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najznačajnijih oboljenja živine izazvano virusom iz familije Birnaviridae, rod Avibirnavirus. Bolest izaziva visoku stopu morbiditeta i mortaliteta, smanjenje produktivnosti i dovodi do imunosupresije. Kontrola bolesti se sprovodi primenom biosigurnosnih mera, poštovanjem tehnoloških normativa i imunizacijom živine. Vakcine protiv IBD su kategorizovane kao klasične (blage, intermedijalne i „vruće“), imunski kompleks vakcine i vektor vakcine. U Srbiji se još uvek u rutinskoj praksi ne primenjuju vakcine na bazi „imunskog kompleksa“ i rekombinantne vektorske vakcine. U ovom radu su ispitivani i poređeni efekti primene klasične vakcine i rekombinantne vektorske vakcine protiv IBD, kroz analizu humoralnog i celularnog imunskog odgovora, praćenjem nivoa, ujednačenosti i brzine stvaranja imunskog odgovora, pregleda burzi Fabrici, merenjem B/B indeksa i zaštite koju vakcine pružaju nakon veštačke (challenge) infekcije virusom infektivne burzalne bolesti. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da u grupi pilića vakcinisanih rekombinantnom vektorskom vHVT13 vakcinom, nakon veštačke infekcije vvIBD nije bilo obolelih ni uginulih pilića. Kod grupa pilića vakcinisanih živim atenuiranim vakcinama („intermedijarna“; „intermedijarna plus“) konstantovani su klinički simptomi bolesti i uginuća. Takođe, praćenjem indeksa burze (B:BR i B:BI) utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika u korist grupe vakcinisane vHVT13 vakcinom. Serološki monitoring sproveden je simultano sa dva ELISA kit kompleta: unapređenim ELISA IBD plus test i klasičnim ELISA IBD kitom. Klasičnim ELISA testovima nije moguće sprovoditi monitoring posle vakcinacije vektor vakcinom jer oni ne detektuju u dovoljnoj meri anti VP2 antitela. Utvrđen je znatno viši titar antitela meren unapređenim IBD plus testom u grupi vakcinisanoj vektor vakcinom (ne manje od 5000) u odnosu na grupe pilića vakcinisane živim atenuiranim vakcinama protiv IBD. Rezultati pregleda burzi, monitoring krvi i veštačka infekcija pokazuju da su vektor vakci, Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most significant viral diseases in poultry production caused by Avibirnavirus, Birnaviridae. Disease is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rate, as well as low productivity and marked immunosupression. Disease control is carried out by application of biosecurity measures, following of technical procedures and active immunization of chicken. IBD vaccines are categorized as classical (mild, intermediate and intermediateplus), immunocomplex vaccines and recombinant vector vaccines. Routine practice in Serbia includes application of classic vaccines, while immunocomplex and recombinant vaccines are not in significant use. Objective of this experiment was to compare effects of classic and recombinant vaccines against IBD by analyzing level, homogeneity and development agility of humoral and cellular immune response, inspection of bursa, calculation of body/bursa index (B/B index) and protection after challenge test. Obtained results showed no diseased or mortality in the group of chickens vaccinated with vHVT13 after challenge with vvIBD virus. Disease symptoms and death occurred in control groups vaccinated with live attenuated vaccines (intermediary, intermediary plus). Statistically significant difference in B.BR and B.BI index was noticed in group vaccinated with vHVT13 when compared to control group. Serological testing was conducted with two distinct ELISA kits: classic ELISA IBD kit and ELISA IBD plus kit. Classic ELISA kit can not be used for monitoring of flocks vaccinated with recombinant vector vaccine because it does not detect antiVP2 antibodies in significant measure. ELISA IBD plus kit detected significantly higher titer in experimental group (not less than 5000) compared to groups vaccinated with classic vaccines. Results of flow citometry of peripheral blood show no decrease in IgY level neither after vaccination nor after artificial infection. There is no statistical difference in IgY level among

najznačajnijih oboljenja živine izazvano virusom iz familije Birnaviridae, rod Avibirnavirus. Bolest izaziva visoku stopu morbiditeta i mortaliteta, smanjenje produktivnosti i dovodi do imunosupresije. Kontrola bolesti se sprovodi primenom biosigurnosnih mera, poštovanjem tehnoloških normativa i imunizacijom živine. Vakcine protiv IBD su kategorizovane kao klasične (blage, intermedijalne i „vruće“), imunski kompleks vakcine i vektor vakcine. U Srbiji se još uvek u rutinskoj praksi ne primenjuju vakcine na bazi „imunskog kompleksa“ i rekombinantne vektorske vakcine. U ovom radu su ispitivani i poređeni efekti primene klasične vakcine i rekombinantne vektorske vakcine protiv IBD, kroz analizu humoralnog i celularnog imunskog odgovora, praćenjem nivoa, ujednačenosti i brzine stvaranja imunskog odgovora, pregleda burzi Fabrici, merenjem B/B indeksa i zaštite koju vakcine pružaju nakon veštačke (challenge) infekcije virusom infektivne burzalne bolesti. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da u grupi pilića vakcinisanih rekombinantnom vektorskom vHVT13 vakcinom, nakon veštačke infekcije vvIBD nije bilo obolelih ni uginulih pilića. Kod grupa pilića vakcinisanih živim atenuiranim vakcinama („intermedijarna“; „intermedijarna plus“) konstantovani su klinički simptomi bolesti i uginuća. Takođe, praćenjem indeksa burze (B:BR i B:BI) utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika u korist grupe vakcinisane vHVT13 vakcinom. Serološki monitoring sproveden je simultano sa dva ELISA kit kompleta: unapređenim ELISA IBD plus test i klasičnim ELISA IBD kitom. Klasičnim ELISA testovima nije moguće sprovoditi monitoring posle vakcinacije vektor vakcinom jer oni ne detektuju u dovoljnoj meri anti VP2 antitela. Utvrđen je znatno viši titar antitela meren unapređenim IBD plus testom u grupi vakcinisanoj vektor vakcinom (ne manje od 5000) u odnosu na grupe pilića vakcinisane živim atenuiranim vakcinama protiv IBD. Rezultati pregleda burzi, monitoring krvi i veštačka infekcija pokazuju da su vektor vakci, Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most significant viral diseases in poultry production caused by Avibirnavirus, Birnaviridae. Disease is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rate, as well as low productivity and marked immunosupression. Disease control is carried out by application of biosecurity measures, following of technical procedures and active immunization of chicken. IBD vaccines are categorized as classical (mild, intermediate and intermediateplus), immunocomplex vaccines and recombinant vector vaccines. Routine practice in Serbia includes application of classic vaccines, while immunocomplex and recombinant vaccines are not in significant use. Objective of this experiment was to compare effects of classic and recombinant vaccines against IBD by analyzing level, homogeneity and development agility of humoral and cellular immune response, inspection of bursa, calculation of body/bursa index (B/B index) and protection after challenge test. Obtained results showed no diseased or mortality in the group of chickens vaccinated with vHVT13 after challenge with vvIBD virus. Disease symptoms and death occurred in control groups vaccinated with live attenuated vaccines (intermediary, intermediary plus). Statistically significant difference in B.BR and B.BI index was noticed in group vaccinated with vHVT13 when compared to control group. Serological testing was conducted with two distinct ELISA kits: classic ELISA IBD kit and ELISA IBD plus kit. Classic ELISA kit can not be used for monitoring of flocks vaccinated with recombinant vector vaccine because it does not detect antiVP2 antibodies in significant measure. ELISA IBD plus kit detected significantly higher titer in experimental group (not less than 5000) compared to groups vaccinated with classic vaccines. Results of flow citometry of peripheral blood show no decrease in IgY level neither after vaccination nor after artificial infection. There is no statistical difference in IgY level among

Since the introduction of man made chemicals into the environment, the reproductive success of bird species all over the world has been compromised. Since the ban on the use of several chemicals, pollution has decreased, but residues still remain, and reproductive and physiological are still reported to be associated with contaminants. In the Baltic Sea, one of the most contaminated areas in the world, fish suffer from massive mortality during the early life stages. These fish contain high levels of contaminants and low levels of thiamine; thus, it has been hypothesised that contaminants induce thiamine deficiency. As fish eating birds occupy the same position in the food chain as the affected fish, one of the aims of the presented research was to establish the role of contaminant induced thiamine deficiency in bird embryotoxicity. Although the contamination levels in Baltic guillemots have decreased since the 1960s, the birds still contain appreciable amounts of contaminants. The second aim of the research was therefore to assess the potential toxic effects of these contaminants, at the current levels, in these birds.Several experiments were conducted to study both hypotheses, using an optimised chicken embryo bioassay. The thesis describes the development and validation of the bioassay, as well as its use in studies on the effects of contaminants on embryonal transketolase activity, which is a biomarker for thiamine deficiency. In addition, extracts from Baltic guillemots as well as from oystercatcher eggs from the Zeehavenkanaal in the Netherlands (which is contaminated with hexachlorobenzene) were tested for their toxic potencies. None of the selected model compounds or extracts resulted in decreased transketolase activity, indicating that contaminant induced thiamine deficiency probably does not play a role in avian embryotoxicity. Levels of PCBs in guillemot extracts were high enough to enhance the incidence of malformed embryos in fish eating birds. Both extr

In het verleden zijn door het RIKZ in het Zeehavenkanaal te Delfzijl hoge hexachloorbenzeengehalten gemeten. Na sanering voldeed de onderwaterbodem voor hexachloorbenzeen echter nog steeds niet aan de normen voor het baggerbeheer. In eieren van scholeksters die foerageren in het met hexachloorbenzeen verontreinigde gebied, zijn ook verhoogde concentraties gemeten. De vraag is of deze verhoogde concentraties hexachloorbenzeen en eventuele andere verontreinigingen nadelige effecten hebben op de scholeksters. Uit het onderzoek waarvan de resultaten in dit rapport beschreven staan, blijkt dat de in de eieren aanwezige stoffen in staat zijn om effecten bij vogels te veroorzaken.