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OBJECTIVES: A very small proportion of children with anxiety problems receive evidence-based treatment. Barriers to access include difficulties with problem identification, concerns about stigma and a lack of clarity about how to access specialist services and their limited availability. A school-based programme that integrates screening to identify those children who are most likely to be experiencing anxiety problems with the offer of intervention has the potential to overcome many of these barriers. This article is a process-based account of how we used codesign to develop a primary school-based screening and intervention programme for child anxiety problems. DESIGN: Codesign. SETTING: UK primary schools. PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected from year 4 children (aged 8-9 years), parents, school staff and mental health practitioners. RESULTS: We report how the developed programme was experienced and perceived by a range of users, including parents, children, school staff and mental health practitioners, as well as how the programme was adapted following user feedback. CONCLUSIONS: We reflect on the mitigation techniques we employed, the lessons learnt from the codesign process and give recommendations that may inform the development and implementation of future school-based screening and intervention programmes.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are common among primary-school aged children, but few affected children receive evidence-based treatment. Identifying and supporting children who experience anxiety problems through schools would address substantial treatment access barriers that families and school staff often face. We have worked with families and school staff to co-design procedures that incorporate screening, feedback for parents, and the offer of a brief intervention in primary schools. This study sets out to assess the feasibility of a subsequent school-based cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate these procedures. Our objectives are to ensure our procedures for identifying and supporting children with anxiety difficulties through primary schools are acceptable and there are no negative impacts, to estimate recruitment and retention rates, and to identify any changes needed to study procedures or measures. METHODS: We will recruit six primary/junior schools in England (2 classes per school), and invite all children (aged 8-9) (n = 360) and their parent/carer and class teacher in participating classes to take part. Children, parents and class teachers will complete questionnaires at baseline and 12-week follow-up. Children who 'screen positive' on a 2-item parent-report child anxiety screen at baseline will be the target population (expected n = 43). Parents receive feedback on screening questionnaire responses, and where the child screens positive the family is offered support (OSI: Online Support and Intervention for child anxiety). OSI is a brief, parent-led online intervention, supported by short telephone sessions with a Children's Wellbeing Practitioner. Participants' experiences of study procedures will be assessed through qualitative interviews/discussion groups. DISCUSSION: Evidence-based procedures for identifying and supporting children with anxiety difficulties through primary schools would improve children's access to timely, effective interv

INTRODUCTION: Anxiety difficulties are among the most common mental health problems in childhood. Despite this, few children access evidence-based interventions, and school may be an ideal setting to improve children's access to treatment. This article describes the design, methods and expected data collection of the Identifying Child Anxiety Through Schools - Identification to Intervention (iCATS i2i) study, which aims to develop acceptable school-based procedures to identify and support child anxiety difficulties. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: iCATS i2i will use a mixed-methods approach to codesign and deliver a set of procedures-or 'pathway'-to improve access to evidence-based intervention for child anxiety difficulties through primary schools in England. The study will consist of four stages, initially involving in-depth interviews with parents, children, school staff and stakeholders (stage 1) to inform the development of the pathway. The pathway will then be administered in two primary schools, including screening, feedback to parents and the offer of treatment where indicated (stage 2), with participating children, parents and school staff invited to provide feedback on their experience (stages 3 and 4). Data will be analysed using Template Analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The iCATS i2i study was approved by the University of Oxford's Research Ethics Committee (REF R64620/RE001). It is expected that this codesign study will lead on to a future feasibility study and, if indicated, a randomised controlled trial. The findings will be disseminated in several ways, including via lay summary report, publication in academic journals and presentation at conferences. By providing information on child, parent, school staff and other stakeholder's experiences, we anticipate that the findings will inform the development of an acceptable evidence-based pathway for identification and intervention for children with anxiety difficulties in primary schools and may also inform broa

The wide-ranging challenges of living with Myanmar are the subject of this volume. Each other offers a different perspective on the socio-political and economic mutations occurring in the country and the challenges that still remain.

Nepal and Myanmar both committed to establishing federalism in response to ethnic conflict and a secession risk. However, while Nepal has successfully enacted a federal constitution following a participatory process, Myanmar’s elite-based negotiations have slowed considerably. The management of the secession risk is the key issue pervading the federalism debates in these countries. This is especially manifest in decisions about how and where to draw provincial boundaries (ethnic versus territorial federalism) and the division of powers. Such design features can help overcome the perception within Myanmar’s military that federalism will lead to secession, which remains a significant hurdle.

The CXCR4/CXCL12 axis plays an important role in cell locomotion and metastasis in many cancers. In this study, we hypothesized that the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis promotes migration and invasion of canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) cells. Transcriptomic analysis across 12 HSA cell lines and 58 HSA whole tumour tissues identified heterogeneous expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12, which was associated with cell movement. In vitro, CXCL12 promoted calcium mobilization, cell migration and invasion that were directly proportional to surface expression of CXCR4; furthermore, these responses proved sensitive to the CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, in HSA cell lines. These results indicate that CXCL12 potentiates migration and invasion of canine HSA cells through CXCR4 signalling. The direct relationship between these responses in HSA cells suggests that the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis contributes to HSA progression.

This study assesses the seabed pressure of towed fishing gears and models the physical impact (area and depth of seabed penetration) from trip-based information of vessel size, gear type, and catch. Traditionally fishing pressures are calculated top-down by making use of large-scale statistics such as logbook data. Here, we take a different approach starting from the gear itself (design and dimensions) to estimate the physical interactions with the seabed at the level of the individual fishing operation. We defined 14 distinct towed gear groups in European waters (eight otter trawl groups, three beam trawl groups, two demersal seine groups, and one dredge group), for which we established gear “footprints”. The footprint of a gear is defined as the relative contribution from individual larger gear components, such as trawl doors, sweeps, and groundgear, to the total area and severity of the gear's impact. An industry-based survey covering 13 countries provided the basis for estimating the relative impact-area contributions from individual gear components, whereas sediment penetration was estimated based on a literature review. For each gear group, a vessel size–gear size relationship was estimated to enable the prediction of gear footprint area and sediment penetration from vessel size. Application of these relationships with average vessel sizes and towing speeds provided hourly swept-area estimates by métier.

In this research we describe the development of a common evaluation and benchmarking platform that has been developed within the framework of the European Union COST Action MULTITUDE. The main goal of this platform is to provide a testbed in which a number of algorithms can be implemented and tested under the same conditions. The objective is not to conclude that one approach is “best”, but to provide a support comparison in a variety of settings and conditions in order to help determine the particular situations and conditions under which one approach might behave more favorably than another. The design of the platform is presented, along with a detailed experimental design for the application of different OD estimation algorithms. The considered algorithms are then presented, along with a demonstration of the extensibility of the presented framework to accommodate additional data sources. The presented results demonstrate that the developed framework is capable of supporting the development, application and testing of a wide range of algorithms. First, both off-line/planning level algorithms (like the Bilevel-DUE) and on-line algorithms (like that SPSA AD-PI and the KFX2) are presented., Transport and Planning, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

To provide context for the diversification of archosaurs-the group that includes crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds-we generated draft genomes of three crocodilians: Alligator mississippiensis (the American alligator), Crocodylus porosus (the saltwater crocodile), and Gavialis gangeticus (the Indian gharial). We observed an exceptionally slow rate of genome evolution within crocodilians at all levels, including nucleotide substitutions, indels, transposable element content and movement, gene family evolution, and chromosomal synteny. When placed within the context of related taxa including birds and turtles, this suggests that the common ancestor of all of these taxa also exhibited slow genome evolution and that the comparatively rapid evolution is derived in birds. The data also provided the opportunity to analyze heterozygosity in crocodilians, which indicates a likely reduction in population size for all three taxa through the Pleistocene. Finally, these data combined with newly published bird genomes allowed us to reconstruct the partial genome of the common ancestor of archosaurs, thereby providing a tool to investigate the genetic starting material of crocodilians, birds, and dinosaurs.

In this research we describe the development of a common evaluation and benchmarking platform that has been developed within the framework of the European Union COST Action MULTITUDE. The main goal of this platform is to provide a testbed in which a number of algorithms can be implemented and tested under the same conditions. The objective is not to conclude that one approach is “best”, but to provide a support comparison in a variety of settings and conditions in order to help determine the particular situations and conditions under which one approach might behave more favorably than another. The design of the platform is presented, along with a detailed experimental design for the application of different OD estimation algorithms. The considered algorithms are then presented, along with a demonstration of the extensibility of the presented framework to accommodate additional data sources. The presented results demonstrate that the developed framework is capable of supporting the development, application and testing of a wide range of algorithms. First, both off-line/planning level algorithms (like the Bilevel-DUE) and on-line algorithms (like that SPSA AD-PI and the KFX2) are presented., Transport and Planning, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

We performed genomewide gene expression analysis of 35 samples representing 6 common histologic subtypes of canine lymphoma and bioinformatics analyses to define their molecular characteristics. Three major groups were defined on the basis of gene expression profiles: (1) low-grade T-cell lymphoma, composed entirely by T-zone lymphoma; (2) high-grade T-cell lymphoma, consisting of lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified; and (3) B-cell lymphoma, consisting of marginal B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. Interspecies comparative analyses of gene expression profiles also showed that marginal B-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in dogs and humans might represent a continuum of disease with similar drivers. The classification of these diverse tumors into 3 subgroups was prognostically significant, as the groups were directly correlated with event-free survival. Finally, we developed a benchtop diagnostic test based on expression of 4 genes that can robustly classify canine lymphomas into one of these 3 subgroups, enabling a direct clinical application for our results.

The use of electronic detonators at the George Fisher underground lead-silver-zinc mine, Queensland, has improved safety by allowing the removal of manpower from the working faces. The change to electronic initiation, especially the increase in delay timing up to 20 000 ms and flexibility in delay allocation, allowed for a large buffer zone to be left between the hanging wall and the long hole winze (LHW) and cut-off slot (COS). The redesign of the stope produced more broken ore, due to the use of larger blasts, and allowed for a more directional style of blasting. This reduced cycle time from around 29 days to 22 days in George Fisher North, and from 23 days to 11 days in George Fisher South. Other advantages included fewer redrills and hole cleanouts, a reduction of dilution on some geotechnically sensitive areas and a reduction in underbreak due to the flexibility of timing. To comply with local safety standards a leaky feed radio system was used for the electronic initiation system., The use of electronic detonators at the George Fisher underground lead-silver-zinc mine, Queensland, has improved safety by allowing the removal of manpower from the working faces. The change to electronic initiation, especially the increase in delay timing up to 20 000 ms and flexibility in delay allocation, allowed for a large buffer zone to be left between the hanging wall and the long hole winze (LHW) and cut-off slot (COS). The redesign of the stope produced more broken ore, due to the use of larger blasts, and allowed for a more directional style of blasting. This reduced cycle time from around 29 days to 22 days in George Fisher North, and from 23 days to 11 days in George Fisher South. Other advantages included fewer redrills and hole cleanouts, a reduction of dilution on some geotechnically sensitive areas and a reduction in underbreak due to the flexibility of timing. To comply with local safety standards a leaky feed radio system was used for the electronic initiation system.

Molecular cytogenetic studies have been instrumental in defining the nature of numerical and structural chromosome changes in human cancers, but their significance remains to be fully understood. The emergence of high quality genome assemblies for several model organisms provides exciting opportunities to develop novel genome-integrated molecular cytogenetic resources that now permit a comparative approach to evaluating the relevance of tumor-associated chromosome aberrations, both within and between species. We have used the dog genome sequence assembly to identify a framework panel of 2,097 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, selected at intervals of approximately one megabase. Each clone has been evaluated by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to confirm its unique cytogenetic location in concordance with its reported position in the genome assembly, providing new information on the organization of the dog genome. This panel of BAC clones also represents a powerful cytogenetic resource with numerous potential applications. We have used the clone set to develop a genome-wide microarray for comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis, and demonstrate its application in detection of tumor-associated DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) including single copy deletions and amplifications, regional aneuploidy and whole chromosome aneuploidy. We also show how individual clones selected from the BAC panel can be used as FISH probes in direct evaluation of tumor karyotypes, to verify and explore CNAs detected using aCGH analysis. This cytogenetically validated, genome integrated BAC clone panel has enormous potential for aiding gene discovery through a comparative approach to molecular oncology.

The generation of high-quality genome assemblies for numerous species is advancing at a rapid pace. As the number of genome assemblies increases, so does our ability to investigate genome relationships and their contributions to unraveling complex biological, evolutionary, and biomedical processes. A key process in the generation of a genome assembly is to determine and verify the precise physical location and order of the large sequence blocks (scaffolds) that result from the assembly. For organisms of relatively recent common ancestry this process may be achieved largely through comparative sequence alignment. However, as the evolutionary distance between species lengthens, the use of comparative sequence alignment becomes increasingly less reliable. Simultaneous cytogenetic mapping, using multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, offers an alternative means to define the cytogenetic location and relative order of DNA sequences, thereby anchoring the genome sequence to the karyotype. In this article we report the molecular cytogenetic locations of 415 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that served to anchor sequence scaffolds of the gray, short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) to its karyotype, which enabled accurate integration of these regions into the genome assembly.

Mackenzie, Donald & Wajcman, Judy (1999) The Social Shaping Of Technology, (2nd ed), Open University Press, Buckingham. 462pp. ISBN 0 335 19914 3 Reviewed by Myles Breen Donald Mackenzie’s and Judy Wajcman’s Social Shaping of Technology reached its second edition in 1999. As an example of that endangered species, the purpose-driven anthology, today threatened by the photocopied assemblages by individual lecturers, this book has achieved admirable success. The thirty chapters are divided into four parts. The first is introductory and general. The second concerns the technology of production. The third concerns reproductive technology, and the fourth military technology.

Mackenzie, Donald & Wajcman, Judy (1999) The Social Shaping Of Technology, (2nd ed), Open University Press, Buckingham. 462pp. ISBN 0 335 19914 3 Reviewed by Myles Breen Donald Mackenzie’s and Judy Wajcman’s Social Shaping of Technology reached its second edition in 1999. As an example of that endangered species, the purpose-driven anthology, today threatened by the photocopied assemblages by individual lecturers, this book has achieved admirable success. The thirty chapters are divided into four parts. The first is introductory and general. The second concerns the technology of production. The third concerns reproductive technology, and the fourth military technology.

Mackenzie, Donald & Wajcman, Judy (1999) The Social Shaping Of Technology, (2nd ed), Open University Press, Buckingham. 462pp. ISBN 0 335 19914 3 Reviewed by Myles Breen Donald Mackenzie’s and Judy Wajcman’s Social Shaping of Technology reached its second edition in 1999. As an example of that endangered species, the purpose-driven anthology, today threatened by the photocopied assemblages by individual lecturers, this book has achieved admirable success. The thirty chapters are divided into four parts. The first is introductory and general. The second concerns the technology of production. The third concerns reproductive technology, and the fourth military technology.

Mackenzie, Donald & Wajcman, Judy (1999) The Social Shaping Of Technology, (2nd ed), Open University Press, Buckingham. 462pp. ISBN 0 335 19914 3 Reviewed by Myles Breen Donald Mackenzie’s and Judy Wajcman’s Social Shaping of Technology reached its second edition in 1999. As an example of that endangered species, the purpose-driven anthology, today threatened by the photocopied assemblages by individual lecturers, this book has achieved admirable success. The thirty chapters are divided into four parts. The first is introductory and general. The second concerns the technology of production. The third concerns reproductive technology, and the fourth military technology.

We have determined the molecular basis for skeletal myopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy in two male German short-haired pointer (GSHP) littermates. Analysis of skeletal muscle demonstrated a complete absence of dystrophin on Western blot analysis. PCR analysis of genomic DNA revealed a deletion encompassing the entire dystrophin gene. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of lymphocytes from the dam and both dystrophic pups confirmed a visible deletion in the p21 region of the affected canine X chromosome. Utrophin is up-regulated in the skeletal muscle, but does not appear to ameliorate the dystrophic canine phenotype. This new canine model should further our understanding of the physiological and biochemical processes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

We have determined the molecular basis for skeletal myopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy in two male German short-haired pointer (GSHP) littermates. Analysis of skeletal muscle demonstrated a complete absence of dystrophin on Western blot analysis. PCR analysis of genomic DNA revealed a deletion encompassing the entire dystrophin gene. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of lymphocytes from the dam and both dystrophic pups confirmed a visible deletion in the p21 region of the affected canine X chromosome. Utrophin is up-regulated in the skeletal muscle, but does not appear to ameliorate the dystrophic canine phenotype. This new canine model should further our understanding of the physiological and biochemical processes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

No abstract available

In this paper we describe a study which we carried out in 1995. The study examined the experiences and perceptions of a number of primary generalist teachers who had undertaken intensive methodology courses to become primary language teachers. It sought to explore the appropriateness of the methodology courses in preparing teachers for their new role and the impact on them of a change of role. It also aimed to provide information on the nature and type of support required by primary language teachers and on the conditions considered necessary for the establishment of successful language programs at the primary level.The paper is divided into five sections. In the first section we outline the context for the study, the objectives of the study, its research methodology and the characteristics of the sample of teachers studied. Section two presents the teachers' evaluations of the methodology courses and information about the professional development needs of teachers. The third section explores the teachers' experience of their change in role using the 'transition curve' model and examinesthe factors which helped and those which constrained teachers' capacity to adapt to this change in role. Section four presents the preferred conditions and support required by language teachers working in primary schools. In the fifth and final section we provide deductions from the findings of the study about the essential conditions for the establishment of an effective language program.Although the sample we studied consisted exclusively of teachers from Western Australia, we believe the research has implications for other Australian States and Territories which have implemented very similar strategies in order to augment the pool of primary teachers to enable the expansion of the teaching of languages at the primary level.

Constructive learning is described by some scholars as active, cumulative, goal-directed, diagnostic and reflective behaviour. This article claims that all of these behaviours are present in current journalistic education. Because there is little place in journalism practice for the learner who indulges in surface (rote) strategies, which are chosen to pass a test in many different disciplines, the journalism curriculum is unique in a sense that it rests on best pedagogical practice. These ideas are put in a philosophical context of teaching journalism as a liberal art. The introduction of the internet and online investigations are discussed as significant enhancements for the profession of journalism education.

Constructive learning is described by some scholars as active, cumulative, goal-directed, diagnostic and reflective behaviour. This article claims that all of these behaviours are present in current journalistic education. Because there is little place in journalism practice for the learner who indulges in surface (rote) strategies, which are chosen to pass a test in many different disciplines, the journalism curriculum is unique in a sense that it rests on best pedagogical practice. These ideas are put in a philosophical context of teaching journalism as a liberal art. The introduction of the internet and online investigations are discussed as significant enhancements for the profession of journalism education.

Constructive learning is described by some scholars as active, cumulative, goal-directed, diagnostic and reflective behaviour. This article claims that all of these behaviours are present in current journalistic education. Because there is little place in journalism practice for the learner who indulges in surface (rote) strategies, which are chosen to pass a test in many different disciplines, the journalism curriculum is unique in a sense that it rests on best pedagogical practice. These ideas are put in a philosophical context of teaching journalism as a liberal art. The introduction of the internet and online investigations are discussed as significant enhancements for the profession of journalism education.

Constructive learning is described by some scholars as active, cumulative, goal-directed, diagnostic and reflective behaviour. This article claims that all of these behaviours are present in current journalistic education. Because there is little place in journalism practice for the learner who indulges in surface (rote) strategies, which are chosen to pass a test in many different disciplines, the journalism curriculum is unique in a sense that it rests on best pedagogical practice. These ideas are put in a philosophical context of teaching journalism as a liberal art. The introduction of the internet and online investigations are discussed as significant enhancements for the profession of journalism education.