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Purpose– The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant decline in library lending, but the response from libraries was insufficient. While researchershave providedguidelines,quantitative analysisofthe extentof the impact is lacking. Design/methodology/approach– Here, we examine library lending trends from 2019 to 2022, comparing the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, analyzing lending changes among adults and children and different types of literature, using a public library as a case study. Findings– This study shows a significant decrease in lending practice, especially among adults, and later recovery. Digital, fine and scientific literature gained popularity compared to other types. Originality/value– The research results can serve as library management guidelines in case of a new pandemic.

There are strong indicators of the link between diets and increased burdens of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and some cancers. Healthy dietary patterns were defined as diets that are high in fruits, vegetables and non-fat dairy (low in saturated and trans fats). The aims of this study were to determine the fatty acid (FA) profile of meat (poultry, pork, lamb and beef) and the calculated atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI). Poultry, pork and lamb contained more monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) than saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) demonstrated that the first discriminant explained 56.11% of the total variance and the second discriminant explained 23.85% of the total variance. The established p value of Wilks' test was p < 0.0001. By canonical correlation, the first and the second discriminant functions in the LDA were established as 0.995 and 0.995, respectively. AI and TI values of less than 0.5 and 1.0, respectively, were previously advised. The obtained AI values in poultry (0.37-0.45) were lower than those in pork (0.50-0.53), lamb (0.54) and beef (0.93) meats. The obtained TI values in poultry (0.81-0.87) were also lower than in pork (1.09-1.18), lamb (1.44) and beef (1.93) meats. Beneficial nutrition habits, i.e., nutrition according to the food pyramid and a Mediterranean diet, should reduce the rate of coronary heart disease and result in better health outcomes for consumers.

of fattening broilers involves raising broilers on farms with a capacity of 5,000 to 50,000 units or more at a density of 0.06 m2 per bird. Modern poultry farms are constructed with the task of reducing heat loss, i.e. improving energy efficiency, which very often in combination with reduced ventilation can lead to increased levels of ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants, and thus adversely affect animal health and productivity. The speed of gas emissions is influenced by many factors, such as the composition of feed and the efficiency of feed use (conversion), the quality of the litter and the microclimatic conditions on the farm. The litter on intensive poultry farms usually contains 4 to 6% of nitrogen, most of which is in NH3 or NH4 + form. The mixture of litter and manure is a storage of nitrogen which is released in the form of ammonia under appropriate conditions. On the other hand, the main source of carbon dioxide in livestock is the product of animal respiration, so there is a connection between the levels of animal metabolism and CO2 production on farms. The production of carbon dioxide in birds is proportional to their metabolic heat production, and thus to the metabolic body mass of the bird, which is affected by temperature and activity. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of a nutritional supplement, Eubiotic, added to broiler feed on the NH3 and CO2 emissions in a broiler farm. The values of NH3 and CO2 emissions in the facility for breeding fattening broilers that received Eubiotic in feed were numerically lower, which can be explained by better digestibility of basic nutrients, primarily proteins, present in feed.

In the overall meat production, pork accounted for over 50%. The trend in meat production during the observed period indicates an increase in production volume. The increased production volume is based on the fact that the slaughtering of cattle and the import of live animals to Serbia (pigs and poultry) for feeding and slaughtering as live animals from Serbia have both increased. The crisis in livestock farming in Serbia is evident from the data that the average value of meat and processed meat products imported and the value of live animal imports averaged over $US 150 million from 2012 to 2021.

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of three dairy cow groups consuming different grass diets (Diet A comprising of 20% grass, Diet B comprising of 50% grass and 100% grazed grass-G) on cow milk proximate and fatty acid (FA) com-position. The first principal component (PC1) accounted for 55.1%, and the second (PC2) accounted for 19.5% of the variance. The score values for PC1 and PC2 of the FAs show that milk fat from grass (MF G) was characterized by high C6:0, C8:0 and C14:0 con-tents. Milk from Diet A (MF A) was characterized by a higher content of C16:0. Milk from Diet B (MF B) was characterized by higher contents of C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6 than milk from Diet A. The most favorable FA composition was in milk from Diet B, comprising 50% grass. The least favorable FA composition was in milk from Diet A, comprising 20% grass and in milk from 100% grazed grass.However, more testing is needed to bring a conclusion which food for dairy cows is the best

The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of three dairy cow groups consuming different grass diets (Diet A comprising of 20% grass, Diet B comprising of 50% grass and 100% grazed grass-G) on cow milk proximate and fatty acid (FA) com-position. The first principal component (PC1) accounted for 55.1%, and the second (PC2) accounted for 19.5% of the variance. The score values for PC1 and PC2 of the FAs show that milk fat from grass (MF G) was characterized by high C6:0, C8:0 and C14:0 con-tents. Milk from Diet A (MF A) was characterized by a higher content of C16:0. Milk from Diet B (MF B) was characterized by higher contents of C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6 than milk from Diet A. The most favorable FA composition was in milk from Diet B, comprising 50% grass. The least favorable FA composition was in milk from Diet A, comprising 20% grass and in milk from 100% grazed grass.However, more testing is needed to bring a conclusion which food for dairy cows is the best

The Balkan donkey, Equus asinus, is an endangered indigenous breed that was once found in the wider area of the Balkan Peninsula, especially in the hilly and mountainous areas of Serbia. It is estimated that today there are about 1,000 of them left, mostly in animal genetic resources breeding centers. They are characterized by exceptional resistance to disease and, to date, have not been subject to disease prevention measures, including parasite control. Herein, we examined parasite species richness and prevalence of endoparasites in 60 adult donkeys of both sexes from 3 sites: Stara planina Nature Park (a mountainous region corresponding to the original habitat where this species was once bred); Zasavica Special Nature Reserve (a plain area at the mouth of the Zasavica in the Sava River), and Krˇcedinska ada (a marsh island on the Danube River near Novi Sad). We found the most prevalent parasites were Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (68% at Stara planina and 100% at the other 2 sites); Trichostrongylus axei (38% at Stara planina, 57% at Zasavica, and 86% at Krˇcedinska ada); Strongylus vulgaris (32% at Stara planina and 435% at Krˇcedinska ada); and Strongylus edentatus (57% at Zasavica and 14% at Krˇcedinska ada). In addition, we found Cyathostomum spp., Anoplocephala spp., Eimeria leuckarti, and Eimeria solipedum in smaller numbers.

Glucocorticoids are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known. Limited in vivo data are available to characterize the mechanism underlying their cognitive side effects and transient occurrence of steroid psychosis. Cholesterol is important for proper neurotransmission and brain plasticity, and disruption of its homeostasis in the brain has been closely associated with memory decline during aging and in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we assessed the direct effects of dexamethasone, a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, on the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1), major enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis, metabolism, and excretion, respectively. The effects of the dexamethasone were examined during aging, in the cortex and hippocampus of 6-, 12- and 18-month-old rats, and following long-term food restriction (FR). The most prominent change observed was the age-related decrease in ApoE mRNA regardless of the food regimen applied. In animals kept on FR, this decrease was accompanied by an increase in the mRNA expression of HMGCR and CYP46A1. The present study also demonstrates that food restriction reversed most of the dexamethasone-induced changes in the expression of genes involved in regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in aging rats, in a region-specific manner.

This research presents the results of a comparison assessment of the cholesterol content, fatty acid profile, and atherogenic (IA) and thrombogenic (IT) health lipid parameters of four dry fermented sausages produced from Mangalitsa and Swedish Landrace pork meat. The highest cholesterol level was found in Sremska sausage prepared from Landrace meat (64.92 mg/100g). Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels were considerably greater in Landrace meat sausages than in other kinds. The main cause of these variations was a higher overall n-6 PUFA concentration. The sausages made from Mangalitsa meat had the highest levels of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (USFA). The highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) level was found in sausages prepared from Landrace meat. Fermented sausages made from Mangalitsa pork meat show better health lipid indices, atherogenic (IA), thrombogenic (IT), and PUFA/SFA ratios.

The COVID-19 infectious disease in 2020 caused a global and subsequent lockdown policies imposed by various governments. Public libraries were affected as well. For many public libraries, the only one that remained active and available to users was access to their digital content. The Njegoš public library in Knjaževac, Serbia, responded by improving access to, and promoting, its vast digital content. The library also monitored access to the digital library, hypothesizing that the conclusions from the statistical data would bring insights and future improvements. The statistical data from the website of the public library revealed users’ most popular times of day and days of the week during the pandemic and in normal times. Regarding the devices used for access, there was a trend toward more up-to-date operating systems and also toward mobile devices. The average time reading increased by approximately 130%, with the highest peak during the most restrictive lockdown in March 2020. Thus, digital library servers should have the capacity to handle such increases in network traffic, at increased download speeds. Library posts on social media, specifically Facebook, were viewed an order of magnitude times during the pandemic when compared with posts from the previous year. Thus, social media posts were an effective pathway for promoting the digital library during the pandemic-induced lockdown. © 2021 Jelena Ćirić, Aleksandar Ćirić 89101.

The COVID-19 infectious disease in 2020 caused a global and subsequent lockdown policies imposed by various governments. Public libraries were affected as well. For many public libraries, the only one that remained active and available to users was access to their digital content. The Njegoš public library in Knjaževac, Serbia, responded by improving access to, and promoting, its vast digital content. The library also monitored access to the digital library, hypothesizing that the conclusions from the statistical data would bring insights and future improvements. The statistical data from the website of the public library revealed users’ most popular times of day and days of the week during the pandemic and in normal times. Regarding the devices used for access, there was a trend toward more up-to-date operating systems and also toward mobile devices. The average time reading increased by approximately 130%, with the highest peak during the most restrictive lockdown in March 2020. Thus, digital library servers should have the capacity to handle such increases in network traffic, at increased download speeds. Library posts on social media, specifically Facebook, were viewed an order of magnitude times during the pandemic when compared with posts from the previous year. Thus, social media posts were an effective pathway for promoting the digital library during the pandemic-induced lockdown. © 2021 Jelena Ćirić, Aleksandar Ćirić 89101.

This research presents the results of a comparison assessment of the cholesterol content, fatty acid profile, and atherogenic (IA) and thrombogenic (IT) health lipid parameters of four dry fermented sausages produced from Mangalitsa and Swedish Landrace pork meat. The highest cholesterol level was found in Sremska sausage prepared from Landrace meat (64.92 mg/100g). Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels were considerably greater in Landrace meat sausages than in other kinds. The main cause of these variations was a higher overall n-6 PUFA concentration. The sausages made from Mangalitsa meat had the highest levels of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (USFA). The highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) level was found in sausages prepared from Landrace meat. Fermented sausages made from Mangalitsa pork meat show better health lipid indices, atherogenic (IA), thrombogenic (IT), and PUFA/SFA ratios.

This research examined the effects of two rearing systems (conventional versus free-range) on carcass characteristics, and cholesterol content, chemical and fatty acid properties of the backfat from Mangalitsa pigs. Depending on the rearing system utilized and live weight observed, we found important differences in the heaviness of the cold and warm Mangalitsa carcasses. The maximum total cholesterol in the backfat of pigs reared outdoors was 46.96 mg kg-1, while the maximum total cholesterol in backfat of conventionally-raised Mangalitsa pigs was 55.80 mg kg-1. The backfat from free-ranging Mangalitsa pigs contained lower levels of PUFA n-6 and greater amounts of PUFA n-3. The ratio of PUFA/SFA was remarkably different in pigs raised in the two systems, whereas the ratio of MUFA/SFA was lower in the pigs reared outdoors. Based on these results, the selection of rearing system could affect the chemical properties and carcass characteristics of Mangalitsa backfat., Cilj ovog rada bio je uticaj dva sistema gajenja (konvencionalni i slobodni uzgoj) na karakteristike trupa, kao i na sadržaj holesterola, hemijski sastav i sadržaj masnih kiselina leđne masnoće Mangulica. U zavisnosti od sistema gajenja i posmatrane telesne mase, utvrđene su značajne razlike u masi hladnih i toplih polutki Mangalica. Maksimalni ukupni holesterol u masnoć i svinja koje se gajene u slobodnom sistemu uzgoja bio je 46,96 mg kg⁻1, dok je maksimalni ukupni holesterol u masnoć i konvencionalno uzgajanih Mangalica bio 55,80 mg kg⁻1. Masnoć a Mangalica koja je gajena u slobodnom sistemu imala je manji sadržaj PUFA n-6 i već i sadržaj PUFA n-3. Odnos PUFA / SFA bio je izuzetno različit kod svinja koje su gajane u dva sistema, dok je odnos MUFA / SFA bio manji kod svinja koje su gajane u slobodnom sistemu. Na osnovu ovih rezultata, izbor sistema za uzgoj svinja mogao bi da utiče na hemijska svojstva i karakteristike trupa Mangalica.

This research examined the effects of two rearing systems (conventional versus free-range) on carcass characteristics, and cholesterol content, chemical and fatty acid properties of the backfat from Mangalitsa pigs. Depending on the rearing system utilized and live weight observed, we found important differences in the heaviness of the cold and warm Mangalitsa carcasses. The maximum total cholesterol in the backfat of pigs reared outdoors was 46.96 mg kg⁻1, while the maximum total cholesterol in backfat of conventionally-raised Mangalitsa pigs was 55.80 mg kg⁻1. The backfat from free-ranging Mangalitsa pigs contained lower levels of PUFA n-6 and greater amounts of PUFA n-3. The ratio of PUFA/SFA was remarkably different in pigs raised in the two systems, whereas the ratio of MUFA/SFA was lower in the pigs reared outdoors. Based on these results, the selection of rearing system could affect the chemical properties and carcass characteristics of Mangalitsa backfat.

Concentrations of toxic elements (lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic) were measured in water, sediment, and four commercial fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Silurus glanis, and Esox lucius) and their tissues (muscle, liver, and kidney) from Saničani Lake, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concentration of toxic elements was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Toxic element concentrations were significantly affected by the fish species and tissues sampled. The lead was the most heavily deposited element in lake sediments and waters. The highest concentrations of Pb and Cd were in the kidney in all four fish species. Concentrations of Hg and As were higher in the muscle than in the kidney and liver in all four fish species. The toxic element concentrations in all examined tissues were significantly higher in Silurus glanis and Esox lucius than in the other fish species examined. Concentrations of all tested elements were present in the fish muscle at different levels, but these levels were under the maximum levels allowed by the European Union and FAO/WHO. Accordingly, fish meat from this lake is acceptable for human consumption.

A total of 7386 samples of adult honey bees from different areas of Serbia (fifteen regions and 79 municipalities) were selected for light microscopy analysis for Nosema species during 1992-2017. A selection of honey bee samples from colonies positive for microsporidian spores during 2009-2011, 2015 and 2017 were then subjected to molecular diagnosis by multiplex PCR using specific primers for a region of the 16S rRNA gene of Nosema species. The prevalence of microsporidian spore-positive bee colonies ranged between 14.4% in 2013 and 65.4% in 1992. PCR results show that Nosema ceranae is not the only Nosema species to infect honey bees in Serbia. Mixed N. apis/N. ceranae infections were detected in the two honey bee samples examined by mPCR during 2017. The beekeeping management of disease prevention, such as replacement of combs and queens and hygienic handling of colonies are useful in the prevention of Nosema infection.

The survival of Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, and S. Montevideo in experimentally inoculated (10(6) CFU/g) minced pork meat containing different concentrations (0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, or 0.9%) of oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil (OEO) packaged under vacuum or MAP (30%O-2/50%CO2/20%N-2) were evaluated within 15 days of refrigeration (3 +/- 1 degrees C) storage. Carvacrol was the predominant constituent in OEO (77.16%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of OEO was similar for all Salmonella serovars (160-320 mu g/ml). Salmonella counts in minced pork were reduced by 2.09 and 3.08 log CFU/g in the samples treated with 0.3% and 0.6% OEO, respectively. Addition of 0.9% OEO reduced the Salmonella count to below the limit of detection. Experiments also included investigation of OEO effect on Enterobacteriaceae, LAB and TVC. For both packaging methods the use of OEO increased the microbial shelf life of pork. Sensory analyses showed that the samples with 0.3% OEO added were the most acceptable. Practical applications Due to its nutritional characteristics, minced meat is suitable for the growth of most microorganisms including spoilage bacteria and foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. The microbial safety of minced meat is very important. Taking into account that these bacteria are one of the most important from the aspect of meat safety, their control, especially in minimally processed meat products, is crucial. OEO not only exhibited strong anti-Salmonella effects, but, in contrast to some other essential oils, is categorized as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) and can be considered as a natural preservative used in organic production as an alternative to synthetic additives. Our findings could also guide the selection of an effective concentration of OEO that is organoleptically acceptable.

Concentrations of toxic elements (lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic) were measured in water, sediment, and four commercial fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Silurus glanis, and Esox lucius) and their tissues (muscle, liver, and kidney) from Saničani Lake, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concentration of toxic elements was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Toxic element concentrations were significantly affected by the fish species and tissues sampled. The lead was the most heavily deposited element in lake sediments and waters. The highest concentrations of Pb and Cd were in the kidney in all four fish species. Concentrations of Hg and As were higher in the muscle than in the kidney and liver in all four fish species. The toxic element concentrations in all examined tissues were significantly higher in Silurus glanis and Esox lucius than in the other fish species examined. Concentrations of all tested elements were present in the fish muscle at different levels, but these levels were under the maximum levels allowed by the European Union and FAO/WHO. Accordingly, fish meat from this lake is acceptable for human consumption.

Concentrations of toxic elements (lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic) were measured in water, sediment, and four commercial fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Silurus glanis, and Esox lucius) and their tissues (muscle, liver, and kidney) from Saničani Lake, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concentration of toxic elements was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Toxic element concentrations were significantly affected by the fish species and tissues sampled. The lead was the most heavily deposited element in lake sediments and waters. The highest concentrations of Pb and Cd were in the kidney in all four fish species. Concentrations of Hg and As were higher in the muscle than in the kidney and liver in all four fish species. The toxic element concentrations in all examined tissues were significantly higher in Silurus glanis and Esox lucius than in the other fish species examined. Concentrations of all tested elements were present in the fish muscle at different levels, but these levels were under the maximum levels allowed by the European Union and FAO/WHO. Accordingly, fish meat from this lake is acceptable for human consumption.

A total of 7386 samples of adult honey bees from different areas of Serbia (fifteen regions and 79 municipalities) were selected for light microscopy analysis for Nosema species during 1992-2017. A selection of honey bee samples from colonies positive for microsporidian spores during 2009-2011, 2015 and 2017 were then subjected to molecular diagnosis by multiplex PCR using specific primers for a region of the 16S rRNA gene of Nosema species. The prevalence of microsporidian spore-positive bee colonies ranged between 14.4% in 2013 and 65.4% in 1992. PCR results show that Nosema ceranae is not the only Nosema species to infect honey bees in Serbia. Mixed N. apis/N. ceranae infections were detected in the two honey bee samples examined by mPCR during 2017. The beekeeping management of disease prevention, such as replacement of combs and queens and hygienic handling of colonies are useful in the prevention of Nosema infection.

This research examined the effects of two rearing systems (conventional versus free-range) on carcass characteristics, and cholesterol content, chemical and fatty acid properties of the backfat from Mangalitsa pigs. Depending on the rearing system utilized and live weight observed, we found important differences in the heaviness of the cold and warm Mangalitsa carcasses. The maximum total cholesterol in the backfat of pigs reared outdoors was 46.96 mg kg-1, while the maximum total cholesterol in backfat of conventionally-raised Mangalitsa pigs was 55.80 mg kg-1. The backfat from free-ranging Mangalitsa pigs contained lower levels of PUFA n-6 and greater amounts of PUFA n-3. The ratio of PUFA/SFA was remarkably different in pigs raised in the two systems, whereas the ratio of MUFA/SFA was lower in the pigs reared outdoors. Based on these results, the selection of rearing system could affect the chemical properties and carcass characteristics of Mangalitsa backfat., Cilj ovog rada bio je uticaj dva sistema gajenja (konvencionalni i slobodni uzgoj) na karakteristike trupa, kao i na sadržaj holesterola, hemijski sastav i sadržaj masnih kiselina leđne masnoće Mangulica. U zavisnosti od sistema gajenja i posmatrane telesne mase, utvrđene su značajne razlike u masi hladnih i toplih polutki Mangalica. Maksimalni ukupni holesterol u masnoć i svinja koje se gajene u slobodnom sistemu uzgoja bio je 46,96 mg kg⁻1, dok je maksimalni ukupni holesterol u masnoć i konvencionalno uzgajanih Mangalica bio 55,80 mg kg⁻1. Masnoć a Mangalica koja je gajena u slobodnom sistemu imala je manji sadržaj PUFA n-6 i već i sadržaj PUFA n-3. Odnos PUFA / SFA bio je izuzetno različit kod svinja koje su gajane u dva sistema, dok je odnos MUFA / SFA bio manji kod svinja koje su gajane u slobodnom sistemu. Na osnovu ovih rezultata, izbor sistema za uzgoj svinja mogao bi da utiče na hemijska svojstva i karakteristike trupa Mangalica.

The survival of Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, and S. Montevideo in experimentally inoculated (10(6) CFU/g) minced pork meat containing different concentrations (0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, or 0.9%) of oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil (OEO) packaged under vacuum or MAP (30%O-2/50%CO2/20%N-2) were evaluated within 15 days of refrigeration (3 +/- 1 degrees C) storage. Carvacrol was the predominant constituent in OEO (77.16%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of OEO was similar for all Salmonella serovars (160-320 mu g/ml). Salmonella counts in minced pork were reduced by 2.09 and 3.08 log CFU/g in the samples treated with 0.3% and 0.6% OEO, respectively. Addition of 0.9% OEO reduced the Salmonella count to below the limit of detection. Experiments also included investigation of OEO effect on Enterobacteriaceae, LAB and TVC. For both packaging methods the use of OEO increased the microbial shelf life of pork. Sensory analyses showed that the samples with 0.3% OEO added were the most acceptable. Practical applications Due to its nutritional characteristics, minced meat is suitable for the growth of most microorganisms including spoilage bacteria and foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. The microbial safety of minced meat is very important. Taking into account that these bacteria are one of the most important from the aspect of meat safety, their control, especially in minimally processed meat products, is crucial. OEO not only exhibited strong anti-Salmonella effects, but, in contrast to some other essential oils, is categorized as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) and can be considered as a natural preservative used in organic production as an alternative to synthetic additives. Our findings could also guide the selection of an effective concentration of OEO that is organoleptically acceptable.

This research examined the effects of two rearing systems (conventional versus free-range) on carcass characteristics, and cholesterol content, chemical and fatty acid properties of the backfat from Mangalitsa pigs. Depending on the rearing system utilized and live weight observed, we found important differences in the heaviness of the cold and warm Mangalitsa carcasses. The maximum total cholesterol in the backfat of pigs reared outdoors was 46.96 mg kg⁻1, while the maximum total cholesterol in backfat of conventionally-raised Mangalitsa pigs was 55.80 mg kg⁻1. The backfat from free-ranging Mangalitsa pigs contained lower levels of PUFA n-6 and greater amounts of PUFA n-3. The ratio of PUFA/SFA was remarkably different in pigs raised in the two systems, whereas the ratio of MUFA/SFA was lower in the pigs reared outdoors. Based on these results, the selection of rearing system could affect the chemical properties and carcass characteristics of Mangalitsa backfat.

A total of 61 honey bees from different regions of the Republic of Serbia were analyzed for Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) spores. The microbiological methods and molecular methods (multiplex PCR/mPCR and PCR method) were utilized to examine multiple subunits of each honey bees samples. The C. botulinum spores in PCR-positive samples were estimated by the most probable number method (MPN). The presence of C. botulinum spores, by applying mPCR and PCR methods, was detected in 1 of the 61 honey bees (1.64%). Using MPN method, the number of spores in positive sample was 110/kg. Detection of C. botulinum spores directly from untreated honey bees, without prior enrichment, is impossible by applying PCR. Using conventional microbiological methods, detection of C. botulinum spores in dead honey bees is not possible without preenrichment. Therefore, conventional, microbiological methods are not suitable for the detection of C. botulinum spores in honey bees. In order to detect C. botulinum spores in honey bees using PCR methods, due to the small and/or unequal distribution of spores in the samples, it is desirable to use multiple subunits/replicates for each sample examined.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different marinade solution on the microbiome of chicken breast fillets packaged under vacuum and stored at 4°C. Three types of marinade were tested. A total of 120 chicken breast fillets were marinated in control (6% NaCl) or three different marinades: 6% NaCl and 2% sodium tripolyphosphate; 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate, and; 6% NaCl, 1% sodium tripolyphosphate and 1% sodium citrate. Microorganisms were enumerated on the first day of testing (day 0) and on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of chilled storage. Marination resulted in significant differences (p<0.05) in the numbers of total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria and anaerobic bacteria counts. The combination of 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate is the most appropriate marinade option for reducing the growth of the examined bacterial groups in vacuum-packaged marinated chicken breast fillets during chilled storage., Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi uticaj različitog načina mariniranja na mikrobiotu fileta grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i čuvanih pri 4°C. Ispitivane su tri vrste marinade. Ukupno 120 uzoraka (korišćenih za dva ponavljanja) marinirano je u kontrolnom (6% NaCl) i tri različita tretmana: 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum tripolifosfat (E1), 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrat (E2) i rastvor sa 6% NaCl, 1% natrijum tripolifosfata i 1% natrijum citrata (E3). Brojanje mikroorganizama vršeno je prvog dana (0 dan), 7., 14., 21. i 28. dana skladištenja. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike (P<0,05) između mariniranih uzoraka u ukupnom broju mezofilnih bakterija, Enterobacteriaceae, bakterijama mlečne kiseline i anaerobnim bakterijama. Utvrđeno je da je kombinacija 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrata najprikladnija za redukciju rasta ispitivanih grupa bakterija u mariniranim filetima grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i skladištenih pri 4°C.

The aim of this study was to determine the content of some elements (Pb, Cd, Hg, Fe, Cu, Zn, As) in muscle tissue of Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) from seven different lakes in the Belgrade region, Serbia. Concentrations of Pb, Hg and As in fish muscle tissues from all examined lakes were under the maximum residual levels prescribed by the European Union (EU) and the maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) for Serbia. In all investigated fish, levels of Cd exceeded maximum allowed concentrations (0.05 mg kg-1). Data on the finding of elements in fish speak concurrently about the safety of fish as food and are good indicators of environmental pollution.

Abnormally hard breast fillet consistency began to emerge in commercial broiler chickens around 2010. Due to the remarkable muscle hardness, the condition acquired the vernacular name wooden breast myopathy. This myopathy starts to develop after two weeks of age at the earliest and typically proceeds into chronic myodegeneration in three to four weeks of age. The lesion begins focally and typically develops into a diffuse lesion that involves the entire major pectoral muscle. The restricted location of wooden breast lesion in the m. pectoralis major distinguishes it from several other myodegenerative diseases that widely affect the skeletal muscle system and often the cardiac and smooth muscle systems too. Although industry-wide incidence rates are difficult to assess, it has been estimated that approximately 5-10% of commercially produced breast fillets exhibit severe WB. Even at low incidence rates, the costs to industry are substantial, as breast fillets with the wooden breast condition are often downgraded and sold at a discount, used for further processing, or in extreme cases, discarded. Because the etiology of wooden breast is still unclear, in the future, study of the early lesions, pathogenesis and the possible reduction of animal welfare are likely to gain more attention.

The physicochemical parameters (free acidity, moisture content, sucrose content, hydroxymethylfurfural, reducing sugars, electrical conductivity, diastase activity and water-insoluble content), elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Se, K, Na, Ca, Mg) and heavy metal/metalloid concentrations (Cd, Hg, Pb and As) of 84 honeys (linden, multifloral, honeydew and acacia) from Serbia, were analyzed using ICP-MS. Concerning the physicochemical parameters, all tested honeys were found to meet European Legislation (EC Directive 2001/110). Potassium was the major element, ranging between 943.9 +/- 538.6 mg/kg and 2563 +/- 1817 mg/kg. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the concentrations of Zn, Mn, Co and Na between the honeys. Selenium and Hg levels were below the limits of detection. Positive correlations were found between electrical conductivity and most of the elements. The present study showed that Serbian honey examined were of good quality according to its physicochemical parameters and met safety criteria concerning the concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb and As.

Only healthy animals can expect good production results. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health is of particular importance in broilers. GIT health has been protected by antibiotics as growth promoters for years. Since their use is forbidden, alternatives are required. One alternative is the use of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) in broiler nutrition, in order to ensure the health of digestive tract, that is, prevent the activity of pathogenic bacteria, coccidias and viruses. Today, commercial MCFA supplement is used on the market in nutrition of broilers and piglets. Previous experiences of using MCFA in nutrition of broilers suggest that MCFA can be used as a substitute for antibiotics. In the duodenum of experimental broilers (a group of birds fed with added MCFA), the numbers of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli were significantly correlated with bird weight, but this was not the case in other intestinal segments (ileum or caecum).

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary fat supplementation with linseed oil and/or pig lard on performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile and serum biochemistry parameters in broiler chickens. In the study, 240 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly distributed to one control and three experimental dietary groups: diet supplemented with pig lard; diet supplemented with linseed oil, and; diet supplemented with a 1: 1 ratio of lard to linseed oil. The fat sources influenced serum biochemistry parameters and fatty acid profiles of drumsticks with thighs, but had no influence on growth performance or carcass characteristics. With dietary linseed oil, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increased (P<0.05) in meat from drumsticks with thighs. Supplementation with pig lard significantly (P<0.05) increased the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in drumsticks with thighs. In conclusion, dietary incorporation of linseed oil and pig lard during starter, grower and finisher phases can enrich broiler chickens meat with n-3 PUFA. This study has clearly shown that linseed oil in broiler nutrition provided the best n-6/n-3 ratio.

A total of 61 honey bees from different regions of the Republic of Serbia were analyzed for Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) spores. The microbiological methods and molecular methods (multiplex PCR/mPCR and PCR method) were utilized to examine multiple subunits of each honey bees samples. The C. botulinum spores in PCR-positive samples were estimated by the most probable number method (MPN). The presence of C. botulinum spores, by applying mPCR and PCR methods, was detected in 1 of the 61 honey bees (1.64%). Using MPN method, the number of spores in positive sample was 110/kg. Detection of C. botulinum spores directly from untreated honey bees, without prior enrichment, is impossible by applying PCR. Using conventional microbiological methods, detection of C. botulinum spores in dead honey bees is not possible without preenrichment. Therefore, conventional, microbiological methods are not suitable for the detection of C. botulinum spores in honey bees. In order to detect C. botulinum spores in honey bees using PCR methods, due to the small and/or unequal distribution of spores in the samples, it is desirable to use multiple subunits/replicates for each sample examined.

The element concentration (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Se, K, Na, Ca and Mg), heavy metal concentration (Cd, Hg, Pb and As) and fatty acid composition of 12 Serbian bee bread samples from different geographical origins were examined. The element concentration was examined using ICP-MS, and total lipids for fatty acid determination were extracted from homogenized bee bread samples with hexane/isopropanol mixture by accelerated solvent extraction. Potassium was the major element, ranging between 5515 +/- 361.20 mg/kg and 7487 +/- 381.50 mg/kg. The highest As and Pb concentrations were found in bee breads from Lazarevac. This bee bread also contained the highest level of PUFA and SFA. Also, the n-6/n-3 ratio ranged between 0.86 +/- 0.28 and 1.40 +/- 0.05, indicating bee bread can be a good source of unsaturated fatty acids. Bee bread could be useful in monitoring environmental contamination by heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb and As), although complex studies of all bee products give sufficient information on this topic.

This study was conducted to determine microbial contamination of pig carcasses during four years in one slaughterhouse. The numbers of total viable counts and Enterobacteriaceae and the presence/absence of Salmonella spp. are the process hygiene criteria for pig carcasses. We collected 240 samples from April of 2015 to April of 2019, with swabs being continually taken from the carcasses of pigs every month for 48 months in slaughterhouse in the west of Serbia. Over 48 consecutive months of testing, Salmonella spp. presence was detected on 1.67% of the pig carcasses, while the determined mean numbers of Enterobacteriaceae were 0.18 +/- 0.37 log CFU/cm(2), and the mean total viable count of aerobic bacteria was 1.88 +/- 0.85 log CFU/cm(2). The process hygiene criteria results for the tested pig carcasses showed that for total viable count of aerobic bacteria, 95.35% of carcasses fell into the satisfactory process hygiene group, while 4.17% belonged to the acceptable group. Enterobacteriaceae numbers showed 97.90% of the tested pig carcasses belonged to the satisfactory process hygiene group, and 2.10% of carcasses belonged to the acceptable group.

This study was to determine the contents and any correlations of As, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd and Pb in multifloral honeys. Honey, among other bee products, is a good bioindicator since it can reveal the connections between soil, plants and honeybees. Ninety-two samples of multifloral honey were collected from the retail market during the 2018 vegetation season and analyzed to determine mineral content. Analysis of the elements was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The most abundant element was Fe, with average concentration of 2.21 +/- 1.00 mg/kg, followed by Zn, Cu, Pb, As and Cd. The results obtained show positive correlations: Zn-As, Fe-As, Fe-Cu, Fe-Cd, Cd-Cu and Cd-Pb. Negative correlations are noticeable between Pb and all other minerals except Cd.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different marinade solution on the microbiome of chicken breast fillets packaged under vacuum and stored at 4°C. Three types of marinade were tested. A total of 120 chicken breast fillets were marinated in control (6% NaCl) or three different marinades: 6% NaCl and 2% sodium tripolyphosphate; 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate, and; 6% NaCl, 1% sodium tripolyphosphate and 1% sodium citrate. Microorganisms were enumerated on the first day of testing (day 0) and on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of chilled storage. Marination resulted in significant differences (p<0.05) in the numbers of total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria and anaerobic bacteria counts. The combination of 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate is the most appropriate marinade option for reducing the growth of the examined bacterial groups in vacuum-packaged marinated chicken breast fillets during chilled storage., Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi uticaj različitog načina mariniranja na mikrobiotu fileta grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i čuvanih pri 4°C. Ispitivane su tri vrste marinade. Ukupno 120 uzoraka (korišćenih za dva ponavljanja) marinirano je u kontrolnom (6% NaCl) i tri različita tretmana: 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum tripolifosfat (E1), 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrat (E2) i rastvor sa 6% NaCl, 1% natrijum tripolifosfata i 1% natrijum citrata (E3). Brojanje mikroorganizama vršeno je prvog dana (0 dan), 7., 14., 21. i 28. dana skladištenja. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike (P<0,05) između mariniranih uzoraka u ukupnom broju mezofilnih bakterija, Enterobacteriaceae, bakterijama mlečne kiseline i anaerobnim bakterijama. Utvrđeno je da je kombinacija 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrata najprikladnija za redukciju rasta ispitivanih grupa bakterija u mariniranim filetima grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i skladištenih pri 4°C.

The physicochemical parameters (free acidity, moisture content, sucrose content, hydroxymethylfurfural, reducing sugars, electrical conductivity, diastase activity and water-insoluble content), elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Se, K, Na, Ca, Mg) and heavy metal/metalloid concentrations (Cd, Hg, Pb and As) of 84 honeys (linden, multifloral, honeydew and acacia) from Serbia, were analyzed using ICP-MS. Concerning the physicochemical parameters, all tested honeys were found to meet European Legislation (EC Directive 2001/110). Potassium was the major element, ranging between 943.9 +/- 538.6 mg/kg and 2563 +/- 1817 mg/kg. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the concentrations of Zn, Mn, Co and Na between the honeys. Selenium and Hg levels were below the limits of detection. Positive correlations were found between electrical conductivity and most of the elements. The present study showed that Serbian honey examined were of good quality according to its physicochemical parameters and met safety criteria concerning the concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb and As.

Only healthy animals can expect good production results. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health is of particular importance in broilers. GIT health has been protected by antibiotics as growth promoters for years. Since their use is forbidden, alternatives are required. One alternative is the use of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) in broiler nutrition, in order to ensure the health of digestive tract, that is, prevent the activity of pathogenic bacteria, coccidias and viruses. Today, commercial MCFA supplement is used on the market in nutrition of broilers and piglets. Previous experiences of using MCFA in nutrition of broilers suggest that MCFA can be used as a substitute for antibiotics. In the duodenum of experimental broilers (a group of birds fed with added MCFA), the numbers of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli were significantly correlated with bird weight, but this was not the case in other intestinal segments (ileum or caecum).

Only healthy animals can expect good production results. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health is of particular importance in broilers. GIT health has been protected by antibiotics as growth promoters for years. Since their use is forbidden, alternatives are required. One alternative is the use of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) in broiler nutrition, in order to ensure the health of digestive tract, that is, prevent the activity of pathogenic bacteria, coccidias and viruses. Today, commercial MCFA supplement is used on the market in nutrition of broilers and piglets. Previous experiences of using MCFA in nutrition of broilers suggest that MCFA can be used as a substitute for antibiotics. In the duodenum of experimental broilers (a group of birds fed with added MCFA), the numbers of Enterococcus spp. and E. coli were significantly correlated with bird weight, but this was not the case in other intestinal segments (ileum or caecum).

The physicochemical parameters (free acidity, moisture content, sucrose content, hydroxymethylfurfural, reducing sugars, electrical conductivity, diastase activity and water-insoluble content), elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Se, K, Na, Ca, Mg) and heavy metal/metalloid concentrations (Cd, Hg, Pb and As) of 84 honeys (linden, multifloral, honeydew and acacia) from Serbia, were analyzed using ICP-MS. Concerning the physicochemical parameters, all tested honeys were found to meet European Legislation (EC Directive 2001/110). Potassium was the major element, ranging between 943.9 +/- 538.6 mg/kg and 2563 +/- 1817 mg/kg. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the concentrations of Zn, Mn, Co and Na between the honeys. Selenium and Hg levels were below the limits of detection. Positive correlations were found between electrical conductivity and most of the elements. The present study showed that Serbian honey examined were of good quality according to its physicochemical parameters and met safety criteria concerning the concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb and As.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different marinade solution on the microbiome of chicken breast fillets packaged under vacuum and stored at 4°C. Three types of marinade were tested. A total of 120 chicken breast fillets were marinated in control (6% NaCl) or three different marinades: 6% NaCl and 2% sodium tripolyphosphate; 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate, and; 6% NaCl, 1% sodium tripolyphosphate and 1% sodium citrate. Microorganisms were enumerated on the first day of testing (day 0) and on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of chilled storage. Marination resulted in significant differences (p<0.05) in the numbers of total viable counts, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria and anaerobic bacteria counts. The combination of 6% NaCl and 2% sodium citrate is the most appropriate marinade option for reducing the growth of the examined bacterial groups in vacuum-packaged marinated chicken breast fillets during chilled storage., Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi uticaj različitog načina mariniranja na mikrobiotu fileta grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i čuvanih pri 4°C. Ispitivane su tri vrste marinade. Ukupno 120 uzoraka (korišćenih za dva ponavljanja) marinirano je u kontrolnom (6% NaCl) i tri različita tretmana: 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum tripolifosfat (E1), 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrat (E2) i rastvor sa 6% NaCl, 1% natrijum tripolifosfata i 1% natrijum citrata (E3). Brojanje mikroorganizama vršeno je prvog dana (0 dan), 7., 14., 21. i 28. dana skladištenja. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike (P<0,05) između mariniranih uzoraka u ukupnom broju mezofilnih bakterija, Enterobacteriaceae, bakterijama mlečne kiseline i anaerobnim bakterijama. Utvrđeno je da je kombinacija 6% NaCl i 2% natrijum citrata najprikladnija za redukciju rasta ispitivanih grupa bakterija u mariniranim filetima grudi brojlera pakovanih u vakuum i skladištenih pri 4°C.

This study was conducted to determine microbial contamination of pig carcasses during four years in one slaughterhouse. The numbers of total viable counts and Enterobacteriaceae and the presence/absence of Salmonella spp. are the process hygiene criteria for pig carcasses. We collected 240 samples from April of 2015 to April of 2019, with swabs being continually taken from the carcasses of pigs every month for 48 months in slaughterhouse in the west of Serbia. Over 48 consecutive months of testing, Salmonella spp. presence was detected on 1.67% of the pig carcasses, while the determined mean numbers of Enterobacteriaceae were 0.18 +/- 0.37 log CFU/cm(2), and the mean total viable count of aerobic bacteria was 1.88 +/- 0.85 log CFU/cm(2). The process hygiene criteria results for the tested pig carcasses showed that for total viable count of aerobic bacteria, 95.35% of carcasses fell into the satisfactory process hygiene group, while 4.17% belonged to the acceptable group. Enterobacteriaceae numbers showed 97.90% of the tested pig carcasses belonged to the satisfactory process hygiene group, and 2.10% of carcasses belonged to the acceptable group.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary fat supplementation with linseed oil and/or pig lard on performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile and serum biochemistry parameters in broiler chickens. In the study, 240 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly distributed to one control and three experimental dietary groups: diet supplemented with pig lard; diet supplemented with linseed oil, and; diet supplemented with a 1: 1 ratio of lard to linseed oil. The fat sources influenced serum biochemistry parameters and fatty acid profiles of drumsticks with thighs, but had no influence on growth performance or carcass characteristics. With dietary linseed oil, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increased (P<0.05) in meat from drumsticks with thighs. Supplementation with pig lard significantly (P<0.05) increased the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in drumsticks with thighs. In conclusion, dietary incorporation of linseed oil and pig lard during starter, grower and finisher phases can enrich broiler chickens meat with n-3 PUFA. This study has clearly shown that linseed oil in broiler nutrition provided the best n-6/n-3 ratio.

The aim of this study was to determine the content of some elements (Pb, Cd, Hg, Fe, Cu, Zn, As) in muscle tissue of Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) from seven different lakes in the Belgrade region, Serbia. Concentrations of Pb, Hg and As in fish muscle tissues from all examined lakes were under the maximum residual levels prescribed by the European Union (EU) and the maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) for Serbia. In all investigated fish, levels of Cd exceeded maximum allowed concentrations (0.05 mg kg-1). Data on the finding of elements in fish speak concurrently about the safety of fish as food and are good indicators of environmental pollution.

The element concentration (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Se, K, Na, Ca and Mg), heavy metal concentration (Cd, Hg, Pb and As) and fatty acid composition of 12 Serbian bee bread samples from different geographical origins were examined. The element concentration was examined using ICP-MS, and total lipids for fatty acid determination were extracted from homogenized bee bread samples with hexane/isopropanol mixture by accelerated solvent extraction. Potassium was the major element, ranging between 5515 +/- 361.20 mg/kg and 7487 +/- 381.50 mg/kg. The highest As and Pb concentrations were found in bee breads from Lazarevac. This bee bread also contained the highest level of PUFA and SFA. Also, the n-6/n-3 ratio ranged between 0.86 +/- 0.28 and 1.40 +/- 0.05, indicating bee bread can be a good source of unsaturated fatty acids. Bee bread could be useful in monitoring environmental contamination by heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb and As), although complex studies of all bee products give sufficient information on this topic.

This study was to determine the contents and any correlations of As, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd and Pb in multifloral honeys. Honey, among other bee products, is a good bioindicator since it can reveal the connections between soil, plants and honeybees. Ninety-two samples of multifloral honey were collected from the retail market during the 2018 vegetation season and analyzed to determine mineral content. Analysis of the elements was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The most abundant element was Fe, with average concentration of 2.21 +/- 1.00 mg/kg, followed by Zn, Cu, Pb, As and Cd. The results obtained show positive correlations: Zn-As, Fe-As, Fe-Cu, Fe-Cd, Cd-Cu and Cd-Pb. Negative correlations are noticeable between Pb and all other minerals except Cd.

A total of 61 honey bees from different regions of the Republic of Serbia were analyzed for Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) spores. The microbiological methods and molecular methods (multiplex PCR/mPCR and PCR method) were utilized to examine multiple subunits of each honey bees samples. The C. botulinum spores in PCR-positive samples were estimated by the most probable number method (MPN). The presence of C. botulinum spores, by applying mPCR and PCR methods, was detected in 1 of the 61 honey bees (1.64%). Using MPN method, the number of spores in positive sample was 110/kg. Detection of C. botulinum spores directly from untreated honey bees, without prior enrichment, is impossible by applying PCR. Using conventional microbiological methods, detection of C. botulinum spores in dead honey bees is not possible without preenrichment. Therefore, conventional, microbiological methods are not suitable for the detection of C. botulinum spores in honey bees. In order to detect C. botulinum spores in honey bees using PCR methods, due to the small and/or unequal distribution of spores in the samples, it is desirable to use multiple subunits/replicates for each sample examined.

Abnormally hard breast fillet consistency began to emerge in commercial broiler chickens around 2010. Due to the remarkable muscle hardness, the condition acquired the vernacular name wooden breast myopathy. This myopathy starts to develop after two weeks of age at the earliest and typically proceeds into chronic myodegeneration in three to four weeks of age. The lesion begins focally and typically develops into a diffuse lesion that involves the entire major pectoral muscle. The restricted location of wooden breast lesion in the m. pectoralis major distinguishes it from several other myodegenerative diseases that widely affect the skeletal muscle system and often the cardiac and smooth muscle systems too. Although industry-wide incidence rates are difficult to assess, it has been estimated that approximately 5-10% of commercially produced breast fillets exhibit severe WB. Even at low incidence rates, the costs to industry are substantial, as breast fillets with the wooden breast condition are often downgraded and sold at a discount, used for further processing, or in extreme cases, discarded. Because the etiology of wooden breast is still unclear, in the future, study of the early lesions, pathogenesis and the possible reduction of animal welfare are likely to gain more attention.

A total of 61 honey bees from different regions of the Republic of Serbia were analyzed for Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) spores. The microbiological methods and molecular methods (multiplex PCR/mPCR and PCR method) were utilized to examine multiple subunits of each honey bees samples. The C. botulinum spores in PCR-positive samples were estimated by the most probable number method (MPN). The presence of C. botulinum spores, by applying mPCR and PCR methods, was detected in 1 of the 61 honey bees (1.64%). Using MPN method, the number of spores in positive sample was 110/kg. Detection of C. botulinum spores directly from untreated honey bees, without prior enrichment, is impossible by applying PCR. Using conventional microbiological methods, detection of C. botulinum spores in dead honey bees is not possible without preenrichment. Therefore, conventional, microbiological methods are not suitable for the detection of C. botulinum spores in honey bees. In order to detect C. botulinum spores in honey bees using PCR methods, due to the small and/or unequal distribution of spores in the samples, it is desirable to use multiple subunits/replicates for each sample examined.

Žita su sa agronomskog i privrednog značaja najvažnija gruparatarskih biljaka. Tritikale je savremeno žito, odnosno hibrid dobijen ukrštanjempšenice i raži, s tim što je nasledio sposobnost raži da preživi jake mrazeve, ali imaveću proteinsku vrednost, dok je veći prinos zrna i povećanu tolerantnost na ražanuglavnicu nasledio od pšenice. Na koji će se način koristiti tritikale zavisi od osobinasorte. Sorte krupnog i ujednačenog zrna sa povećanim sadržajem ukupnih proteina uodnosu na skrob i koje su po hemijskom sastavu bliže pšenici, koriste se za pripremukoncentrovane stočne hrane, kako za živinu, tako i za nepreživare i preživare. Sortekoje obrazuju veliku biomasu, slično raži, služe za spremanje voluminozne stočnehrane kao sveže ili silaže, senaže i sena. Hranljiva vrednost zrna tritikalea je na nivoupšeničnog, s tim što ima nešto više aminokiseline lizina. U pogledu zastupljenostiesencijalnih aminokiselina, pojedinih minerala i vitamina, zrno tritikalea možezadovoljiti značajan deo potreba domaćih i gajenih životinja. Tritikale, kao i ostalazrnasta hraniva, standardni su deo obroka za ishranu domaćih i gajenih životinja,posebno u većem procentu kada je životinjama potrebno više energije. U zavisnostiod vrste domaće životinje kao i tipa obroka, tritikale može činiti njegov značajanprocenat. Prednost tritikalea nad drugim pravim žitima je taj što ima veći prinos,brži prolećni porast i mogućnost dužeg roka kosidbe za zelenu stočnu hranu jerogrubi kasnije nego npr., raž ili ovas. Zbog navedenih prednosti tritikale je pogodanza setvu, posebno u zemljama u razvoju., Grains have great agronomic and economic importance and they are one of the most important plants. Triticale is modern cereal grain, hybrid of wheat and rye, which inherited the ability of the rye to survive the high frosts, but has a higher protein value than rye, while higher grain yields and increased tolerance to diseases were inherited from wheat. The way in which triticale will be used depends on the characteristics of the variety. Triticale varieties of large and uniform grains which have more proteins then starch are used as concentrated feed for poultry, ruminants and nonruminants. Varieties that form large biomass, similar to rye, can be and are grazed, or harvested for silage or hay and straw. Triticale grain has nutritional value like wheat but with slightly more lysine amino acid. Triticale as a feed grain with good essential amino acid balance, minerals and vitamins is primarily included in livestock diets especially as an energy source. Depending on the type of domestic animal and meal, triticale can be used in significant percentage. The advantage of triticale over other cereals is that it has higher yields, a faster spring growth, and a longer mowing time as a green animal feed, than for example rays or oats. Because of all these advantages, triticale is suitable for planting especially in developing countries.

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) diet supplementation on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, serum biochemistry and intestinal microflora of broiler chickens. The study was performed on 180 one-day-old broilers of the same origin (Cobb 500 hybrid), over a 42-day period. They were fed diets supplemented with three treatments: control group (basal diet without supplementation); group with MCFA supplementation; and group with MCFA and coccidiostat supplementation. Broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with MCFAs had a significantly greater final bodyweight. The weights of carcass cuts (breast, drumsticks with thighs and wings) were greater in broilers receiving MCFAs than in control broilers. The addition of MCFAs to broiler diet significantly increased villus length and crypt depth in the duodenum and caecum, and significantly decreased villus width in the duodenum and ileum. Additionally, serum HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were increased significantly in broilers with MCFA dietary supplementation. The results indicated that the MCFA diet supplementation had a beneficial effect on the performance of broiler chickens, their intestinal histomorphology and microflora.