2 clathrate and semiclathrate hydrates in terms of new insights and research findings to elucidate the fundamental properties of CO2 hydrates at the molecular level.

The aim of this research was to develop an innovative goat meat nugget by adding a linseed oil emulsion with Surinam cherry fruit extract as antioxidant and to evaluate quality characteristics during refrigerated storage. Hydroalcoholic extract of Surinam cherry fruits was lyophilized and added to the linseed oil emulsion, which was used to replace pork backfat in goat meat nuggets. Sensorial parameters and the overall acceptability of meat products were evaluated. The formulation preferred by the consumers was characterized by determining the cooking yield, fat content, and lipid profile. Subsequently, the oxidative and microbiological stability of the product was evaluated during its storage in refrigeration. Results indicated that replacing pork back-fat for linseed oil emulsion increased fatty acid of nutritional interest as C18:2c, and C18:3 in the products, besides did not affect the taste or the overall acceptability of the nuggets and improve the tenderness. The addition of Surinam cherry extracts to linseed oil emulsion allowed to obtain better oxidative stability during refrigerated storage. Finally, the developed product could be considered low fat according to Mercosur regulations. The results of this research are expected to encourage processors to use goat meat for the production of high-quality meat products., El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar bocaditos de carne de cabra mediante la adición de una emulsión de aceite de lino con extracto de fruta de Pitanga como antioxidante, y evaluar las características de calidad durante el almacenamiento refrigerado. El extracto hidroalcohólico de frutos de Pitanga se liofilizó y añadió a la emulsión de aceite de lino, que se utilizó para reemplazar la grasa de cerdo en los bocaditos de carne de cabra. Se evaluaron los parámetros sensoriales y la aceptabilidad general de los productos cárnicos. La formulación preferida por los consumidores se caracterizó determinando el rendimiento de cocción, contenido de grasa y el perfil lipídico. Posteriormente, se evaluó la estabilidad oxidativa y microbiológica del producto durante su almacenamiento en refrigeración. Los resultados indicaron que la sustitución de la grasa de cerdo por la emulsión de aceite de lino aumentó los ácidos grasos de interés nutricional como C18:2c y C18:3 en los bocaditos, además de que no afectó el sabor, o su aceptabilidad general y mejoró la terneza. La adición de extractos de Pitanga a la emulsión de aceite de lino permitió obtener una mejor estabilidad oxidativa durante el almacenamiento refrigerado. Finalmente, el producto desarrollado podría ser considerado como bajo en grasas según la normativa del Mercosur. Se espera que con los resultados de la presente investigación se aliente a los procesadores a utilizar carne de cabra para la producción de productos cárnicos de alta calidad.

When the recipient of the product is relatively distant from the production area, it is necessary to use cold storage and controlled humidity to transport the avocado fruits. One of the main advantages of local avocado consumption lies on the possibility of prolonging on-tree maturation; this could foreseeably modify the metabolic profile of the fruit that reaches the consumer. In this work, the effect of prolonged on tree maturation (during different time intervals) on the final composition of avocado fruit (at edible ripeness) was evaluated and compared with the impact of the same periods after prolonged cold storage. The quantitative evolution of nine bioactive metabolites (7 phenolic compounds, pantothenic and abscisic acids) over 40 days (10-days intervals) was studied by using a solid–liquid extraction protocol and a LC-MS methodology. The results were discussed both considering the quantitative evolution of each individual compound and the sum of all of them.

Background of the study - In order to increase exportation in a worldwide context and maintain optimum fruit quality for consumers, we must pay special attention to postharvest behavior and shelf-life during the process of fruit storage and transportation. Apricot (Prunus armeniaea L.) fruits are characterized by a short market life compared to other temperate fruit species such as peaches or plums. For this reason, a long shelf-life is an important new objective in apricot breeding programs. Objective - The aim of this work was to evaluate the postharvest behavior and shelf-life period in different apricot varieties. Methods - Sixteen varieties from the CEBAS-CSIC breeding program were subjected to different post-harvest treatments, combining cold storage periods at 1°C and standard room temperature conditions at 20°C to simulate the usual marketing channels. Fruit weight loss, skin and flesh colour, firmness, soluble solids content, malic acid content and the soluble sol-ids-titratable acidity ratio were monitored for each variety. Additionally, the visual appearance, fruit texture and flavor were determined as the main sensorial traits. Results - Significant differences among varieties were observed, indicating that postharvest behavior is genotype-dependent. These results made it possible to identify several apricot varieties with a long shelf-life period of up to 35 days: 'Deseo', 'Dorada', 'Maravilla', 'Murciana' and 'Rosa'. Conclusion - Among the varieties studied, 'Deseo', 'Dorada', 'Maravilla', 'Murciana' and 'Rosa' are the most suitable for prolonged storage and long-distance export. These characteristics determine the commercial interest of these apricot varieties together with their potential use as progenitors in breeding programs.

The current South African ‘Hass’ type avocado cultivars are inadequate to enhance competitiveness, cultivar diversity and profitability. In an effort to ensure competitiveness and maintain sustainability, the Agricultural Research CouncilInstitute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ARC-ITSC) as one the South African Avocado Industry’s (SAAI) main stakeholder, has bred and selected new superior ‘Hass’ type avocado selections. However, the cold storage potential and associated physico-chemical ripening properties of these selections (‘Jalna’, ‘OA 184’ and ‘Balboa’) have not been documented. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold storage on internal and external physico-chemical ripening variables of the new ‘Hass’ type avocado selections. New ‘Hass’ type avocado fruit maturity was evaluated using moisture content, thereafter, harvested, sorted, graded and stored under two temperature regimes (2.0°C and 5.5°C) for 28 days to simulate export conditions. The experiment was a completely randomised factorial design with three treatment factors; temperature regimes (2.0°C and 5.5°C), days to ripening and ‘Hass’ type avocado selections fruit and control (commercial ‘Hass’) replicated three times. After withdrawal from cold storage, fruit were ripened at ambient temperature and evaluated for electrical conductivity, external chilling injury, fruit water loss, skin colour change, ripening percentage, firmness, respiration rate and seed:fruit weight ratio. Results indicated that treatment factors had no significant effect on moisture content (P=0.733) and chilling injury (P=0.776). Treatment factors had a significant effect on electrical conductivity (P=0.004), skin colour parameters; eye colour (P<0.001), hue angle (P<0.001), lightness (P=0.011) and chroma (P=0.042). Selection ‘Jalna’ fruit started changing colour whilst in storage (2.0°C and 5.5°C). Furthermore, ‘Hass’ type avocado selection fruit followed a declining pattern for lightness

This paper describes a new type CO2 two-stage rotary compressor for cold storage and freezing of food. A two-stage compression form with an upper cylinder (first-stage) and a lower cylinder (second-stage), unique oil road structures and technical parameters have been used in the rotary compressor to increase the performance. The results indicating that the optimized CO2 two-stage rotary compressor has a significant performance advantage, which the coefficient of performance (COP) increases by 4.4% ~ 6.7%.

[ES] El presente trabajo se ha desarrollado en una empresa cuya actividad es el almacenamiento frigorífico de productos alimenticios. El objetivo que se planteó fue conseguir la certificación de la norma de seguridad alimentaria IFS Logistics en 2022. Para ello se definieron los pasos previos para la certificación tras una auditoría inicial. Partiendo de la documentación existente en la empresa, debido a una certificación anterior de la norma IFS Broker, se determinaron los procedimientos que podían utilizarse tras una breve o parcial modificación y cuáles había que redactar desde el principio. El resultado de la comparación entre ambas normas fue que un 12% de los procedimientos, redactados para la IFS Broker, no aplicaban en la Logistics, un 35,13% se redactaron desde el principio, un 51,35% necesitaron modificaciones y un 13,51% aproximadamente se mantuvieron igual. En la redacción de los procedimientos IFS Logistics fue muy importante el conocer a fondo el funcionamiento y las instalaciones de la empresa. En este momento, la mayoría de los procedimientos ya están listos para su implantación. Ahora, será necesario adaptarse a las nuevas especificaciones de trabajo, no porque se hiciera mal en un pasado, sino porque se han establecido pautas para ser más eficientes. La empresa en conjunto sabe por su experiencia con la certificación IFS Broker, que no es una tarea rápida ni sencilla, pero se están cumpliendo los plazos y todo da lugar a pensar que la empresa va por buen camino., [EN] This work has been developed in a company whose activity is the cold storage of food products. The objective that was set was to obtain the certification of the IFS Logistics food safety standard in 2022. For this, the previous steps for the certification were defined after an initial audit. Based on the existing documentation in the company, due to a previous certification of the IFS Broker standard, the procedures that could be used after a brief or partial modification were determined and which ones had to be written from the beginning. The result of the comparison between both standards was that 12% of the procedures, drawn up for IFS Broker, did not apply to Logistics, 35.13% were drawn up from the beginning, 51.35% required modifications and 13, Approximately 51% remained the same. In the drafting of the IFS Logistics procedures, it was very important to know in depth the operation and the facilities of the company. At this point, most of the procedures are ready for implantation. Now, it will be necessary to adapt to the new job specifications, not because it was done wrong in the past, but because guidelines have been established to be more efficient. The company as a whole knows from its experience with the IFS Broker certification, that it is not a quick or easy task, but the deadlines are being met and everything suggests that the company is on the right track.

Tesis por compendio, [ES] En las últimas dos décadas, la producción de caqui en España ha aumentado exponencialmente y la superficie de cultivo se ha multiplicado casi por ocho. En la actualidad, la producción de caqui está centralizada en el cultivar 'Rojo Brillante', que es mundialmente apreciado. Sin embargo, esta centralización supone una importante limitación comercial. En la presente Tesis se abordan dos objetivos principales: 1) Optimización de la tecnología pre y postcosecha con el fin de garantizar la calidad del caqui 'Rojo Brillante' durante la frigoconservación y el transporte a mercados internacionales. 2) Evaluación del comportamiento bajo condiciones mediterráneas de variedades introducidas de otras regiones productoras con el fin de ampliar el rango varietal de caqui. El primer objetivo de esta Tesis se logró a través de los estudios presentados en los Capítulos I al V. El segundo objetivo se abordó en los Capítulos VI y VII. En el Capítulo I se esclarecieron las causas del pardeamiento interno del fruto en los envíos a los mercados internacionales. La temperatura a la que se expone la fruta inmediatamente tras la aplicación del tratamiento de desastringencia con altas concentraciones de CO2 se identificó como el principal factor implicado en esta alteración. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que esta alteración se puede evitar mediante la implementación de un período de atemperado de 24 h después del tratamiento con CO2, antes de conservar las frutas a bajas temperaturas. En el Capítulo II se evaluó la eficacia de un tratamiento de desastringencia recientemente patentado basado en la aplicación de una nueva cera que contiene etanol en su formulación. Los resultados mostraron que esta cera podría ser una alternativa al tratamiento convencional de desastringencia con altas concentraciones de CO2 cuando la fruta se envía a mercados lejanos a bajas temperaturas. La aplicación de la nueva cera antes de conservación en frío provocó la pérdida de astringencia de la fruta tras, [CA] En les últimes dues dècades, la producció de caqui a Espanya ha augmentat exponencialment i la superfície de cultiu s'ha multiplicat quasi per huit vegades. En l'actualitat, la producció de caqui està centralitzada en el la cultivar 'Rojo Brillante', que és mundialment apreciat. Malgrat això, aquesta centralització suposa d'una banda una important limitació comercial, ja que la producció es concentra en un període de collita relativament curt i, d'altra banda implica un alt risc fitosanitari. En la present Tesi s'aborden dos objectius principals: 1) Optimització de la tecnologia pre i postcollita amb la finalitat de garantir la qualitat del caqui 'Rojo brillante' durant la frigoconservació i el transport a mercats internacionals. 2) Avaluació del comportament de varietats introduïdes d'altres regions productores sota condicions mediterrànies amb la finalitat d'ampliar el rang varietal de caqui. En el Capítol I es van esclarir les causes de l l'enfosquiment intern. La temperatura a la qual s'exposa la fruita immediatament després de l'aplicació del tractament de desastringència amb altes concentracions de CO¿ es va identificar com el principal factor implicat en aquesta alteració. Els resultats obtinguts van mostrar que aquesta alteració es pot evitar mitjançant la implementació d'un període de temperat de 24 h després del tractament amb CO¿, abans de transferir la fruita a baixes temperatures. En el Capítol II es va avaluar l'eficàcia d'un tractament de desastringència recentment patentat basat en l'aplicació d'una nova cera que conté etanol en la seua formulació en caquis 'Rojo Brillante' i 'Triumph'. Els resultats van mostrar que aquesta cera podria ser una alternativa al tractament convencional de desastringència amb altes concentracions de CO¿ quan la fruita s'envia a mercats llunyans a baixes temperatures. L'aplicació de la nova cera abans de conservació en fred va provocar la pèrdua d'astringència de la fruita després de 30 dies a 0 °C, preservant la ferm, [EN] In the last two decades, persimmon production in Spain has increased exponentially and the cultivation area has expanded almost eight-fold. The current production of persimmon is focused on the cultivar 'Rojo Brillante', which is appreciated worldwide due to the high quality of the fruit. Nevertheless, centralized production of this single cultivar implies a major commercial limitation as its high volume of production is concentrated in a relative short harvesting period. Furthermore, it also implies a high phytosanitary risk. In this context, this Thesis addresses two main objectives: 1) Optimization of pre- and postharvest technology in order to guarantee the quality of 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon after cold storage and transportation to overseas markets. 2) Evaluation of the behavior of foreign varieties of persimmon under Mediterranean conditions in order to extend the varietal range. The first objective of this Thesis was tackled through the studies presented in Chapters I to V. The second objective was covered in Chapters VI and VII. Chapter I dealt with the causes of internal browning disorder manifested after cold shipment of 'Rojo Brillante' persimmons to overseas markets. The temperature to which fruit is exposed immediately after CO2 deastringency treatment was identified as the main factor involved in this alteration. Our results showed that this disorder can be avoided by implementing an attemperation period of 24 h after the CO2 treatment, before transferring fruit to cold storage. In Chapter II, the effectiveness of a recently patented deastringency treatment based on applying a new wax containing ethanol was assayed in 'Rojo Brillante' and 'Triumph' persimmons. The use of this new ethanol-based wax could be a potential alternative to the conventional CO2 deastringency treatment when the fruit are sent to distant overseas markets at low temperatures. Application of the new wax before cold storage led to loss of fruit astringency after 30 days at 0

[ES] El presente trabajo se ha desarrollado en una empresa cuya actividad es el almacenamiento frigorífico de productos alimenticios. El objetivo que se planteó fue conseguir la certificación de la norma de seguridad alimentaria IFS Logistics en 2022. Para ello se definieron los pasos previos para la certificación tras una auditoría inicial. Partiendo de la documentación existente en la empresa, debido a una certificación anterior de la norma IFS Broker, se determinaron los procedimientos que podían utilizarse tras una breve o parcial modificación y cuáles había que redactar desde el principio. El resultado de la comparación entre ambas normas fue que un 12% de los procedimientos, redactados para la IFS Broker, no aplicaban en la Logistics, un 35,13% se redactaron desde el principio, un 51,35% necesitaron modificaciones y un 13,51% aproximadamente se mantuvieron igual. En la redacción de los procedimientos IFS Logistics fue muy importante el conocer a fondo el funcionamiento y las instalaciones de la empresa. En este momento, la mayoría de los procedimientos ya están listos para su implantación. Ahora, será necesario adaptarse a las nuevas especificaciones de trabajo, no porque se hiciera mal en un pasado, sino porque se han establecido pautas para ser más eficientes. La empresa en conjunto sabe por su experiencia con la certificación IFS Broker, que no es una tarea rápida ni sencilla, pero se están cumpliendo los plazos y todo da lugar a pensar que la empresa va por buen camino., [EN] This work has been developed in a company whose activity is the cold storage of food products. The objective that was set was to obtain the certification of the IFS Logistics food safety standard in 2022. For this, the previous steps for the certification were defined after an initial audit. Based on the existing documentation in the company, due to a previous certification of the IFS Broker standard, the procedures that could be used after a brief or partial modification were determined and which ones had to be written from the beginning. The result of the comparison between both standards was that 12% of the procedures, drawn up for IFS Broker, did not apply to Logistics, 35.13% were drawn up from the beginning, 51.35% required modifications and 13, Approximately 51% remained the same. In the drafting of the IFS Logistics procedures, it was very important to know in depth the operation and the facilities of the company. At this point, most of the procedures are ready for implantation. Now, it will be necessary to adapt to the new job specifications, not because it was done wrong in the past, but because guidelines have been established to be more efficient. The company as a whole knows from its experience with the IFS Broker certification, that it is not a quick or easy task, but the deadlines are being met and everything suggests that the company is on the right track.

Tesis por compendio, [ES] En las últimas dos décadas, la producción de caqui en España ha aumentado exponencialmente y la superficie de cultivo se ha multiplicado casi por ocho. En la actualidad, la producción de caqui está centralizada en el cultivar 'Rojo Brillante', que es mundialmente apreciado. Sin embargo, esta centralización supone una importante limitación comercial. En la presente Tesis se abordan dos objetivos principales: 1) Optimización de la tecnología pre y postcosecha con el fin de garantizar la calidad del caqui 'Rojo Brillante' durante la frigoconservación y el transporte a mercados internacionales. 2) Evaluación del comportamiento bajo condiciones mediterráneas de variedades introducidas de otras regiones productoras con el fin de ampliar el rango varietal de caqui. El primer objetivo de esta Tesis se logró a través de los estudios presentados en los Capítulos I al V. El segundo objetivo se abordó en los Capítulos VI y VII. En el Capítulo I se esclarecieron las causas del pardeamiento interno del fruto en los envíos a los mercados internacionales. La temperatura a la que se expone la fruta inmediatamente tras la aplicación del tratamiento de desastringencia con altas concentraciones de CO2 se identificó como el principal factor implicado en esta alteración. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que esta alteración se puede evitar mediante la implementación de un período de atemperado de 24 h después del tratamiento con CO2, antes de conservar las frutas a bajas temperaturas. En el Capítulo II se evaluó la eficacia de un tratamiento de desastringencia recientemente patentado basado en la aplicación de una nueva cera que contiene etanol en su formulación. Los resultados mostraron que esta cera podría ser una alternativa al tratamiento convencional de desastringencia con altas concentraciones de CO2 cuando la fruta se envía a mercados lejanos a bajas temperaturas. La aplicación de la nueva cera antes de conservación en frío provocó la pérdida de astringencia de la fruta tras, [CA] En les últimes dues dècades, la producció de caqui a Espanya ha augmentat exponencialment i la superfície de cultiu s'ha multiplicat quasi per huit vegades. En l'actualitat, la producció de caqui està centralitzada en el la cultivar 'Rojo Brillante', que és mundialment apreciat. Malgrat això, aquesta centralització suposa d'una banda una important limitació comercial, ja que la producció es concentra en un període de collita relativament curt i, d'altra banda implica un alt risc fitosanitari. En la present Tesi s'aborden dos objectius principals: 1) Optimització de la tecnologia pre i postcollita amb la finalitat de garantir la qualitat del caqui 'Rojo brillante' durant la frigoconservació i el transport a mercats internacionals. 2) Avaluació del comportament de varietats introduïdes d'altres regions productores sota condicions mediterrànies amb la finalitat d'ampliar el rang varietal de caqui. En el Capítol I es van esclarir les causes de l l'enfosquiment intern. La temperatura a la qual s'exposa la fruita immediatament després de l'aplicació del tractament de desastringència amb altes concentracions de CO¿ es va identificar com el principal factor implicat en aquesta alteració. Els resultats obtinguts van mostrar que aquesta alteració es pot evitar mitjançant la implementació d'un període de temperat de 24 h després del tractament amb CO¿, abans de transferir la fruita a baixes temperatures. En el Capítol II es va avaluar l'eficàcia d'un tractament de desastringència recentment patentat basat en l'aplicació d'una nova cera que conté etanol en la seua formulació en caquis 'Rojo Brillante' i 'Triumph'. Els resultats van mostrar que aquesta cera podria ser una alternativa al tractament convencional de desastringència amb altes concentracions de CO¿ quan la fruita s'envia a mercats llunyans a baixes temperatures. L'aplicació de la nova cera abans de conservació en fred va provocar la pèrdua d'astringència de la fruita després de 30 dies a 0 °C, preservant la ferm, [EN] In the last two decades, persimmon production in Spain has increased exponentially and the cultivation area has expanded almost eight-fold. The current production of persimmon is focused on the cultivar 'Rojo Brillante', which is appreciated worldwide due to the high quality of the fruit. Nevertheless, centralized production of this single cultivar implies a major commercial limitation as its high volume of production is concentrated in a relative short harvesting period. Furthermore, it also implies a high phytosanitary risk. In this context, this Thesis addresses two main objectives: 1) Optimization of pre- and postharvest technology in order to guarantee the quality of 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon after cold storage and transportation to overseas markets. 2) Evaluation of the behavior of foreign varieties of persimmon under Mediterranean conditions in order to extend the varietal range. The first objective of this Thesis was tackled through the studies presented in Chapters I to V. The second objective was covered in Chapters VI and VII. Chapter I dealt with the causes of internal browning disorder manifested after cold shipment of 'Rojo Brillante' persimmons to overseas markets. The temperature to which fruit is exposed immediately after CO2 deastringency treatment was identified as the main factor involved in this alteration. Our results showed that this disorder can be avoided by implementing an attemperation period of 24 h after the CO2 treatment, before transferring fruit to cold storage. In Chapter II, the effectiveness of a recently patented deastringency treatment based on applying a new wax containing ethanol was assayed in 'Rojo Brillante' and 'Triumph' persimmons. The use of this new ethanol-based wax could be a potential alternative to the conventional CO2 deastringency treatment when the fruit are sent to distant overseas markets at low temperatures. Application of the new wax before cold storage led to loss of fruit astringency after 30 days at 0

Iraq is one of the countries that fluctuates in the climate greatly, as well as is characterized by a very hot summer, so the cold storage sector is very important in this country, especially medicine and medical supplies stores. The warehouse sector is one of the most important construction sectors. It includes many facilities, the most important of which are cold stores. After researching and investigating the necessary data in managing this type of project, it was found that there is a great shortage in that data, and this deficiency may be one of the reasons for the failure of this sector in Iraq. In order to evaluate the information and available data related to the management of cold store projects, a questionnaire was asked to take the opinion of engineers and specialists in this field. The questionnaire included several axes, and each axis included a group of questions. The questions were divided depending on their relationship to each other. The questions included gender, age, specialization, experience and the fact that the engineer previously worked in project management and other questions. This article proposes waterfall framework as project management framework for the studied case projects.

Iraq is one of the countries that fluctuates in the climate greatly, as well as is characterized by a very hot summer, so the cold storage sector is very important in this country, especially medicine and medical supplies stores. The warehouse sector is one of the most important construction sectors. It includes many facilities, the most important of which are cold stores. After researching and investigating the necessary data in managing this type of project, it was found that there is a great shortage in that data, and this deficiency may be one of the reasons for the failure of this sector in Iraq. In order to evaluate the information and available data related to the management of cold store projects, a questionnaire was asked to take the opinion of engineers and specialists in this field. The questionnaire included several axes, and each axis included a group of questions. The questions were divided depending on their relationship to each other. The questions included gender, age, specialization, experience and the fact that the engineer previously worked in project management and other questions. This article proposes waterfall framework as project management framework for the studied case projects.

Iraq is one of the countries that fluctuates in the climate greatly, as well as is characterized by a very hot summer, so the cold storage sector is very important in this country, especially medicine and medical supplies stores. The warehouse sector is one of the most important construction sectors. It includes many facilities, the most important of which are cold stores. After researching and investigating the necessary data in managing this type of project, it was found that there is a great shortage in that data, and this deficiency may be one of the reasons for the failure of this sector in Iraq. In order to evaluate the information and available data related to the management of cold store projects, a questionnaire was asked to take the opinion of engineers and specialists in this field. The questionnaire included several axes, and each axis included a group of questions. The questions were divided depending on their relationship to each other. The questions included gender, age, specialization, experience and the fact that the engineer previously worked in project management and other questions. This article proposes waterfall framework as project management framework for the studied case projects.

Iraq is one of the countries that fluctuates in the climate greatly, as well as is characterized by a very hot summer, so the cold storage sector is very important in this country, especially medicine and medical supplies stores. The warehouse sector is one of the most important construction sectors. It includes many facilities, the most important of which are cold stores. After researching and investigating the necessary data in managing this type of project, it was found that there is a great shortage in that data, and this deficiency may be one of the reasons for the failure of this sector in Iraq. In order to evaluate the information and available data related to the management of cold store projects, a questionnaire was asked to take the opinion of engineers and specialists in this field. The questionnaire included several axes, and each axis included a group of questions. The questions were divided depending on their relationship to each other. The questions included gender, age, specialization, experience and the fact that the engineer previously worked in project management and other questions. This article proposes waterfall framework as project management framework for the studied case projects.

Date palm is an agricultural crop of economic importance in most Arab countries. Among the different varieties of date palms grown in the United Arab Emirates, the Barhi variety is extremely popular and is often consumed at the bisr stage (first edible stage). However, the major challenge for this fruit at bisr stage is to maintain its quality over a long period after harvest and during marketing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of preharvest spraying with a natural elicitor, namely chitosan (Ch) 1%, alone and in combination with salicylic acid (SA) 2 mM and calcium chloride (Ca) 3%, on the quality parameters, shelf life and bioactive compound content of date fruit of cultivar 'Barhi' at harvest and during two months of cold storage. The results showed that all treatments significantly delayed the ripening and decay of date 'Barhi' compared to the control. Treatment Ch followed by Ch+ SA and Ch+ SA +Ca had the least weight loss. Treatments Ch + Ca, Ch + SA + Ca and Ch+ SA had significantly lower levels of total soluble solids compared to control fruits (TSS). The treatments Ch + Ca and Ch + Ca + SA did not exhibit rotten fruit after 60 days of cold storage. At the end of the storage period, the Ca treatment, followed by Ch + Ca + SA, had the highest levels of total phenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and tannins (TC). Ch + SA + Ca, Ch + SA and Ch had significantly higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to the control. Based on these results, these treatments can be recommended to extend the shelf life of 'Barhi' date fruit. Our results suggest that the use of elicitor combinations to extend the shelf life of date fruit during cold storage is a promising strategy to maintain fruit quality and reduce postharvest pathogen damage.

The production of `Premium¿ olive oil depends in large part on the quality of the fruit. Small producers see themselves confronted with vast investments and logistic snags when they intend to optimize the harvesting. Today, manual harvesting devices promise less damaged fruit when compared to the traditional methods with nets while the use of a cooling room on the farm is suggested as a solution when the harvesting needs to be stretched out over several days. The use of a manual inverted umbrella during the harvest, together with a storage of up to 14 days at 5 C, was studied for three cultivars (`Arbequina¿, `Picual¿, and `Verdial¿). Ten parameters of the produced oil were examined in two consecutive years together with an extended sensory analysis in the first year. The results underline the importance of the used harvesting and conservation method on the quality of the extracted oil, although the effect size of each factor varied in time and according to the cultivar. The results indicate that small producers with financial and logistic restrictions can obtain a high-quality product following the actions shown in this work, being able to compete in terms of quality in the market, either by combining both methods or by choosing the one that guarantees the best results given the cultivar and the specific storage time they need to consider.

This paper describes a new type CO2 two-stage rotary compressor for cold storage and freezing of food. A two-stage compression form with an upper cylinder (first-stage) and a lower cylinder (second-stage), unique oil road structures and technical parameters have been used in the rotary compressor to increase the performance. The results indicating that the optimized CO2 two-stage rotary compressor has a significant performance advantage, which the coefficient of performance (COP) increases by 4.4% ~ 6.7%.

Bij de energietransitie voor de gebouwde omgeving is een grote rol weggelegd voor bodemenergie. Dat geldt voor zowel open warmte- en koudeopslagsystemen (WKO) als voor gesloten bodemwarmtewisselaars. Behalve een energieopgave is er ook een bodembeschermingsopgave. In de praktijk lijkt die de energie- en klimaatopgave meer en meer in de weg te zitten.

Four different levels (25-100%) of culled goat meat were used in frankfurter formulation (frankfurters G25, G50, G75 and G100) instead of beef (CON). Technological properties, fatty acid profile and sensory properties were examined during the 6-week cold storage. The formulation had significant impact of fatty acids profile - n-6/n-3 ratios progressively decrease from 14.63 in CON to 6.63 in G100. Higher goat meat content led to progressively higher lightness and lower redness in frankfurters. This was also observed by consumers but not negatively perceived. Check-all-that-apply (CATA) analysis shows that more than 80% of consumers marked pleasant colour as present in goat frankfurters and CON. The similar was observed for pleasant appearance, pleasant odour, tasty, soft and juicy. Moreover, atypical taste and odour were mostly not marked as present (73.8% and 62.5%, respectively). The panellists pointed at G50 as the most preferred, while consumers most frequently marked G75.

A worldwide decline in the number of managed honeybee Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies has increased our reliance on alternative insects for crop pollination. Costs of large-scale rearing and storage are among the major obstacles limiting the use of other insect species for pollination services....

In Nordic climates, the weather allows a narrow time window during spring and summer for forest seedlings to be transplanted from indoor growth to outdoor conditions. If a new method for year-round cultivation under LED lamps is to be successfully introduced in forest nurseries, a cold storage phase for batches produced outside of the vegetation period needs to be included in the concept. Different short-day treatments for induction of cold hardiness in very young seedlings of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris cultivated solely under LED lamps were investigated. The study compared a combination of two photoperiods (5 h or 8 h) at three different temperatures (5°C, 10°C or 20°C) applied during five weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot electrolyte leakage and molecular testing for gene expression of cold acclimation were used to assess the treatments. After a period of three months in cold storage at 2°C, the vitality of the seedlings was evaluated using a root growth capacity test. Lower temperatures during the treatments, especially for Pinus sylvestris, had a significant effect on inducing cold hardiness. The results showed that the photoperiod should not be overly reduced to allow photosynthesis and generation of carbohydrate reserves but it could be optimized to reduce electricity consumption. © 2020, © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

In Nordic climates, the weather allows a narrow time window during spring and summer for forest seedlings to be transplanted from indoor growth to outdoor conditions. If a new method for year-round cultivation under LED lamps is to be successfully introduced in forest nurseries, a cold storage phase for batches produced outside of the vegetation period needs to be included in the concept. Different short-day treatments for induction of cold hardiness in very young seedlings of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris cultivated solely under LED lamps were investigated. The study compared a combination of two photoperiods (5 h or 8 h) at three different temperatures (5°C, 10°C or 20°C) applied during five weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot electrolyte leakage and molecular testing for gene expression of cold acclimation were used to assess the treatments. After a period of three months in cold storage at 2°C, the vitality of the seedlings was evaluated using a root growth capacity test. Lower temperatures during the treatments, especially for Pinus sylvestris, had a significant effect on inducing cold hardiness. The results showed that the photoperiod should not be overly reduced to allow photosynthesis and generation of carbohydrate reserves but it could be optimized to reduce electricity consumption. © 2020, © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Four different levels (25–100%) of culled goat meat were used in frankfurter formulation (frankfurters G25, G50, G75 and G100) instead of beef (CON). Technological properties, fatty acid profile and sensory properties were examined during the 6-week cold storage. The formulation had significant impact of fatty acids profile – n-6/n-3 ratios progressively decrease from 14.63 in CON to 6.63 in G100. Higher goat meat content led to progressively higher lightness and lower redness in frankfurters. This was also observed by consumers but not negatively perceived. Check-all-that-apply (CATA) analysis shows that more than 80% of consumers marked pleasant colour as present in goat frankfurters and CON. The similar was observed for pleasant appearance, pleasant odour, tasty, soft and juicy. Moreover, atypical taste and odour were mostly not marked as present (73.8% and 62.5%, respectively). The panellists pointed at G50 as the most preferred, while consumers most frequently marked G75.

In Nordic climates, the weather allows a narrow time window during spring and summer for forest seedlings to be transplanted from indoor growth to outdoor conditions. If a new method for year-round cultivation under LED lamps is to be successfully introduced in forest nurseries, a cold storage phase for batches produced outside of the vegetation period needs to be included in the concept. Different short-day treatments for induction of cold hardiness in very young seedlings of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris cultivated solely under LED lamps were investigated. The study compared a combination of two photoperiods (5 h or 8 h) at three different temperatures (5°C, 10°C or 20°C) applied during five weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot electrolyte leakage and molecular testing for gene expression of cold acclimation were used to assess the treatments. After a period of three months in cold storage at 2°C, the vitality of the seedlings was evaluated using a root growth capacity test. Lower temperatures during the treatments, especially for Pinus sylvestris, had a significant effect on inducing cold hardiness. The results showed that the photoperiod should not be overly reduced to allow photosynthesis and generation of carbohydrate reserves but it could be optimized to reduce electricity consumption. © 2020, © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Apical buds obtained from Asparagus plant vitro culture and somatic embryos obtained from stem cultivation, explants in MS medium supplemented with mg¹ᶫ 1, 2, 4-D and mg¹ᶫ 1 and Kinetin have been used in this research to produce artificial seeds. We encapsulated apical buds and somatic embryo using 2% sodium alginate and calcium chloride to prepare the artificial seeds. We placed artificial seeds at room temperature (about 25 ° C), in the cold, the temperature of 4 ° C and -18 ° C for different times (15,30,60,90 days) and evaluated the growing power of these seeds in MS and ½MS mediums for further investigations about the viability of seeds. The highest conversion percentage of seedlings in encapsulated embryos (70.01) was related to seed harvested from embryos treated with BA and the highest conversion percentage of seedlings in apical buds (96.54) was obtained from cultivated untreated seeds in MS medium. Encapsulated arteries and buds maintained germination energy and viability with increasing storage time after 90 days of storage at 4 and 25 ° C despite viability reduction while un-capsulated embryos and buds completely lost viability after 60 days of storage at 4 and 25 ° C and seeds stored at -18 ° C completely lost viability after 15 days of storage. In general, the percentage of seed germination and conversion to seedling is higher in seeds cultivated in MS medium compared to seeds cultivated in ½MS medium., En esta investigación se han utilizado yemas apicales obtenidas de cultivo vitro vegetal de espárragos y embriones somáticos obtenidos del cultivo de tallos, explantes en medio MS suplementado con mg¹ᶫ 1, 2, 4-D y mg¹ᶫ 1 y Kinetin para producir semillas artificiales. Encapsulamos yemas apicales y embriones somáticos utilizando alginato de sodio al 2% y cloruro de calcio para preparar las semillas artificiales. Colocamos semillas artificiales a temperatura ambiente (alrededor de 25 ° C), en el frío, la temperatura de 4 ° C y -18 ° C para diferentes tiempos (15,30,60,90 días) y evaluamos el poder de crecimiento de estas semillas. en medios MS y ½MS para futuras investigaciones sobre la viabilidad de las semillas. El mayor porcentaje de conversión de plántulas en embriones encapsulados (70.01) se relacionó con la semilla recolectada de embriones tratados con BA y el mayor porcentaje de conversión de plántulas en yemas apicales (96.54) se obtuvo de semillas cultivadas sin tratar en medio MS. Las arterias y las yemas encapsuladas mantuvieron la energía de germinación y la viabilidad con un mayor tiempo de almacenamiento después de 90 días de almacenamiento a 4 y 25 ° C a pesar de la reducción de la viabilidad, mientras que los embriones y las yemas no encapsulados perdieron completamente la viabilidad después de 60 días de almacenamiento a 4 y 25 ° C y las semillas almacenado a -18 ° C perdió completamente la viabilidad después de 15 días de almacenamiento. En general, el porcentaje de germinación de semillas y conversión a plántula es mayor en semillas cultivadas en medio MS en comparación con semillas cultivadas en medio ½MS.

Apical buds obtained from Asparagus plant vitro culture and somatic embryos obtained from stem cultivation, explants in MS medium supplemented with mg¹ᶫ 1, 2, 4-D and mg¹ᶫ 1 and Kinetin have been used in this research to produce artificial seeds. We encapsulated apical buds and somatic embryo using 2% sodium alginate and calcium chloride to prepare the artificial seeds. We placed artificial seeds at room temperature (about 25 ° C), in the cold, the temperature of 4 ° C and -18 ° C for different times (15,30,60,90 days) and evaluated the growing power of these seeds in MS and ½MS mediums for further investigations about the viability of seeds. The highest conversion percentage of seedlings in encapsulated embryos (70.01) was related to seed harvested from embryos treated with BA and the highest conversion percentage of seedlings in apical buds (96.54) was obtained from cultivated untreated seeds in MS medium. Encapsulated arteries and buds maintained germination energy and viability with increasing storage time after 90 days of storage at 4 and 25 ° C despite viability reduction while un-capsulated embryos and buds completely lost viability after 60 days of storage at 4 and 25 ° C and seeds stored at -18 ° C completely lost viability after 15 days of storage. In general, the percentage of seed germination and conversion to seedling is higher in seeds cultivated in MS medium compared to seeds cultivated in ½MS medium., En esta investigación se han utilizado yemas apicales obtenidas de cultivo vitro vegetal de espárragos y embriones somáticos obtenidos del cultivo de tallos, explantes en medio MS suplementado con mg¹ᶫ 1, 2, 4-D y mg¹ᶫ 1 y Kinetin para producir semillas artificiales. Encapsulamos yemas apicales y embriones somáticos utilizando alginato de sodio al 2% y cloruro de calcio para preparar las semillas artificiales. Colocamos semillas artificiales a temperatura ambiente (alrededor de 25 ° C), en el frío, la temperatura de 4 ° C y -18 ° C para diferentes tiempos (15,30,60,90 días) y evaluamos el poder de crecimiento de estas semillas. en medios MS y ½MS para futuras investigaciones sobre la viabilidad de las semillas. El mayor porcentaje de conversión de plántulas en embriones encapsulados (70.01) se relacionó con la semilla recolectada de embriones tratados con BA y el mayor porcentaje de conversión de plántulas en yemas apicales (96.54) se obtuvo de semillas cultivadas sin tratar en medio MS. Las arterias y las yemas encapsuladas mantuvieron la energía de germinación y la viabilidad con un mayor tiempo de almacenamiento después de 90 días de almacenamiento a 4 y 25 ° C a pesar de la reducción de la viabilidad, mientras que los embriones y las yemas no encapsulados perdieron completamente la viabilidad después de 60 días de almacenamiento a 4 y 25 ° C y las semillas almacenado a -18 ° C perdió completamente la viabilidad después de 15 días de almacenamiento. En general, el porcentaje de germinación de semillas y conversión a plántula es mayor en semillas cultivadas en medio MS en comparación con semillas cultivadas en medio ½MS.

Apical buds obtained from Asparagus plant vitro culture and somatic embryos obtained from stem cultivation, explants in MS medium supplemented with mg¹ᶫ 1, 2, 4-D and mg¹ᶫ 1 and Kinetin have been used in this research to produce artificial seeds. We encapsulated apical buds and somatic embryo using 2% sodium alginate and calcium chloride to prepare the artificial seeds. We placed artificial seeds at room temperature (about 25 ° C), in the cold, the temperature of 4 ° C and -18 ° C for different times (15,30,60,90 days) and evaluated the growing power of these seeds in MS and ½MS mediums for further investigations about the viability of seeds. The highest conversion percentage of seedlings in encapsulated embryos (70.01) was related to seed harvested from embryos treated with BA and the highest conversion percentage of seedlings in apical buds (96.54) was obtained from cultivated untreated seeds in MS medium. Encapsulated arteries and buds maintained germination energy and viability with increasing storage time after 90 days of storage at 4 and 25 ° C despite viability reduction while un-capsulated embryos and buds completely lost viability after 60 days of storage at 4 and 25 ° C and seeds stored at -18 ° C completely lost viability after 15 days of storage. In general, the percentage of seed germination and conversion to seedling is higher in seeds cultivated in MS medium compared to seeds cultivated in ½MS medium., En esta investigación se han utilizado yemas apicales obtenidas de cultivo vitro vegetal de espárragos y embriones somáticos obtenidos del cultivo de tallos, explantes en medio MS suplementado con mg¹ᶫ 1, 2, 4-D y mg¹ᶫ 1 y Kinetin para producir semillas artificiales. Encapsulamos yemas apicales y embriones somáticos utilizando alginato de sodio al 2% y cloruro de calcio para preparar las semillas artificiales. Colocamos semillas artificiales a temperatura ambiente (alrededor de 25 ° C), en el frío, la temperatura de 4 ° C y -18 ° C para diferentes tiempos (15,30,60,90 días) y evaluamos el poder de crecimiento de estas semillas. en medios MS y ½MS para futuras investigaciones sobre la viabilidad de las semillas. El mayor porcentaje de conversión de plántulas en embriones encapsulados (70.01) se relacionó con la semilla recolectada de embriones tratados con BA y el mayor porcentaje de conversión de plántulas en yemas apicales (96.54) se obtuvo de semillas cultivadas sin tratar en medio MS. Las arterias y las yemas encapsuladas mantuvieron la energía de germinación y la viabilidad con un mayor tiempo de almacenamiento después de 90 días de almacenamiento a 4 y 25 ° C a pesar de la reducción de la viabilidad, mientras que los embriones y las yemas no encapsulados perdieron completamente la viabilidad después de 60 días de almacenamiento a 4 y 25 ° C y las semillas almacenado a -18 ° C perdió completamente la viabilidad después de 15 días de almacenamiento. En general, el porcentaje de germinación de semillas y conversión a plántula es mayor en semillas cultivadas en medio MS en comparación con semillas cultivadas en medio ½MS.

In Nordic climates, the weather allows a narrow time window during spring and summer for forest seedlings to be transplanted from indoor growth to outdoor conditions. If a new method for year-round cultivation under LED lamps is to be successfully introduced in forest nurseries, a cold storage phase for batches produced outside of the vegetation period needs to be included in the concept. Different short-day treatments for induction of cold hardiness in very young seedlings of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris cultivated solely under LED lamps were investigated. The study compared a combination of two photoperiods (5 h or 8 h) at three different temperatures (5°C, 10°C or 20°C) applied during five weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot electrolyte leakage and molecular testing for gene expression of cold acclimation were used to assess the treatments. After a period of three months in cold storage at 2°C, the vitality of the seedlings was evaluated using a root growth capacity test. Lower temperatures during the treatments, especially for Pinus sylvestris, had a significant effect on inducing cold hardiness. The results showed that the photoperiod should not be overly reduced to allow photosynthesis and generation of carbohydrate reserves but it could be optimized to reduce electricity consumption.

In Nordic climates, the weather allows a narrow time window during spring and summer for forest seedlings to be transplanted from indoor growth to outdoor conditions. If a new method for year-round cultivation under LED lamps is to be successfully introduced in forest nurseries, a cold storage phase for batches produced outside of the vegetation period needs to be included in the concept. Different short-day treatments for induction of cold hardiness in very young seedlings of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris cultivated solely under LED lamps were investigated. The study compared a combination of two photoperiods (5 h or 8 h) at three different temperatures (5°C, 10°C or 20°C) applied during five weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot electrolyte leakage and molecular testing for gene expression of cold acclimation were used to assess the treatments. After a period of three months in cold storage at 2°C, the vitality of the seedlings was evaluated using a root growth capacity test. Lower temperatures during the treatments, especially for Pinus sylvestris, had a significant effect on inducing cold hardiness. The results showed that the photoperiod should not be overly reduced to allow photosynthesis and generation of carbohydrate reserves but it could be optimized to reduce electricity consumption.

In Nordic climates, the weather allows a narrow time window during spring and summer for forest seedlings to be transplanted from indoor growth to outdoor conditions. If a new method for year-round cultivation under LED lamps is to be successfully introduced in forest nurseries, a cold storage phase for batches produced outside of the vegetation period needs to be included in the concept. Different short-day treatments for induction of cold hardiness in very young seedlings of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris cultivated solely under LED lamps were investigated. The study compared a combination of two photoperiods (5 h or 8 h) at three different temperatures (5°C, 10°C or 20°C) applied during five weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot electrolyte leakage and molecular testing for gene expression of cold acclimation were used to assess the treatments. After a period of three months in cold storage at 2°C, the vitality of the seedlings was evaluated using a root growth capacity test. Lower temperatures during the treatments, especially for Pinus sylvestris, had a significant effect on inducing cold hardiness. The results showed that the photoperiod should not be overly reduced to allow photosynthesis and generation of carbohydrate reserves but it could be optimized to reduce electricity consumption.

In Nordic climates, the weather allows a narrow time window during spring and summer for forest seedlings to be transplanted from indoor growth to outdoor conditions. If a new method for year-round cultivation under LED lamps is to be successfully introduced in forest nurseries, a cold storage phase for batches produced outside of the vegetation period needs to be included in the concept. Different short-day treatments for induction of cold hardiness in very young seedlings of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris cultivated solely under LED lamps were investigated. The study compared a combination of two photoperiods (5 h or 8 h) at three different temperatures (5°C, 10°C or 20°C) applied during five weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot electrolyte leakage and molecular testing for gene expression of cold acclimation were used to assess the treatments. After a period of three months in cold storage at 2°C, the vitality of the seedlings was evaluated using a root growth capacity test. Lower temperatures during the treatments, especially for Pinus sylvestris, had a significant effect on inducing cold hardiness. The results showed that the photoperiod should not be overly reduced to allow photosynthesis and generation of carbohydrate reserves but it could be optimized to reduce electricity consumption.

Latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. in nectarines cause great economic losses since they are not detected and rejected at harvest and can appear at any time post-harvest, even at the consumer's home. The effect of a pre-cooling chamber, water dump operation, and cold-storage chamber on the activation and/or development of preharvest latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. on nectarines were studied under different postharvest conditions: (a) cold storage for 0, 1, or 3 d at 4 °C at either 75% relative humidity (RH) or 100% RH before water dumping, (b) water dumping for 10 minutes at 15 °C, and (c) cold storage for 0, 3, or 10 d at 4 °C at either 75% RH or 100% RH after water dumping. These storage conditions were transformed to fungal physiological time. For visualization of the latent infections caused by Monilinia spp., the nectarines were placed in sterile paper bags and frozen at -20 °C for 48 h in order to damage the epidermis. To compare different handling scenarios, the incidence of latent infection was modelled for physiological time description by a modified Gompertz model. The activation and/or development of preharvest natural latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. at postharvest was mainly related to temperature and incubation time at postharvest. Storing nectarines with any postharvest handling less than 11 days at 4 °C avoids brown rot symptoms and reduced the activation and/or development of pre-harvest latent infections caused by Monilinia spp., while more cold days caused the exponential phase of latent infection activation and/or development. The Gompertz model employed could be used for predicting the activation and/or development of latent infection caused by Monilinia spp. at postharvest conditions and looks at the postharvest life. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the effects of post-harvest handling on latent infections in fruit have been studied.

In Nordic climates, the weather allows a narrow time window during spring and summer for forest seedlings to be transplanted from indoor growth to outdoor conditions. If a new method for year-round cultivation under LED lamps is to be successfully introduced in forest nurseries, a cold storage phase for batches produced outside of the vegetation period needs to be included in the concept. Different short-day treatments for induction of cold hardiness in very young seedlings of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris cultivated solely under LED lamps were investigated. The study compared a combination of two photoperiods (5 h or 8 h) at three different temperatures (5°C, 10°C or 20°C) applied during five weeks. Chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot electrolyte leakage and molecular testing for gene expression of cold acclimation were used to assess the treatments. After a period of three months in cold storage at 2°C, the vitality of the seedlings was evaluated using a root growth capacity test. Lower temperatures during the treatments, especially for Pinus sylvestris, had a significant effect on inducing cold hardiness. The results showed that the photoperiod should not be overly reduced to allow photosynthesis and generation of carbohydrate reserves but it could be optimized to reduce electricity consumption. © 2020, © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Apical buds obtained from Asparagus plant vitro culture and somatic embryos obtained from stem cultivation, explants in MS medium supplemented with mg¹ᶫ 1, 2, 4-D and mg¹ᶫ 1 and Kinetin have been used in this research to produce artificial seeds. We encapsulated apical buds and somatic embryo using 2% sodium alginate and calcium chloride to prepare the artificial seeds. We placed artificial seeds at room temperature (about 25 ° C), in the cold, the temperature of 4 ° C and -18 ° C for different times (15,30,60,90 days) and evaluated the growing power of these seeds in MS and ½MS mediums for further investigations about the viability of seeds. The highest conversion percentage of seedlings in encapsulated embryos (70.01) was related to seed harvested from embryos treated with BA and the highest conversion percentage of seedlings in apical buds (96.54) was obtained from cultivated untreated seeds in MS medium. Encapsulated arteries and buds maintained germination energy and viability with increasing storage time after 90 days of storage at 4 and 25 ° C despite viability reduction while un-capsulated embryos and buds completely lost viability after 60 days of storage at 4 and 25 ° C and seeds stored at -18 ° C completely lost viability after 15 days of storage. In general, the percentage of seed germination and conversion to seedling is higher in seeds cultivated in MS medium compared to seeds cultivated in ½MS medium., En esta investigación se han utilizado yemas apicales obtenidas de cultivo vitro vegetal de espárragos y embriones somáticos obtenidos del cultivo de tallos, explantes en medio MS suplementado con mg¹ᶫ 1, 2, 4-D y mg¹ᶫ 1 y Kinetin para producir semillas artificiales. Encapsulamos yemas apicales y embriones somáticos utilizando alginato de sodio al 2% y cloruro de calcio para preparar las semillas artificiales. Colocamos semillas artificiales a temperatura ambiente (alrededor de 25 ° C), en el frío, la temperatura de 4 ° C y -18 ° C para diferentes tiempos (15,30,60,90 días) y evaluamos el poder de crecimiento de estas semillas. en medios MS y ½MS para futuras investigaciones sobre la viabilidad de las semillas. El mayor porcentaje de conversión de plántulas en embriones encapsulados (70.01) se relacionó con la semilla recolectada de embriones tratados con BA y el mayor porcentaje de conversión de plántulas en yemas apicales (96.54) se obtuvo de semillas cultivadas sin tratar en medio MS. Las arterias y las yemas encapsuladas mantuvieron la energía de germinación y la viabilidad con un mayor tiempo de almacenamiento después de 90 días de almacenamiento a 4 y 25 ° C a pesar de la reducción de la viabilidad, mientras que los embriones y las yemas no encapsulados perdieron completamente la viabilidad después de 60 días de almacenamiento a 4 y 25 ° C y las semillas almacenado a -18 ° C perdió completamente la viabilidad después de 15 días de almacenamiento. En general, el porcentaje de germinación de semillas y conversión a plántula es mayor en semillas cultivadas en medio MS en comparación con semillas cultivadas en medio ½MS.

Four different levels (25–100%) of culled goat meat were used in frankfurter formulation (frankfurters G25, G50, G75 and G100) instead of beef (CON). Technological properties, fatty acid profile and sensory properties were examined during the 6-week cold storage. The formulation had significant impact of fatty acids profile – n-6/n-3 ratios progressively decrease from 14.63 in CON to 6.63 in G100. Higher goat meat content led to progressively higher lightness and lower redness in frankfurters. This was also observed by consumers but not negatively perceived. Check-all-that-apply (CATA) analysis shows that more than 80% of consumers marked pleasant colour as present in goat frankfurters and CON. The similar was observed for pleasant appearance, pleasant odour, tasty, soft and juicy. Moreover, atypical taste and odour were mostly not marked as present (73.8% and 62.5%, respectively). The panellists pointed at G50 as the most preferred, while consumers most frequently marked G75.

Cell membranes provide a link between postharvest disorders and their integrity is essential for reducing table grape deterioration due to dehydration and susceptibility to fungal infection. We examined the relationship between ultrastructural membrane integrity at the subcellular level (transmission electron microscopy), cell (H2O2 generation) and membrane (malondialdehyde accumulation) oxidative status, membrane fatty acid composition (polar lipid fraction) and berry quality in order to determine the critical membrane events associated with long-term storage disorders at 0 °C in table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Autumn Royal, and evaluate their response to the application of a single or dual short-term 20 kPa CO2 treatment. The results revealed a progressive disorganization of the cytoplasm and the breakdown of the cell organelle ultrastructure, associated with elevated hydrogen peroxide generation and lipid peroxidation rates and an imbalance in the saturated/unsaturated ratio of polar lipids, mainly due to the decrease in the degree of unsaturation of 18-carbon fatty acids. Conversely, high CO2 levels maintained the integrity of the microstructure of cell and energy-related organelles that are essential for metabolic damage repair and cell membrane restoration, reduced oxidative damage in cells and membranes, and increased the unsaturation of 18-carbon fatty acids, lipid unsaturation ratio and index of unsaturated fatty acids (IUFA) in the membrane polar lipids. The results also revealed that the more short-term high CO2 treatment is applied to Autumn Royal grapes, the more cytological evidence there is of enhanced tolerance to long-term cold and prevention of storage disorders in terms of cluster weight loss, rachis browning, berry water loss and decay incidence.

Four different levels (25-100%) of culled goat meat were used in frankfurter formulation (frankfurters G25, G50, G75 and G100) instead of beef (CON). Technological properties, fatty acid profile and sensory properties were examined during the 6-week cold storage. The formulation had significant impact of fatty acids profile - n-6/n-3 ratios progressively decrease from 14.63 in CON to 6.63 in G100. Higher goat meat content led to progressively higher lightness and lower redness in frankfurters. This was also observed by consumers but not negatively perceived. Check-all-that-apply (CATA) analysis shows that more than 80% of consumers marked pleasant colour as present in goat frankfurters and CON. The similar was observed for pleasant appearance, pleasant odour, tasty, soft and juicy. Moreover, atypical taste and odour were mostly not marked as present (73.8% and 62.5%, respectively). The panellists pointed at G50 as the most preferred, while consumers most frequently marked G75.

In Tunisia, the use of the egg parasitoid trichogrammatid wasps to cope with several economic pests is gaining increasing attention. Trichogramma bourarachae (Pintureau & Babault) is among the Trichogramma wasps naturally present in Tunisia and regarded as a potential natural enemy to be used in biological control programs of many lepidopteran pests that cause economic losses. The propensity of T. bourarachae to cold storage with and without diapause induction was studied. The effect of this technique on its emergence rate and parasitic activity was investigated. The study showed that wasps of T. bourarachae treated at the induction temperature of 15 °C for 5 days can be stored at 4 ± 1 °C for more than 30 days without significant loss of their performances. By using this prestorage temperature, T. bourarachae could keep its emergence capacity (77.5%) up to 60 days of cold storage at 4 ± 1 °C. However, its parasitic activity decreased significantly (37.16%) after 45 days of cold storage. These results are promising for its mass production, transport, and release in the framework of national campaigns to control several agricultural pests of economic importance.