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Dissecting plant responses to the environment is key to understanding whether and how plants adapt to anthropogenic climate change. Stomata, plants' pores for gas exchange, are expected to decrease in density following increased CO2 concentrations, a trend already observed in multiple plant species. However, it is unclear whether such responses are based on genetic changes and evolutionary adaptation. Here we make use of extensive knowledge of 43 genes in the stomatal development pathway and newly generated genome information of 191 Arabidopsis thaliana historical herbarium specimens collected over 193 years to directly link genetic variation with climate change. While we find that the essential transcription factors SPCH, MUTE and FAMA, central to stomatal development, are under strong evolutionary constraints, several regulators of stomatal development show signs of local adaptation in contemporary samples from different geographic regions. We then develop a functional score based on known effects of gene knock-out on stomatal development that recovers a classic pattern of stomatal density decrease over the past centuries, suggesting a genetic component contributing to this change. This approach combining historical genomics with functional experimental knowledge could allow further investigations of how different, even in historical samples unmeasurable, cellular plant phenotypes may have already responded to climate change through adaptive evolution.

An Amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

An Amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Potato, one of the most important staple crops, originates from the highlands of the equatorial Andes. There, potatoes propagate vegetatively via tubers under short days, constant throughout the year. After their introduction to Europe in the sixteenth century, potatoes adapted to a shorter growing season and to tuber formation under long days. Here, we traced the demographic and adaptive history of potato introduction to Europe. To this end, we sequenced 88 individuals that comprise landraces, modern cultivars and historical herbarium samples, including specimens collected by Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. Our findings show that European potatoes collected during the period 1650–1750 were closely related to Andean landraces. After their introduction to Europe, potatoes admixed with Chilean genotypes. We identified candidate genes putatively involved in long-day pre-adaptation, and showed that the 1650–1750 European individuals were not long-day adapted through previously described allelic variants of the CYCLING DOF FACTOR1 gene. Such allelic variants were detected in Europe during the nineteenth century. Our study highlights the power of combining contemporary and historical genomes to understand the complex evolutionary history of crop adaptation to new environments.

The psychosocial factors should play an important role within each organization since these directly affect the worker’s performance and health, as well as the functionality of the company. For this reason, the present study aims to identify the intra-labor and extra-labor psychosocial factors in educators of a State Educational Institution of San Juan de Pasto through a descriptive methodology with a cross-sectional design. In the study, three questionnaires from the Colombian Ministry of Social Protection (2010) were applied: the Battery Instruments for the Evaluation of Psychosocial Risk Factors (General data Sheet, the Intra-labor Psychosocial Risk Questionnaire (form A), and the Extra-Labor Psychosocial Risk Questionnaire). The results show that educators are not exempt from being exposed to intra-labor and extra- labor risks, since the different conditions that take place inside and outside the workplace affect their health and performance in the Institution. These findings are evidenced in most of the population that scores some dimensions at high and very high risk., Fatores psicossociais devem desempenhar um papel importante dentro de cada organização como estas afetam diretamente o desempenho do trabalhador e sua saúde, também como a funcionalidade da empresa, razão pela qual este estudo tem como objetivo identificar os fatores psicossocias dentro do trabalho e fora do local de trabalho em profesores de uma Instituição de ensino Estadual de San Juan de Pasto, através de uma metodologia descritiva com delineamento transversal, onde foram aplicados três questionários do Ministério da Proteção social da Colômbia (2010): Instrumentos de bateria para a avaliação de fatores Risco psicossocial (Folha de dados Gerais, Risco psicossocial Questionário dentro do trabalho (forma A) e o Questionário de Risco psicossocial fora do trabalho). Os resultados mostram que os professores não estão isentos de serem expostos em riscos dentro e fora do local de trabalho condições tão diferentes que surgem dentro e fora do local de trabalho afectam a sua saúde e desempenho na instituição, que é evidente na maior parte da população que pontua algumas dimensões de risco alto e muito alto., Los factores psicosociales deben representar un papel importante dentro de cada organización ya que estos afectan directamente el desempeño del trabajador y su salud, como también la funcionalidad de la empresa, es por ello que el presente estudio tiene como objetivo la identificación de los factores psicosociales intralaborales y extralaborales en docentes de una Institución Educativa Estatal de San Juan de Pasto, a través de una metodología descriptiva con diseño transversal, donde se aplicó tres cuestionarios del Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia (2010): Batería de Instrumentos para la Evaluación de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial (Ficha de Datos Generales, el Cuestionario de Riesgo Psicosocial Intralaboral (forma A) y el Cuestionario de Riesgo Psicosocial Extralaboral). Los resultados muestran que los docentes no están exentos de estar expuestos en riesgos intralaborales y extralaborales ya que las diferentes condiciones que se presentan dentro y fuera del lugar de trabajo, afectan su salud y desempeño en la Institución, lo cual se evidencia en la mayor parte de la población que puntúa algunas dimensiones en riesgo alto y muy alto.

The psychosocial factors should play an important role within each organization since these directly affect the worker’s performance and health, as well as the functionality of the company. For this reason, the present study aims to identify the intra-labor and extra-labor psychosocial factors in educators of a State Educational Institution of San Juan de Pasto through a descriptive methodology with a cross-sectional design. In the study, three questionnaires from the Colombian Ministry of Social Protection (2010) were applied: the Battery Instruments for the Evaluation of Psychosocial Risk Factors (General data Sheet, the Intra-labor Psychosocial Risk Questionnaire (form A), and the Extra-Labor Psychosocial Risk Questionnaire). The results show that educators are not exempt from being exposed to intra-labor and extra- labor risks, since the different conditions that take place inside and outside the workplace affect their health and performance in the Institution. These findings are evidenced in most of the population that scores some dimensions at high and very high risk., Fatores psicossociais devem desempenhar um papel importante dentro de cada organização como estas afetam diretamente o desempenho do trabalhador e sua saúde, também como a funcionalidade da empresa, razão pela qual este estudo tem como objetivo identificar os fatores psicossocias dentro do trabalho e fora do local de trabalho em profesores de uma Instituição de ensino Estadual de San Juan de Pasto, através de uma metodologia descritiva com delineamento transversal, onde foram aplicados três questionários do Ministério da Proteção social da Colômbia (2010): Instrumentos de bateria para a avaliação de fatores Risco psicossocial (Folha de dados Gerais, Risco psicossocial Questionário dentro do trabalho (forma A) e o Questionário de Risco psicossocial fora do trabalho). Os resultados mostram que os professores não estão isentos de serem expostos em riscos dentro e fora do local de trabalho condições tão diferentes que surgem dentro e fora do local de trabalho afectam a sua saúde e desempenho na instituição, que é evidente na maior parte da população que pontua algumas dimensões de risco alto e muito alto., Los factores psicosociales deben representar un papel importante dentro de cada organización ya que estos afectan directamente el desempeño del trabajador y su salud, como también la funcionalidad de la empresa, es por ello que el presente estudio tiene como objetivo la identificación de los factores psicosociales intralaborales y extralaborales en docentes de una Institución Educativa Estatal de San Juan de Pasto, a través de una metodología descriptiva con diseño transversal, donde se aplicó tres cuestionarios del Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia (2010): Batería de Instrumentos para la Evaluación de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial (Ficha de Datos Generales, el Cuestionario de Riesgo Psicosocial Intralaboral (forma A) y el Cuestionario de Riesgo Psicosocial Extralaboral). Los resultados muestran que los docentes no están exentos de estar expuestos en riesgos intralaborales y extralaborales ya que las diferentes condiciones que se presentan dentro y fuera del lugar de trabajo, afectan su salud y desempeño en la Institución, lo cual se evidencia en la mayor parte de la población que puntúa algunas dimensiones en riesgo alto y muy alto.

Several previous comparisons of the human genome with other primate and vertebrate genomes identified genomic regions that are highly conserved in vertebrate evolution but fast-evolving on the human lineage. These human accelerated regions (HARs) may be regions of past adaptive evolution in humans. Alternatively, they may be the result of non-adaptive processes, such as biased gene conversion. We captured and sequenced DNA from a collection of previously published HARs using DNA from an Iberian Neandertal. Combining these new data with shotgun sequence from the Neandertal and Denisova draft genomes, we determine at least one archaic hominin allele for 84% of all positions within HARs. We find that 8% of HAR substitutions are not observed in the archaic hominins and are thus recent in the sense that the derived allele had not come to fixation in the common ancestor of modern humans and archaic hominins. Further, we find that recent substitutions in HARs tend to have come to fixation faster than substitutions elsewhere in the genome and that substitutions in HARs tend to cluster in time, consistent with an episodic rather than a clock-like process underlying HAR evolution. Our catalog of sequence changes in HARs will help prioritize them for functional studies of genomic elements potentially responsible for modern human adaptations.

Several previous comparisons of the human genome with other primate and vertebrate genomes identified genomic regions that are highly conserved in vertebrate evolution but fast-evolving on the human lineage. These human accelerated regions (HARs) may be regions of past adaptive evolution in humans. Alternatively, they may be the result of non-adaptive processes, such as biased gene conversion. We captured and sequenced DNA from a collection of previously published HARs using DNA from an Iberian Neandertal. Combining these new data with shotgun sequence from the Neandertal and Denisova draft genomes, we determine at least one archaic hominin allele for 84% of all positions within HARs. We find that 8% of HAR substitutions are not observed in the archaic hominins and are thus recent in the sense that the derived allele had not come to fixation in the common ancestor of modern humans and archaic hominins. Further, we find that recent substitutions in HARs tend to have come to fixation faster than substitutions elsewhere in the genome and that substitutions in HARs tend to cluster in time, consistent with an episodic rather than a clock-like process underlying HAR evolution. Our catalog of sequence changes in HARs will help prioritize them for functional studies of genomic elements potentially responsible for modern human adaptations.

Several previous comparisons of the human genome with other primate and vertebrate genomes identified genomic regions that are highly conserved in vertebrate evolution but fast-evolving on the human lineage. These human accelerated regions (HARs) may be regions of past adaptive evolution in humans. Alternatively, they may be the result of non-adaptive processes, such as biased gene conversion. We captured and sequenced DNA from a collection of previously published HARs using DNA from an Iberian Neandertal. Combining these new data with shotgun sequence from the Neandertal and Denisova draft genomes, we determine at least one archaic hominin allele for 84% of all positions within HARs. We find that 8% of HAR substitutions are not observed in the archaic hominins and are thus recent in the sense that the derived allele had not come to fixation in the common ancestor of modern humans and archaic hominins. Further, we find that recent substitutions in HARs tend to have come to fixation faster than substitutions elsewhere in the genome and that substitutions in HARs tend to cluster in time, consistent with an episodic rather than a clock-like process underlying HAR evolution. Our catalog of sequence changes in HARs will help prioritize them for functional studies of genomic elements potentially responsible for modern human adaptations. © 2012 Burbano et al.

It is now possible to perform whole-genome shotgun sequencing as well as capture of specific genomic regions for extinct organisms. However, targeted resequencing of large parts of nuclear genomes has yet to be demonstrated for ancient DNA. Here we show that hybridization capture on microarrays can successfully recover more than a megabase of target regions from Neandertal DNA even in the presence of ~99.8% microbial DNA. Using this approach, we have sequenced ~14,000 protein-coding positions inferred to have changed on the human lineage since the last common ancestor shared with chimpanzees. By generating the sequence of one Neandertal and 50 present-day humans at these positions, we have identified 88 amino acid substitutions that have become fixed in humans since our divergence from the Neandertals.

El presente trabajo es un estudio sobre la clasificación de las diferentes resinas plásticas. El estudio se realiza mediante clasificación por medio de imágenes, las cuales fusionan características de la imagen en el espectro visible y la imagen infrarroja. Para esto se utilizan técnicas en el procesamiento de imágenes