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Global marine conservation remains fractured by an imbalance in research efforts and policy actions, limiting progression towards sustainability. Rhodolith beds represent a prime example, as they have ecological importance on a global scale, provide a wealth of ecosystem functions and services, including biodiversity provision and potential climate change mitigation, but remain disproportionately understudied, compared to other coastal ecosystems (tropical coral reefs, kelp forests, mangroves, seagrasses). Although rhodolith beds have gained some recognition, as important and sensitive habitats at national/regional levels during the last decade, there is still a notable lack of information and, consequently, specific conservation efforts. We argue that the lack of information about these habitats, and the significant ecosystem services they provide, is hindering the development of effective conservation measures and limiting wider marine conservation success. This is becoming a pressing issue, considering the multiple severe pressures and threats these habitats are exposed to (e.g., pollution, fishing activities, climate change), which may lead to an erosion of their ecological function and ecosystem services. By synthesizing the current knowledge, we provide arguments to highlight the importance and urgency of levelling-up research efforts focused on rhodolith beds, combating rhodolith bed degradation and avoiding the loss of associated biodiversity, thus ensuring the sustainability of future conservation programs.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Shark depredation, whereby hooked fish are partially or completely consumed before they can be retrieved, occurs globally in commercial and recreational fisheries. Depredation can damage fishing gear, injure sharks, cause additional mortality to targeted fish species and result in economic losses to fishers. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind depredation is limited. We used a 13 yr dataset of fishery-dependent commercial daily logbook data for the Mackerel Managed Fishery in Western Australia, which covers 15° of latitude and 10000 km of coastline, to quantify how fishing effort and environmental variables influence depredation. We found that shark depredation rates were relatively low in comparison with previous studies and varied across the 3 management zones of the fishery, with 1.7% of hooked fish being depredated in the northern Zone 1, 2.5% in the central Zone 2 and 5.7% in the southern Zone 3. Generalized additive mixed models found that measures of commercial fishing activity and a proxy for recreational fishing effort (distance from town centre) were positively correlated with shark depredation across Zones 1 and 2. Depredation rates increased during the 13 yr period in Zones 2 and 3, and were higher at dawn and dusk, suggesting crepuscular feeding in Zone 1. This study provides one of the first quantitative assessments of shark depredation in a commercial fishery in Western Australia, and for a trolling fishery globally. The results demonstrate a correlation between fishing effort and depredation, suggesting greater fishing effort in a concentrated area may change shark behaviour, leading to high rates of depredation.

Background: Pain is a common adverse effect of dermatological laser procedures. Currently, no standard topical anaesthetic cream exists for deeper dermal laser procedures. Objectives: To compare the efficacy of lidocaine/tetracaine cream and lidocaine/prilocaine cream in reducing self-reported pain during deeper dermal laser treatment of acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) and tattoos. Methods: We conducted two randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials with intrapatient, split-lesion designs: study A included patients with AKN (n = 15); study B included patients with black tattoos (n = 15). The primary end point was the patients' self-reported pain on a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary objectives were the percentage of patients with adequate pain relief, willingness to pay €25 for the cream that provided the best pain relief and safety of the creams. Results: In both studies, VAS scores were lower for lidocaine/prilocaine cream, with a mean VAS difference in study A of 1·9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·0-2·8] and in study B of 0·6 (95% CI -0·7 to 1·9). In study A, adequate pain relief was achieved in 13% (n = 2) with lidocaine/tetracaine cream vs. 73% (n = 11) with lidocaine/prilocaine cream (P = 0·004), and in study B in 53% (n = 8) vs. 80% (n = 12), respectively (P = 0·289). In study A, 47% (n = 7) were willing to pay an additional €25 vs. 73% (n = 11) in study B. No serious adverse events occurred. Conclusions: Lidocaine/prilocaine cream under plastic occlusion is the preferred topical anaesthetic during painful laser procedures targeting dermal chromophores.

Einleitung: Ein 15 Monate altes Kind ingestierte akzidentiell eine Knopfzelle, welche andernorts nach etwa 5 Stunden aus dem oberen Ösophagus auf Höhe HWK 7 geborgen wurde. Hierbei wurde eine Koagulationsnekrose und Arrosion der oberen Ösophagusschleimhaut festgestellt. Im Verlauf einiger Wochen entwickelte das Kind Heiserkeit, Stridor und Dyspnoe mit deutlichen jugulären und thorakalen Einziehungen bei Inspiration.Methoden: Zunächst erfolgte eine flexible und auch starre Endoskopie in Spontanatmung. Hier konnte das vollständige Fehlen jeglicher Abduktionsbewegung bei Inspiration festgestellt werden. Die Aryknorpel waren bds. beweglich. Nach interdisziplinärer Diskussion des weiteren Vorgehens entschieden wir uns für eine probatorische Behandlung der Stimmritzenöffner mit Botulinumtoxin A (Botox®), wobei wir in direkter Laryngoskopie jeweils 3 IE in den M.vocalis auf beiden Seiten und jeweils 2,5 IE in M.cricothyroideus anterior transkutan injizierten.Ergebnisse: Das Kind wurde 3 Tage intubiert nachbeatmet, die Extubation verlief problemlos. Schon 36h nach Extubation hatte das Kind keinen Stridor mehr in Ruheatmung. Aufgrund einer nachlassenden Wirkung wurde 4 Monate nach der ersten Injektionsbehandlung erneut mit derselben Menge Botulinumtoxin A in Apnoe gleicher Weise behandelt. Schlussfolgerung: Dieses Vorgehen konnte eine Tracheotomie vermeiden. Es verschafft Zeit, eine mögliche neurogene Regeneration abzuwarten, bevor definitive Maßnahmen durchgeführt werden. Die zu erwartende Größenzunahme des Larynx macht sowohl eine konservative als auch operative Therapie der glottischen Stenose leichter. Bei beidseitigen Paresen des N. laryngeus recurrens im Säuglings- und Kleinkindalter sollte eine Behandlung mit Botulinumtoxin in Erwägung gezogen werden.Der Erstautor gibt keinen Interessenkonflikt an.

Einleitung: Die Granulomatose mit Polyangiitis (M. Wegener) ist eine Erkrankung, die typischerweise eine subglottische Stenose hervorrufen kann. Die Erkrankung stellt den HNO-Arzt und den laryngologisch und trachealchirurgisch tätigen Kopf-Hals-Chirurgen immer wieder vor eine Herausforderung.Falldarstellung: Eine 39-jährige Frau stellte sich mit einer subtotalen subglottischen Stenose nach laserchirurgischer Behandlung alio loco vor. Sie war auf eine Tracheotomie angewiesen.Unter einer vorübergehenden Erhöhung der immunsuppressiven Therapie konnte die Stenose nach einer dreimaligen Dilatationsbehandlung verbunden mit einer submukösen Injektion von Triamcinolonacetonid und topischer Applikation von Mitomycin C auf einen Grad von etwa 20% reduziert werden. Nach der letzten endoluminalen Behandlung ist die Situation über 6 Monate stabil. Ein Tracheostomaverschluss ist möglich, wird aber von der Patientin aktuell jedoch noch nicht gewünscht.Schlussfolgerung: Die endoluminale Dilatationsbehandlung einer subglottischen Stenose, verbunden mit einer lokalen medikamentösen Therapie, scheint aktuell die aussichtsreichste Variante zur Behandlung dieser Erkrankung zu sein.Der Erstautor gibt keinen Interessenkonflikt an.

Dengue virus currently causes 50–100 million infections annually. Comprehensive knowledge about the evolution of Dengue in response to selection pressure is currently unavailable, but would greatly enhance vaccine design efforts. In the current study, we sequenced 187 new dengue virus serotype 3 (DENV-3) genotype III whole genomes isolated from Asia and the Americas. We analyzed them together with previously-sequenced isolates to gain a more detailed understanding of the evolutionary adaptations existing in this prevalent American serotype. In order to analyze the phylogenetic dynamics of DENV-3 during outbreak periods; we incorporated datasets of 48 and 11 sequences spanning two major outbreaks in Venezuela during 2001 and 2007–2008, respectively. Our phylogenetic analysis of newly sequenced viruses shows that subsets of genomes cluster primarily by geographic location, and secondarily by time of virus isolation. DENV-3 genotype III sequences from Asia are significantly divergent from those from the Americas due to their geographical separation and subsequent speciation. We measured amino acid variation for the E protein by calculating the Shannon entropy at each position between Asian and American genomes. We found a cluster of seven amino acid substitutions having high variability within E protein domain III, which has previously been implicated in serotype-specific neutralization escape mutants. No novel mutations were found in the E protein of sequences isolated during either Venezuelan outbreak. Shannon entropy analysis of the NS5 polymerase mature protein revealed that a G374E mutation, in a region that contributes to interferon resistance in other flaviviruses by interfering with JAK-STAT signaling was present in both the Asian and American sequences from the 2007–2008 Venezuelan outbreak, but was absent in the sequences from the 2001 Venezuelan outbreak. In addition to E, several NS5 amino acid changes were unique to the 2007–2008 epidemic in Venezuela and

Over de hinder van landbouwverkeer wordt veel geschreven en geroepen, maar hoe groot zijn de gevolgen voor de doorstroming en de impact op de verkeersveiligheid nu concreet? Dat bleek nog nooit onderzocht, dus lieten verschillende provincies Royal HaskoningDHV een onderzoek uitvoeren. Met een opvallende uitkomst. Zelfs in de spits ondervindt gemiddeld maximaal één procent van de weggebruikers hinder van landbouwverkeer.

Contains fulltext : 103246.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 103248.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Onderzoek naar het ontstaan van de postartist en de positie van dit type kunstenaar in de kunstgeschiedenis.

Contains fulltext : 103246.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 103248.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 103248.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 103246.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Onderzoek naar het ontstaan van de postartist en de positie van dit type kunstenaar in de kunstgeschiedenis.

Contains fulltext : 92218.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 92218.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 92218.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

In the last 15 years, Italy has been involved in a complex process of fiscal decentralization. In this context, data on fiscal flows are continuously produced and thrown in the political arena by several actors, with little scientific underpinnings and often with limited adherence to reality. This paper discusses the issue of fiscal federalism in Italy and presents a careful attempt to measure regional redistribution, or fiscal flows across regions. Our basic conclusions can be summarised as follows. Fiscal flows in Italy are huge and are mostly driven by the large difference in economic development between the different areas of the country. The public sector generally works in the direction of equalizing per capita (current) public expenditure across regions, at least for fundamental services. However, the distance in economic development, and therefore in tax revenues among regions, is so large that even this partial equalization is enough to generate consistent fiscal flows across the national territory.