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Background: Evidence-based policies should underpin successful implementation of innovations within child health care. The EU-funded Models of Child Health Appraised project enabled research into effective methods to communicate research evidence. The objective of this study was to identify and categorize methods to communicate evidence-based research recommendations and means to tailor this to stakeholder audiences. Methods: We conducted an online survey among national stakeholders in child health. Analysis of the most effective strategies to communicate research evidence and reach the target audience was carried out in order to ensure implementation of optimal child health care models at a national level. Results: Representatives of stakeholders from 21 of the then 30 EU MS and EEA countries responded to the questionnaire. Three main approaches in defining the strategies for effective communication of research recommendations were observed, namely: dissemination of information, involvement of stakeholders and active attitude towards change expressed in actions. The target audience for communicating recommendations was divided into

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based policies should underpin successful implementation of innovations within child health care. The EU-funded Models of Child Health Appraised project enabled research into effective methods to communicate research evidence. The objective of this study was to identify and categorize methods to communicate evidence-based research recommendations and means to tailor this to stakeholder audiences. METHODS: We conducted an online survey among national stakeholders in child health. Analysis of the most effective strategies to communicate research evidence and reach the target audience was carried out in order to ensure implementation of optimal child health care models at a national level. RESULTS: Representatives of stakeholders from 21 of the then 30 EU MS and EEA countries responded to the questionnaire. Three main approaches in defining the strategies for effective communication of research recommendations were observed, namely: dissemination of information, involvement of stakeholders and active attitude towards change expressed in actions. The target audience for communicating recommendations was divided into two layers: proximal, which includes those who are remaining in close contact with the child, and distal, which contains those who are institutionally responsible for high quality of child health services. They should be recipients of evidence-based results communicated by different formats, such as scientific, administrative, popular and personal. CONCLUSIONS: Influential stakeholders impact the process of effective research dissemination and guide necessary actions to strengthen the process of effective communication of recommendations. Communication of evidence-based results should be targeted to each audience's profile, both professional and non-professionals, by adjusting appropriate communication formats.

There is evidence to indicate that the central biological clock (i.e., our endogenous circadian system) plays a role in physiological processes in the body that impact energy regulation and metabolism. Cross-sectional data suggest that energy consumption later in the day and during the night is associated with weight gain. These findings have led to speculation that when, as well as what, we eat may be important for maintaining energy balance. Emerging literature suggests that prioritising energy intake to earlier during the day may help with body weight maintenance. Evidence from tightly controlled acute experimental studies indicates a disparity in the body’s ability to utilise (expend) energy equally across the day and night. Energy expenditure both at rest (resting metabolic rate) and after eating (thermic effect of food) is typically more efficient earlier during the day. In this review, we discuss the key evidence for a circadian pattern in energy utilisation and balance, which depends on meal timing. Whilst there is limited evidence that simply prioritising energy intake to earlier in the day is an effective strategy for weight loss, we highlight the potential benefits of considering the role of meal timing for improving metabolic health and energy balance. This review demonstrates that to advance our understanding of the contribution of the endogenous circadian system toward energy balance, targeted studies that utilise appropriate methodologies are required that focus on meal timing and frequency

There is evidence to indicate that the central biological clock (i.e., our endogenous circadian system) plays a role in physiological processes in the body that impact energy regulation and metabolism. Cross-sectional data suggest that energy consumption later in the day and during the night is associated with weight gain. These findings have led to speculation that when, as well as what, we eat may be important for maintaining energy balance. Emerging literature suggests that prioritising energy intake to earlier during the day may help with body weight maintenance. Evidence from tightly controlled acute experimental studies indicates a disparity in the body's ability to utilise (expend) energy equally across the day and night. Energy expenditure both at rest (resting metabolic rate) and after eating (thermic effect of food) is typically more efficient earlier during the day. In this review, we discuss the key evidence for a circadian pattern in energy utilisation and balance, which depends on meal timing. Whilst there is limited evidence that simply prioritising energy intake to earlier in the day is an effective strategy for weight loss, we highlight the potential benefits of considering the role of meal timing for improving metabolic health and energy balance. This review demonstrates that to advance our understanding of the contribution of the endogenous circadian system toward energy balance, targeted studies that utilise appropriate methodologies are required that focus on meal timing and frequency.

Globally, 800 million people are malnourished. Heavily subsidised farmers in rich countries produce sufficient surplus food to feed the hungry, but not at a price the poor can afford. Even donating the rich world's surplus to the poor would not solve the problem. Most poor people earn their living from agriculture, so a deluge of free food would destroy their livelihoods. Thus, the only answer to world hunger is to safeguard and improve the productivity of farmers in poor countries. Diets of subsistence level farmers in Africa and Latin America often contain sufficient carbohydrates (through cassava, corn/maize, rice, wheat, etc.), but are poor in proteins. Dietary proteins can take the form of scarce animal products (eggs, milk, meat, etc.), but are usually derived from legumes (plants of the bean and pea family). Legumes are vital in agriculture as they form associations with bacteria that 'sfix-nitrogen' from the air. Effectively this amounts to internal fertilisation and is the main reason that legumes are richer in proteins than all other plants. Thousands of legume species exist but more common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are eaten than any other. In some countries such as Mexico and Brazil, beans are the primary source of protein in human diets. As half the grain legumes consumed worldwide are common beans, they represent the species of choice for the study of grain legume nutrition. Unfortunately, the yields of common beans are low even by the standards of legumes, and the quality of their seed proteins is sub-optimal. Most probably this results from millennia of selection for stable rather than high yield, and as such, is a problem that can be redressed by modern genetic techniques. We have formed an international consortium called Phaseomics' to establish the necessary framework of knowledge and materials that will result in disease-resistant, stress-tolerant, high-quality protein and high-yielding beans. Phaseomics will be instrumental in improving livi

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this paper is to report on the development of surveys to explore integration of care for children living with complex care needs across the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA). THEORY AND METHODS: Each survey consists of a vignette and questions adapted from the Standards for Systems of Care for Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs and the Eurobarometer Survey. A Country Agent in each country, a local expert in child health services, will obtain data from indigenous sources. RESULTS: We identified 'in-principle' complex problems and adapted surveys to capture care integration. We expect to get rich data to understand perceptions and to inform actions for a number of complex health issues. CONCLUSION: The study has the potential to make a wide contribution to individual countries of the EU/EEA to understand their own integration of services mapped against responses from other member states. Early results are expected in Spring 2017.

On June 10, 2011, in Water Wheel Camp Recreational Area, Inc. v. LaRance, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that a tribal court had jurisdiction over a non-Indian corporation and its non-Indian president through the tribe’s inherent authority to exclude and manage its land. The Ninth Circuit limited the application of Montana v. United States, a case restricting tribal authority, to situations involving non-tribal land or to situations in which competing state interests are at play. In so doing, the court gave tribal courts the breadth of power Congress intended.

Intercropping is a farming practice involving two or more crop species, or genotypes, growing together and coexisting for a time. On the fringes of modern intensive agriculture, intercropping is important in many subsistence or low-input/resource-limited agricultural systems. By allowing genuine yield gains without increased inputs, or greater stability of yield with decreased inputs, intercropping could be one route to delivering ‘sustainable intensification’. We discuss how recent knowledge from agronomy, plant physiology and ecology can be combined with the aim of improving intercropping systems. Recent advances in agronomy and plant physiology include better understanding of the mechanisms of interactions between crop genotypes and species – for example, enhanced resource availability through niche complementarity. Ecological advances include better understanding of the context-dependency of interactions, the mechanisms behind disease and pest avoidance, the links between above- and below-ground systems, and the role of microtopographic variation in coexistence. This improved understanding can guide approaches for improving intercropping systems, including breeding crops for intercropping. Although such advances can help to improve intercropping systems, we suggest that other topics also need addressing. These include better assessment of the wider benefits of intercropping in terms of multiple ecosystem services, collaboration with agricultural engineering, and more effective interdisciplinary research.

RICHE is an FP7 funded project tasked with preparing a roadmap, or roadmaps, for the future of child health research across Europe. Using a life-course perspective, the project has designed, and carried out, an open, transparent, and justifiable process to make recommendations for future research funding. We acknowledge that such recommendations are value judgements, and our intent was to present a careful justification for those we made.

Background and aims Root systems show considerable plasticity in their morphology and physiology in response to variability within their environment. Root elongation below a water-table was expected to slow due to hypoxia, whilst roots above the waterlogged zone were expected to compensate by increasing elongation rates. Methods Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown in peat in root chambers (300 × 215 × 6 mm) with a transparent front. Root chambers were maintained in flatbed scanners tilted at 30° to vertical and scanned every 3 h before, during and after waterlogging the lower layer for 24 h or 5 days. Root elongation rates were calculated from the displacement of randomly selected root tips between successive scans. Oxygen content was determined in the waterlogged layer and plant and root parameters were determined at cessation of the experiment. Results Root elongation rates decreased rapidly when waterlogged. Growth rates of the waterlogged roots decreased, while growth rates of roots above the waterlogged zone increased. In 24 h waterlogged roots new lateral root growth occurred in the lower layer of the root chamber when water was drained while after 5 day waterlogging new root growth had to be initiated from roots above the waterlogged zone. Conclusions Plants increased growth rates in roots above the waterlogged zone probably as compensation for the suboptimal conditions in the waterlogged zone which eventually led to roots dying

We used combustion synthesis to produce phase pure GdOBr:Ce with varying Ce concentration. Several combinations of NH4Br and fuel concentration were tested before phase pure GdOBr:Ce was produced by using a 50% excess of NH4Br and a 50% lean concentration of fuel. In addition to the expected emissions from Ce and Gd, we also detected emissions from Eu3+ and Tb3+. Further research indicated that these extra rare earth emissions were due to impurities in the Gd2O3 starting material. While not the desired effect, we were able to monitor both Eu and Ce intensities as a function of Ce concentration in GdOBr. The Ce emission is seen to reach a maximum between 0.1 and 0.5 mol %. At higher Ce content, the Ce luminescence is quenched because of the concentration quenching effect and the higher concentration of O-H and N-H groups as revealed by IR spectra. Eu emission progressively decreases as Ce content increases from a combination of competition with Ce for charge capture in the RL process and the effect of OH and NH groups. As Ce concentration increases the RL intensity ratio of the bands of the Ce doublet changes even though the energy difference between the two bands (0.24 ± 0.1 eV) is compatible with the spin-orbit splitting of the ground level of Ce3+ (0.25 eV). Fitting results indicate that this relative change is not due to changes in selfabsorption, and the effect may be due to changes in local symmetry of the Ce ion.

Background and aims Root systems show considerable plasticity in their morphology and physiology in response to variability within their environment. Root elongation below a water-table was expected to slow due to hypoxia, whilst roots above the waterlogged zone were expected to compensate by increasing elongation rates. Methods Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown in peat in root chambers (300 × 215 × 6 mm) with a transparent front. Root chambers were maintained in flatbed scanners tilted at 30° to vertical and scanned every 3 h before, during and after waterlogging the lower layer for 24 h or 5 days. Root elongation rates were calculated from the displacement of randomly selected root tips between successive scans. Oxygen content was determined in the waterlogged layer and plant and root parameters were determined at cessation of the experiment. Results Root elongation rates decreased rapidly when waterlogged. Growth rates of the waterlogged roots decreased, while growth rates of roots above the waterlogged zone increased. In 24 h waterlogged roots new lateral root growth occurred in the lower layer of the root chamber when water was drained while after 5 day waterlogging new root growth had to be initiated from roots above the waterlogged zone. Conclusions Plants increased growth rates in roots above the waterlogged zone probably as compensation for the suboptimal conditions in the waterlogged zone which eventually led to roots dying

Background and aims Root systems show considerable plasticity in their morphology and physiology in response to variability within their environment. Root elongation below a water-table was expected to slow due to hypoxia, whilst roots above the waterlogged zone were expected to compensate by increasing elongation rates. Methods Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown in peat in root chambers (300 × 215 × 6 mm) with a transparent front. Root chambers were maintained in flatbed scanners tilted at 30° to vertical and scanned every 3 h before, during and after waterlogging the lower layer for 24 h or 5 days. Root elongation rates were calculated from the displacement of randomly selected root tips between successive scans. Oxygen content was determined in the waterlogged layer and plant and root parameters were determined at cessation of the experiment. Results Root elongation rates decreased rapidly when waterlogged. Growth rates of the waterlogged roots decreased, while growth rates of roots above the waterlogged zone increased. In 24 h waterlogged roots new lateral root growth occurred in the lower layer of the root chamber when water was drained while after 5 day waterlogging new root growth had to be initiated from roots above the waterlogged zone. Conclusions Plants increased growth rates in roots above the waterlogged zone probably as compensation for the suboptimal conditions in the waterlogged zone which eventually led to roots dying

Background and aims Root systems show considerable plasticity in their morphology and physiology in response to variability within their environment. Root elongation below a water-table was expected to slow due to hypoxia, whilst roots above the waterlogged zone were expected to compensate by increasing elongation rates. Methods Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were grown in peat in root chambers (300 × 215 × 6 mm) with a transparent front. Root chambers were maintained in flatbed scanners tilted at 30° to vertical and scanned every 3 h before, during and after waterlogging the lower layer for 24 h or 5 days. Root elongation rates were calculated from the displacement of randomly selected root tips between successive scans. Oxygen content was determined in the waterlogged layer and plant and root parameters were determined at cessation of the experiment. Results Root elongation rates decreased rapidly when waterlogged. Growth rates of the waterlogged roots decreased, while growth rates of roots above the waterlogged zone increased. In 24 h waterlogged roots new lateral root growth occurred in the lower layer of the root chamber when water was drained while after 5 day waterlogging new root growth had to be initiated from roots above the waterlogged zone. Conclusions Plants increased growth rates in roots above the waterlogged zone probably as compensation for the suboptimal conditions in the waterlogged zone which eventually led to roots dying

Wild accessions of crops and landraces are valuable genetic resources for plant breeding and for conserving alleles and gene combinations in planta. The primary genepool of cultivated common beans includes wild accessions of Phaseolus vulgaris. These are of the same species as the domesticates and therefore are easily crossable with cultivated accessions. Molecular marker assessment of wild beans and landraces is important for the proper utilization and conservation of these important genetic resources. The goal of this research was to evaluate a collection of wild beans with fluorescent microsatellite or simple sequence repeat markers and to determine the population structure in combination with cultivated beans of all known races. Marker diversity in terms of average number of alleles per marker was high (13) for the combination of 36 markers and 104 wild genotypes that was similar to the average of 14 alleles per marker found for the 606 cultivated genotypes. Diversity in wild beans appears to be somewhat higher than in cultivated beans on a per genotype basis. Five populations or genepools were identified in structure analysis of the wild beans corresponding to segments of the geographical range, including Mesoamerican (Mexican), Guatemalan, Colombian, Ecuadorian-northern Peruvian and Andean (Argentina, Bolivia and Southern Peru). The combined analysis of wild and cultivated accessions showed that the first and last of these genepools were related to the cultivated genepools of the same names and the penultimate was found to be distinct but not ancestral to the others. The Guatemalan genepool was very novel and perhaps related to cultivars of race Guatemala, while the Colombian population was also distinct. Results suggest geographic isolation, founder effects or natural selection could have created the different semi-discrete populations of wild beans and that multiple domestications and introgression were involved in creating the diversity of cultivated beans.

Wild accessions of crops and landraces are valuable genetic resources for plant breeding and for conserving alleles and gene combinations in planta. The primary genepool of cultivated common beans includes wild accessions of Phaseolus vulgaris. These are of the same species as the domesticates and therefore are easily crossable with cultivated accessions. Molecular marker assessment of wild beans and landraces is important for the proper utilization and conservation of these important genetic resources. The goal of this research was to evaluate a collection of wild beans with fluorescent microsatellite or simple sequence repeat markers and to determine the population structure in combination with cultivated beans of all known races. Marker diversity in terms of average number of alleles per marker was high (13) for the combination of 36 markers and 104 wild genotypes that was similar to the average of 14 alleles per marker found for the 606 cultivated genotypes. Diversity in wild beans appears to be somewhat higher than in cultivated beans on a per genotype basis. Five populations or genepools were identified in structure analysis of the wild beans corresponding to segments of the geographical range, including Mesoamerican (Mexican), Guatemalan, Colombian, Ecuadorian-northern Peruvian and Andean (Argentina, Bolivia and Southern Peru). The combined analysis of wild and cultivated accessions showed that the first and last of these genepools were related to the cultivated genepools of the same names and the penultimate was found to be distinct but not ancestral to the others. The Guatemalan genepool was very novel and perhaps related to cultivars of race Guatemala, while the Colombian population was also distinct. Results suggest geographic isolation, founder effects or natural selection could have created the different semi-discrete populations of wild beans and that multiple domestications and introgression were involved in creating the diversity of cultivated beans.

Wild accessions of crops and landraces are valuable genetic resources for plant breeding and for conserving alleles and gene combinations in planta. The primary genepool of cultivated common beans includes wild accessions of Phaseolus vulgaris. These are of the same species as the domesticates and therefore are easily crossable with cultivated accessions. Molecular marker assessment of wild beans and landraces is important for the proper utilization and conservation of these important genetic resources. The goal of this research was to evaluate a collection of wild beans with fluorescent microsatellite or simple sequence repeat markers and to determine the population structure in combination with cultivated beans of all known races. Marker diversity in terms of average number of alleles per marker was high (13) for the combination of 36 markers and 104 wild genotypes that was similar to the average of 14 alleles per marker found for the 606 cultivated genotypes. Diversity in wild beans appears to be somewhat higher than in cultivated beans on a per genotype basis. Five populations or genepools were identified in structure analysis of the wild beans corresponding to segments of the geographical range, including Mesoamerican (Mexican), Guatemalan, Colombian, Ecuadorian-northern Peruvian and Andean (Argentina, Bolivia and Southern Peru). The combined analysis of wild and cultivated accessions showed that the first and last of these genepools were related to the cultivated genepools of the same names and the penultimate was found to be distinct but not ancestral to the others. The Guatemalan genepool was very novel and perhaps related to cultivars of race Guatemala, while the Colombian population was also distinct. Results suggest geographic isolation, founder effects or natural selection could have created the different semi-discrete populations of wild beans and that multiple domestications and introgression were involved in creating the diversity of cultivated beans.

Wild accessions of crops and landraces are valuable genetic resources for plant breeding and for conserving alleles and gene combinations in planta. The primary genepool of cultivated common beans includes wild accessions of Phaseolus vulgaris. These are of the same species as the domesticates and therefore are easily crossable with cultivated accessions. Molecular marker assessment of wild beans and landraces is important for the proper utilization and conservation of these important genetic resources. The goal of this research was to evaluate a collection of wild beans with fluorescent microsatellite or simple sequence repeat markers and to determine the population structure in combination with cultivated beans of all known races. Marker diversity in terms of average number of alleles per marker was high (13) for the combination of 36 markers and 104 wild genotypes that was similar to the average of 14 alleles per marker found for the 606 cultivated genotypes. Diversity in wild beans appears to be somewhat higher than in cultivated beans on a per genotype basis. Five populations or genepools were identified in structure analysis of the wild beans corresponding to segments of the geographical range, including Mesoamerican (Mexican), Guatemalan, Colombian, Ecuadorian-northern Peruvian and Andean (Argentina, Bolivia and Southern Peru). The combined analysis of wild and cultivated accessions showed that the first and last of these genepools were related to the cultivated genepools of the same names and the penultimate was found to be distinct but not ancestral to the others. The Guatemalan genepool was very novel and perhaps related to cultivars of race Guatemala, while the Colombian population was also distinct. Results suggest geographic isolation, founder effects or natural selection could have created the different semi-discrete populations of wild beans and that multiple domestications and introgression were involved in creating the diversity of cultivated beans.

Wild accessions of crops and landraces are valuable genetic resources for plant breeding and for conserving alleles and gene combinations in planta. The primary genepool of cultivated common beans includes wild accessions of Phaseolus vulgaris. These are of the same species as the domesticates and therefore are easily crossable with cultivated accessions. Molecular marker assessment of wild beans and landraces is important for the proper utilization and conservation of these important genetic resources. The goal of this research was to evaluate a collection of wild beans with fluorescent microsatellite or simple sequence repeat markers and to determine the population structure in combination with cultivated beans of all known races. Marker diversity in terms of average number of alleles per marker was high (13) for the combination of 36 markers and 104 wild genotypes that was similar to the average of 14 alleles per marker found for the 606 cultivated genotypes. Diversity in wild beans appears to be somewhat higher than in cultivated beans on a per genotype basis. Five populations or genepools were identified in structure analysis of the wild beans corresponding to segments of the geographical range, including Mesoamerican (Mexican), Guatemalan, Colombian, Ecuadorian-northern Peruvian and Andean (Argentina, Bolivia and Southern Peru). The combined analysis of wild and cultivated accessions showed that the first and last of these genepools were related to the cultivated genepools of the same names and the penultimate was found to be distinct but not ancestral to the others. The Guatemalan genepool was very novel and perhaps related to cultivars of race Guatemala, while the Colombian population was also distinct. Results suggest geographic isolation, founder effects or natural selection could have created the different semi-discrete populations of wild beans and that multiple domestications and introgression were involved in creating the diversity of cultivated beans.

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The importance of firm-specific knowledge for a company’s sustainable competitive advantage is well established in the knowledge-based theory of the firm. However, the impact of corporate governance design on firm-specific knowledge investments is underexplored. We assess existing co-determination systems in Europe and their impact on firm performance; then we discuss voluntary co-determination as a new corporate governance design that fosters firm-specific knowledge investments, intrinsic work motivation, efficient monitoring, and board diversity while lowering transaction costs. Our analysis indicates that shareholders can increase their company’s value by adopting customized co-determination rules.

The importance of firm-specific knowledge for a company’s sustainable competitive advantage is well established in the knowledge-based theory of the firm. However, the impact of corporate governance design on firm-specific knowledge investments is underexplored. We assess existing co-determination systems in Europe and their impact on firm performance; then we discuss voluntary co-determination as a new corporate governance design that fosters firm-specific knowledge investments, intrinsic work motivation, efficient monitoring, and board diversity while lowering transaction costs. Our analysis indicates that shareholders can increase their company’s value by adopting customized co-determination rules.

The design and construction of novel biological systems by combining basic building blocks represents a dominant paradigm in synthetic biology. Creating and maintaining a database of these building blocks is a way to streamline the fabrication of complex constructs. The Registry of Standard Biological Parts (Registry) is the most advanced implementation of this idea. Methods/Principal Findings: By analyzing inclusion relationships between the sequences of the Registry entries, we build a network that can be related to the Registry abstraction hierarchy. The distribution of entry reuse and complexity was extracted from this network. The collection of clones associated with the database entries was also analyzed. The plasmid inserts were amplified and sequenced. The sequences of 162 inserts could be confirmed experimentally but unexpected discrepancies have also been identified. Conclusions/Significance: Organizational guidelines are proposed to help design and manage this new type of scientific resources. In particular, it appears necessary to compare the cost of ensuring the integrity of database entries and associated biological samples with their value to the users. The initial strategy that permits including any combination of parts irrespective of its potential value leads to an exponential and economically unsustainable growth that may be detrimental to the quality and long-term value of the resource to its users.

The design and construction of novel biological systems by combining basic building blocks represents a dominant paradigm in synthetic biology. Creating and maintaining a database of these building blocks is a way to streamline the fabrication of complex constructs. The Registry of Standard Biological Parts (Registry) is the most advanced implementation of this idea. Methods/Principal Findings: By analyzing inclusion relationships between the sequences of the Registry entries, we build a network that can be related to the Registry abstraction hierarchy. The distribution of entry reuse and complexity was extracted from this network. The collection of clones associated with the database entries was also analyzed. The plasmid inserts were amplified and sequenced. The sequences of 162 inserts could be confirmed experimentally but unexpected discrepancies have also been identified. Conclusions/Significance: Organizational guidelines are proposed to help design and manage this new type of scientific resources. In particular, it appears necessary to compare the cost of ensuring the integrity of database entries and associated biological samples with their value to the users. The initial strategy that permits including any combination of parts irrespective of its potential value leads to an exponential and economically unsustainable growth that may be detrimental to the quality and long-term value of the resource to its users.

The design and construction of novel biological systems by combining basic building blocks represents a dominant paradigm in synthetic biology. Creating and maintaining a database of these building blocks is a way to streamline the fabrication of complex constructs. The Registry of Standard Biological Parts (Registry) is the most advanced implementation of this idea. Methods/Principal Findings: By analyzing inclusion relationships between the sequences of the Registry entries, we build a network that can be related to the Registry abstraction hierarchy. The distribution of entry reuse and complexity was extracted from this network. The collection of clones associated with the database entries was also analyzed. The plasmid inserts were amplified and sequenced. The sequences of 162 inserts could be confirmed experimentally but unexpected discrepancies have also been identified. Conclusions/Significance: Organizational guidelines are proposed to help design and manage this new type of scientific resources. In particular, it appears necessary to compare the cost of ensuring the integrity of database entries and associated biological samples with their value to the users. The initial strategy that permits including any combination of parts irrespective of its potential value leads to an exponential and economically unsustainable growth that may be detrimental to the quality and long-term value of the resource to its users.

This article reviews the results of a census of Australian tertiary journalism programs that sought to gauge opinions about creative non-fiction and its value within a journalism department. The census revealed the academy’s support for creative non-fiction as a way to encourage innovations in print media, improve graduates’ employability and the quality of journalism. The survey also exposed a number of concerns about creative non-fiction’s inclusion in journalism education. These included creative non-fiction’s use in industry, restraints on resources, and problems with students’ capabilities.

This article reviews the results of a census of Australian tertiary journalism programs that sought to gauge opinions about creative non-fiction and its value within a journalism department. The census revealed the academy’s support for creative non-fiction as a way to encourage innovations in print media, improve graduates’ employability and the quality of journalism. The survey also exposed a number of concerns about creative non-fiction’s inclusion in journalism education. These included creative non-fiction’s use in industry, restraints on resources, and problems with students’ capabilities.

PURPOSE: To report results of linkage analysis in a large family with autosomal dominant (AD) familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (FMTLE). BACKGROUND: Although FMTLE is a heterogeneous syndrome, one important subgroup is characterized by a relatively benign course, absence of antecedent febrile seizures, and absence of hippocampal sclerosis. These patients have predominantly simple partial seizures (SPS) and infrequent complex partial seizures (CPS), and intense and frequent déjà vu phenomenon may be the only manifestation of this epilepsy syndrome. No linkage has been described in this form of FMTLE. METHODS: We identified a four-generation kindred with several affected members meeting criteria for FMTLE and enrolled 21 individuals who gave informed consent. Every individual was personally interviewed and examined; EEG and MRI studies were performed on three affected subjects. DNA was extracted from every enrolled individual. We performed a genome-wide search using an 8 cM panel and fine mapping was performed in the regions with a multipoint lod score >1. We sequenced the highest priority candidate genes. RESULTS: Inheritance was consistent with AD mode with reduced penetrance. Eleven individuals were classified as affected with FMTLE and we also identified two living asymptomatic individuals who had affected offspring. Seizure semiologies included predominantly SPS with déjà vu feeling, infrequent CPS, and rare secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. No structural abnormalities, including hippocampal sclerosis, were detected on MRI performed on three individuals. Genetic analysis detected a group of markers with lod score >3 on chromosome 4q13.2-q21.3 spanning a 7 cM region. No ion channel genes are predicted to be localized within this locus. We sequenced all coding exons of sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (SLC4A) gene, which plays an important role in tissue excitability, and cyclin I (CCNI), because of its role in the cell migration and possibility o, Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H. Extramural, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This article reviews the results of a census of Australian tertiary journalism programs that sought to gauge opinions about creative non-fiction and its value within a journalism department. The census revealed the academy’s support for creative non-fiction as a way to encourage innovations in print media, improve graduates’ employability and the quality of journalism. The survey also exposed a number of concerns about creative non-fiction’s inclusion in journalism education. These included creative non-fiction’s use in industry, restraints on resources, and problems with students’ capabilities.

This article reviews the results of a census of Australian tertiary journalism programs that sought to gauge opinions about creative non-fiction and its value within a journalism department. The census revealed the academy’s support for creative non-fiction as a way to encourage innovations in print media, improve graduates’ employability and the quality of journalism. The survey also exposed a number of concerns about creative non-fiction’s inclusion in journalism education. These included creative non-fiction’s use in industry, restraints on resources, and problems with students’ capabilities.

PURPOSE: To report results of linkage analysis in a large family with autosomal dominant (AD) familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (FMTLE). BACKGROUND: Although FMTLE is a heterogeneous syndrome, one important subgroup is characterized by a relatively benign course, absence of antecedent febrile seizures, and absence of hippocampal sclerosis. These patients have predominantly simple partial seizures (SPS) and infrequent complex partial seizures (CPS), and intense and frequent déjà vu phenomenon may be the only manifestation of this epilepsy syndrome. No linkage has been described in this form of FMTLE. METHODS: We identified a four-generation kindred with several affected members meeting criteria for FMTLE and enrolled 21 individuals who gave informed consent. Every individual was personally interviewed and examined; EEG and MRI studies were performed on three affected subjects. DNA was extracted from every enrolled individual. We performed a genome-wide search using an 8 cM panel and fine mapping was performed in the regions with a multipoint lod score >1. We sequenced the highest priority candidate genes. RESULTS: Inheritance was consistent with AD mode with reduced penetrance. Eleven individuals were classified as affected with FMTLE and we also identified two living asymptomatic individuals who had affected offspring. Seizure semiologies included predominantly SPS with déjà vu feeling, infrequent CPS, and rare secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. No structural abnormalities, including hippocampal sclerosis, were detected on MRI performed on three individuals. Genetic analysis detected a group of markers with lod score >3 on chromosome 4q13.2-q21.3 spanning a 7 cM region. No ion channel genes are predicted to be localized within this locus. We sequenced all coding exons of sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (SLC4A) gene, which plays an important role in tissue excitability, and cyclin I (CCNI), because of its role in the cell migration and possibility o, Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H. Extramural, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A new class of water soluble, environmentally friendly, lanthanoid 3,5-diacetamidobenzoate complexes (Ln = La, Gd, Yb) have been synthesized. The La and Gd complexes selectively catalyse hydrolysis of the cis-isomer of limonene oxide allowing for the separation of the trans-isomer (> 98:2 dr) in up to 74% yield. Comparative studies with the corresponding chlorides and triflates reveal the lanthanoid benzoate complexes to be more active than the chlorides, but less active, though more selective, than the triflates

The Integrated High Payoff Rocket Propulsion Technology Program (IHPRPT) is a structured Government and Industry program to improve U.S. rocket propulsion systems. The program is technology driven, goal oriented, and application focused. Integration of the technologies developed by the IHPRPT program is accomplished through key demonstrations. These demonstrators are used to verify compliance with goals. The achievement of the IHPRPT goals and the transition to operational systems provide significant payoff as well as a high return on investment. The IHPRPT program is being conducted as a fully coordinated, but not joint, effort. Each agency and Department of Defense component is responsible for funding and managing their respective portions of the effort. The effort is headed by the IHPRPT Steering Committee, which has representatives from each participating agency and service. Industry plays an active role in the program through an involvement in planning, participation at Steering Committee meetings, conducting of technology programs, identification of commercial transition opportunities, advocacy of the program, and teaming., Pres. at the Int'l Astronautical Congress (51st), held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on 2-6 Oct 2000.

Large lightweight stowable structures that can be deployed in space without astronauts having to perform extra-vehicular activities are vital to expanding space exploration and use. To meet this challenge, Foam Inflated Rigidized (FIR) structures have been developed by Thiokol Corporation as part of the Air Force's Gossamer Baggie Torus program. These beam-like structures are intended to stabilize the solar collector of a solar thermal rocket. This paper discusses the design, development, and proof of concept demonstration of an 8-foot diameter octagonal torus FIR structure. A FIR structure uses foam to inflate and pre-stress a resin-impregnated fabric skin. The predeployed foam used was a solvent-swelled polymer, polystyrene, that foams immediately when exposed to a vacuum due to rapid solvent loss. This property allows a very simple deployment mechanism to be used in erecting these structures. Once inflated, the skin resin is cured using available ultraviolet radiation. By using high strength and stiffness fiber materials a stiff, strong, lightweight structure is produced. (9 figures), CPIA Publication 602, v2, Nov 1993. Presented at a Propulsion Meeting held in Monterey, CA, on 15-19 Nov 1993.

Apparatus and method, having both structural and acoustical applicability, for measuring damping of a solid or fluid resonant physical system in terms of reverberation or decay time, featuring a digital computer based measurement system in which plural numbers of resonances are grouped into single analysis bands. The resonant response is converted into an electronic signal, which is then pre-amplified, filtered, post-amplified, digitized and finally processed so as to determine the reverberation time in the resonant physical system., Supersedes PAT-APPL-661 932-91.

Experimental research was conducted to examine the combined effects of free-stream turbulence and streamwise acceleration on transitional boundary layer flows. During this period convective heat transfer coefficients, boundary layer mean velocity and temperature profile data, and wall static pressure distribution data were obtained for four combinations of streamwise acceleration and free-stream turbulence intensity. Free-stream multicomponent turbulence intensity, longitudinal integral length scale, and spectral distribution data were obtained for the four test cases. The profile results indicate that the data are accurate and consistent and that the experimental boundary layers were highly two-dimensional. The freestream turbulence distributions generated for these tests have been shown to be both homogeneous and nearly isotropic. It is anticipated that these results will provide a needed set of fundamental, well documented experimental test cases to which analytical predictions can be compared. Examinations of the transitional profile shape factors and wall heat transfer distribution data indicate that fully turbulent mean velocity profiles are achieved upstream of fully turbulent wall heat transfer rates. The present data suggest that the turbulent mean velocity profile is established in a shorter length than is required for the development of the equilibrium turbulence distribution. Transition location data obtained in the present program agree very well with data from other flat wall studies. Suggested correlation curves are given for predicting flat wall transition locations with the combined effects of free-stream turbulence and streamwise acceleration.

In an earlier funded investigation, experimental research was conducted to deterine the influence of free-stream turbulence on turbulent boundary layer heat transfer and mean profile development. The data obtained under this earlier contract indicated that both the skin friction and the heat transfer increased significantly with increased free-stream turbulence level. Under the present investigation, detailed boundary layer turbulence structural data and turbulent heat transfer data were obtained for experimental test conditions and profile locations selected from the earlier test matrix. Numerious measurements assured that the present test conditions (boundary layer development and free-stream turbulence distributions) duplicated those of the earlier contract. The purposes for making these present detailed boundary layer turbulence measurements were: to provide data to which current finite-difference boundary layer turbulence models could be compared, and to generate a data base for the development of new analytical models for bondary layer heat transfer prediction. With the completion of the experimental portion of this investigation, a theoretical effort was made to assess the capability of a finite difference boundary layer computer program, ABLE (Analysis of the Boundary Layer Equations) for predicting the effect of free-stream turbulence on momentum and thermal boundary layers.

Under the present investigation, detailed boundary layer turbulence structural data and turbulent heat transfer data were obtained for experimental test conditions and profile locations selected from the earlier text matrix. Numerous measurements assured that the present test conditions (boundary layer development and free-stream turbulence distributions) duplicated those of the earlier AFOSR contract. The purposes for making these present detailed boundary layer turbulence measurements were: (1) to provide data to which current finite-difference boundary layer turbulence models could be compared, and (2) to generate a data base for the development of new analytical models for boundary layer heat transfer prediction. The results from the present program have shown that the distributions of both the turbulence kinetic energy and the turbulence structural coefficients were affected by increased levels of free-stream turbulence. Local profile measurements indicated that the effect of increased free-stream turbulence was to decrease the near-wall turbulent Prandtl number relative to values expected for low free-stream turbulence. Turbulent Prandtl numbers in the outer region of the boundary layer were slightly increased for higher free-stream turbulence. A turbulence dependent correlation for the measured distribution of turbulent Prandtl number is given.

Experimental research has been conducted to determine the influence of a free-stream turbulence on zero pressure gradient, fully turbulent boundary layer flow. Convective heat transfer coefficients, boundary layer mean velocity and temperature profile data, and wall static pressure distribution data were obtained for five flow conditions of constant free-stream velocity and free-stream turbulence intensities ranging from approximately 1/4% to 7%. Free-stream multi-component turbulence intensity, longitudinal integral scale, and spectral distributions were obtained for the various turbulence levels. Mean velocity and temperature profile data for the individual boundary layer traverses are presented in this report. (Author), See also Volume 2, AD-A101 096.

Experimental research has been conducted to examine the combined effects of free-stream turbulence and favorable pressure gradients on flat-wall transitional boundary layers. Convective heat transfer coefficients, boundary layer mean velocity and temperature profile data, and wall static pressure distribution data were obtained for four combinations of free-stream turbulence intensity and favorable pressure gradient. Free-stream multi-component turbulence intensity, longitudinal integral scale, and spectral distributions were obtained for the various test cases. Mean velocity and temperature profile data for the individual boundary layer traverses are presented in this report. (Author)

Experimental research has been conducted to determine the influence of free-stream turbulence on zero pressure gradient fully turbulent boundary layer flow. During this period convective heat transfer coefficients, boundary layer mean velocity and temperature profile data, and wall static pressure distribution data were obtained for five flow conditions of constant free-stream velocity and free-stream turbulence intensities ranging from approximately 1/4% to 7%. Free-stream multi-component turbulence intensity, longitudinal integral scale, and spectral distributions were obtained for the various turbulence levels. The test results with 1/4% free-stream turbulence indicate that these data are in excellent agreement with classic two-dimensional low free-stream turbulence, turbulent boundary layer correlations, thus establishing the absolute accuracy of the experiment. The data obtained for the test cases with higher free-stream turbulence indicate that the turbulence has a significant effect on turbulent boundary layer skin friction and heat transfer. It has been shown that these effects are a function of the free-stream turbulence intensity, the turbulence length scale, and the boundary layer momentum thickness Reynolds number. Suggested correlations for the influence of free-stream turbulence on skin friction, heat transfer, and Reynolds analogy factor are given. Also during this period, a boundary layer prediction method has been assessed as to its ability to predict free-stream turbulence effects on flat plate heating and skin friction. Comparisons with the experimental data obtained here showed that adequate predictions can be made for this case with an existing turbulence model. (Author)

Experimental research has been conducted to determine the influence of free-stream turbulence on zero pressure gradient, incompressible, fully turbulent boundary layer flow. During this period convective heat transfer coefficients, boundary layer mean velocity and temperature profile and wall static pressure distribution data were obtained for two flow conditions of constant free-stream velocity and low free-stream turbulence intensity and for one flow condition of constant free-stream velocity and higher free-stream turbulence. Documentation of the free-stream turbulence for these flows is currently in progress. The conclusion reached from the low free-stream turbulence test results is that these data are in excellent agreement with classic two-dimensional, low free-stream turbulence, turbulent boundary layer correlations, thus establishing the absolute accuracy of the experiment. The data obtained for the higher free-stream turbulence test case indicates that free-stream turbulence does have a significant effect on fully turbulent boundary layer skin friction and heat transfer. A quantitative assessment of this influence will emerge as data is obtained for additional free-stream turbulence levels and as the turbulence distributions are documented.

Research was conducted to examine two aspects of boundary layer flow: 1) the influence of free-stream turbulence on zero pressure gradient, full turbulent boundary layer flow; and 2) the combined effects of free-stream turbulence and favorable streamwise pressure gradients on transitional boundary layer flow. Keywords: Convective heat transfer coefficients; Boundary layer transition; Gas turbine airfoils; Boundary layer mean velocity; Experimental data. (edc)

Two experiments were conducted to quantitate the effects of several parameters on the growth, carcass characteristics and fat deposition of the turkey. In the first experiment, 0, 5, 10 or 15% fat from three sources (Fat 1, Fat 2 or Fat 3) was added to low (18%), standard (21%) or high (24%) protein diets fed to Nicholas Large White male turkeys from 8 to 22 weeks of age. Carcass quality as measured by fat deposition, carcass yield and breast meat yield was determined. The addition of each 1% added fat up to 10% increased body weight gain .72%. Feed consumption decreased 1.3% and feed efficiency increased 2.3% for each 1% added fat up to 15%. Addition of Fat 2 to the diet resulted in significantly better feed efficiencies as compared with Fat 1 or Fat 3. The feeding of low protein diets as compared with standard protein diets decreased body weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency 13.2, 5.7 and 8.1%, respectively. Addition of fat to the diet increased 22-week body weight and the amount of breast meat produced per kg feed consumed. For each 1% added fat to low and standard protein diets, leaf and gizzard fat deposition increased 10.2 and 8.0%, respectively. Feeding low protein diets resulted in a 10.4% decrease in body weight and a 19.5% decrease in breast meat yield. The increase in leaf and gizzard fat deposition from each 5% increment of added fat up to 10% was counteracted by a 3% increase in dietary protein. In the second experiment, both sexes of the Nicholas Large White, Jaindl Large White and Jaindl Medium White strains were fed standard (21%) or high (24%) protein diets containing 0, 5 or 10% added dietary fat from 8 to 28 weeks of age. Carcass quality as measured by yield of carcass parts, fat deposition and the composition of breast meat was determined at 16, 20, 24 and 28 weeks of age. The Nicholas strain of turkey had a greater growth rate and consumed less feed to reach heavier weights than the Jaindl Large strain. Addition of 10% fat to the di

Background High blood pressure is common in acute stroke and is a predictor of poor outcome; however, large trials of lowering blood pressure have given variable results, and the management of high blood pressure in ultra-acute stroke remains unclear. We investigated whether transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN; also known as nitroglycerin), a nitric oxide donor, might improve outcome when administered very early after stroke onset. Methods We did a multicentre, paramedic-delivered, ambulance-based, prospective, randomised, sham-controlled, blinded-endpoint, phase 3 trial in adults with presumed stroke within 4 h of onset, face-arm-speech-time score of 2 or 3, and systolic blood pressure 120 mm Hg or higher. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive transdermal GTN (5 mg once daily for 4 days; the GTN group) or a similar sham dressing (the sham group) in UK based ambulances by paramedics, with treatment continued in hospital. Paramedics were unmasked to treatment, whereas participants were masked. The primary outcome was the 7-level modified Rankin Scale (mRS; a measure of functional outcome) at 90 days, assessed by central telephone follow-up with masking to treatment. Analysis was hierarchical, first in participants with a confirmed stroke or transient ischaemic attack (cohort 1), and then in all participants who were randomly assigned (intention to treat, cohort 2) according to the statistical analysis plan. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN26986053. Findings Between Oct 22, 2015, and May 23, 2018, 516 paramedics from eight UK ambulance services recruited 1149 participants (n=568 in the GTN group, n=581 in the sham group). The median time to randomisation was 71 min (IQR 45–116). 597 (52%) patients had ischaemic stroke, 145 (13%) had intracerebral haemorrhage, 109 (9%) had transient ischaemic attack, and 297 (26%) had a non-stroke mimic at the final diagnosis of the index event. In the GTN group, participants’ systolic blood pressure