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trabajo de investigación que se presenta estudia la posible existencia de un perfil jurídico - económico para las sociedades de Beneficio e Interés Colectivo (BIC) que han sido constituidas en la ciudad de Medellín desde el año 2018, año en el cual se expide la Ley 1901 que regula su existencia. De igual forma, se busca conocer la opinión de los empresarios que se han constituido o acogido al régimen legal de las BIC. La investigación se desarrolló a partir de dos fuentes principales para la recolección de información, documentos y entrevistas focalizadas, intencionadas, practicadas con los empresarios., The present research studies the possible existence of a Legal-Economic profile for the benefit and collective interest corporations (BIC) that have been constituted in the city of Medellin since 2018, in which, the Law 1901 of 2018 established the existence of these corporations. In addition, we also seek to know the perception of the businessmen who have been incorporated or have applied for the legal regime of the BICs. The research was developed based on two main sources for the recollection of information, documents and interviews focused, deliberate, conducted with the businessmen.

The research analyses the relationship between the establishment of the Italian Chambers of Commerce and the regional industrial development during the 19th century. By applying an OLS regression model, the work finds a positive, strong, and significant correlation between the Chambers’ functioning years and the industrial value-added of their administrated territory. The study offers supporting evidence for the inclusion of the institutional approach in discussing the North-South Italian divide.

Doing business in South Africa is challenging in many ways and recently the deterioration of infrastructure and services provision at the local level have come to influence business location decisions. This paper sets out to build an index that describes the factors that determine the competitive advantages of local economies. This idea is inspired by UNCTAD’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Potential Index for countries, but linked to the theories of Geographical Economics and applied at municipal level inSouth Africa. Principle Component Analysis is used to combine measures of the size and sophistication of the local economy, the local business and government institutions, and the broad macro forces that influence it all. We call the result the Where to do business (WTDB) index.

Doing business in South Africa is challenging in many ways and recently the deterioration of infrastructure and services provision at the local level have come to influence business location decisions. This paper sets out to build an index that describes the factors that determine the competitive advantages of local economies. This idea is inspired by UNCTAD’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Potential Index for countries, but linked to the theories of Geographical Economics and applied at municipal level inSouth Africa. Principle Component Analysis is used to combine measures of the size and sophistication of the local economy, the local business and government institutions, and the broad macro forces that influence it all. We call the result the Where to do business (WTDB) index.

The research analyses the relationship between the establishment of the Italian Chambers of Commerce and the regional industrial development during the 19th century. By applying an OLS regression model, the work finds a positive, strong, and significant correlation between the Chambers’ functioning years and the industrial value-added of their administrated territory. The study offers supporting evidence for the inclusion of the institutional approach in discussing the North-South Italian divide.

Two years after the end of their mandates in 2018, the formation of new boards of directors of Syrian chambers of commerce in September and October 2020 shows significant changes in the regime’s businessmen networks. These elections saw a rise of businessmen who expanded their economic activities during the war and are often connected with the presidential palace and/or are affiliated with the Fourth Division and pro-regime militias, especially in Damascus, Aleppo, Rural Damascus and Tartous. The profiles of these newcomers reflect a deepening of the features of the Syrian political economy, which is characterised by an over-development of trade, especially in imports and service sectors such as construction, money exchanging, food production and trading, and furniture services. At the same time, some prominent business figures close to the presidential palace were not re-elected. In the most important chambers of commerce in Damascus and Aleppo their absence is partially filled by the promotion of older and more traditional business figures, although they are very far from having the same weight as the new rising personalities.

On the basis of extensive sources, the author discusses the meeting point of three phenomena: innovativeness, economic self-governing bodies and the modernizing function of the law. Initially, he analyzes the meaning of the words ‘innovation’ and ‘modernization’. The issue of innovation and innovativeness is described with reference to Joseph Schumpeter. New notions are indicated, that have emerged in academic language: innovative competence, innovative potential, innovative environment, etc. The innovative activity of modern chambers of commerce in Poland is criticized. An attempt is made to draft an ideal model of an innovation incubator. The author identifies the sources of poor development of business environment institutions, as chambers of commerce are defined, as lying in their legal organization, which is faulty in his opinion. As he emphasizes the idea of self-government (differentiating between ‘self-government’ and a ‘self-governing community’) he raises the issue of whether it is feasible to vest the tasks of the central administration in economic self-governing bodies., On the basis of extensive sources, the author discusses the meeting point of three phenomena: innovativeness, economic self-governing bodies and the modernizing function of the law. Initially, he analyzes the meaning of the words ‘innovation’ and ‘modernization’. The issue of innovation and innovativeness is described with reference to Joseph Schumpeter. New notions are indicated, that have emerged in academic language: innovative competence, innovative potential, innovative environment, etc. The innovative activity of modern chambers of commerce in Poland is criticized. An attempt is made to draft an ideal model of an innovation incubator. The author identifies the sources of poor development of business environment institutions, as chambers of commerce are defined, as lying in their legal organization, which is faulty in his opinion. As he emphasizes the idea of self-government (differentiating between ‘self-government’ and a ‘self-governing community’) he raises the issue of whether it is feasible to vest the tasks of the central administration in economic self-governing bodies.

The paper proposes a sample survey to discover and to point out the state of Documentation Centres of Italian Chambers of Commerce, which are very different one from each other, even if they belong to the same institutional framework. The differences consist in the territory and in the context in which they are grafted, in the entity and in the use of financial resources, in the objectives that are marginally related to economic and commercial aspects. Through the analysis of services and resources, this contribution highlights the characteristics of the libraries in this bibliographic area on one side, and identifies the strengths and common problems of the documentation reality in corporate bodies and companies on the other., Viene proposta una indagine a campione per scoprire e mettere in luce le realtà documentarie delle Camere di Commercio italiane, che si presentano molto differenti fra loro seppur appartenenti alla medesima realtà istituzionale. Le diversità, che sono di varia natura, consistono nel territorio e nel contesto in cui esse si innestano, nell’entità e nell’impiego delle disponibilità finanziarie, negli obiettivi che esulano da quelli prettamente economici e commerciali, ma che a questi pure si riferiscono in modo indiretto o tangenziale. Attraverso l’analisi di servizi e risorse questo contributo mette in evidenza da un lato le caratteristiche di biblioteche di questo ambito bibliografico e dall’altro individua i punti di forza e le problematiche comuni alle realtà documentarie aziendali.

The paper proposes a sample survey to discover and to point out the state of Documentation Centres of Italian Chambers of Commerce, which are very different one from each other, even if they belong to the same institutional framework. The differences consist in the territory and in the context in which they are grafted, in the entity and in the use of financial resources, in the objectives that are marginally related to economic and commercial aspects. Through the analysis of services and resources, this contribution highlights the characteristics of the libraries in this bibliographic area on one side, and identifies the strengths and common problems of the documentation reality in corporate bodies and companies on the other., Viene proposta una indagine a campione per scoprire e mettere in luce le realtà documentarie delle Camere di Commercio italiane, che si presentano molto differenti fra loro seppur appartenenti alla medesima realtà istituzionale. Le diversità, che sono di varia natura, consistono nel territorio e nel contesto in cui esse si innestano, nell’entità e nell’impiego delle disponibilità finanziarie, negli obiettivi che esulano da quelli prettamente economici e commerciali, ma che a questi pure si riferiscono in modo indiretto o tangenziale. Attraverso l’analisi di servizi e risorse questo contributo mette in evidenza da un lato le caratteristiche di biblioteche di questo ambito bibliografico e dall’altro individua i punti di forza e le problematiche comuni alle realtà documentarie aziendali.

'Farmer Gulliver' rising up on ground surrounded by little men, some flung into the air, each representing antagonists of farmers, including Professional politicians, Office seekers, Middle man, Usurious bankers, Wheat gambler, Packing trust, Land hogs, The Press, Crook lawyers, Big Biz, Members of Chamber of Commerce, Grain combines, Contractor, Railroad magnets, Harvester trust., Drawings, 24 x 27 cm., "Everybody knows the story of Gulliver and the Lilliputians. Gulliver was a big, strong man, but he was mastered by a horde of little fellows, each no bigger than one of his hands, who caught him white he was asleep and tied him down to the ground by a thousand little threads. Gulliver could have dealt with these little people singly in short order, but they caught him napping. The thread each one tied to him was not strong, but together they resisted his efforts, for awhile. Then Gulliver woke up and he was pretty angry. He mustered his strength, broke the bonds which held him and swept the horde of pests away. There has been a farmer Gulliver in North Dakota and like the Gulliver of old he has been caught napping and a horde of little pests have tied him down. But he is waking up! See him, as he observes what these little fellows have done! you bet he is angry! And he is bursting those bonds which the little fellows have been years making secure. He is awake now and he is going to be a match for those little fellows - what?" - Text accompanying image. "Prizes for Women Readers, To stimulate interest in the woman's department of the Leader and to get into closer touch with the farm women of North Dakota the Leader is offering this week $25 in prizes in a letter-writing contest for women and girls. Full particulars will be found in the women's department, Page 14." - Text above image., Caption title. Illus. in: Nonpartisan Leader, March 9, 1916, p. cover. Artist unknown, other than 'Mo' or 'Mc' written in lower right corner of illus.

A 'Scale of Prices' with farm family on one side attempting to raise the price of 'Wheat' by pulling wheat bundle bound by rope, while on other side three men labeled 'Banker' & text bubble "Wish I could get it down here"; 'Railroads' & text bubble "We got him comin'" and 'Chamber of Commerce' & text bubble "Guess we'll make him sell 'er!" pulling rope attached to wheat that has text bubble "Save Me!" Standing by farmer is man labeled 'Lawyer', holding document labeled 'Mortgage foreclosure' with which he is hitting the farmer's hand and arm, with text bubble "Come across and pay this mortgage!" Response of farmer is "Wish I could get her up to a dollar", while wife's text bubble is "You stop beating his knuckles!, and boy at end of rope says "Hold 'er, Pa! It was up here last May.", Drawings; Cartoons, 22 x 52 cm., Illus. in: Nonpartisan Leader, October 7, 1915, p. 8-9

Seven men gathered around table with Alexander McKenzie on one side with text bubble "Well, boys, how many votes can you deliver?". Men on other side of table with labels and text bubbles: Contractor - 'I'll get 5000'; Chamber of Commerce - 'I'll boost the price of grain one-eighth of a cent just before election to make the farmers feel good'; Harvester Trust - I'll have my agents and bankers work for the entire ticket'; Railroads - 'I'll get the railroads to vote all the section hands'; Banker - [no text]; and Hanna - 'I'll tell my pancake story and that'll make a hit.', Drawings; Cartoons, 17 x 23 cm., Title from image caption. Illus in: Nonpartisan Leader, September 30, 1915, p. 1

Ken Natzke, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 2008

Shari Buckellew, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 2007

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce ribbon cutting at Bank of Illinois in Normal, IL, 2007

Russ Hagen, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 2006

Information and knowledge are essential assets in business administration. Various organizations — both public and private— have been playing a very important role in this context, having become information providers for the companies in their environment. Quite diverse organizations, including the Central Administration, Regional Administrations, Chambers of Commerce, and business organizations, inter al., have set up information providing structures with the aim of strengthening companies’ decision processes. We here present the most important initiatives in this area that have been undertaken in Extremadura. In particular, we refer to the Regional Administration in the agrarian and industrial sectors (although in the agrarian sector this goes back to the 1950s with the Agricultural Extension Service), to the Chambers of Commerce, to various European centres set up in the Region, and to organizations that act in defence of the interests of entrepreneurs., La información y el conocimiento son activos esenciales en la gestión empresarial. En este contexto distintas organizaciones, tanto públicas como privadas, han venido desempeñando un papel muy importante ya que se han convertido en proveedoras de información para las empresas de su entorno. Así, organizaciones muy diversas, como la Administración Central, Administraciones regionales, cámaras de comercio y organizaciones empresariales, entre otras, han establecido estructuras informativas con el objetivo de fortalecer el proceso decisorio en las empresas. En este trabajo se presentan las iniciativas más importantes que en esta materia se han puesto en marcha en Extremadura. Nos referimos a la Administración regional en el sector agrario e industrial (aunque en el ámbito agrario nos remontamos a los años cincuenta del siglo XX con el Servicio de Extensión Agraria), a las cámaras de comercio, a diversos centros europeos establecidos en la región y a las organizaciones que defienden los intereses de los empresarios.

Information and knowledge are essential assets in business administration. Various organizations — both public and private— have been playing a very important role in this context, having become information providers for the companies in their environment. Quite diverse organizations, including the Central Administration, Regional Administrations, Chambers of Commerce, and business organizations, inter al., have set up information providing structures with the aim of strengthening companies’ decision processes. We here present the most important initiatives in this area that have been undertaken in Extremadura. In particular, we refer to the Regional Administration in the agrarian and industrial sectors (although in the agrarian sector this goes back to the 1950s with the Agricultural Extension Service), to the Chambers of Commerce, to various European centres set up in the Region, and to organizations that act in defence of the interests of entrepreneurs., La información y el conocimiento son activos esenciales en la gestión empresarial. En este contexto distintas organizaciones, tanto públicas como privadas, han venido desempeñando un papel muy importante ya que se han convertido en proveedoras de información para las empresas de su entorno. Así, organizaciones muy diversas, como la Administración Central, Administraciones regionales, cámaras de comercio y organizaciones empresariales, entre otras, han establecido estructuras informativas con el objetivo de fortalecer el proceso decisorio en las empresas. En este trabajo se presentan las iniciativas más importantes que en esta materia se han puesto en marcha en Extremadura. Nos referimos a la Administración regional en el sector agrario e industrial (aunque en el ámbito agrario nos remontamos a los años cincuenta del siglo XX con el Servicio de Extensión Agraria), a las cámaras de comercio, a diversos centros europeos establecidos en la región y a las organizaciones que defienden los intereses de los empresarios.

Richard L. Eikenberg, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 2004

Robert B. Fazzini, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 2003

John B. Meek, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 2002

Jerry Singley, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 2001

Julie Dobski, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 2000

Darrell L. Hartweg, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 1999

David Ezell, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 1998

Dale S. Strassheim, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 1997

Bradenton's Pier Restaurant was built in the mid-1920s, begun during the Great Florida Boom and opened as the Chamber of Commerce building in 1927, following a delay caused by the 1926 hurricane. Plaques for the dead of WWI were placed around the sealwall, giving the pier the name of Bradenton Memorial Pier. In World War II it housed the Servicemen's Recreation Center and following the war, saw the beginning of the South Florida Museum and Baby Snoots the Manatee. The tall aerial is for the radio station WBRD in the tower portion of the building.

Gilbert L. Dorsey, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 1996

Vern J. Mcginnis, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 1995

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

Richard L. Beal, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Agriculture Breakfast, 1994

Susan T. Kern, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 1993

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Hometown Heroes 1992, names from Pantagraph, not in order, Hugh Atwood, Emily Bell, Jack Bowles, Dora Challandes, John Dennison, Claire Eichelberger, Mark Fisher, Jean Fouts, Doug Gildner, John Kline, Sandra Metts

John Giegerich, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 1992

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Expo, 1991

John R. Goldrick, McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce President, 1991

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce Expo, 1991

McLean County (IL) Chamber of Commerce State Capitol trip, undated, circa 1990s group photo in State Capitol chamber