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Particles and droplets produced from pharmaceutical inhaler devices are naturally charged. Previous in silico and in vitro studies have shown that the levels of these electrostatic charges may potentially affect deposition in the airways but this has not been confirmed in vivo. Human lung scintigraphic studies using radiolabelled particles with controlled charges would provide crucial data on locating the deposition sites with respect to the particle charge level. An aerosol charging rig has been developed for this purpose. 99mTc-radiolabelled droplets from an Aerogen® Solo vibrating mesh nebulizer were charged by induction and then dried to yield positively charged particles. Particles with near-neutral charges were produced at an induction voltage of −0.4 kV, while those with 10-4,000 elementary charges per particle were generated at −4.5 kV, depending on the particle size. The number of elementary charges per particle generally decreased with radioactivity, especially for solutions at 400 and 800 MBq/mL. This was attributed to the indirect ionizing effect of the gamma radiation in the air, which produced bipolar ions that neutralized the initially charged particles. Radioactivity at 100 MBq/mL was found to be optimal in generating the highest particle charges that could potentially affect in vivo deposition in the lungs. The aerosol charging rig is suitable for use in human scintigraphy studies which we will conduct in the near future. Copyright © 2021 American Association for Aerosol Research.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the long-term durability, incidence of complications, and patient satisfaction outcomes in ileal conduit (IC) and orthotopic neobladder (ONB). METHODS: A systematic electronic literature search was performed in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus using MeSH and free-text search terms "Urinary diversion" AND "Ileal conduit" AND "Neobladder." The search concluded June 19, 2018. Inclusion criteria were those patients who had a cystectomy and required urinary diversion by either IC or neobladder. RESULTS: In total, 32 publications met the inclusion criteria. Data were available on 46 787 patients (n=36 719 for IC and n=10 068 for ONB). Meta-analyses showed that IC urinary diversions performed less favorably than ONB in terms of re-operation rates, Clavien-Dindo complications, and mortality rates; odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.76 (1.24, 2.50), p<0.01; 1.16 (1.09, 1.22), p<0.01; and 6.29 (5.30, 7.48), p<0.01, respectively. IC urinary diversion performed better than ONB in relation to urinary tract infection rates and ureteric stricture rates, OR and 95% CI 0.67 (0.58, 0.77), p<0.01; and 0.70 (0.55, 0.89), p<0.01, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that there is no significantly increased morbidity with ONB compared to IC. Selection of either urinary diversion technique should be based on factors such as tumor stage, comorbidities, surgical experience, and patient acceptance of postoperative sequalae.

Laboratory studies have found that heterogeneous oxidation can affect the composition and loading of atmospheric organic aerosol particles over time scales of several days, but most studies have examined pure organic particles only. In this study, in order to probe the reactivity of organic species confined near the particle surface, the rates and products of the OH-initiated oxidation of pure squalane particles are compared to oxidation of thin coatings of squalane on ammonium sulfate particles. The squalane reaction rate constant shows a linear dependence on the organic surface area-to-volume ratio, with rate constants for coated particles up to 10 times larger than for pure particles. Changes in the carbon oxidation state and fraction of particulate carbon remaining show similar enhancements, implying that heterogeneous oxidation may exhibit a stronger effect on the loadings and properties of organic aerosol than previously estimated from laboratory studies. Keywords: heterogeneous oxidation; morphology; aerosol mass spectrometry; chemical aging; organic aerosol, National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant CHE‐1307664), United States. Environmental Protection Agency (Grant RD‐8350331)

Using measurements from the NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) experiment, we show that methyl peroxy nitrate (CH3O2NO2) is present in concentrations of ~5–15 pptv in the springtime arctic upper troposphere. We investigate the regional and global effects of CH3O2NO2 by including its chemistry in the GEOS-Chem 3-D global chemical transport model. We find that at temperatures below 240 K inclusion of CH3O2NO2 chemistry results in decreases of up to ~20 % in NOx, ~20 % in N2O5, ~5 % in HNO3, ~2 % in ozone, and increases in methyl hydrogen peroxide of up to ~14 %. Larger changes are observed in biomass burning plumes lofted to high altitude. Additionally, by sequestering NOx at low temperatures, CH3O2NO2 decreases the cycling of HO2 to OH, resulting in a larger upper tropospheric HO2 to OH ratio. These results may impact some estimates of lightning NOx sources as well as help explain differences between models and measurements of upper tropospheric composition.

Using measurements from the NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) experiment, we show that methyl peroxy nitrate (CH3O2NO2) is present in concentrations of ~5–15 pptv in the springtime arctic upper troposphere. We investigate the regional and global effects of CH3O2NO2 by including its chemistry in the GEOS-Chem 3-D global chemical transport model. We find that at temperatures below 240 K inclusion of CH3O2NO2 chemistry results in decreases of up to ~20 % in NOx, ~20 % in N2O5, ~5 % in HNO3, ~2 % in ozone, and increases in methyl hydrogen peroxide of up to ~14 %. Larger changes are observed in biomass burning plumes lofted to high altitude. Additionally, by sequestering NOx at low temperatures, CH3O2NO2 decreases the cycling of HO2 to OH, resulting in a larger upper tropospheric HO2 to OH ratio. These results may impact some estimates of lightning NOx sources as well as help explain differences between models and measurements of upper tropospheric composition.

Researchers from Oxford Brookes University have significantly contributed towards driving improvements to teaching and learning through an evidence-based approach. They have influenced practice and policies, whilst challenging public perceptions about the impact of education. Through their partnership with the University of Westminster, the Westminster Centre for Excellence in Teacher Training has improved teaching and learning in the Learning and Skills Sector, engaged with the design and delivery of enterprise education programmes for Further Education leaders and championed the status of vocational education. They have actively contributed to public debates and their research continues to be disseminated and used in training throughout the UK.

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Browne's Brooklyn Business College System, Writing Slip No. 1, dated 1893

Browne's Brooklyn Business College System, Writing Slip No. 1, dated 1893