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Coagulation is the natural and chemical water treatment process is used to remove small suspended solid particles from all types of water. At present time the disposal of the sludge is becoming a major problem. One of the major environmental challenges facing municipalities around the world is the disposal of waste. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize the waste effectively with technical department. This study aims to treat the water by using natural and chemical coagulants. Natural coagulants are watermelon seeds, mooring seeds, and other seeds. Chemical coagulants are alum, sodium aluminate and ferric sulphate. Untreated sample and treated water sample will go through physical, chemical, and biological examination like PH, color, turbidity, TDS, TSS, MPN, etc. This project gives an idea about use of suitable coagulants i.e., natural, and chemical.

Wet-chemical approach is widely applied for phosphate recovery from incinerated ash of waste activated sludge (WAS), along with metals removed/recovered. The high contents of both aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) in WAS-incinerated ash should be suitable for producing coagulants with some waste anions like Cl− and SO42− With acid (HCl) leaching and metals’ removing, approximately 88 wt% of phosphorus (P) in the ash could be recovered as hydroxylapatite (HAP: Ca5(PO4)3OH); Fe3+ in the acidic leachate could be selectively removed/recovered by extraction with an organic solvent of tributyl phosphate (TBP), and thus a FeCl3-based coagulant could be synthesized by stripping the raffinate with the original brine (containing abundant Cl− and SO42−). Furthermore, a liquid poly-aluminum chloride (PAC)-based coagulant could also be synthesized with Al3+ removed from the ash and the brine, which behaved almost the same in the coagulation performance as a commercial coagulant on both phosphate and turbidity removals. Both P-recovery from the ash and coagulant production associated with the brine would enlarge the markets of both ‘blue’ phosphate and ‘green’ coagulants., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., BT/Environmental Biotechnology

Coagulation is the natural and chemical water treatment process is used to remove small suspended solid particles from all types of water. At present time the disposal of the sludge is becoming a major problem. One of the major environmental challenges facing municipalities around the world is the disposal of waste. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize the waste effectively with technical department. This study aims to treat the water by using natural and chemical coagulants. Natural coagulants are watermelon seeds, mooring seeds, and other seeds. Chemical coagulants are alum, sodium aluminate and ferric sulphate. Untreated sample and treated water sample will go through physical, chemical, and biological examination like PH, color, turbidity, TDS, TSS, MPN, etc. This project gives an idea about use of suitable coagulants i.e., natural, and chemical.

Wastewater from the fishmeal production industry has a high content of organic matter, turbidity and fats, which makes its treatment and final disposal difficult. Therefore, this study focuses on evaluating the efficacy of coagulants of natural origin versus synthetic coagulants, as a function of turbidity and the factors that influence it by applying an experimental quantitative study. The natural coagulants used were Aloe vera gel and Selenicereus Undatus pitahaya mucilage, while the coagulants of chemical origin were aluminum polychloride (PAC) and aluminum sulfate. So that to the high concentration of fat present in the discharge water with respect to the reference value, a pre-sedimentation of the water was carried out without any type of mechanical or coagulating action, resulting in the elimination of fats of 92%.The initial turbidity of the wastewater was 1230.33 NTU, obtaining turbidity removal percentages for PAC, aluminum sulfate, pitahaya and Aloe vera in the order of 99.58%, 99.87%, 62.26%, 75.15%, respectively. On the other hand, the COD for the most efficient synthetic coagulant and natural coagulant, was 18 mgO2/L and 839.35 mgO2/ correspondingly. This study aims to promote the use of friendly resources for the environment, guaranteeing an efficient removal of contamination from the aqueous environment., El agua residual de las industrias productoras de harina de pescado presenta un alto contenido de materia orgánica, turbidez y grasas, lo que dificulta su tratamiento y disposición final. Este estudio consiste en evaluar la eficiencia de coagulantes naturales frente a coagulantes sintéticos en función de la turbidez y los factores que influyen en ella mediante un estudio cuantitativo experimental. Los coagulantes naturales usados fueron gel de Aloe vera y mucílago de pitahaya Selenicereus undatus, mientras que los coagulantes sintéticos fueron policloruro de aluminio (PAC) y sulfato de aluminio. Debido a la alta concentración de grasas presentes en el agua estudiada respecto al valor de referencia se realizó un pre sedimentado del agua sin ningún tipo de acción mecánica ni coagulante resultando la eliminación de grasas del 92%. La turbidez inicial del agua residual fue 1130,67 NTU, obteniendo porcentajes de remoción para PAC, sulfato de aluminio, pitahaya y Aloe vera de 99,59%, 99,87%, 62,26%, 75,15% respectivamente, los valores finales de DQO para el coagulante sintético y el coagulante natural más efectivo fueron 18 mgO2/L y 839.35 mgO2/L correspondientemente. Este estudio pretende promover el uso de recursos amigables para el ambiente, garantizando una remoción eficiente de la contaminación del medio acuoso.

Sludge incineration and seawater desalination are two approaches that can be used in the disposal of waste activated sludge (WAS) and for obtaining fresh water. As resource recovery from wastewater treatment and water purification is a topic of particular interest in these times, “water mining” has become a focus of research, with phosphate/P-recovery from WAS incineration ash, and extraction of useful elements from the brine of desalination being important steps in the pursuit of a circular/blue economy. However, P-recovery from ash involves removing metals, which need to be disposed of carefully, as does the brine collected. If cations in the ash and anions in the brine could be combined in order to produce coagulants/flocculants, a new circular model would be established. A preliminary experiment for this purpose has demonstrated that a liquid poly‑aluminum chloride (PAC) could be synthesized from the aluminum ion/Al3+ removed from the ash and the original brine. With this work, we synthesized the liquid PAC by a hydrothermal method, and the results from infrared spectrometer demonstrated that the synthesized PAC was similar to a commercial PAC. Moreover, the synthesized PAC was able to efficiently reduce the effluent turbidity of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), especially when compared with the commercial PAC. It is therefore important that research in this area be continued in order to improve the quality of synthesized coagulants and to produce different coagulants based on cations and anions in ash and brine., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., BT/Environmental Biotechnology

Enhanced coagulation experiments have been carried out on the co-treatment of mine water from the Jamadoba colliery and natural organic matter (NOM)-containing surface water from the nearby Damodar River (Jharkhand, India). Mixing of near-neutral pH mine water with surface water substantially reduced the reactive portion of the NOM in the surface water by enhancing the coagulation process, using alum as a coagulant. The hardness and ionic moieties in the mine water improved the effectiveness of the alum in reducing the NOM concentrations. The interactive effects of differing pH, mixing proportion, and coagulant dose, were optimised using a statistical tool. Experimental results showed that the best conditions for removing the reactive part of NOM were pH 6, 3.5 mg/L of coagulant, and a mix ratio of 0.76 (mine water:surface water). The results suggested that mixing of this mine water with river water would be an appropriate way to maximise the removal of the reactive part of NOM prior to disinfection and would provide good quality drinking water., Enhanced coagulation experiments have been carried out on the co-treatment of mine water from the Jamadoba colliery and natural organic matter (NOM)-containing surface water from the nearby Damodar River (Jharkhand, India). Mixing of near-neutral pH mine water with surface water substantially reduced the reactive portion of the NOM in the surface water by enhancing the coagulation process, using alum as a coagulant. The hardness and ionic moieties in the mine water improved the effectiveness of the alum in reducing the NOM concentrations. The interactive effects of differing pH, mixing proportion, and coagulant dose, were optimised using a statistical tool. Experimental results showed that the best conditions for removing the reactive part of NOM were pH 6, 3.5 mg/L of coagulant, and a mix ratio of 0.76 (mine water:surface water). The results suggested that mixing of this mine water with river water would be an appropriate way to maximise the removal of the reactive part of NOM prior to disinfection and would provide good quality drinking water.

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is a multipurpose herbaceous plant of economic significance. Attention on the kenaf plant has focused mainly on the stem for fiberbased industries. Also, the leaves have received little applications in herbal medicine, while the seed has been underutilised despite its high nutritional value especially as raw material and/or ingredient for the food sector. This study attempted to value-add kenaf seed as raw material for tofu production. In view of this, the objectives of this study were (i) to determine the effects of soaking temperatures on hydration time, microstructure, chemical composition of the kenaf seed and the physicochemical quality of its milky extracts; (ii) to evaluate the effects of coagulants and processing variables on the quality of kenaf seed tofu; (iii) to improve the quality of kenaf seed tofu by partly substituting kenaf seed with soybean; and (iv) to investigate the mechanism of coagulation of kenaf seed tofu and kenaf seed-soybean tofu blend in comparison to soybean tofu. Results on the effects of soaking temperatures study revealed that raising the soaking temperature of water from 25 to 65 oC significantly increased the rate of water absorption from 0.009 to 0.068 min-1, and subsequently decreased the soaking time from 616 to 160 min. However, increased in the soaking temperature had no significant effect on the proximate composition of the kenaf seeds and the milky extracts; but, soaking treatment in combination with extraction process significantly reduced the phytic acid, tannic acid and trypsin inhibitors concentrations from 2.74 %, 0.082 mg/mL and 11.18 mg/g of the un-soaked seed to 1.94-2.11 %, 0.031-0.052 mg/mL and 9.24-10.34 mg/g in milky extracts, respectively. The result of screening stage during the characterisation phase of kenaf seed tofu development indicated that the main and interactions effects of seed-towater ratio for extraction of kenaf seed milky extract, coagulant types and concentrations, and

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is a multipurpose herbaceous plant of economic significance. Attention on the kenaf plant has focused mainly on the stem for fiberbased industries. Also, the leaves have received little applications in herbal medicine, while the seed has been underutilised despite its high nutritional value especially as raw material and/or ingredient for the food sector. This study attempted to value-add kenaf seed as raw material for tofu production. In view of this, the objectives of this study were (i) to determine the effects of soaking temperatures on hydration time, microstructure, chemical composition of the kenaf seed and the physicochemical quality of its milky extracts; (ii) to evaluate the effects of coagulants and processing variables on the quality of kenaf seed tofu; (iii) to improve the quality of kenaf seed tofu by partly substituting kenaf seed with soybean; and (iv) to investigate the mechanism of coagulation of kenaf seed tofu and kenaf seed-soybean tofu blend in comparison to soybean tofu. Results on the effects of soaking temperatures study revealed that raising the soaking temperature of water from 25 to 65 oC significantly increased the rate of water absorption from 0.009 to 0.068 min-1, and subsequently decreased the soaking time from 616 to 160 min. However, increased in the soaking temperature had no significant effect on the proximate composition of the kenaf seeds and the milky extracts; but, soaking treatment in combination with extraction process significantly reduced the phytic acid, tannic acid and trypsin inhibitors concentrations from 2.74 %, 0.082 mg/mL and 11.18 mg/g of the un-soaked seed to 1.94-2.11 %, 0.031-0.052 mg/mL and 9.24-10.34 mg/g in milky extracts, respectively. The result of screening stage during the characterisation phase of kenaf seed tofu development indicated that the main and interactions effects of seed-towater ratio for extraction of kenaf seed milky extract, coagulant types and concentrations, and

Wastewater treatment plants have the main objective to treat the incoming wastewater to meet specified discharge criteria. Different process configurations requiring different amount of resources such as energy and chemicals. The selection of process configuration can also impact the amount of energy produced from digestion of the sludge to biogas. In this study we compare the environmental impact of treating wastewater to two different levels of effluent quality (total phosphorus concentration, 1 mg P/L and 0.3 mg P/L) in three different process configurations using dynamic process modelling and life cycle assessment (LCA). The different processes studied were Pre-precipitation, Simultaneous precipitation and Biological phosphorous removal. Automatic process control in the models was used to achieve similar treatment results for the different processes. Operational data in the form of direct emissions to water and air, energy consumption, chemical consumption, production of sludge and biogas were generated by dynamic process simulations. The operational data were used in the LCA to calculate the environmental impact in five different categories, where global warming potential (GWP) also known as carbon footprint, was one. The results show that pre-precipitation gives the lowest GWP per m3 of treated water for both effluent standards. Bio-P gives the highest GWP., Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.

As intracerebral hemorrahge becomes more frequent as a result of an aging population with greater comorbidities, rapid identification and reversal of precipitators becomes increasingly paramount. The aformentioned population will ever more likely be on some form of anticoagulant therapy. Understanding the mechanisms of these agents and means by which to reverse them early on is critical in managing the acute intracerebral hemorrhage.

Wastewater treatment plants have the main objective to treat the incoming wastewater to meet specified discharge criteria. Different process configurations requiring different amount of resources such as energy and chemicals. The selection of process configuration can also impact the amount of energy produced from digestion of the sludge to biogas. In this study we compare the environmental impact of treating wastewater to two different levels of effluent quality (total phosphorus concentration, 1 mg P/L and 0.3 mg P/L) in three different process configurations using dynamic process modelling and life cycle assessment (LCA). The different processes studied were Pre-precipitation, Simultaneous precipitation and Biological phosphorous removal. Automatic process control in the models was used to achieve similar treatment results for the different processes. Operational data in the form of direct emissions to water and air, energy consumption, chemical consumption, production of sludge and biogas were generated by dynamic process simulations. The operational data were used in the LCA to calculate the environmental impact in five different categories, where global warming potential (GWP) also known as carbon footprint, was one. The results show that pre-precipitation gives the lowest GWP per m3 of treated water for both effluent standards. Bio-P gives the highest GWP., Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.21 – технологія водоочищення. Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського», Київ, 2019. Дисертацію присвячено створенню реагентів водоочищення із відходів глиноземних виробництв для очищення стічних вод від органічних речовин природного (природні органічні речовини) та синтетичного (барвники, ПАР) походження. В роботі представлено принципи створення реагентів водоочищення із коагуляційними та сорбційними властивостями. Виявлено, що використання твердого комплексного коагулянту (ТК) пришвидшує процес коагуляції за рахунок наявних в його складі крім хлоридної форми металів, ще й оксидної, що забезпечує додаткові центри кристалізації, однак зумовлює необхідність збільшення дози коагулянту. Використання ж рідких залізо-алюмінієвих коагулянтів РК дозволяє знизити дозу і досягти ефективності коагуляції на рівні відомих товарних коагулянтів. Встановлено, що перебіг сорбційних процесів із застосуванням синтезованого з використанням відходів глиноземних виробництв сорбційного матеріалу СМ має фізичний характер та є більш ефективним ніж за використання товарного АВ. Розроблено технологічну послідовність одержання та застосування отриманих реагентів для очищення стічних вод від органічних полютантів. Обґрунтовано економічну доцільність створення та використання реагентів на основі відходів глиноземних виробництв.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.21 – технологія водоочищення. Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського», Київ, 2019. Дисертацію присвячено створенню реагентів водоочищення із відходів глиноземних виробництв для очищення стічних вод від органічних речовин природного (природні органічні речовини) та синтетичного (барвники, ПАР) походження. В роботі представлено принципи створення реагентів водоочищення із коагуляційними та сорбційними властивостями. Виявлено, що використання твердого комплексного коагулянту (ТК) пришвидшує процес коагуляції за рахунок наявних в його складі крім хлоридної форми металів, ще й оксидної, що забезпечує додаткові центри кристалізації, однак зумовлює необхідність збільшення дози коагулянту Використання ж рідких залізо-алюмінієвих коагулянтів РК дозволяє знизити дозу і досягти ефективності коагуляції на рівні відомих товарних коагулянтів. Встановлено, що перебіг сорбційних процесів із застосуванням синтезованого з використанням відходів глиноземних виробництв сорбційного матеріалу СМ має фізичний характер та є більш ефективним ніж за використання товарного АВ. Розроблено технологічну послідовність одержання та застосування отриманих реагентів для очищення стічних вод від органічних полютантів. Обґрунтовано економічну доцільність створення та використання реагентів на основі відходів глиноземних виробництв., The thesis for a candidate of technical sciences degree by the specialty 05.17.21 "Technology of water purification". - National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2019. The thesis is devoted to water purification reagents based on wastes of alumina production (red mud) creation and research, checking their efficiency and creation a technological sequence of wastewater treatment from organic pollutants of various nature by synthesized water purification reagents. The principle of creating water purification reagents as coagulants (in solid and liquid form) and as sorption materials are presented and substantiated in the thesis. The choice of red mud as a raw material for the synthesis of such reagents is shown and grounded. Rational conditions for obtaining a solid complexed iron-aluminum coagulant (TK) by partial acid-thermal activation with acid deficiency was established. It was found that in the resulting product due to the partial conversion of the oxide form of metals into chloride, only a part of the metals hydrolyzes, the remainder acts as a damping agent, increasing the centers of crystallization, but necessitates an increase in the coagulant dose. The rational conditions for obtaining liquid complexed ironaluminum coagulant (PK) by acid activation of red mud with chloride or sulfate acid was established. The elemental composition of the PK according to the main components was determined by X-ray fluorescence method, characterized by the following chemical composition (according to the main components): coagulant of PK(SO4) - Fe - 83,24%, Al - 1,95%; Ti - 1.44%, and PK(Cl) - Fe - 82.87%, Al - 5.12%, Ti - 0.98%, Ca - 1.78%. It was found the rational conditions for obtaining sorption material CM: obtaining the solution of acidic activation of red mud in the form of chlorides (or sulfates) of iron and aluminum (RK), followed by impregnation of activated carbon Filtraso, Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.17.21 - технология водоочистки. Национальный технический университет Украины «Киевский политехнический институт имени Игоря Сикорского», Киев, 2019. Диссертация посвящена созданию реагентов водоочистки из отходов глиноземных производств для очистки сточных вод от органических веществ природного (природные органические вещества) и синтетического (красители, ПАВ) происхождения. В работе представлены принципы создания реагентов водоочистки с коагуляционными и сорбционными свойствами. Выявлено, что использование твердого комплексного коагулянта (ТК) ускоряет процесс коагуляции за счет имеющихся в его составе кроме соляной формы металлов, еще и оксидную, что обеспечивает дополнительные центры кристаллизации, однако вызывает необходимость увеличения дозы коагулянта. Использование же жидких железо-алюминиевых коагулянтов (РК) позволяет снизить дозу и достичь эффективности коагуляции на уровне известных товарных коагулянтов. Установлено, что протекание сорбционных процессов с использованием синтезированного материала СМ имеет физический характер и более эффективно нежели при использовании товарного активированного угля. Разработана технологическая последовательность получения и применения полученных реагентов для очистки сточных вод от органических загрязнителей. Обоснованно экономическую целесообразность создания и использования реагентов на основе отходов глиноземных производств.

BACKGROUND: Ticagrelor is an oral P2Y12 inhibitor that is used with aspirin to reduce the risk of ischemic events among patients with acute coronary syndromes or previous myocardial infarction. Spontaneous major bleeding and bleeding associated with urgent invasive procedures are concerns with ticagrelor, as with other antiplatelet drugs. The antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor cannot be reversed with platelet transfusion. A rapid-acting reversal agent would be useful. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial, we evaluated intravenous PB2452, a monoclonal antibody fragment that binds ticagrelor with high affinity, as a ticagrelor reversal agent. We assessed platelet function in healthy volunteers before and after 48 hours of ticagrelor pretreatment and again after the administration of PB2452 or placebo. Platelet function was assessed with the use of light transmission aggregometry, a point-of-care P2Y12 platelet-reactivity test, and a vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein assay. RESULTS: Of the 64 volunteers who underwent randomization, 48 were assigned to receive PB2452 and 16 to receive placebo. After 48 hours of ticagrelor pretreatment, platelet aggregation was suppressed by approximately 80%. PB2452 administered as an initial intravenous bolus followed by a prolonged infusion (8, 12, or 16 hours) was associated with a significantly greater increase in platelet function than placebo, as measured by multiple assays. Ticagrelor reversal occurred within 5 minutes after the initiation of PB2452 and was sustained for more than 20 hours (P<0.001 after Bonferroni adjustment across all time points for all assays). There was no evidence of a rebound in platelet activity after drug cessation. Adverse events related to the trial drug were limited mainly to issues involving the infusion site. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy volunteers, the administration of PB2452, a specific reversal agent for ticagrelor, provided immediate and sustained reversal

Робота виконана на кафедрі екології та природоохоронних технологій Національного університету кораблебудування імені адмірала Макарова., Дисертаційна робота присвячена вирішенню екологічних проблем захисту водних об'єктів від забруднення на прикладі Миколаївської області шляхом моніторингу стану водойм, створення маловідходних технологій водопідготовки та очищення води, які забезпечують раціональне використання водних ресурсів. Проведена оцінка стану гідроекологічних систем у межах водного басейну Миколаївської області. Визначено ефективність коагулянтів, отриманих зі шламу Миколаївського глиноземного заводу, і природного коагулянту Moringa oleifera при освітленні, знебарвленні, знезараженні модельних розчинів та природних вод. Розроблено реагенти та методи стабілізаційної обробки води для забезпечення раціонального використання води в промисловості та енергетиці. Визначені параметри процесів іонообмінного очищення води від іонів важких металів, процесів електроекстракції металів із кислих регенераційних розчинів при створенні безвідходних технологій очищення води від важких металів та від біогенних сполук. Для інтенсифікації біологічних методів очищення комунально-побутових та промислових стічних вод від розчинних та нерозчинних органічних та неорганічних полютантів визначено ефективність застосування технології ефективних мікроорганізмів з використанням біопрепарату «Тамір». Запропоновано нові маловідходні технологічні схеми пом'якшення та знесолення води, очищення води від іонів важких металів, які застосовуються при організації замкнених систем водокористування у гальванічних виробництвах, очищення води від сполук азоту та фосфору, основані на використанні іонообмінних фільтрів.

Робота виконана на кафедрі екології та природоохоронних технологій Національного університету кораблебудування імені адмірала Макарова., Дисертаційна робота присвячена вирішенню екологічних проблем захисту водних об'єктів від забруднення на прикладі Миколаївської області шляхом моніторингу стану водойм, створення маловідходних технологій водопідготовки та очищення води, які забезпечують раціональне використання водних ресурсів. Проведена оцінка стану гідроекологічних систем у межах водного басейну Миколаївської області. Визначено ефективність коагулянтів, отриманих зі шламу Миколаївського глиноземного заводу, і природного коагулянту Moringa oleifera при освітленні, знебарвленні, знезараженні модельних розчинів та природних вод. Розроблено реагенти та методи стабілізаційної обробки води для забезпечення раціонального використання води в промисловості та енергетиці. Визначені параметри процесів іонообмінного очищення води від іонів важких металів, процесів електроекстракції металів із кислих регенераційних розчинів при створенні безвідходних технологій очищення води від важких металів та від біогенних сполук. Для інтенсифікації біологічних методів очищення комунально-побутових та промислових стічних вод від розчинних та нерозчинних органічних та неорганічних полютантів визначено ефективність застосування технології ефективних мікроорганізмів з використанням біопрепарату «Тамір». Запропоновано нові маловідходні технологічні схеми пом'якшення та знесолення води, очищення води від іонів важких металів, які застосовуються при організації замкнених систем водокористування у гальванічних виробництвах, очищення води від сполук азоту та фосфору, основані на використанні іонообмінних фільтрів., The dissertation considers solution of the environmental problems in water body protection against pollution as illustrated by the Mykolaiv region. It includes monitoring of the state of the water body and development of low-waste water treatment and purification technologies ensuring the rational use of water resources. It was presented the results of analysis of the indicators of hydroecosystem pollution based on the data provided by the monitoring services of the Mykolaiv region over the past 12 years. The alternative studies have shown a high level of chlorides, iron, and chemical oxygen demand in the Ingul River, Southern Bug River, and Bug Estuary, which attests to pollution both by undertreated wastewater and rainwater. The conditions for obtaining coagulants from the slurry produced by the Mykolaiv Alumina Refinery and the natural coagulant Moringa oleifera were defined. The coagulants’ efficiency in clarification, discoloration, and decontamination of model solutions and natural waters is determined. Hence, application of sodium aluminate, magnesite and other reagents is proved to enhance the efficiency of water softening and ensure its robust purification from sulfates. Besides, it is shown that the use of strongly and weakly acidic cation exchangers or their mixtures provides deep water softening, while anion exchangers in the alkaline and carbonate forms promote water softening and purification from sulphates and chlorides. Furthermore, the chapter presents brand new methods developed for the synthesis of sulphonate and sulphonate-phosphinate scale inhibitors and establishes their efficiency in stabilizing water treatment. It also proposes brand new low-waste technological schemes of water softening and desalting. The research on the content and distribution of heavy metals in the Bug Estuary waters were rendered. First, it specifies the pattern of heavy metals distribution in the components of the estuary ecosystem, including the water environment, natu, Диссертационная работы посвящена решению экологических проблем защиты водных объектов от загрязнения на примере Николаевской области путем мониторинга состояния водоемов, создание малоотходных технологий водоподготовки и очистки воды, которые обеспечивают рациональное использование водных ресурсов. Проведена оценка состояния гидроэкологических систем в пределах водного бассейна Николаевской области. Определена эффективность коагулянтов, полученных из шлама Николаевского глиноземного завода, и природного коагулянта Moringa oleifera при осветлении, обесцвечивании, обеззараживании модельных растворов и природных вод. Разработаны реагенты и методы стабилизационной обработки воды для обеспечения рационального использования воды в промышленности и энергетике. Определены параметры процессов ионообменной очистки воды от ионов тяжелых металлов, процессов электроэкстракции металлов с кислых регенерационных растворов при создании безотходных технологий очистки воды от тяжелых металлов и от биогенных соединений. Для интенсификации биологических методов очистки коммунально-бытовых и промышленных сточных вод от растворимых и нерастворимых органических и неорганических загрязнителей определена эффективность применения технологии эффективных микроорганизмов с использованием биопрепарата «Тамир». Предложены новые малоотходные технологические схемы смягчения и обессоливания воды, очистки воды от ионов тяжелых металлов, которые применяются при организации замкнутых систем водопользования в гальванических производствах, очистки воды от соединений азота и фосфора, основанные на использовании ионообменных фильтров.

In response to collagen stimulation, platelets use a coordinated system of fluid entry to undergo membrane ballooning, procoagulant spreading, and microvesiculation. We hypothesized that water entry was mediated by the water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aimed to determine its role in the platelet procoagulant response and thrombosis. We established that human and mouse platelets express AQP1 and localize to internal tubular membrane structures. However, deletion of AQP1 had minimal effects on collagen-induced platelet granule secretion, aggregation, or membrane ballooning. Conversely, procoagulant spreading, microvesiculation, phosphatidylserine exposure, and clot formation time were significantly diminished. Furthermore, in vivo thrombus formation after FeCl3 injury to carotid arteries was also markedly suppressed in AQP1-null mice, but hemostasis after tail bleeding remained normal. The mechanism involves an AQP1-mediated rapid membrane stretching during procoagulant spreading but not ballooning, leading to calcium entry through mechanosensitive cation channels and a full procoagulant response. We conclude that AQP1 is a major regulator of the platelet procoagulant response, able to modulate coagulation after injury or pathologic stimuli without affecting other platelet functional responses or normal hemostasis. Clinically effective AQP1 inhibitors may therefore represent a novel class of antiprocoagulant antithrombotics.

The given research is devoted to the development of the technology of utilization of lime-softening sludge to obtain calcium nitrate.Water treatment waste by chemical composition differs from natural raw materials such as limestone, which is traditionally used to obtain calcium nitrate. Sludge obtained at the stage of lime-softening contains about 70% calcium carbonate, a fairly large amount of iron, which enters the precipitate with solutions of coagulants, as well as organic impurities. Organic impurities come from river water and precipitate as a result of coagulation.The process of extracting calcium by the acid solution is stable. The results are well reproduced on two kinds of waste from different enterprises. This is explained both by the high dissolution rate of calcium carbonate in nitric acid, and the similar chemical composition of the waste.Not only calcium compounds, but also iron ones together with the organic component of liming sludge fall into the solution. A process scheme is proposed for cleaning the solution, which should include the stages of oxidation of the solution and subsequent precipitation of iron.The concentration of iron in the experimental solutions was up to 6 g/l. With the help of the calculations of the precipitate-solution equilibrium, it has been stated that iron in the area of low concentrations of nitric acid precipitates in the solution, and calcium stays in it. The decrease of the acid concentration was carried out by the addition of pure calcium carbonate.Kinetic studies of the process of iron precipitation on model solutions of iron (III) nitrate have been carried out. The second-order kinetic equation is obtained. The calculation of the process activation energy is available in the paper. The value of the energy is ~37 kJ/ mole, which is the evidence of the precipitation process in the transition area. The undissolved residue contains about 40% iron and can be used to obtain coagulants.Thus, the application of the proposed, Исследование посвящено разработке технологии утилизации известкового шлама водоподготовки с получением кальциевой селитры.Установлено, что отходы водоподготовки по химическому составу отличаются от природного сырья – известняка, который традиционно используют для получения кальций нитрата. Шлам, получаемый в процессе известкования воды, содержит около 70 % кальций карбоната, достаточно большое количество железа, попадает в осадок с растворами коагулянтов, а также, органические примеси. Органические примеси поступают с речной водой и осаждаются в результате коагуляции.Процесс извлечения кальция раствором кислоты является устойчивым. Результаты хорошо воспроизводились на двух видах отходов различных предприятий. Это объясняется как высокой скоростью растворения кальций карбоната в азотной кислоте, так и схожим химическим составом отходов.В раствор попадают не только соединения кальция но и железа и органическая составляющая шламов известкования. Для очистки раствора предложена схема процесса, в которую должны входить стадии окисления раствора и последующего осаждения железа.Концентрация железа в экспериментальных растворах составляла до 6 г/л. С помощью расчетов равновесия осадок – раствор установлено, что в области низких концентраций азотной кислоты железо будет выпадать в раствор, а кальций в нем оставаться. Уменьшение концентрации кислоты проводили добавлением чистого кальций карбоната.Проведено кинетические исследования процесса осаждения железа на модельных растворах железо (III) нитрата. Получено кинетическое уравнение второго порядка. Рассчитана энергия активации процесса, значение которой ~ 37 кДж/моль свидетельствует о протекании процесса осаждения в переходной области. Нерастворившийся остаток содержит около 40 % железа и может использоваться для получения коагулянтов.Применение предложенного метода позволит наиболее полно использовать отходы водоподготовки, Дослідження присвячено розробці технології утилізації вапняного шламу водопідготовки з одержанням кальцієвої селітри.Встановлено, що відходи водопідготовки за хімічним складом відрізняються від природної сировини – вапняку, який традиційно використовують для одержання кальцій нітрату. Шлам, що утворюється на стадії вапнування води містить близько 70 % кальцій карбонату,досить велику кількість заліза, що потрапляє до осаду з розчинами коагулянтів, та органічні домішки. Органічні домішки надходять з річковою водою і осаджуються в результаті коагуляції.Процес вилучення кальцію розчином кислоти – сталий. Результати добре відтворювались на двох видах відходів різних підприємств. Це пояснюється як високою швидкістю розчинення кальцій карбонату в нітратній кислоті, так і схожим хімічним складом відходів.До розчину потрапляють не тільки сполуки кальцію але й заліза та органічна складова шламів вапнування. Для очищення розчину запропоновано схему процесу, до якої повинні входити стадії окиснення розчину та наступного осадження заліза.Концентрація заліза в експериментальних розчинах складала до 6 г/л. За допомогою розрахунків рівноваги осад – розчин з’ясовано, що в області низьких концентрацій нітратної кислоти залізо буде випадати в розчин, а кальцій в ньому лишатися. Зменшення концентрації проводили додаванням чистого кальцій карбонату.Проведено кінетичні дослідження процесу осадження заліза на модельних розчинах залізо (ІІІ) нітрату. Одержано кінетичне рівняння другого порядку. Розраховано енергію активації процесу, значення якої ~ 37 кДж/моль свідчить про перебіг процесу осадження в перехідній області. Залишок містить близько 40 % заліза і може застосовуватися для одержання коагулянтів.Застосування запропонованого методу дозволить найбільш повно використовувати відходи водопідготовки

In response to collagen stimulation, platelets use a coordinated system of fluid entry to undergo membrane ballooning, procoagulant spreading, and microvesiculation. We hypothesized that water entry was mediated by the water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aimed to determine its role in the platelet procoagulant response and thrombosis. We established that human and mouse platelets express AQP1 and localize to internal tubular membrane structures. However, deletion of AQP1 had minimal effects on collagen-induced platelet granule secretion, aggregation, or membrane ballooning. Conversely, procoagulant spreading, microvesiculation, phosphatidylserine exposure, and clot formation time were significantly diminished. Furthermore, in vivo thrombus formation after FeCl3 injury to carotid arteries was also markedly suppressed in AQP1-null mice, but hemostasis after tail bleeding remained normal. The mechanism involves an AQP1-mediated rapid membrane stretching during procoagulant spreading but not ballooning, leading to calcium entry through mechanosensitive cation channels and a full procoagulant response. We conclude that AQP1 is a major regulator of the platelet procoagulant response, able to modulate coagulation after injury or pathologic stimuli without affecting other platelet functional responses or normal hemostasis. Clinically effective AQP1 inhibitors may therefore represent a novel class of antiprocoagulant antithrombotics.

In the article the urgent problems of purification of wastewater. The physicochemical method of wastewater treatment of electroplating plants was studied. The main types of coagulants are considered., В работе рассмотрены актуальные проблемы очистки сточных вод. Изучен физико-химический способ очистки сточных вод гальванических производств. Рассмотрены основные типы коагулянтов.

Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor used to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. For patients who present with an acute stroke despite dabigatran therapy, clinical data on the use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) is limited. There is an anticipated increased risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) when using IV-tPA in patients on dabigatran therapy. In 2015, the humanized monoclonal antibody fragment idarucizumab was approved for rapid (minutes) reversal of anticoagulant effects of dabigatran. Dabigatran reversal with idarucizumab before administration of IV-tPA might reduce the risk of sICH. We report a case of a 69-year-old stroke patient on dabigatran for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation who presented with an initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) of 12. There was no early evidence of ischemic stroke or hemorrhage on head computed tomography, and coagulation studies implied therapeutic dabigatran levels. After controlling blood pressure, dabigatran was reversed with idarucizumab, and IV-tPA was administrated beginning 197 minutes after he was last seen at his baseline. Subsequent brain magnetic resonance imaging showed 2 punctate infarcts in the left temporal lobe and occipital lobe with no evidence of hemorrhage. The patient was discharged with an NIHSS of 1. Telephone follow-up 2 months later indicated that he was at his prestroke baseline, except for a complaint of worsened short-term memory. Idarucizumab reversal of dabigatran may reduce the risk of sICH and should be considered for acute stroke patients arriving in the IV-tPA time window.

Thickening and water circulation are important processes in the beneficiation of coal, but statistical analysis of engineering audits of more than 100 beneficiation plants has shown that two thirds of operational failures are due to the incorrect design of process flowsheets. The main issues include differences between actual and assumed feedstock properties, design errors and incorrect equipment selection. Criteria to be considered in thickening process and equipment design are discussed, including the solids content of the feedstock, the final solids content in the slurry, the specific solids loading in relation to the overflow surface area, the operating volume of the equipment in relation to feedstock volume and the use of coagulants and flocculants. Methods for determining these parameters are considered. Other aspects discussed include the application of laboratory test data to industrial scale and the modelling of the hydrodynamic processes involved., Thickening and water circulation are important processes in the beneficiation of coal, but statistical analysis of engineering audits of more than 100 beneficiation plants has shown that two thirds of operational failures are due to the incorrect design of process flowsheets. The main issues include differences between actual and assumed feedstock properties, design errors and incorrect equipment selection. Criteria to be considered in thickening process and equipment design are discussed, including the solids content of the feedstock, the final solids content in the slurry, the specific solids loading in relation to the overflow surface area, the operating volume of the equipment in relation to feedstock volume and the use of coagulants and flocculants. Methods for determining these parameters are considered. Other aspects discussed include the application of laboratory test data to industrial scale and the modelling of the hydrodynamic processes involved.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1160/TH14-12-1044.]. In the Original Article by Fischer et al. "Inhibitor development in non- severe haemophilia across Europe" (Thromb Haemost 2015; 114: 670-675), the author R. Hollingsworth was omitted by mistake. Please find the corrected list of authors here: Fischer K, Iorio A, Lassila R, Peyvandi F, Calizzani G, Gatt A, Lambert T, Windyga J, Gilman EA, Hollingsworth R, Makris M, on behalf of the EUHASS participants.

Stremmen is een belangrijke stap in het kaasbereidingsproces. Wat gebeurt er eigenlijk tijdens het stremmen? Welke rol speelt stremsel hierbij? En welke soorten stremsel zijn er? In dit artikel meer over dit wezenlijke ingrediënt voor de kaasbereiding.

Evidence about inhibitor formation in non-severe haemophilia and the potential role for clotting factor concentrate type is scant. It was the aim of this study to report inhibitor development in non-severe haemophilia patients enrolled in the European Haemophilia Safety Surveillance (EUHASS) study. Inhibitors are reported quarterly and total treated patients annually. Incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated according to diagnosis and concentrate used. Between 1-10-2008 and 31-12-2012, 68 centres reported on 7,969 patients with non-severe haemophilia A and 1,863 patients with non-severe haemophilia B. For haemophilia A, 37 inhibitors occurred in 8,622 treatment years, resulting in an inhibitor rate of 0.43/100 treatment years (95% CI 0.30-0.59). Inhibitors occurred at a median age of 35 years, after a median of 38 exposure days (EDs; P25-P75: 20-80); with 72% occurring within the first 50 EDs. In haemophilia B, one inhibitor was detected in 2,149 treatment years, resulting in an inhibitor rate of 0.05/100 years (95% CI 0.001-0.26). This inhibitor developed at the age of six years, after six EDs. The rate of inhibitors appeared similar across recombinant and plasma derived factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates. Rates for individual concentrates could not be calculated at this stage due to low number of events. In conclusion, inhibitors in non-severe haemophilia occur three times more frequently than in previously treated patients with severe haemophilia at a rate of 0.43/100 patient years (haemophilia A) and 0.05/100 years (haemophilia B). Although the majority of inhibitors developed in the first 50 EDs, inhibitor development continued with increasing exposure to FVIII.

The Loulo-Gounkoto complex in Mali processes more than 4 000 000 tpa of Au ore through a conventional three-stage crushing and ball milling circuit followed by a carbon-in-leach plant. Ore is sourced from open-cast and underground mining operations, with the majority from the Gara and Yalea underground mines. In 2011 an evaluation study was carried out for the provision of structural backfill to the underground mines using Au plant tailings. Test work showed the need for a tailings cycloning and dewatering facility capable of producing slurry at a solids concentration of 65% with a particle size distribution with a minimum 25% passing 20 micrometres and less than 5% of -5 micrometre material. Tailings desliming was required to ensure a consistent feed quality to the paste preparation plant and the capability of handling variations in the feed composition from the Au plant. Simulation and test work is described which was carried out for the engineering design of the slurry preparation plant. A two-stage reverse countercurrent cycloning system was selected for delivering slurry with the particle size distribution and solids concentration required by the paste filter plants. Sedimentation of the 5 micrometre material received in the thickener from the secondary cyclone cluster overflow was achieved by the addition of tailings slurry into the thickener feed with the 5 micrometre stream at a ratio of 2:1. A polymer coagulant was identified as being required to ensure a clear supernatant in the thickener., The Loulo-Gounkoto complex in Mali processes more than 4 000 000 tpa of Au ore through a conventional three-stage crushing and ball milling circuit followed by a carbon-in-leach plant. Ore is sourced from open-cast and underground mining operations, with the majority from the Gara and Yalea underground mines. In 2011 an evaluation study was carried out for the provision of structural backfill to the underground mines using Au plant tailings. Test work showed the need for a tailings cycloning and dewatering facility capable of producing slurry at a solids concentration of 65% with a particle size distribution with a minimum 25% passing 20 micrometres and less than 5% of -5 micrometre material. Tailings desliming was required to ensure a consistent feed quality to the paste preparation plant and the capability of handling variations in the feed composition from the Au plant. Simulation and test work is described which was carried out for the engineering design of the slurry preparation plant. A two-stage reverse countercurrent cycloning system was selected for delivering slurry with the particle size distribution and solids concentration required by the paste filter plants. Sedimentation of the 5 micrometre material received in the thickener from the secondary cyclone cluster overflow was achieved by the addition of tailings slurry into the thickener feed with the 5 micrometre stream at a ratio of 2:1. A polymer coagulant was identified as being required to ensure a clear supernatant in the thickener.

At the 7th Annual Congress of the European Association for Haemophilia and Allied Disorders (EAHAD) held in Brussels, Belgium, in February 2014, Pfizer sponsored a satellite symposium entitled: "Pharmacokinetics, phenotype and product choice in haemophilia B: How to strike a balance?" Co-chaired by Cedric Hermans (Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium) and Mike Laffan (Imperial College, London, UK), the symposium provided an opportunity to debate whether pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters are good surrogates for clinical efficacy for haemophilia B in clinical practice, consider the perceptions and evidence of disease severity, and examine how these considerations can inform approaches to balancing the potential risks and benefits of the currently available treatment options for haemophilia B. PK parameters are routinely measured in clinical practice and are a requirement of regulatory bodies to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of products; however, the relationship between measured PK parameters and clinical efficacy is yet to be determined, an issue that was debated by Gerry Dolan (University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK) and Erik Berntorp (Lund University, Malmö Centre for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Malmö, Sweden). Elena Santagostino (Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy) reviewed how differing perceptions on the severity of haemophilia B compared with haemophilia A may have an impact on clinical decision-making. Finally, Andreas Tiede (Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany), examined the considerations for balancing the potential risks and benefits of the currently available treatment options for haemophilia B. Although the pathophysiology of haemophilia B has been widely studied and is largely understood, continued investigation and discussion around the optimal management course and appropriate therapeutic choice is warranted.

Optical properties of human blood during coagulation were studied using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the parameter of clotting time derived from the 1/e light penetration depth (d(1/e)) versus time was developed in our previous work. In this study, in order to know if a new OCT test can characterize the blood-coagulation process under different treatments in vitro, the effects of two different activators (calcium ions and thrombin) and anticoagulants, i.e., acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, a well-known drug aspirin) and melagatran (a direct thrombin inhibitor), at various concentrations are evaluated. A swept-source OCT system with a 1300 nm center wavelength is used for detecting the blood-coagulation process in vitro under a static condition. A dynamic study of d1/e reveals a typical behavior due to coagulation induced by both calcium ions and thrombin, and the clotting time is concentration-dependent. Dose-dependent ASA and melagatran prolong the clotting times. ASA and melagatran have different effects on blood coagulation. As expected, melagatran is much more effective than ASA in anticoagulation by the OCT measurements. The OCT assay appears to be a simple method for the measurement of blood coagulation to assess the effects of activators and anticoagulants, which can be used for activator and anticoagulant screening.

There are no evidence-based guidelines for antithrombotic management in people with haemophilia (PWH) presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of the study was to review the current European Society of Cardiology guidelines, and to consider how best they should be adapted for PWH. Structured communication techniques based on a Delphi-like methodology were used to achieve expert consensus on key aspects of clinical management. The main final statements are as follows: (i) ACS and myocardial revascularization should be managed promptly by a multidisciplinary team that includes a haemophilia expert, (ii) each comprehensive care centre for adult PWH should have a formal clinical referral pathway with a cardiology centre with an emergency unit and 24 h availability of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), (iii) PCI should be performed as soon as possible under adequate clotting factor protection, (iv) bare metal stents are preferred to drug-eluting stents, (v) anticoagulants should only be used in PWH after replacement therapy, (vi) minimum trough levels should not fall below 5-15% in PWH on dual antiplatelet therapy, (vii) the duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after ACS and PCI should be limited to a minimum, (viii) the use of GPIIb-IIIa inhibitors is not recommended in PWH other than in exceptional circumstances, (ix) the use of fibrinolysis may be justified in PWH when primary PCI (within 90 min) is not available ideally under adequate clotting factor management. It is hoped that the results of this initiative will help to guide optimal management of ACS in PWH.

Optical properties of human blood during coagulation were studied using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the parameter of clotting time derived from the 1/e light penetration depth (d(1/e)) versus time was developed in our previous work. In this study, in order to know if a new OCT test can characterize the blood-coagulation process under different treatments in vitro, the effects of two different activators (calcium ions and thrombin) and anticoagulants, i.e., acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, a well-known drug aspirin) and melagatran (a direct thrombin inhibitor), at various concentrations are evaluated. A swept-source OCT system with a 1300 nm center wavelength is used for detecting the blood-coagulation process in vitro under a static condition. A dynamic study of d1/e reveals a typical behavior due to coagulation induced by both calcium ions and thrombin, and the clotting time is concentration-dependent. Dose-dependent ASA and melagatran prolong the clotting times. ASA and melagatran have different effects on blood coagulation. As expected, melagatran is much more effective than ASA in anticoagulation by the OCT measurements. The OCT assay appears to be a simple method for the measurement of blood coagulation to assess the effects of activators and anticoagulants, which can be used for activator and anticoagulant screening.

La climatología semi-árida de Burkina Faso (África occidental) es propensa a variaciones estacionales extremas, encadenando largos periodos de sequía con fuertes lluvias concentradas entre los meses de mayo y octubre. Las deficiencias tanto en el suministro de agua como en su calidad, especialmente en zonas rurales, supone la principal causa de enfermedades causadas por parásitos intestinales, con particular incidencia en la población infantil. Este estudio está localizado en una zona rural al norte del distrito de Yako, donde una de cada tres familias no tiene acceso a agua potable. Se centra en el tratamiento de agua mediante la utilización de semillas de la planta moringa oleífera (introducida en el país por comerciantes siglos atrás) como coagulante natural para la eliminación de la turbidez y de las partículas en suspensión de las aguas superficiales. A este tratamiento le sigue un proceso de desinfección química con cloro generado in situ vía electrólisis utilizando una fuente autónoma de suministro eléctrico. Se propone un sistema sostenible de purificación de agua el cual puede sustituir reactivos químicos por productos naturales mediante el empleo de un proceso eficiente energéticamente y de fácil operación., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Galactoglucomannans (GGMs) are water-soluble polysaccharides released and accumulated in process waters in the production of thermomechanical pulp. The general trend in the forestry industry is moving towards bio-refineries, for example utilizing these hemicelluloses as bioactive substances. At present, there is no industrial use of wood-derived mannans. In this study, GGMs extracted from thermomechanical pulp, as well as further carboxymethyl-ated galactoglucomannans (CM-GGMs), were sulfated to increase their antithrombotic properties. The products were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and capillary electrophoresis. The carbohydrate composition and sulfur amounts were determined. The products' total charges were determined by polyelectrolyte titrations and their antithrombotic effect was measured based on the activated partial thromboplastin time. The results showed a significant increase in the antithrombotic effect of the sulfated galactoglucomannans from spruce wood and thus a potential new use for wood-derived mannans., QC 20120618

A method was investigated for the production of ferric sulphate coagulant for use in water treatment. Leaching experiments were carried out on pyrite-rich coal tailings containing 43% FeS2 from the Santa Catarina mine in Brazil using four laboratory columns containing respectively non-sterilised coal tailings, sterilised coal tailings, non-sterilised coal tailings inoculated with the acidophilic bacteria A. ferrooxidans obtained from acid mine drainage at the coal site and non-sterilised coal tailings inoculated with acidophilic bacterium with the addition of nutrients. The results showed that the presence of the bacteria intensified the oxidation of pyrite, reducing the leaching time and energy consumption. Tests carried out on water from Guaiba Lake showed that the coagulant produced was at least as effective as conventional coagulants such as ferric sulphate and aluminium sulphate in relation to residual amounts of suspended solids, turbidity and colour. The method may provide economically significant incomes for mining companies as well as reducing costs associated with acid effluent treatment., A method was investigated for the production of ferric sulphate coagulant for use in water treatment. Leaching experiments were carried out on pyrite-rich coal tailings containing 43% FeS2 from the Santa Catarina mine in Brazil using four laboratory columns containing respectively non-sterilised coal tailings, sterilised coal tailings, non-sterilised coal tailings inoculated with the acidophilic bacteria A. ferrooxidans obtained from acid mine drainage at the coal site and non-sterilised coal tailings inoculated with acidophilic bacterium with the addition of nutrients. The results showed that the presence of the bacteria intensified the oxidation of pyrite, reducing the leaching time and energy consumption. Tests carried out on water from Guaiba Lake showed that the coagulant produced was at least as effective as conventional coagulants such as ferric sulphate and aluminium sulphate in relation to residual amounts of suspended solids, turbidity and colour. The method may provide economically significant incomes for mining companies as well as reducing costs associated with acid effluent treatment.

Many studies on Moringa oleifera have proven that its seeds are highly effective as a natural coagulant in turbidity removal. This study examined various reviews and evaluations, especially of storage and extraction methods, and of the effects of varying water turbidity levels on the efficiency of Moringa oleifera in turbidity removal. It is worth highlighting that almost all reviewed works investigating the coagulation effects of Moringa oleifera used the jar test as a common, standard laboratory procedure. First, performance and efficiency of various parts of the Moringa oleifera fruits and seeds from different sources on turbidity removal efficiency were investigated. Results showed that Moringa kernels were the only plant part that exhibited coagulation properties. On the other hand, the results also revealed that seeds collected from different sources varied in the efficiency of turbidity removal. Next, different methods of extracting the active ingredient from the seeds under different pretreatments were investigated. Comparison between sodium chloride (NaCl) and distilled water methods of extraction of Moringa oleifera seeds revealed that salt extraction was more efficient, with a dosage 3.5 times lower, than the water extraction in bringing the active coagulant ingredient of Moringa into the aqueous phase. Furthermore, shell-free Moringa oleifera seeds were more effective in turbidity removal than the seeds. When compared with alum, the turbidity removals achieved in coagulation process using Moringa oleifera seeds were almost identical and around 97%. In addition to this, turbidity removal efficiency was investigated for shell-free Moringa oleifera seeds under different storage conditions; i.e., open and closed containers at room temperatures (27 °C), and durations of storage of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks from the time the seeds were picked from the trees. The results of this study additionally indicated that varying the storage conditions and periods of the sh

Many studies on Moringa oleifera have proven that its seeds are highly effective as a natural coagulant in turbidity removal. This study examined various reviews and evaluations, especially of storage and extraction methods, and of the effects of varying water turbidity levels on the efficiency of Moringa oleifera in turbidity removal. It is worth highlighting that almost all reviewed works investigating the coagulation effects of Moringa oleifera used the jar test as a common, standard laboratory procedure. First, performance and efficiency of various parts of the Moringa oleifera fruits and seeds from different sources on turbidity removal efficiency were investigated. Results showed that Moringa kernels were the only plant part that exhibited coagulation properties. On the other hand, the results also revealed that seeds collected from different sources varied in the efficiency of turbidity removal. Next, different methods of extracting the active ingredient from the seeds under different pretreatments were investigated. Comparison between sodium chloride (NaCl) and distilled water methods of extraction of Moringa oleifera seeds revealed that salt extraction was more efficient, with a dosage 3.5 times lower, than the water extraction in bringing the active coagulant ingredient of Moringa into the aqueous phase. Furthermore, shell-free Moringa oleifera seeds were more effective in turbidity removal than the seeds. When compared with alum, the turbidity removals achieved in coagulation process using Moringa oleifera seeds were almost identical and around 97%. In addition to this, turbidity removal efficiency was investigated for shell-free Moringa oleifera seeds under different storage conditions; i.e., open and closed containers at room temperatures (27 °C), and durations of storage of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks from the time the seeds were picked from the trees. The results of this study additionally indicated that varying the storage conditions and periods of the sh

Overall life expectancy and quality of life among persons with haemophilia have increased in recent years, primarily because of the advances in factor replacement therapy and better treatment of infectious diseases. Older haemophilic patients now face aging co-morbidities that are common in the general male population, such as cardiovascular or metabolic diseases, prostate hypertrophy and hepatic, prostate and other cancers. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease and incidence of vascular events among older haemophilic patients can be expected to increase and haemophilic patients may become prone to some cardiovascular risk factors, warranting preventative measures. The treatment of long-term complications of hepatitis C virus infection such as liver cirrhosis and hepatic cancer can be expected to be required in a large portion of the older haemophilia population for some years to come. Appropriate antiviral treatment and close monitoring for possible disease advancement will constitute an important part of routine medical care, and special considerations may be appropriate in conjunction with invasive procedures, chemo- or radiotherapy. At the moment, hard data on which to base the management of these conditions are largely lacking, but can be expected to increase dramatically in the coming decades. In the meantime, the ageing population of haemophilia patients should be offered the same comprehensive health care offered to the general population, which may require a restructuring of health care delivery.

Luleå Kommun has started a project of construction of a new plant in Gäddvik. In this framework, new ways of treatment for the raw water have been explored or currently used method have been improved. The most efficient method regarding the quality of the water, the costs and also other parameters is likely to be the method used in the future plant. This master thesis is a part of this project and is based on the will of improvement for the rapid filtration method. Its aim is to discuss the efficiency of a direct filtration on different kinds of waters with different qualities (river water, ground water), according to several filter materials (sand/anthracite, filtralite), and different coagulants (aluminium- and/or iron-based chloride, aluminium sulfate). To achieve this study, a filter pilot plant has been built in the water plant of Gäddvik to simulate the results we can obtain for each combination at different filtration rates. Many parameters have been taken into account to see if each combination is efficient or not. Thus, chemical analyses of the filtered water (turbidity, color, Al, Fe and Mn concentrations) but also studies of the hydraulic losses and of the backwashes have been made. The best solutions found have then been compared to each other to finally figure out which filter material is the most interesting and which coagulant is the most effective., Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Since 2000, and following an extensive research programme, the processing plant at the Nanjing lead-zinc mine has increased reuse its of processing wastewater from 50 to 100%. Water consumption is 4.94 t of water/t mined ore and the processing involves flotation of lead, zinc, sulphur and magnetic separation of manganese. Reuse of unprocessed water from concentration processes and tailings dewatering would affect the efficiency of the separation, particularly the selectivity for lead. Features of the water that need addressing are the presence of heavy metal ions, suspended material, organic flotation reagents and the high probability of foaming. Some of the water from zinc tailings is recycled without treatment to zinc flotation, the rest of this and that from the other flotation and dewatering processes is treated by flocculation and coagulation and by activated carbon for defoaming. An outline is given of the history of water consumption and recovery, and water quality for the untreated wastewater and concentrate grades and recoveries are tabulated., Since 2000, and following an extensive research programme, the processing plant at the Nanjing lead-zinc mine has increased reuse its of processing wastewater from 50 to 100%. Water consumption is 4.94 t of water/t mined ore and the processing involves flotation of lead, zinc, sulphur and magnetic separation of manganese. Reuse of unprocessed water from concentration processes and tailings dewatering would affect the efficiency of the separation, particularly the selectivity for lead. Features of the water that need addressing are the presence of heavy metal ions, suspended material, organic flotation reagents and the high probability of foaming. Some of the water from zinc tailings is recycled without treatment to zinc flotation, the rest of this and that from the other flotation and dewatering processes is treated by flocculation and coagulation and by activated carbon for defoaming. An outline is given of the history of water consumption and recovery, and water quality for the untreated wastewater and concentrate grades and recoveries are tabulated.

Inherited factor VII (FVII) deficiency is considered to be a haemorrhagic disease. Nonetheless, some patients paradoxically present with venous thrombosis. We assessed whether there was a link between phenotype and genotype in seven patients with inherited FVII deficiency and thrombosis (eleven venous thrombotic events). For each patient (FVII:C < 50%), clinical data were collected, aetiological assessment of risk factors for thrombosis was investigated, and direct sequencing of the nine exons and promoter of the FVII gene (F7) was performed. We present the second series ever published on FVII patients with thrombosis. In nine of the eleven thrombotic events, there was at least one classical triggering risk factor; clinical (n = 4), familial antecedent (n = 2), or biological, defined by phospholipid-binding antibodies or elevated FVIII:C levels (n = 7). In contrast to a previous series, only two events occurred after surgery, performed both with and without replacement therapy. The thrombotic event remained unexplained in one young patient, highlighting the lack of 'protection' against venous thrombosis by low FVII:C levels. Genetic mutations were found to be heterogeneous. Among the seven F7 sequence alterations identified in the present study, only two (p.Ala354Val and p.Arg364Gln) have previously been reported in FVII-deficient patients presenting with venous thrombosis. Our genetic analyses of the F7 mutations in these patients show the complexity of FVII deficiency associated with thrombosis. These data justify a holistic, clinical and biological approach for patients with these specific symptoms. This series also strongly suggest that mild FVII deficiency should not prevent physicians from using antithrombotic prophylaxis in FVII-deficient patients.

A process is described for treating the slag using FeO to reduce Cu2O to Cu. Addition of Na2CO3 reduces the melting point and viscosity of the slag and promotes coagulation and sedimentation of the reduced Cu droplets, leading to more efficient decoppering and lower Cu contents in the waste slag. The results are presented of X-ray investigations of the phase compositions of the slags and microscope observations of the decoppering process., A process is described for treating the slag using FeO to reduce Cu2O to Cu. Addition of Na2CO3 reduces the melting point and viscosity of the slag and promotes coagulation and sedimentation of the reduced Cu droplets, leading to more efficient decoppering and lower Cu contents in the waste slag. The results are presented of X-ray investigations of the phase compositions of the slags and microscope observations of the decoppering process.

At the West Bokaro washery, in India, coarse coal is dewatered in a vibrating basket centrifuge and fine clean coal is dewatered in a screen bowl centrifuge. The higher amount of 0.038 mm fine fraction treated in the flotation circuit results in a high moisture content in the clean coal fines. Laboratory tests using various surfactants showed that a polyacrylate gave the best results, reducing the fine coal moisture content by 8%. Laboratory and plant trials showed that by treating only the coarse clean coal with the surfactant, the moisture in the composite clean coal could be reduced from 12.0% to 9.8%. The optimum dosage of the reagent was 0.24 kg/t dry coal. Laboratory-scale filtration tests using a coagulant and surfactant showed increased filtration rates for the centrifuge concentrate. The final moisture content was 10% less than that obtained without addition of reagents. An anionic polyacrylate-based flocculant performed better than the currently used polyamide flocculant in improving the clarity of the thickener overflow. The optimum dosage was 0.012-0.016 kg/t of dry fine coal., At the West Bokaro washery, in India, coarse coal is dewatered in a vibrating basket centrifuge and fine clean coal is dewatered in a screen bowl centrifuge. The higher amount of 0.038 mm fine fraction treated in the flotation circuit results in a high moisture content in the clean coal fines. Laboratory tests using various surfactants showed that a polyacrylate gave the best results, reducing the fine coal moisture content by 8%. Laboratory and plant trials showed that by treating only the coarse clean coal with the surfactant, the moisture in the composite clean coal could be reduced from 12.0% to 9.8%. The optimum dosage of the reagent was 0.24 kg/t dry coal. Laboratory-scale filtration tests using a coagulant and surfactant showed increased filtration rates for the centrifuge concentrate. The final moisture content was 10% less than that obtained without addition of reagents. An anionic polyacrylate-based flocculant performed better than the currently used polyamide flocculant in improving the clarity of the thickener overflow. The optimum dosage was 0.012-0.016 kg/t of dry fine coal.

Host sediments for the oil sands include fluviatile, estuarine and marine members as well as transitional facies, reflecting a marine transgression. Tailings research and development to determine the most effective treatment and deposition processes, aimed at increasing options for reclamation, water reuse and thermal energy recovery, has shown that the conventional processes using a single flocculant, a single coagulant or a coagulant-flocculant combination are ineffective for tailings from transitional and marine ores. For example, using a single flocculant resulted in a thickener overflow of around 1-4% solids content, compared with the target solids content of less than 0.5% obtained with estuarine ore. On the other hand, new processes including coagulation-flocculation- coagulation (CFC), flocculation-coagulation (FC) and flocculation- coagulation-flocculation (FCF) have been found to be acceptable options. However, the FCF process outperformed the CFC and FC processes because the FCF process produced huge flocs resulting in fast initial settling rates. The key components of these technologies are the recipe of chemicals and their sequences of addition. With these technologies, almost all submicron clay minerals are aggregated together and settle as a whole, resulting in a clear supernatant with less than 0.13% solids., Host sediments for the oil sands include fluviatile, estuarine and marine members as well as transitional facies, reflecting a marine transgression. Tailings research and development to determine the most effective treatment and deposition processes, aimed at increasing options for reclamation, water reuse and thermal energy recovery, has shown that the conventional processes using a single flocculant, a single coagulant or a coagulant-flocculant combination are ineffective for tailings from transitional and marine ores. For example, using a single flocculant resulted in a thickener overflow of around 1-4% solids content, compared with the target solids content of less than 0.5% obtained with estuarine ore. On the other hand, new processes including coagulation-flocculation- coagulation (CFC), flocculation-coagulation (FC) and flocculation- coagulation-flocculation (FCF) have been found to be acceptable options. However, the FCF process outperformed the CFC and FC processes because the FCF process produced huge flocs resulting in fast initial settling rates. The key components of these technologies are the recipe of chemicals and their sequences of addition. With these technologies, almost all submicron clay minerals are aggregated together and settle as a whole, resulting in a clear supernatant with less than 0.13% solids.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of high-density slurries and pastes post-thickening. It was found that the effect of addition of a coagulant is more significant than that of adding a flocculant. The optimum amounts of added coagulant and flocculant were also determined., This paper presents a comparative analysis of high-density slurries and pastes post-thickening. It was found that the effect of addition of a coagulant is more significant than that of adding a flocculant. The optimum amounts of added coagulant and flocculant were also determined.

ReFacto is a recombinant B-domain-deleted, monoclonal antibody-purified, solvent-detergent-treated factor VIII (BDDrFVIII) with no albumin added to the final formulation. Although ReFacto has been shown to be bioequivalent to a plasma-derived FVIII product (Hemophil-M) in a randomized, crossover pharmacokinetic (PK) study, the comparability of ReFacto with the full-length (complete sequence) recombinant FVIII (FLrFVIII, Advate) product has not been previously examined in this manner. The primary objective of this study was to compare the PKs of ReFacto with those of Advate in patients with severe haemophilia A. This was a third-party unblinded, randomized, multicentre, two-period crossover PKs study of ReFacto and Advate in subjects with severe haemophilia A (FVIII:C <= 1%). Blood samples were collected over a 48-h period after i.v. administration of each of the FVIII products. FVIII:C was determined using the chromogenic substrate assay (CSA) in a central laboratory. The plasma FVIII:C PK parameters of ReFacto and Advate were determined using non-compartmental analysis. Bioequivalence was assessed on maximum plasma concentration (C-max) and the area under the plasma concentration vs. time curves (AUCs) using an ANOVA. The two products were judged to be equivalent if the 90% confidence limits of the ratio of the geometric mean values of C-max and AUCs fell within the interval of 80-125%. Results from this PKs comparison of two different rFVIII products, using chromogenic substrate assay to measure FVIII:C, showed that ReFacto and Advate are bioequivalent to each other.

The ultimate goal of treatment for patients with inhibitory antibodies should be to permanently eradicate the inhibitor by immune tolerance induction therapy (ITI). However, ITI procedures fail in a substantial number of patients and in many countries ITI is not even offered owing to its high cost. How patients with inhibitors are managed in different European countries is evaluated with a special focus on the use of by-passing agents, i.e. recombinant FVIIa (rFVIIa) and activated prothrombin complex concentrates (aPCC), as well as the type of monitoring performed. Investigators from 22 large haemophilia centres participating within the network of the European Haemophilia Therapy Standardisation Board (EHTSB) were asked to complete a questionnaire. rFVIIa was routinely used in all centres for both children and adults at dosages ranging from 90 to 250 mug kg(-1) at an interval of 2-4 h. aPCC was used in 85% of the centres in adults and in 25% of the centres in children with haemophilia A at dosages of 50-100 IU kg(-1) every 6-12 h. The corresponding figures for children and adults with haemophilia B were 40% and 15% of the centres, respectively. Higher dosages of both agents were considered in the case of life-threatening bleeds. General recommendations were developed, based on the information provided by the survey. The results clearly indicate the need for well-designed comparative studies to optimize the use of by-passing agents.

For the phosphate remotion in the raw water of the Otún river in Pereira city, was carried out jar test whit three different coagulants; Aluminium Sulfate, Ferric Chloride and slaked lime, using six different dose whit every one of this products. Whit every coagulant was observed a good phosphate remotion, watching the change in this parameter since a initial concentration of raw water until final concentration of treat water whit the jar test, in some cases where it could obtain remotion percentage around of 90%., Para la remoción de fosfatos en agua cruda del Río Otún de la ciudad de Pereira, se realizaron ensayos de jarras con tres coagulantes diferentes; Sulfato de Aluminio, Cloruro Férrico y cal hidratada, usando seis diferentes dosis con cada uno de estos productos. Con cada coagulante se observó una buena remoción de fosfatos, observando el cambio en este parámetro desde una concentración inicial de agua cruda hasta una concentración final de agua tratada con los ensayos de jarras, en algunos casos se pudo obtener porcentajes de remoción alrededor del 90%.

For the phosphate remotion in the raw water of the Otún river in Pereira city, was carried out jar test whit three different coagulants; Aluminium Sulfate, Ferric Chloride and slaked lime, using six different dose whit every one of this products. Whit every coagulant was observed a good phosphate remotion, watching the change in this parameter since a initial concentration of raw water until final concentration of treat water whit the jar test, in some cases where it could obtain remotion percentage around of 90%., Para la remoción de fosfatos en agua cruda del Río Otún de la ciudad de Pereira, se realizaron ensayos de jarras con tres coagulantes diferentes; Sulfato de Aluminio, Cloruro Férrico y cal hidratada, usando seis diferentes dosis con cada uno de estos productos. Con cada coagulante se observó una buena remoción de fosfatos, observando el cambio en este parámetro desde una concentración inicial de agua cruda hasta una concentración final de agua tratada con los ensayos de jarras, en algunos casos se pudo obtener porcentajes de remoción alrededor del 90%.