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Quantifying animal movements is necessary for answering a wide array of research questions in ecology and conservation biology. Consequently, ecologists have made considerable efforts to identify the best way to estimate an animal’s home range, and many methods of estimating home ranges have arisen over the past half century. Most of these methods fall into two distinct categories of estimators that have only recently been described in statistical detail: those that measure range distributions (methods such as Kernel Density Estimation that quantify the long-run behavior of a movement process that features restricted space use) and those that measure occurrence distributions (methods such as Brownian Bridge Movement Models and the Correlated Random Walk Library that quantify uncertainty in an animal movement path during a specific period of observation). In this paper, we use theory, simulations, and empirical analysis to demonstrate the importance of applying these two classes of space use estimators appropriately and distinctly. Conflating range and occurrence distributions can have serious consequences for ecological inference and conservation practice. For example, in most situations, home-range estimates quantified using occurrence estimators are too small, and this problem is exacerbated by ongoing improvements in tracking technology that enable more frequent and more accurate data on animal movements. We encourage researchers to use range estimators to estimate the area of home ranges and occurrence estimators to answer other questions in movement ecology, such as when and where an animal crosses a linear feature, visits a location of interest, or interacts with other animals.

Quantifying animal movements is necessary for answering a wide array of research questions in ecology and conservation biology. Consequently, ecologists have made considerable efforts to identify the best way to estimate an animal’s home range, and many methods of estimating home ranges have arisen over the past half century. Most of these methods fall into two distinct categories of estimators that have only recently been described in statistical detail: those that measure range distributions (methods such as Kernel Density Estimation that quantify the long-run behavior of a movement process that features restricted space use) and those that measure occurrence distributions (methods such as Brownian Bridge Movement Models and the Correlated Random Walk Library that quantify uncertainty in an animal movement path during a specific period of observation). In this paper, we use theory, simulations, and empirical analysis to demonstrate the importance of applying these two classes of space use estimators appropriately and distinctly. Conflating range and occurrence distributions can have serious consequences for ecological inference and conservation practice. For example, in most situations, home-range estimates quantified using occurrence estimators are too small, and this problem is exacerbated by ongoing improvements in tracking technology that enable more frequent and more accurate data on animal movements. We encourage researchers to use range estimators to estimate the area of home ranges and occurrence estimators to answer other questions in movement ecology, such as when and where an animal crosses a linear feature, visits a location of interest, or interacts with other animals.

A large component of the building material concrete consists of aggregate with varying particle sizes between 0.125 and 32 mm. Its actual size distribution significantly affects the quality characteristics of the final concrete in both, the fresh and hardened states. The usually unknown variations in the size distribution of the aggregate particles, which can be large especially when using recycled aggregate materials, are typically compensated by an increased usage of cement which, however, has severe negative impacts on economical and ecological aspects of the concrete production. In order to allow a precise control of the target properties of the concrete, unknown variations in the size distribution have to be quantified to enable a proper adaptation of the concrete's mixture design in real time. To this end, this paper proposes a deep learning based method for the determination of concrete aggregate grading curves. In this context, we propose a network architecture applying multi-scale feature extraction modules in order to handle the strongly diverse object sizes of the particles. Furthermore, we propose and publish a novel dataset of concrete aggregate used for the quantitative evaluation of our method.

Quantifying animal movements is necessary for answering a wide array of research questions in ecology and conservation biology. Consequently, ecologists have made considerable efforts to identify the best way to estimate an animal’s home range, and many methods of estimating home ranges have arisen over the past half century. Most of these methods fall into two distinct categories of estimators that have only recently been described in statistical detail: those that measure range distributions (methods such as Kernel Density Estimation that quantify the long-run behavior of a movement process that features restricted space use) and those that measure occurrence distributions (methods such as Brownian Bridge Movement Models and the Correlated Random Walk Library that quantify uncertainty in an animal movement path during a specific period of observation). In this paper, we use theory, simulations, and empirical analysis to demonstrate the importance of applying these two classes of space use estimators appropriately and distinctly. Conflating range and occurrence distributions can have serious consequences for ecological inference and conservation practice. For example, in most situations, home-range estimates quantified using occurrence estimators are too small, and this problem is exacerbated by ongoing improvements in tracking technology that enable more frequent and more accurate data on animal movements. We encourage researchers to use range estimators to estimate the area of home ranges and occurrence estimators to answer other questions in movement ecology, such as when and where an animal crosses a linear feature, visits a location of interest, or interacts with other animals.

In order to leverage and profit from unlabelled data, semi-supervised frameworks for semantic segmentation based on consistency training have been proven to be powerful tools to significantly improve the performance of purely supervised segmentation learning. However, the consensus principle behind consistency training has at least one drawback, which we identify in this paper: imbalanced label distributions within the data. To overcome the limitations of standard consistency training, we propose a novel semi-supervised framework for semantic segmentation, introducing additional losses based on prior knowledge. Specifically, we propose a lightweight architecture consisting of a shared encoder and a main decoder, which is trained in a supervised manner. An auxiliary decoder is added as additional branch in order to make use of unlabelled data based on consensus training, and we add additional constraints derived from prior information on the class distribution and on auto-encoder regularisation. Experiments performed on our concrete aggregate dataset presented in this paper demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, outperforming the segmentation results achieved by purely supervised segmentation and standard consistency training.

This study investigates the suitability of a closed-loop approach to the management of useful waste derived materials such as recycled aggregates from construction waste and fly-ash to manufacture recycled aggregate geopolymer concrete. This investigation was carried out in two parts. Part 1 considered the particle size distribution, water absorption and particle densities for both recycled coarse and fine aggregates. These materials were used to create recycled aggregate concrete specimens used for part 2 – compressive strength and slump test for both conventional Portland cement concrete and fly-ash based geopolymer concrete. The results demonstrate that the higher water absorption values obtained for the recycled aggregates can be attributed to the decreases in particle size fraction and particle density. Overall, the use of recycled aggregates in geopolymer concrete had better workability than in conventional concrete. The use of manufactured results in a very dry mix for both the conventional and geopolymer concrete mixes. The use of recycled sand results in a mix that had better workability than a mix with natural sand for types of concrete. The technical, sustainability and economic implications of these findings are further discussed. Overall, the manufacturing of recycled aggregate geopolymer concrete is a two-fold solution, addressing both the problem of natural resource depletion and the large carbon footprint linked to cement manufacturing. It was determined that integrating FGRAC into the Western Australian concrete market requires specific focus on low value, fit-for-purpose pre-cast applications. For higher value applications of concrete, pre-treatment of the source materials is suggested to improve their attributes.

Tests and Proofs: 13th International Conference, TAP 2019, Held as Part of the Third World Congress on Formal Methods 2019, Porto, Portugal, October 9–11, 2019, Contains fulltext : 207633.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems: 25 Years of TACAS: TOOLympics, Held as Part of ETAPS 2019, Prague, Czech Republic, April 6–11, 2019, Contains fulltext : 204610.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Tests and Proofs: 13th International Conference, TAP 2019, Held as Part of the Third World Congress on Formal Methods 2019, Porto, Portugal, October 9–11, 2019, Contains fulltext : 207633.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems: 25 Years of TACAS: TOOLympics, Held as Part of ETAPS 2019, Prague, Czech Republic, April 6–11, 2019, Contains fulltext : 204610.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Tests and Proofs: 13th International Conference, TAP 2019, Held as Part of the Third World Congress on Formal Methods 2019, Porto, Portugal, October 9–11, 2019, Contains fulltext : 207633.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems: 25 Years of TACAS: TOOLympics, Held as Part of ETAPS 2019, Prague, Czech Republic, April 6–11, 2019, Contains fulltext : 204610.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Animal movement is fundamental for ecosystem functioning and species survival, yet the effects of the anthropogenic footprint on animal movements have not been estimated across species. Using a unique GPS-tracking database of 803 individuals across 57 species, we found that movements of mammals in areas with a comparatively high human footprint were on average one-half to one-third the extent of their movements in areas with a low human footprint.We attribute this reduction to behavioral changes of individual animals and to the exclusion of species with long-range movements from areas with higher human impact. Global loss of vagility alters a key ecological trait of animals that affects not only population persistence but also ecosystem processes such as predator-prey interactions, nutrient cycling, and disease transmission.

© Copyright 2015 ACM. This paper presents Platener, a system that allows quickly fabricating intermediate design iterations of 3D models, a process also known as low-fidelity fabrication. Platener achieves its speed-up by extracting straight and curved plates from the 3D model and substituting them with laser cut parts of the same size and thickness. Only the regions that are of relevance to the current design iteration are executed as full-detail 3D prints. Platener connects the parts it has created by automatically inserting joints. To help fast assembly it engraves instructions. Platener allows users to customize substitution results by (1) specifying fidelity-speed tradeoffs, (2) choosing whether or not to convert curved surfaces to plates bent using heat, and (3) specifying the conversion of individual plates and joints interactively. Platener is designed to best preserve the fidelity of func- Tional objects, such as casings and mechanical tools, all of which contain a large percentage of straight/rectilinear elements. Compared to other low-fab systems, such as faBrickator and WirePrint, Platener better preserves the stability and functionality of such objects: The resulting assemblies have fewer parts and the parts have the same size and thickness as in the 3D model. To validate our system, we converted 2,250 3D models downloaded from a 3D model site (Thingiverse). Platener achieves a speed-up of 10x or more for 39.9% of all objects.

Low-fidelity fabrication systems speed up rapid prototyping by printing intermediate versions of a prototype as fast, low-fidelity previews. Only the final version is fabricated as a full high-fidelity 3D print. This allows designers to iterate more quickly-achieving a better design in less time. Depending on what is currently being tested, low-fidelity fabrication is implemented in different ways: (1) faBrickator allows for a modular approach by substituting sub-volumes of the 3D model with building blocks. (2) WirePrint allows for quickly testing the shape of an object, such as the ergonomic fit, by printing wireframe structures. (3) Platener preserves the technical function by substituting 3D print with laser-cut plates of the same size and thickness. At our CHI'15 interactivity booth, we give a combined live demo of all three low-fidelity fabrication systems- putting special focus on our new low-fidelity fabrication system Platener (paper at CHI'15).

© Copyright 2015 ACM. This paper presents Platener, a system that allows quickly fabricating intermediate design iterations of 3D models, a process also known as low-fidelity fabrication. Platener achieves its speed-up by extracting straight and curved plates from the 3D model and substituting them with laser cut parts of the same size and thickness. Only the regions that are of relevance to the current design iteration are executed as full-detail 3D prints. Platener connects the parts it has created by automatically inserting joints. To help fast assembly it engraves instructions. Platener allows users to customize substitution results by (1) specifying fidelity-speed tradeoffs, (2) choosing whether or not to convert curved surfaces to plates bent using heat, and (3) specifying the conversion of individual plates and joints interactively. Platener is designed to best preserve the fidelity of func- Tional objects, such as casings and mechanical tools, all of which contain a large percentage of straight/rectilinear elements. Compared to other low-fab systems, such as faBrickator and WirePrint, Platener better preserves the stability and functionality of such objects: The resulting assemblies have fewer parts and the parts have the same size and thickness as in the 3D model. To validate our system, we converted 2,250 3D models downloaded from a 3D model site (Thingiverse). Platener achieves a speed-up of 10x or more for 39.9% of all objects.

Low-fidelity fabrication systems speed up rapid prototyping by printing intermediate versions of a prototype as fast, low-fidelity previews. Only the final version is fabricated as a full high-fidelity 3D print. This allows designers to iterate more quickly-achieving a better design in less time. Depending on what is currently being tested, low-fidelity fabrication is implemented in different ways: (1) faBrickator allows for a modular approach by substituting sub-volumes of the 3D model with building blocks. (2) WirePrint allows for quickly testing the shape of an object, such as the ergonomic fit, by printing wireframe structures. (3) Platener preserves the technical function by substituting 3D print with laser-cut plates of the same size and thickness. At our CHI'15 interactivity booth, we give a combined live demo of all three low-fidelity fabrication systems- putting special focus on our new low-fidelity fabrication system Platener (paper at CHI'15).

1.1 Studienziel Die instrumentelle akustische Analyse wird als Standarduntersuchung bei funktionellen und organischen Stimmstörungen empfohlen [1, 2]. Routinemässig werden dabei folgende Parameter erhoben: die Grundfrequenz (F0) und Sprechlautstärke (SLS), sowie Jitter und Shimmer (Irregularität der F0, beziehungsweise SLS in %). Laut gültigen klinischen Richtlinien werden beide Parameter in subjektiv normaler SLS aufgezeichnet [1]. Bei Erwachsenen werden Jitter und Shimmer jedoch unter diesen Messbedingungen signifikant von der individuellen SLS beeinflusst [3]. Deshalb wurde empfohlen, beide Parameter bei einer kontrollierten Phonationslautstärke von mindestens 80 dBA zu bestimmen [3-5]. Ziel dieser Studie war die Erhebung eines normativen Datensatzes für Jitter und Shimmer bei präpubertären, stimmgesunden Kindern. Dabei wurde die Durchführbarkeit des revidierten Untersuchungsprotokolls in dieser Altersgruppe überprüft. Des weiteren wurde die Abhängigkeit der Stimmparameter Jitter, Shimmer, F0 und SLS von möglichen physiologischen Einflussfaktoren wie Alter, Geschlecht, Körpergrösse und Körpergewicht analysiert. 1.2 Methode In einer Querschnittsstudie wurden 68 präpubertäre Kinder (39 Mädchen und 29 Jungen)zwischen 5;0 und 9;11 Jahren untersucht. Dabei wurden je drei Stimmaufnahmen des Vokals /a/ in “leiser”, “mittlerer” und “lauter” Phonation, sowie bei kontrollierter Lautstärke von mindestens 80 dBA mit der Software Praat [6] analysiert. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen den vier Stimmparametern und den Variablen Alter, Geschlecht, Körpergrösse und Körpergewicht wurden mittels linearen gemischten Modellen (LGM) ermittelt. Des Weiteren wurde für jeden Stimmparameter mittels Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) und LGM der Zusammenhang zu den vier Lautstärkestufen „leise“, „mittel“, „laut“ und „> 80 dBA“ untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden deskriptive Statistiken wie auch Perzentilenangaben erstellt. 1.3 Resultate Die Variablen Alter, Geschlecht, Körpergrösse und Körpergewicht zeigten keine

Hintergrund: Instrumentelle Analysen von Stimmaufnahmen werden international zur Stimmdiagnostik empfohlen . Akustische Analysen sind besonders bei Kindern relevant, da nicht immer invasive Untersuchungsmethoden angewendet werden können , . Für Erwachsene wurde eine minimale Lautstärke von 80dBA empfohlen . Bei Kindern ist jedoch bisher nicht hinreichend untersucht, ob die Sprechlautstärke einen relevanten Einfluss auf Jitter und Shimmer hat , . Zusätzlich wird der Einfluss von Geschlecht und Alter widersprüchlich diskutiert , . Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, ob a) sich die Sprechlautstärke (SPL), das Geschlecht und Alter bei Kindern von 4;0 bis 9;11 auswirken, und b) ob Kinder dieser Altersgruppe den Vokal /a/ in einer vorgegebenen Lautstärke phonieren können.Material und Methoden: In einer Querschnittstudie wurden 68 stimmgesunde Kinder (39f/29m) im Alter von 4;0 bis 9;11 Jahren untersucht. Jeweils drei Phonationen des Vokales /a/ bei subjektiv "leiser", "mittlerer" und "lauter" Sprechlautstärke sowie bei >80 dBA wurden mittels PRAAT akustisch analysiert. Der Einfluss von SPL, Geschlecht und Alter auf Jitter (%) und Shimmer (%) wurde mittels deskriptiver Statistik, einer Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) und Linearen Gemischten Modellen (LGM) untersucht.Ergebnisse: Die individuelle Sprechlautstärke hat bei Kindern einen hochsignifikanten Einfluss auf Jitter und Shimmer (ANOVA p<0,001). 59% der Kinder unter 6 Jahren (13 von 22) konnten nicht mit einer vorgegebenen Lautstärke phonieren. Bei den Phonationen mit >80 dBA hatten das Geschlecht (LGM:Jitter p=0,39,Shimmer p=0,12) und Alter (LGM:Jitter p=0,99,Shimmer p=0,24) keinen signifikanten Einfluss.Diskussion: Auch bei Kindern von 4;0 bis 9;11 Jahren ist die Sprechlautstärke ein erheblicher Einflussfaktor, der für reliable Jitter und Shimmer Messungen kontrolliert werden muss. Ab der Schulreife können Kinder einen Vokal mit >80 dBA halten. Hiermit können die Effekte von Sprechlautstärke, Geschlecht und Alter auf Jitter und

Hintergrund: Instrumentelle Analysen von Stimmaufnahmen werden international zur Stimmdiagnostik empfohlen . Akustische Analysen sind besonders bei Kindern relevant, da nicht immer invasive Untersuchungsmethoden angewendet werden können , . Für Erwachsene wurde eine minimale Lautstärke von 80dBA empfohlen . Bei Kindern ist jedoch bisher nicht hinreichend untersucht, ob die Sprechlautstärke einen relevanten Einfluss auf Jitter und Shimmer hat , . Zusätzlich wird der Einfluss von Geschlecht und Alter widersprüchlich diskutiert , . Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, ob a) sich die Sprechlautstärke (SPL), das Geschlecht und Alter bei Kindern von 4;0 bis 9;11 auswirken, und b) ob Kinder dieser Altersgruppe den Vokal /a/ in einer vorgegebenen Lautstärke phonieren können.Material und Methoden: In einer Querschnittstudie wurden 68 stimmgesunde Kinder (39f/29m) im Alter von 4;0 bis 9;11 Jahren untersucht. Jeweils drei Phonationen des Vokales /a/ bei subjektiv "leiser", "mittlerer" und "lauter" Sprechlautstärke sowie bei >80 dBA wurden mittels PRAAT akustisch analysiert. Der Einfluss von SPL, Geschlecht und Alter auf Jitter (%) und Shimmer (%) wurde mittels deskriptiver Statistik, einer Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) und Linearen Gemischten Modellen (LGM) untersucht.Ergebnisse: Die individuelle Sprechlautstärke hat bei Kindern einen hochsignifikanten Einfluss auf Jitter und Shimmer (ANOVA p<0,001). 59% der Kinder unter 6 Jahren (13 von 22) konnten nicht mit einer vorgegebenen Lautstärke phonieren. Bei den Phonationen mit >80 dBA hatten das Geschlecht (LGM:Jitter p=0,39,Shimmer p=0,12) und Alter (LGM:Jitter p=0,99,Shimmer p=0,24) keinen signifikanten Einfluss.Diskussion: Auch bei Kindern von 4;0 bis 9;11 Jahren ist die Sprechlautstärke ein erheblicher Einflussfaktor, der für reliable Jitter und Shimmer Messungen kontrolliert werden muss. Ab der Schulreife können Kinder einen Vokal mit >80 dBA halten. Hiermit können die Effekte von Sprechlautstärke, Geschlecht und Alter auf Jitter und

Sunscreens absorb ultraviolet B (UVB) and it is a major concern that sunscreen use may lead to vitamin D deficiency.

Sunscreens absorb ultraviolet B (UVB) and it is a major concern that sunscreen use may lead to vitamin D deficiency.

Het Technisch Rapport Ontwerpbelastingen voor het rivierengebied is een hulpmiddel bij het vaststellen van de belastingen waarmee rekening dient te worden gehouden in een technisch ontwerp van een waterkering of rivierverruiming. De kern wordt gevormd door de hydraulische belastingen maar er is ook aandacht voor belastingen die niet direct door water worden veroorzaakt, bijvoorbeeld belastingen ten gevolge van verkeer. Van al deze belastingen wordt beschreven hoe met deze belastingen in het ontwerpen van rivierdijken moet worden omgegaan. Een deel van de hydraulische belastingen kan ook gebruikt worden voor het ontwerpen van een rivierverruimingsmaatregel., TAW/ENW

Het Technisch Rapport Ontwerpbelastingen voor het rivierengebied is een hulpmiddel bij het vaststellen van de belastingen waarmee rekening dient te worden gehouden in een technisch ontwerp van een waterkering of rivierverruiming. De kern wordt gevormd door de hydraulische belastingen maar er is ook aandacht voor belastingen die niet direct door water worden veroorzaakt, bijvoorbeeld belastingen ten gevolge van verkeer. Van al deze belastingen wordt beschreven hoe met deze belastingen in het ontwerpen van rivierdijken moet worden omgegaan. Een deel van de hydraulische belastingen kan ook gebruikt worden voor het ontwerpen van een rivierverruimingsmaatregel., TAW/ENW

In the wake of a major tourism development proposal being refused for the Coral Coast region of Western Australia there is again a focus on developing strategies for more sustainable facilities that support ‘low-impact nature-based tourism’. The Environmental Technology Centre at Murdoch University, together with the Faculty of Architecture, Landscape & Visual Arts at The University of Western Australia, completed a study for the Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre (STCRC) to develop the Best Practice Model for Sustainable Tourism Facilities in Remote Areas. There are currently numerous environmentally sustainable guidelines, accreditation schemes and assessment systems in operation throughout the world and in Australia. The majority of these relate to the niche eco-tourism market and include the Draft International Ecotourism Standard and NEAP (Nature and Ecotourism Accreditation Program). There is also a clear and generally accepted industry understanding of what constitutes the principles and standards of sustainable tourism. Yet there is industry concern about the difficulty and cost of compliance and gaining accreditation to be considered as sustainable. This project developed a holistic and independently verifiable ‘best practice’ assessment system that is both user friendly for operators and also sets an aspirational and creative cross-cultural bar across the full range of sustainability criteria for low-impact, nature-based facilities. The project involved visits to a number of low-impact facilities throughout Australia with the intention of assessing the implementation of guiding principles and to apply the assessment criteria to such facilities. The challenges that face implementation of such a model include economic viability for industry, acceptance by Local Government Authorities, and the appropriate mechanisms to assess and license such developments in nature conservation reserves by State Government agencies.

In the wake of a major tourism development proposal being refused for the Coral Coast region of Western Australia there is again a focus on developing strategies for more sustainable facilities that support ‘low-impact nature-based tourism’. The Environmental Technology Centre at Murdoch University, together with the Faculty of Architecture, Landscape & Visual Arts at The University of Western Australia, is undertaking a study for the CRC for Sustainable Tourism to develop a Best Practice Model for Sustainable Tourism Facilities in Remote Areas. There are currently numerous environmentally sustainable guidelines, accreditation schemes and assessment systems in operation throughout the world and in Australia. The majority of these relate to the niche eco-tourism market and include the Draft International Ecotourism Standard and NEAP (Nature and Ecotourism Accreditation Program). There is also a clear and generally accepted industry understanding of what constitutes the principles and standards of sustainable tourism. Yet there is industry concern about the difficulty and cost of compliance and gaining accreditation to be considered as sustainable. This project will develop a holistic and independently verifiable ‘best practice’ assessment system that is both user friendly for operators and also sets an aspirational and creative cross-cultural bar across the full range of sustainability criteria for low impact, nature based facilities. The project has involved visits to a number of low-impact facilities throughout Australia with the intention of assessing the implementation of guiding principles and to apply the assessment criteria to such facilities. The challenges that face implementation of such a model include economic viability for industry, acceptance by Local Government Authorities, and the appropriate mechanisms to assess and license such developments in nature conservation reserves by State Government agencies.

The paper describes a novel silicon detector with improved linearity characteristics for energetic electrons up to 50 keV. The modified pn-junction detector structure contains a buried implanted n(+)-layer (N~1-5E15 cm-3) in the n-type Si substrate which is attributed by a near-surface high-field region in the depletion zone. To enable a high-field region of several micrometers depth high-energy ion implantation with 31P ions of 10-30 MeV has been used. The corresponding electric field distribution of the novel detector is characterized by a constant electric field strength of 10-50 kV/cm from the surface down to the depth of the buried implanted layer. Detectors with considerable improved linearity up to electron current densities of 20 A/cm2 have been fabricated, which have been tested at the e-beam writer SB 350 of Leica Microsystems Lithography for electrons of 50 keV.

The paper describes a novel silicon detector with improved linearity characteristics for energetic electrons up to 50 keV. The modified pn-junction detector structure contains a buried implanted n(+)-layer (N~1-5E15 cm-3) in the n-type Si substrate which is attributed by a near-surface high-field region in the depletion zone. To enable a high-field region of several micrometers depth high-energy ion implantation with 31P ions of 10-30 MeV has been used. The corresponding electric field distribution of the novel detector is characterized by a constant electric field strength of 10-50 kV/cm from the surface down to the depth of the buried implanted layer. Detectors with considerable improved linearity up to electron current densities of 20 A/cm2 have been fabricated, which have been tested at the e-beam writer SB 350 of Leica Microsystems Lithography for electrons of 50 keV.

The paper describes a novel silicon detector with improved linearity characteristics for energetic electrons up to 50 keV. The modified pn-junction detector structure contains a buried implanted n(+)-layer (N~1-5E15 cm-3) in the n-type Si substrate which is attributed by a near-surface high-field region in the depletion zone. To enable a high-field region of several micrometers depth high-energy ion implantation with 31P ions of 10-30 MeV has been used. The corresponding electric field distribution of the novel detector is characterized by a constant electric field strength of 10-50 kV/cm from the surface down to the depth of the buried implanted layer. Detectors with considerable improved linearity up to electron current densities of 20 A/cm2 have been fabricated, which have been tested at the e-beam writer SB 350 of Leica Microsystems Lithography for electrons of 50 keV.

The paper describes a novel silicon detector with improved linearity characteristics for energetic electrons up to 50 keV. The modified pn-junction detector structure contains a buried implanted n(+)-layer (N~1-5E15 cm-3) in the n-type Si substrate which is attributed by a near-surface high-field region in the depletion zone. To enable a high-field region of several micrometers depth high-energy ion implantation with 31P ions of 10-30 MeV has been used. The corresponding electric field distribution of the novel detector is characterized by a constant electric field strength of 10-50 kV/cm from the surface down to the depth of the buried implanted layer. Detectors with considerable improved linearity up to electron current densities of 20 A/cm2 have been fabricated, which have been tested at the e-beam writer SB 350 of Leica Microsystems Lithography for electrons of 50 keV.

The paper describes a novel silicon detector with improved linearity characteristics for energetic electrons up to 50 keV. The modified pn-junction detector structure contains a buried implanted n(+)-layer (N~1-5E15 cm-3) in the n-type Si substrate which is attributed by a near-surface high-field region in the depletion zone. To enable a high-field region of several micrometers depth high-energy ion implantation with 31P ions of 10-30 MeV has been used. The corresponding electric field distribution of the novel detector is characterized by a constant electric field strength of 10-50 kV/cm from the surface down to the depth of the buried implanted layer. Detectors with considerable improved linearity up to electron current densities of 20 A/cm2 have been fabricated, which have been tested at the e-beam writer SB 350 of Leica Microsystems Lithography for electrons of 50 keV.

Streptogramin antibiotics consist of two types of molecules, group A and group B. The group B molecule quinupristin (RP 57669) and the group A molecule dalfopristin (RP 54476) constitute the first water-soluble semisynthetic streptogramin, quinupristin/dalfopristin (RP 59500), When group B molecules bind to 50S subunits or to tightly coupled ribosomes, there is an increase in their fluorescence intensity, which is proportional to the concentration of the antibiotic-ribosome complex formed. We found here that the background fluorescence of unbound quinupristin is 10-fold lower than that of unbound virginiamycin S, a natural group B molecule often used experimentally. The association constants were found (i) to be similar for the binding of the two group B molecules to tightly coupled 70S ribosomes in the absence of the group A molecules (quinupristin: 3.5 x 10(7) M-1; virginiamycin S: 2.8 x 10(7) M-1) and (ii) to similarly increase about 20-fold in the presence of the corresponding group A molecule (quinupristin + dalfopristin: 69 x 10(7) M-1; virginiamycin S + virginiamycin M: 60 x 107 M-1). Similar results were obtained with 50S ribosomal subunits. Additionally, we provide evidence that the failure of the group B molecules to inhibit poly(Phe) synthesis is due to the displacement of the group B molecule during poly(Phe) polymerization on the ribosome, indicating that the artificial poly(Phe) peptide competes with the binding of the group B molecule.

The present wave transformation models for random waves make use of an explicit formulation of the energy dissipation. A time-averaged model has been studied in which the dissipation rate per breaking wave is estimated from that in a bore of corresponding height. The probability of occurrence of breaking is derived from a wave height distribution in which all breaking waves have been assumed to have the same height. This probability can be interpreted as the fraction of waves that are breaking at a certain location. Comparisons with measurements show that with the calibrated values for the parameters the wave height decay is predicted well, The fraction of breaking waves however is underpredicted, especially for high steepness waves. A second drawback is an inaccurate prediction of the mean water level. The positive gradient in the mean water level is predicted too early compared to measurements. The prediction of the mean water level has been improved by taking the transition zone into account. In this zone shoreward of the breaker point the just broken wave develops its turbulence. It is characterised by a rapid wave height decay and roughly constant mean water level. The organised wave energy is not dissipated immediately, but transferred into kinetic energy of the so-called roller, a body of water at the front face of the wave. A recently developed model has been used for the contribution of the roller in which the fraction of breaking waves plays an important role. A sensitivity analysis of the model with respect to its parameter values has lead to two improvements in the model. The first improvement consists of a new choice of the two free parameters in the model. With the new parameter setting both wave height decay and fraction of breaking waves can be predicted well. The second improvement consists of a small change in the formulation of the dissipation rate. In this formulation the energy dissipation rate in a breaking wave more closely resembles the dissi, Ocean waves, Hydraulic Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

The present wave transformation models for random waves make use of an explicit formulation of the energy dissipation. A time-averaged model has been studied in which the dissipation rate per breaking wave is estimated from that in a bore of corresponding height. The probability of occurrence of breaking is derived from a wave height distribution in which all breaking waves have been assumed to have the same height. This probability can be interpreted as the fraction of waves that are breaking at a certain location. Comparisons with measurements show that with the calibrated values for the parameters the wave height decay is predicted well, The fraction of breaking waves however is underpredicted, especially for high steepness waves. A second drawback is an inaccurate prediction of the mean water level. The positive gradient in the mean water level is predicted too early compared to measurements. The prediction of the mean water level has been improved by taking the transition zone into account. In this zone shoreward of the breaker point the just broken wave develops its turbulence. It is characterised by a rapid wave height decay and roughly constant mean water level. The organised wave energy is not dissipated immediately, but transferred into kinetic energy of the so-called roller, a body of water at the front face of the wave. A recently developed model has been used for the contribution of the roller in which the fraction of breaking waves plays an important role. A sensitivity analysis of the model with respect to its parameter values has lead to two improvements in the model. The first improvement consists of a new choice of the two free parameters in the model. With the new parameter setting both wave height decay and fraction of breaking waves can be predicted well. The second improvement consists of a small change in the formulation of the dissipation rate. In this formulation the energy dissipation rate in a breaking wave more closely resembles the dissi, Ocean waves, Hydraulic Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences