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Objectives: To evaluate alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages intake in the Spanish population according to the whole diet context, disaggregated by regions, socioeconomic levels, habitat size and typology of the main responsible for food/beverages basket. To analyze the beverages trends historically but mainly in recent years as well as their nutritional impact for the Spanish population. Methods/Design: This study is based on the household consumption (Food Consumption Survey) assessed by the National Institute of Statistics (INE) and the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment (MA GRAMA), in collaboration with the Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN). The sample consisted of all homes in the Iberian Peninsula plus Balearic and Canary Islands. Results: In 2012 the average consumption of non-alcoholic beverages was 316 g/person/day, and alcohol beverages consumption represented 81 g/person/day. Non-alcoholic drinks consumption has increased by 31,7% from 2000 to 2012 whereas for alcoholic drinks was only 3,3%. By regions, alcoholic beverages intake was higher in Murcia with 113 g/person/day whereas for non-alcoholic was higher in Canary Islands with 538 g/person/day. As for socioeconomic status it was observed that both, alcohol and non-alcoholic beverages consumption is higher for high and medium-high status. Alcoholic beverages provide roughly 2.2% of total energy and 0.7% of carbohydrate whereas non-alcoholic beverages provide 2.6% of the energy and 5.8% the carbohydrates. Conclusions: There has a been a dramatic increase in nonalcoholic drinks consumption in recent years and very small change for alcoholic drinks. Energy contribution of these groups should be considered low mainly when compared to other European countries., Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

Beverages are an important part of the diet, but their environmental impact has been scarcely assessed. The aim of this study was to assess how changes in beverage consumption over a one-year period can impact the environmental sustainability of the diet. This is a one-year longitudinal study of 55-75-year-old participants with metabolic syndrome (n = 1122) within the frame of the PREDIMED-Plus study. Food and beverage intake were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a validated beverage-specific questionnaire. The Agribalyse (R) 3.0.1 database was used to calculate environmental impact parameters such as greenhouse gas emission, energy, water, and land use. A sustainability beverage score was created by considering the evaluated environmental markers. A higher beverage sustainability score was obtained when decreasing the consumption of bottled water, natural and packed fruit juice, milk, and drinkable dairy, soups and broths, sorbets and jellies, soft drinks, tea without sugar, beer (with and without alcohol), and wine, as well as when increasing the consumption of tap water and coffee with milk and without sugar. Beverage consumption should be considered when assessing the environmental impact of a diet. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN89898870. Registered 5 September 2013.

Beverages are an important part of the diet, but their environmental impact has been scarcely assessed. The aim of this study was to assess how changes in beverage consumption over a one-year period can impact the environmental sustainability of the diet. This is a one-year longitudinal study of 55-75-year-old participants with metabolic syndrome (n = 1122) within the frame of the PREDIMED-Plus study. Food and beverage intake were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a validated beverage-specific questionnaire. The Agribalyse® 3.0.1 database was used to calculate environmental impact parameters such as greenhouse gas emission, energy, water, and land use. A sustainability beverage score was created by considering the evaluated environmental markers. A higher beverage sustainability score was obtained when decreasing the consumption of bottled water, natural and packed fruit juice, milk, and drinkable dairy, soups and broths, sorbets and jellies, soft drinks, tea without sugar, beer (with and without alcohol), and wine, as well as when increasing the consumption of tap water and coffee with milk and without sugar. Beverage consumption should be considered when assessing the environmental impact of a diet. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN89898870. Registered 5 September 2013.

Background: The dietary habits among snus users are largely unknown and have not been accounted for in observational studies on the health effects of snus use. Aim: To examine whether snus users eat unhealthier than never tobacco users. Methods: A total of 3,397 male participants, examined between 1994 and 2014 in the Northern Sweden Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) study, were included. Snus use and dietary habits were self-reported using questionnaires, from which intakes of different food groups, macronutrients, and a healthy diet score (HDS) were calculated (the latter as a proxy for overall diet quality). The association between snus use and dietary habits was examined by quantile regression models. Results: In the multivariable-adjusted model, current snus users had a lower HDS (median difference: −0.86 [95% confidence interval: −1.32, −0.40]) than never tobacco users. Snus users also consumed fewer weekly servings of fruits and berries (median difference: −1.03 [−1.65, −0.40]), and their estimated percentage of energy intake con-sisted of less carbohydrates (median difference: −1.43 [−2.12, −0.74]) and of more total fat (median difference: 0.99 [0.30, 1.67]), saturated fat (median difference: 0.67 [0.29, 1.05]), monounsaturated fat (median difference: 0.44 [0.20, 0.68]), trans fat (median difference: 0.03 [0.01, 0.06]), and alcohol (median difference: 0.21 [0.02, 0.40]). Conclusion: We observed that snus users had an unhealthier diet than never tobacco users. Future studies on the association between snus use and health outcomes should, therefore, consider diet as a potential confounder.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic abruptly disrupted the daily lives and health of college students across the United States. This study investigated several stressors (e.g., financial strain/uncertainty), psychological distress, and dietary behaviors among college students attending a large state university during the pandemic. A cross-sectional online survey was administered to students from the California State University, Los Angeles between April and May 2021 (final analytic sample n = 736). Differences in gender and race/ethnicity were examined using chi-square, t-test, and one-way ANOVA tests. Paired t-tests were performed to compare variables before and during the pandemic. Negative binomial regression models examined the associations between various stressors, psychological distress, and three key dietary outcomes. Descriptive results showed that the consumption of fruits and vegetables, fast food, and sugary beverages, along with psychological distress, all increased during the pandemic. Significant differences in fruit and vegetable and fast food consumption by gender and race/ethnicity were also observed. In the regression models, several stressors, including financial strain and psychological distress, were associated with unfavorable food and beverage consumption, thereby suggesting that college students may need more support in mitigating these stressors so they do not manifest as poor dietary behaviors. Poor diet quality is associated with poor physical health outcomes such as premature development of type 2 diabetes or hypertension.

University food environments have a strong influence on the dietary choices of students and staff. The aim of this study was to assess the food environment at a large university in Sydney, Australia. Data were collected between March and July 2022 from 27 fixed food outlets and 24 vending machines. The healthiness of the food environment was evaluated using the Healthy Food and Drink in NSW Health Facilities for Staff and Visitors Framework ('Framework'), which assesses food environment parameters including the availability, placement, and promotion of 'Everyday' (healthy) and 'Occasional' (less healthy) products. Each parameter was evaluated overall and across each food outlet type. Across all outlets, Everyday foods and drinks made up 43.9% of all products. Only two outlets met the Framework's product availability benchmark of ≥75% Everyday foods and drinks. A total of 43 outlets (84.3%) sold sugary drinks as part of their product range. Occasional products made up 68.4%, 53.3%, and 59.9% of all items for sale at checkout areas, countertops, and eye-level shelves, respectively. Finally, 79.7% of meal deals included Occasional products. Our findings highlight the need to improve the availability, placement, and promotion of foods and drinks sold at a major university campus in Sydney, Australia.

BackgroundWhile a 2021 federal commission recommended that the United States government levy a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax to improve diabetes prevention and control efforts, evidence is limited regarding the longer-term impacts of SSB taxes on SSB purchases, health outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness. This study estimates the impact and cost-effectiveness of an SSB tax levied in Oakland, California.Methods and findingsAn SSB tax ($0.01/oz) was implemented on July 1, 2017, in Oakland. The main sample of sales data included 11,627 beverage products, 316 stores, and 172,985,767 product-store-month observations. The main analysis, a longitudinal quasi-experimental difference-in-differences approach, compared changes in beverage purchases at stores in Oakland versus Richmond, California (a nontaxed comparator in the same market area) before and 30 months after tax implementation (through December 31, 2019). Additional estimates used synthetic control methods with comparator stores in Los Angeles, California. Estimates were inputted into a closed-cohort microsimulation model to estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and societal costs (in Oakland) from 6 SSB-associated disease outcomes. In the main analysis, SSB purchases declined by 26.8% (95% CI -39.0 to -14.7, p < 0.001) in Oakland after tax implementation, compared with Richmond. There were no detectable changes in purchases of untaxed beverages or sweet snacks or purchases in border areas surrounding cities. In the synthetic control analysis, declines in SSB purchases were similar to the main analysis (-22.4%, 95% CI -41.7% to -3.0%, p = 0.04). The estimated changes in SSB purchases, when translated into declines in consumption, would be expected to accrue QALYs (94 per 10,000 residents) and significant societal cost savings (>$100,000 per 10,000 residents) over 10 years, with greater gains over a lifetime horizon. Study limitations include a lack of SSB consumption data and use of sales data

Background: The dietary habits among snus users are largely unknown and have not been accounted for in observational studies on the health effects of snus use. Aim: To examine whether snus users eat unhealthier than never tobacco users. Methods: A total of 3,397 male participants, examined between 1994 and 2014 in the Northern Sweden Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) study, were included. Snus use and dietary habits were self-reported using questionnaires, from which intakes of different food groups, macronutrients, and a healthy diet score (HDS) were calculated (the latter as a proxy for overall diet quality). The association between snus use and dietary habits was examined by quantile regression models. Results: In the multivariable-adjusted model, current snus users had a lower HDS (median difference: −0.86 [95% confidence interval: −1.32, −0.40]) than never tobacco users. Snus users also consumed fewer weekly servings of fruits and berries (median difference: −1.03 [−1.65, −0.40]), and their estimated percentage of energy intake con-sisted of less carbohydrates (median difference: −1.43 [−2.12, −0.74]) and of more total fat (median difference: 0.99 [0.30, 1.67]), saturated fat (median difference: 0.67 [0.29, 1.05]), monounsaturated fat (median difference: 0.44 [0.20, 0.68]), trans fat (median difference: 0.03 [0.01, 0.06]), and alcohol (median difference: 0.21 [0.02, 0.40]). Conclusion: We observed that snus users had an unhealthier diet than never tobacco users. Future studies on the association between snus use and health outcomes should, therefore, consider diet as a potential confounder.

Background: The dietary habits among snus users are largely unknown and have not been accounted for in observational studies on the health effects of snus use. Aim: To examine whether snus users eat unhealthier than never tobacco users. Methods: A total of 3,397 male participants, examined between 1994 and 2014 in the Northern Sweden Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) study, were included. Snus use and dietary habits were self-reported using questionnaires, from which intakes of different food groups, macronutrients, and a healthy diet score (HDS) were calculated (the latter as a proxy for overall diet quality). The association between snus use and dietary habits was examined by quantile regression models. Results: In the multivariable-adjusted model, current snus users had a lower HDS (median difference: −0.86 [95% confidence interval: −1.32, −0.40]) than never tobacco users. Snus users also consumed fewer weekly servings of fruits and berries (median difference: −1.03 [−1.65, −0.40]), and their estimated percentage of energy intake con-sisted of less carbohydrates (median difference: −1.43 [−2.12, −0.74]) and of more total fat (median difference: 0.99 [0.30, 1.67]), saturated fat (median difference: 0.67 [0.29, 1.05]), monounsaturated fat (median difference: 0.44 [0.20, 0.68]), trans fat (median difference: 0.03 [0.01, 0.06]), and alcohol (median difference: 0.21 [0.02, 0.40]). Conclusion: We observed that snus users had an unhealthier diet than never tobacco users. Future studies on the association between snus use and health outcomes should, therefore, consider diet as a potential confounder.

Background: The dietary habits among snus users are largely unknown and have not been accounted for in observational studies on the health effects of snus use. Aim: To examine whether snus users eat unhealthier than never tobacco users. Methods: A total of 3,397 male participants, examined between 1994 and 2014 in the Northern Sweden Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) study, were included. Snus use and dietary habits were self-reported using questionnaires, from which intakes of different food groups, macronutrients, and a healthy diet score (HDS) were calculated (the latter as a proxy for overall diet quality). The association between snus use and dietary habits was examined by quantile regression models. Results: In the multivariable-adjusted model, current snus users had a lower HDS (median difference: -0.86 [95% confidence interval: -1.32, -0.40]) than never tobacco users. Snus users also consumed fewer weekly servings of fruits and berries (median difference: -1.03 [-1.65, -0.40]), and their estimated percentage of energy intake con -sisted of less carbohydrates (median difference: -1.43 [-2.12, -0.74]) and of more total fat (median difference: 0.99 [0.30, 1.67]), saturated fat (median difference: 0.67 [0.29, 1.05]), monounsaturated fat (median difference: 0.44 [0.20, 0.68]), trans fat (median difference: 0.03 [0.01, 0.06]), and alcohol (median difference: 0.21 [0.02, 0.40]). Conclusion: We observed that snus users had an unhealthier diet than never tobacco users. Future studies on the association between snus use and health outcomes should, therefore, consider diet as a potential confounder.

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are associated with cardiometabolic diseases and social inequities. For most nations, recent estimates and trends of intake are not available; nor variation by education or urbanicity. We investigated SSB intakes among adults between 1990 and 2018 in 185 countries, stratified subnationally by age, sex, education, and rural/urban residence, using data from the Global Dietary Database. In 2018, mean global SSB intake was 2.7 (8 oz = 248 grams) servings/week (95% UI 2.5-2.9) (range: 0.7 (0.5-1.1) in South Asia to 7.8 (7.1-8.6) in Latin America/Caribbean). Intakes were higher in male vs. female, younger vs. older, more vs. less educated, and urban vs. rural adults. Variations by education and urbanicity were largest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1990 and 2018, SSB intakes increased by +0.37 (+0.29, +0.47), with the largest increase in Sub-Saharan Africa. These findings inform intervention, surveillance, and policy actions worldwide, highlighting the growing problem of SSBs for public health in Sub-Saharan Africa

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The objective was to describe the characteristics and nutritional profile of processed foods and beverages advertised during child protection hours (6 am to 10 pm, according to Peruvian regulations) on the two channels with the largest audience on Peruvian television. In this cross-sectional study, 448 hours of television content on 14 random days from 6:00 am to 10:00 pm between January and February 2021 were recorded and 2061 advertisements for processed foods and beverages were identified. The time frame with the most publicity for these foods was between 2:00 pm. and 6:00 pm. (33,9%). The most advertised categories were beverages (41,7%) and confectionery (17,8%). 46,9% of foods exceeded at least one of the technical parameters evaluated in the first stage of the Peruvian law (total sugar, saturated fat, or sodium) and 88,4% would do so in the second stage. The majority of advertised foods and beverages were processed, and most of these exceed critical nutrient parameters., Revisión por pares

Background: The dietary habits among snus users are largely unknown and have not been accounted for in observational studies on the health effects of snus use. Aim: To examine whether snus users eat unhealthier than never tobacco users. Methods: A total of 3,397 male participants, examined between 1994 and 2014 in the Northern Sweden Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) study, were included. Snus use and dietary habits were self-reported using questionnaires, from which intakes of different food groups, macronutrients, and a healthy diet score (HDS) were calculated (the latter as a proxy for overall diet quality). The association between snus use and dietary habits was examined by quantile regression models. Results: In the multivariable-adjusted model, current snus users had a lower HDS (median difference: -0.86 [95% confidence interval: -1.32, -0.40]) than never tobacco users. Snus users also consumed fewer weekly servings of fruits and berries (median difference: -1.03 [-1.65, -0.40]), and their estimated percentage of energy intake con -sisted of less carbohydrates (median difference: -1.43 [-2.12, -0.74]) and of more total fat (median difference: 0.99 [0.30, 1.67]), saturated fat (median difference: 0.67 [0.29, 1.05]), monounsaturated fat (median difference: 0.44 [0.20, 0.68]), trans fat (median difference: 0.03 [0.01, 0.06]), and alcohol (median difference: 0.21 [0.02, 0.40]). Conclusion: We observed that snus users had an unhealthier diet than never tobacco users. Future studies on the association between snus use and health outcomes should, therefore, consider diet as a potential confounder.

Background: The dietary habits among snus users are largely unknown and have not been accounted for in observational studies on the health effects of snus use. Aim: To examine whether snus users eat unhealthier than never tobacco users. Methods: A total of 3,397 male participants, examined between 1994 and 2014 in the Northern Sweden Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) study, were included. Snus use and dietary habits were self-reported using questionnaires, from which intakes of different food groups, macronutrients, and a healthy diet score (HDS) were calculated (the latter as a proxy for overall diet quality). The association between snus use and dietary habits was examined by quantile regression models. Results: In the multivariable-adjusted model, current snus users had a lower HDS (median difference: −0.86 [95% confidence interval: −1.32, −0.40]) than never tobacco users. Snus users also consumed fewer weekly servings of fruits and berries (median difference: −1.03 [−1.65, −0.40]), and their estimated percentage of energy intake con-sisted of less carbohydrates (median difference: −1.43 [−2.12, −0.74]) and of more total fat (median difference: 0.99 [0.30, 1.67]), saturated fat (median difference: 0.67 [0.29, 1.05]), monounsaturated fat (median difference: 0.44 [0.20, 0.68]), trans fat (median difference: 0.03 [0.01, 0.06]), and alcohol (median difference: 0.21 [0.02, 0.40]). Conclusion: We observed that snus users had an unhealthier diet than never tobacco users. Future studies on the association between snus use and health outcomes should, therefore, consider diet as a potential confounder.

Background: The dietary habits among snus users are largely unknown and have not been accounted for in observational studies on the health effects of snus use. Aim: To examine whether snus users eat unhealthier than never tobacco users. Methods: A total of 3,397 male participants, examined between 1994 and 2014 in the Northern Sweden Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) study, were included. Snus use and dietary habits were self-reported using questionnaires, from which intakes of different food groups, macronutrients, and a healthy diet score (HDS) were calculated (the latter as a proxy for overall diet quality). The association between snus use and dietary habits was examined by quantile regression models. Results: In the multivariable-adjusted model, current snus users had a lower HDS (median difference: −0.86 [95% confidence interval: −1.32, −0.40]) than never tobacco users. Snus users also consumed fewer weekly servings of fruits and berries (median difference: −1.03 [−1.65, −0.40]), and their estimated percentage of energy intake con-sisted of less carbohydrates (median difference: −1.43 [−2.12, −0.74]) and of more total fat (median difference: 0.99 [0.30, 1.67]), saturated fat (median difference: 0.67 [0.29, 1.05]), monounsaturated fat (median difference: 0.44 [0.20, 0.68]), trans fat (median difference: 0.03 [0.01, 0.06]), and alcohol (median difference: 0.21 [0.02, 0.40]). Conclusion: We observed that snus users had an unhealthier diet than never tobacco users. Future studies on the association between snus use and health outcomes should, therefore, consider diet as a potential confounder.

The WHO recommends soda taxes to reduce sugar consumption, but the effect across socioeconomic groups is unclear., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Broccoli is a highly consumed vegetable due to its content of bioactive nutrients and non-nutrients, including glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. Also, the consumption of craft beer has been boosted by the seek for enhanced sensory and functional properties. In this frame, broccoli have been proven as an ingredient to develop healthy beverages. The objective of the work was to evaluate alternative broccoli materials (sprouts and by products powder) to go further from previous results, in a way contributing to the sustainability and circu larity of the agro-food chain using underexploited material to supplement beers, which could be a sustainable dietary source of bioactive sulforaphane (SFN). The results showed high concentrations of SFN in beers sup plemented with broccoli sprouts and powder (5.00 and 2.54 mg/L, respectively, previous to bottling). These concentrations remained stable until bottling, where they were reduced by >50%. After 150 storage days, the concentrations of SFN were 1.08 and 0.30 mg/L in beers supplemented with sprouts and powder, respectively. The sensory analysis revealed the positive attributes (colour, floral, fruity, and aftertaste as a result of the profile of volatile compounds) of beers developed using sprouts, and significant values of cooked vegetables, alcoholic, and earthy leather, which could be considered negative in beer. The latter negative tips are the ones offering sensory traits associated to ITC to broccoli-based beer. Therefore, the addition of broccoli in the format of fresh sprouts is more appropriate according to the SFN content and sensory features, providing a functional alternative that could be appreciated by consumers

Background Sweetened beverage intake may play a role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development, but scientific evidence on their role is limited. This study examined associations between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), low/no-calorie beverages (LNCB) and fruit juice (FJ) intakes and NAFLD in four European studies. Methods Data for 42,024 participants of Lifelines Cohort, NQPlus, PREDIMED-Plus and Alpha Omega Cohort were cross-sectionally analysed. NAFLD was assessed using Fatty Liver Index (FLI) (≥60). Restricted cubic spline analyses were used to visualize dose–response associations in Lifelines Cohort. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses with robust variance were performed for associations in individual cohorts; data were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Models were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and other dietary factors. Results Each additional serving of SSB per day was associated with a 7% higher FLI-defined NAFLD prevalence (95%CI 1.03–1.11). For LNCB, restricted cubic spline analysis showed a nonlinear association with FLI-defined NAFLD, with the association getting stronger when consuming ≤1 serving/day and levelling off at higher intake levels. Pooled Cox analysis showed that intake of >2 LNCB servings/week was positively associated with FLI-defined NAFLD (PR 1.38, 95% CI 1.15–1.61; reference: non-consumers). An inverse association was observed for FJ intake of ≤2 servings/week (PR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88–0.97; reference: non-consumers), but not at higher intake levels. Theoretical replacement of SSB with FJ showed no significant association with FLI-defined NAFLD prevalence (PR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–1.00), whereas an adverse association was observed when SSB was replaced with LNCB (PR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03–1.21). Conclusions Pooling results of this study showed that SSB and LNCB were positively associated with FLI-defined NAFLD prevalence. Theoretical replacement of SSB with LNCB was

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is amongst the underlying causes of mortality and morbidity globally. However, lifestyle habits such as frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) contributes to its onset. The study was aimed at investigating the association between MetS and SSBs intake among Ellisras rural youth. Additionally, to find the best obesity indices to predict MetS. Methods: The current study included a total of 593 Ellisras rural youth, aged 22 to 30 years (289 males and 304 females). Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure (BP), and biochemical assessment were taken using standards procedures. A validated 24hrs recall questionnaire and food manuals were used to collect SSBs data. Binary logistic regression was applied to determine the association between SSBs intake and MetS components for the adjusted model. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the best single-factor models to predict MetS on commonly selected obesity indices. Results: The SSBs quartile 4 was associated with a high risk of high fasting blood glucose (FBG) for adjusted (OR=2.32; CI=1.15-4.70; p<0.05) and unadjusted (OR=2.34; CI=1.16-4.73; p<0.05) models were a significant linear trend (p for trend=0.049) in males was found. Low risk of reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was associated with the second and fourth SSBs quartiles for unadjusted ((OR=0.40; CI=0.18-0.85; p<0.05; OR=0.37; CI=0.13-0.80; p<0.05) respectively and adjusted model (OR=0.40; CI=0.18-0.85; p<0.05; OR=0.37; CI=0.17-0.80; p<0.05) respectively in females. Moreover, the fourth SSBs quartile was likely to decrease the risk of high triglycerides (TG) for unadjusted (OR=0.12; CI=0.01-0.87; p<0.05) and adjusted (OR=0.10; CI=0.01-0.83; p<0.05) models were the significant linear trend (p= trend 0.006) was observed also in females. There was a significant linear trend association between SSBs quartiles consumption and high TG in males and high waist circumference (WC) in females

Drinks are an essential part of human diet, which makes them a source of human exposure to plasticizers such as organophosphate esters (OPEs). The current study provides new information about sixteen OPE levels in 75 different samples (tap water, packed water, cola drinks, juice, wine and hot drinks). Tap water mean levels (40.9 ng/L) were statistically higher than packed water mean levels (4.82 ng/L), mainly due to the contribution of tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) that may come from PVC water pipes. Over 90% of samples presented at least one OPE, where regular cola drinks had the highest mean concentrations (2876 ng/L). There was a significantly higher presence of OPEs in added sugar beverages than sugar free drinks, especially for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), which might be related not only to packaging materials but to the added sugar content. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) in normal and high-exposure scenarios were 2.52 ng/kg bw/day and 7.43 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Human risk associated with beverages ingestion showed regular cola drinks, juice and tap water as the groups with the highest hazard quotients (HQs). Although OPE exposure was below to safety limits, it should be noted that EHDPP values for regular cola group must be cause of concern, and other routes of exposure such as food ingestion or air inhalation should be also considered.

Given the consumer demand for new, savory products without allergenic impact on people, this work aimed to study the behavior of different rice types (white, red and black) during its hydration and development of plant-based milks. Verification of the pasteurization and sterilization on product's nutritional, chemical and physical characteristics was also conducted. Hydration kinetics of rice grains was carried out and the Peleg model was adjusted satisfactorily. Milk solutions submitted to sterilization showed solid texture, invalidating this treatment for the production of plant-based milks. Rice's, milks and residues were characterized. Products have shown high nutritional value, varying depending on the rice type. Not only phenolic compounds content (77.03 mg GAE/100 g), but also antioxidant activity (21.30 g/g DPPH• and 10.35 µM trolox/g in ABTS•+), were higher in products made from black rice. Furthermore, it was observed that the residues are suitable to be added in the enrichment of new food products, This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES – Finance code 001), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq – 141413/2019–0). The author Farayde Matta Fakhouri is a Serra Hunter Fellow, Postprint (published version)

The inactivation kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes during High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) treatments was studied in a purple smoothie based of fresh fruit and vegetables. Pressure intensity studied was 300, 350, 400 and 450 MPa. Untreated samples were used as control. Furthermore, the effects on quality attributes (sensory, total soluble solids content, colour, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C and total phenolics content) were also monitored. Microbial inactivation was modelled as a function of the HHP intensity using the Geeraerd model. Shoulder and tail effects were observed only for the 300 MPa pressure assayed, supporting a multiple hit kinetic inactivation of critical factors. Increasing the HHP intensity resulted in a faster inactivation with tailing. A strong positive correlation was observed between the pressure level and the inactivation rate (k). Hence, a linear model was used to describe the relationship between both variables. Nevertheless, further data are required to confirm this secondary model. Quality was mostly unaffected by the HHP treatments, except for the vitamin C content, which reported reductions of 26 and 21% after 300 and 350 MPa, respectively. In conclusion, HHP can be a viable technology for processing fruit and vegetable-based smoothies to preserve quality and safety. A pressure of 400 MPa is advisable to ensure an efficient microbial inactivation with the best sensory and nutritional quality retention

In recent years, the presence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) has been assessed in several environmental matrices, including the marine environment and agricultural soil, suggesting those pollutants are likely to enter the food web. However, there is still a severe lack of information about the occurrence of plastic particles in our food, partially due to the multidimensionality of the data necessary to fully describe MP contamination and the consequent difficulty in validating analytical methods. In this review, consisting of two parts, preliminary results about the presence of MPs in food, water, and beverages are summarized (Part I) and several approaches for the characterization of micro- and nano-sized plastic particles are reported and discussed (Part II). The information gathered in this manuscript highlights the need for a more comprehensive knowledge of MP/NP occurrence along the food chain in order to assess the food safety risk related to those contaminants and implement strategies for their monitoring in products intended for human consumption. Therefore, an outlook of the field towards a coherent, consistent, and policy-relevant data collection and standardization is included in this review.

Increased hepatic lipid content and decreased insulin sensitivity have critical roles in the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the dose-response effects of consuming high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverages for two weeks on hepatic lipid content and insulin sensitivity in young (18-40 years) adults (BMI 18-35 kg/m2). In a parallel, double-blinded study, participants consumed three beverages/day providing 0% (aspartame: n = 23), 10% (n = 18), 17.5% (n = 16), or 25% (n = 28) daily energy requirements from HFCS. Magnetic resonance imaging for hepatic lipid content and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were conducted during 3.5-day inpatient visits at baseline and again at the end of a 15-day intervention. During the 12 intervening outpatient days participants consumed their usual diets with their assigned beverages. Significant linear dose-response effects were observed for increases of hepatic lipid content (p = 0.015) and glucose and insulin AUCs during OGTT (both p = 0.0004), and for decreases in the Matsuda (p = 0.0087) and Predicted M (p = 0.0027) indices of insulin sensitivity. These dose-response effects strengthen the mechanistic evidence implicating consumption of HFCS-sweetened beverages as a contributor to the metabolic dysregulation that increases risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes.

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to critically analyse Australia’s current and proposed policy actions to reduce added sugar consumption. Over-consumption of added sugar is a significant public health nutrition issue. The competing interests, values and beliefs among stakeholders mean they have disparate views regarding which policy actions are preferable to reduce added sugar consumption.Design:Semi-structured interviews using purposive, snowball sampling and policy mapping. Policy actions were classified by two frameworks: NOURISHING (e.g. behaviour change communication, food environment and food system) and the Orders of Change (e.g. first order: technical adjustments, second order: reforming the system, third order: transforming the system).Setting:Australia.Participants:Twenty-two stakeholders from the food industry, food regulation, government, public health groups and academia.Results:All proposed and existing policy actions targeted the food environment/behaviour change; most were assessed as first-order changes, and reductionist (nutrient specific) in nature. Influences on policy actions included industry power, stakeholder fragmentation, government ideology/political will and public pressure. Few stakeholders considered potential risks of policy actions, particularly of non-nutritive sweetener substitution or opportunity costs for other policies.Conclusions:Most of Australia’s policy actions to reduce added sugar consum

Increased hepatic lipid content and decreased insulin sensitivity have critical roles in the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the dose-response effects of consuming high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverages for two weeks on hepatic lipid content and insulin sensitivity in young (18-40 years) adults (BMI 18-35 kg/m2). In a parallel, double-blinded study, participants consumed three beverages/day providing 0% (aspartame: n = 23), 10% (n = 18), 17.5% (n = 16), or 25% (n = 28) daily energy requirements from HFCS. Magnetic resonance imaging for hepatic lipid content and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were conducted during 3.5-day inpatient visits at baseline and again at the end of a 15-day intervention. During the 12 intervening outpatient days participants consumed their usual diets with their assigned beverages. Significant linear dose-response effects were observed for increases of hepatic lipid content (p = 0.015) and glucose and insulin AUCs during OGTT (both p = 0.0004), and for decreases in the Matsuda (p = 0.0087) and Predicted M (p = 0.0027) indices of insulin sensitivity. These dose-response effects strengthen the mechanistic evidence implicating consumption of HFCS-sweetened beverages as a contributor to the metabolic dysregulation that increases risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes.

In October 2019, the Mexican government reformed its General Health Law thus establishing the warning approach to front-of-pack nutrition labeling (FOPNL), and in March 2020, modified its national standard, revamping its ineffective FOPNL, one preemptively developed by industry actors. Implementation is scheduled for later in 2020. However, the new regulation faces fierce opposition from transnational food and beverage companies (TFBCs), including Nestlé, Kellogg, Grupo Bimbo, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo through their trade associations, the National Manufacturers, American Bakers Associations, the Confederation of Industrial Chambers of Mexico and ConMéxico. Mexico, as a regional leader, could tip momentum in favor of FOPNL diffusion across Latin America. But the fate of the Mexican FOPNL and the region currently lies in this government's response to three threats of legal challenges by TFBCs, citing international laws and guidelines including the World Trade Organization (WTO), Codex Alimentarius, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)/US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). In this perspective, we argue that these threats should not prevent Mexico or other countries from implementing evidence-informed policies, such as FOPNLs, that pursue legitimate public health objectives.

Plant-based alternative milks are colloidal dispersions consisting of extracted plant protein, oil bodies and other biopolymers that resemble cow milk in appearance. In recent years, plant-based alternative milks have become increasingly popular because of their sustainability and perceived health benefits. However, little is known about the structural changes and colloidal stability of these milks during gastric digestion and how these changes impact the delivery and absorption of nutrients. The aim of this PhD project was to understand the digestion behaviour of plant-based alternative milk in the gastric environment, with a focus on the changes in microstructure, colloidal stability, physiochemical properties and protein hydrolysis and their direct consequences on the kinetics of nutrient release and delivery. The impact of cow milk protein on the digestion behaviour of oat-based milk was also explored. State-of-the-art dynamic in vitro and in vivo gastric digestion models were employed for this project. The results demonstrated that plant-based alternative milks made with different plant materials (almonds, soybeans and oats) behaved differently under gastric conditions, in particular, in terms of changes in microstructures, colloidal stability and protein digestibility. Almond milk oil bodies flocculated, coalesced and then quickly layered into an upper lipid-rich layer and a lower aqueous phase upon gastric digestion. Soymilk coagulated and formed small-sized particles which sedimented rapidly. In contrast, no significant changes in the structure and colloidal stability were observed in oat milk. These variations in colloidal stability resulted in different gastric release profiles of protein and lipid. These results highlight the role of intragastric structural properties as a determining factor in controlling the kinetics of delivery of macronutrients. This study also clearly showed the influence of cow milk protein on the structural and colloidal stability

ObjectiveIn 2019, California and Wilmington, Delaware' implemented policies requiring healthier default beverages with restaurant kids' meals. The current study assessed restaurant beverage offerings and manager perceptions.DesignPre-post menu observations were conducted in California and Wilmington. Observations of cashiers/servers during orders were conducted pre-post implementation in California and post-implementation in Wilmington. Changes in California were compared using multilevel logistic regression and paired t tests. Post-implementation, managers were interviewed.SettingInside and drive-through ordering venues in a sample of quick-service restaurants in low-income California communities and all restaurants in Wilmington subject to the policy, the month before and 7-12 months after policy implementation.ParticipantsRestaurant observations (California n 110; Wilmington n 14); managers (California n 75; Wilmington n 15).ResultsPre-implementation, the most common kids' meal beverages on California menus were unflavoured milk and water (78·8 %, 52·0 %); in Wilmington, juice, milk and sugar-sweetened beverages were most common (81·8 %, 66·7 % and 46·2 %). Post-implementation, menus including only policy-consistent beverages significantly increased in California (9·7 % to 66·1 %, P < 0·0001), but remained constant in Wilmington (30·8 %). During orders, cashiers/servers offering only policy-consistent beverages significantly decreased post-implementation in California (5·0 % to 1·0 %, P = 0·002). Few managers (California 29·3 %; Wilmington 0 %) reported policy knowledge, although most expressed support. Most managers wanted additional information for customers and staff.ConclusionsWhile the proportion of menus offering only policy-consistent kids' meal default beverages increased in California, offerings did not change in Wilmington. In both jurisdictions, managers lacked policy knowledge, and few cashiers/servers offered only policy-consistent beverages. Addi

The Philadelphia Beverage Tax was implemented on January 1, 2017 for some sugar- and artificially-sweetened beverages. Few qualitative studies have assessed retailers' reactions to beverage taxes. We aimed to understand food retailers' knowledge and attitudes about the Philadelphia beverage tax and how they responded to it with the goal of informing the framing and implementation of beverage taxes in other interested jurisdictions. Researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with retailers within Philadelphia before (n = 15) and after (n = 11) the Philadelphia Beverage Tax was implemented. Purposeful sampling was used to recruit participants with different store locations and customer base characteristics. A priori codes based on the interview guide were used to organize data, and analytic memos were developed and reviewed to identify themes that emerged within the data using a grounded theory approach. Five themes emerged: (a) concerns about the tax purpose, amount, and use of revenue; (b) concerns about the tax's impact on finances and business operations; (c) business strategies implemented to lessen financial burden of the tax; (d) perceptions of customer responses to the tax based on income; and (e) confusion around tax implementation. Results highlighted ways to improve implementation. Retailers in Philadelphia implemented various strategies to offset negative effects on taxed beverage sales. Cities implementing a beverage tax would benefit from investment in educational outreach and support to business owners prior to tax implementation and ensure transparency in how tax revenue will be spent.

BackgroundEmployees with fluoridated drinking water access at work can reap oral health benefits. The purpose of this study was to assess the availability, appeal, and promotion of fluoridated tap water in publicly accessible spaces compared with retail beverages at the University of California, San Francisco.MethodsThe authors collected information on beverages available in publicly accessible spaces at University of California, San Francisco hospitals and campuses in San Francisco, California, from December 2019 through February 2020 using a web-based survey tool. Data collected included fluoridated water and retail beverage locations; type of water or retail beverage source; number of water sources per station; cleanliness, flow, and any obstruction of water sources; proximity of water stations to retail beverage locations; signage near the beverage locations about water and beverage consumption; and type of retail beverages available.ResultsFluoridated water stations were identified in 230 locations and had 377 water sources (for example, traditional drinking fountain and motion-sensor bottle-filling station). One water station was available for every 80 students and employees; however, 25% were obstructed, dirty, or had unsatisfactory flow. Approximately 1 in 5 watercoolers lacked disposable cups. Of 41 retail beverage locations identified, 29% had a water station within sight. Only 11% of beverage locations had signage encouraging healthier beverage choices.ConclusionsA systematic assessment of work site access to fluoridated water can provide actionable evidence to improve availability, appeal, and promotion.Practical implicationsThis study provides a model to assess work site availability of fluoridated drinking water that can be used for future evaluations.

Kombucha is an increasingly popular functional beverage that has gained attention for its unique combination of phytochemicals, metabolites, and microbes. Previous chemical and microbial composition analyses of kombucha have mainly focused on understanding their changes during fermentation. Very limited information is available regarding nutrient profiles of final kombucha products in the market. In this study, we compared the major chemicals (tea polyphenols, caffeine), antioxidant properties, microbial and metabolomic profiles of nine commercial kombucha products using shotgun metagenomics, internal transcribed spacer sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, and targeted chemical assays. All of the nine kombucha products showed similar acidity but great differences in chemicals, metabolites, microbes, and antioxidant activities. Most kombucha products are dominated by the probiotic Bacillus coagulans or bacteria capable of fermentation including Lactobacillus nagelii, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter, and Komagataeibacter species. We found that all nine kombuchas also contained varying levels of enteric bacteria including Bacteroides thetaiotamicron, Escherischia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Akkermansia muciniphila. The fungal composition of kombucha products was characterized by predominance of fermenting yeast including Brettanomyces species and Cyberlindnera jadinii. Kombucha varied widely in chemical content assessed by global untargeted metabolomics, with metabolomic variation being significantly associated with metagenomic profiles. Variation in tea bases, bacteria/yeast starter cultures, and duration of fermentation may all contribute to the observed large differences in the microbial and chemical profiles of final kombucha products.

Much remains unknown about the role of added sugar in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the relative contributions of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) or artificially sweetened beverages (ASB) to CVD risk. Among the 109,034 women who participated in Women's Health Initiative, we assessed average intakes of added sugar, SSB and ASB, and conducted Cox regression to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals for CVD risk. The consistency of findings was compared to a network meta-analysis of all available cohorts. During an average of 17.4 years of follow-up, 11,597 cases of total CVD (nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease (CHD) death, stroke, coronary revascularization, and/or incident heart failure) were confirmed. Added sugar as % energy intake daily (%EAS) at ≥15.0% was positively associated with total CVD (HR = 1.08 [1.01, 1.15]) and CHD (HR = 1.20 [1.09, 1.32]). There was also a higher risk of total CVD associated with ≥1 serving of SSB intake per day (HR = 1.29 [1.17, 1.42]), CHD (1.35 [1.16, 1.57]), and total stroke (1.30 [1.10, 1.53]). Similarly, ASB intake was associated with an increased risk of CVD (1.14 [1.03, 1.26]) and stroke (1.24 [1.04, 1.48]). According to the network meta-analysis, there was a large amount of heterogeneity across studies, showing no consistent pattern implicating added sugar, ASB, or SSB in CVD outcomes. A diet containing %EAS ≥15.0% and consuming ≥1 serving of SSB or ASB may be associated with a higher CVD incidence. The relative contribution of added sugar, SSB, and ASB to CVD risk warrants further investigation.

We recently performed a systematic investigation of consumer preferences for black coffee versus key brewing parameters, including total dissolved solids, extraction yield, and brewing temperature (Cotter et al. in J Food Sci 86(1):194-205, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15561 ). An experimental goal in that work was for participants to taste the coffee at a beverage temperature of 65 °C, but the large sample size of more than 3000 individual tastings, combined with natural variations in the brewing and cooling processes, meant that coffees were assessed over a normally distributed range of temperatures between 56 and 71 °C. Here we use those data to provide a more detailed analysis of the impact of beverage temperature on consumer acceptance of the coffee, with a key objective of identifying beverage temperatures at which no consumers assess the coffee either as too hot or too cold. Using a 5-point just-about-right (JAR) scale, we find that a majority of consumers (> 50%) assessed the temperature as JAR at all temperatures tested up to 70 °C. A substantial fraction of consumers, approximately 6-12%, assessed the coffee as too cold over the range 56-68 °C. Only above 70 °C did a majority of consumers assess the coffee as too hot and none assessed it as too cold, albeit with 40% still assessing it as JAR. Complementary analyses indicate that beverage temperature over this range had little impact on assessments of the adequacy of flavor intensity, acidity, and mouthfeel, but did correlate slightly with overall liking and purchase intent. Overall, the results suggest that temperatures over the range of 58-66 °C maximize consumer acceptance, and that 68-70 °C is the minimum temperature range at which no consumers will assess black coffee as too cold.

Citrus fruits and juices are a major source of dietary flavanones, and the regular consumption of these foods is inversely associated with the development of cardiometabolic diseases. However, the biological benefits depend on the bioavailability of these compounds, and previous studies have reported a large interindividual variability in the absorption and excretion of these compounds. Different factors, such as age, gender or genetic polymorphism of genes coding enzymes involved in the metabolism and transport of the flavanones, may explain this heterogeneity. This study aimed to assess the impact of single nucleotide polymorphism of sulfotransferases SULT1A1 and SULT1C4, and ABCC2 transporter genes on excretion of phase II flavanone metabolites in volunteers after 24 h of orange juice intake. Forty-six volunteers ingested a single dose of 500 mL of orange juice and 24-h urine was collected. The hesperetin and naringenin phase II metabolites were quantified in urine, and SNPs in SULT1A1, SULT1C4 and ABCC2 genes were genotyped. A significant (p < 0.05) relationship between the SNPs in these genes and the high excretion of phase II flavanone metabolites were observed. These results identified novel polymorphisms associated with higher absorption of flavanones, which may provide bases for future personalized nutritional guidelines for consuming flavanone-rich foods rich in these nutrients for better benefit from their health properties.

PURPOSE: To test for racial/ethnic differences in perceived argument strength in favor of structural interventions to curb childhood obesity among lower-income parents of young children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, self-report. SETTING: Online research panel, national sample of 1485 US adults in Fall 2019. PARTICIPANTS: Parents of children (age 0-5 years) with an annual income <$40,000, stratified by White, Black and/or Latinx race/ethnicity. MEASURES: SSB consumption, policy support, and strength of arguments in favor of marketing restrictions and a penny-per-ounce tax. ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics, multivariable OLS models. RESULTS: Race/ethnicity was not a significant predictor of the perceived strength of a composite of marketing arguments (pBlack = 0.07; pLatinx = 0.10), however it was a significant predictor of the perceived strength of tax arguments (pBlack = 0.01; pLatinx = 0.01). Perceptions of strength of 12 of 35 discrete SSB tax arguments differed by race/ethnicity (p < .05). Arguments regarding industry targeting of Black children (marketing: pBlack < .001; pLatinx = .001; tax: pBlack < .001; pLatinx = .001), were particularly demonstrative of this difference. In contrast, arguments that these policies would provide support for parents (marketing: pBlack = 0.20; pLatinx = 0.84) and communities (tax: pBlack = 0.24; pLatinx = 0.58) were seen as strong arguments across groups. CONCLUSIONS: Black and Hispanic/Latinx parents may be more prepared to move toward SSB policy support than white parents. Emphasizing community benefits of policy may be effective in moving constituents toward policy support across groups.

There is limited empirical evidence on how travel time affects dietary patterns, and even less in Latin American cities (LACs). Using data from 181 LACs, we investigated whether longer travel times at the city level are associated with lower consumption of vegetables and higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and if this association differs by city size. Travel time was measured as the average city-level travel time during peak hours and city-level travel delay time was measured as the average increase in travel time due to congestion on the street network during peak hours. Vegetables and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption were classified according to the frequency of consumption in days/week (5-7: frequent, 2-4: medium, and ≤1: rare). We estimate multilevel ordinal logistic regression modeling for pooled samples and stratified by city size. Higher travel time (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.65; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.49-0.87) and delay time (OR = 0.57; CI 0.34-0.97) were associated with lower odds of frequent vegetable consumption. For a rare SSB consumption, we observed an inverse association with the delay time (OR = 0.65; CI 0.44-0.97). Analysis stratified by city size show that these associations were significant only in larger cities. Our results suggest that travel time and travel delay can be potential urban determinants of food consumption.

This study assessed relationships of duration of family Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) participation with racial/ethnic disparities in child sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and water intake. Child beverage intake and family duration on WIC were collected during three cross-sectional surveys of WIC-participating families in Los Angeles County, California (2014, 2017 and 2020; n = 11,482). The associations of family duration of WIC participation, a proxy for the amount of WIC services received, with daily intake of total SSBs, fruit-flavored SSBs and water were assessed in race/ethnicity strata with multivariable negative binomial and Poisson regression models. Among English-speaking Hispanic children, those of families reporting 10 years of WIC participation consumed 33% and 27% fewer servings of total and fruit-flavored SSBs compared to those of families reporting 1 year on WIC. Among Black children, those from families reporting 5 and 10 years of participation in WIC consumed 33% and 45% more daily servings of fruit-flavored SSBs than those from families reporting 1 year on WIC. Disparities in daily total and fruit-flavored SSB intake between Black and White children increased with longer family duration on WIC. Duration of family WIC participation is associated with healthier beverage choices for infants and children, but does not appear to be equally beneficial across racial/ethnic groups in Los Angeles County.

A new, fast, simple, and effective ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure (UA-DLLME) for the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) determination of malondialdehyde, acrolein, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in beverages was successfully developed. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization was performed during extraction. An asymmetrical 3541//18 screening design and a central composite surface response design were used to investigate the influence of the most critical factors during the extraction process (ultrasound time and temperature, extraction and disperser solvents volumes, salt addition, and derivatization reagent concentration). According to FDA guidelines, the method was validated, achieving good linearities with r2 ≥ 0.9982, recoveries between 94.0 and 102.4%, and reproducibility with RSD lower than 4.5%. The method was applied to simultaneously determine the compounds in 60 different beverage samples, including beer, coffee, black tea, and fruit juices. The presence of secondary lipid oxidation products is demonstrated in beverages with a strong roasting process or oxidation

The coffee plant Coffea spp. offers much more than the well-known drink made from the roasted coffee bean. During its cultivation and production, a wide variety of by-products are accrued, most of which are currently unused, thermally recycled, or used as fertilizer or animal feed. Modern, ecologically oriented society attaches great importance to sustainability and waste reduction, so it makes sense to not dispose of the by-products of coffee production but to bring them into the value chain, most prominently as foods for human nutrition. There is certainly huge potential for all of these products, especially on markets not currently accessible due to restrictions, such as the novel food regulation in the European Union. The by-products could help mitigate the socioeconomic burden of coffee farmers caused by globally low coffee prices and increasing challenges due to climate change. The purpose of the conference session summarized in this article was to bring together international experts on coffee by-products and share the current scientific knowledge on all plant parts, including leaf, cherry, parchment and silverskin, covering aspects from food chemistry and technology, nutrition, but also food safety and toxicology. The topic raised a huge interest from the audience and this article also contains a Q&A section with more than 20 answered questions.

Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is related to adverse health outcomes such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes. The present research further examined the utility of the temporal self-regulation theory in predicting sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. In addition, the research aimed to identify salient cues that trigger intake. Two-hundred and eighty-seven participants were recruited using convenience sampling in US and Australian populations. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used, and the final model accounted for 27.1% of the variance in consumption, providing partial support for the temporal self-regulation theory (ƒ2 = 0.37). Intention accounted for a significant 7.0% of variance (R2 = 0.07, p < .001), behavioural prepotency variables (past behaviour, habit, and cues) together combined for an additional 15.1% of variance (R2 = 0.15, p < .001), but neither measure of self-regulatory capacity (trait self-control, inhibition) was a significant predictor. No cues emerged as unique predictors, however the findings suggest that consumption may be influenced by a combination of cues across different situations. Behavioural prepotency moderated the intention-behaviour relationship such that as behavioural prepotency increased, the greater the influence intention had on behaviour. Further support for the role of both intention and automatic processes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption was garnered, but more research is needed to identify when specific cues influence consumption most.

Despite a growing body of evidence showing that sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes nudge consumers away from SSBs, we lack an understanding of people's awareness and perceptions of SSB taxes and whether tax awareness and perceptions differ based on sociodemographic characteristics. We used serial cross-sectional study intercept surveys (n = 2715) in demographically diverse neighborhoods of Berkeley and Oakland in 2015 and 2017, and San Francisco and Richmond in 2017. In the year following successful SSB tax ballot measures, 45% of respondents correctly recalled that an SSB tax had passed in their city. In untaxed cities, 14% of respondents incorrectly thought that a tax had passed. Perceived benefits of SSB taxes to the community and to children's health were moderate and, like correct recall of an SSB tax, were higher among respondents with higher education levels. Awareness of SSB taxes was low overall, and perceptions about taxes' benefits varied by educational attainment, reflecting a missed opportunity to educate citizens about how SSB taxes work and their importance. Public health efforts should invest in campaigns that explain the benefits of SSB taxes and provide information about how tax revenues will be invested, both before and after a tax proposal has passed.

IntroductionPromoting water consumption among children in schools is a promising intervention to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and achieve healthful weight. To date, no studies in the United States have examined how a school-based water access and promotion intervention affects students' beverage and food intake both in and out of school and weight gain over time. The Water First trial is intended to evaluate these interventions.MethodsInformed by the PRECEDE-PROCEED model and Social Cognitive Theory, the Water First intervention includes: 1) installation of lead-free water stations in cafeterias, physical activity spaces, and high-traffic common areas in lower-income public elementary schools, 2) provision of cups/reusable water bottles for students, and 3) a 6-month healthy beverage education campaign. A five year-long cluster randomized controlled trial of 26 low-income public elementary schools in the San Francisco Bay Area is examining how Water First impacts students' consumption of water, caloric intake from foods and beverages, and BMI z-score and overweight/obesity prevalence, from baseline to 7 months and 15 months after the start of the study. Intervention impact on outcomes will be examined using a difference-in-differences approach with mixed-effects regression accounting for the clustering of students in schools and classrooms.DiscussionThis paper describes the rationale, study design, and protocol for the Water First study. If the intervention is effective, findings will inform best practices for implementing school water policies, as well as the development of more expansive policies and programs to promote and improve access to drinking water in schools.

It remains unclear whether caffeinated beverages could have deleterious renal effects in elderly population with underlying comorbid conditions. We investigated the associations between coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and 1-year changes in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a large Spanish cohort of overweight/obese elderly with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This prospective analysis includes 5851 overweight/obese adults (55–75 years) with MetS from the PREDIMED-Plus study. We assessed coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption from a validated food-frequency questionnaire and creatinine-based eGFR using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Multivariate-adjusted regression models were applied to test associations between baseline coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and 1-year eGFR changes. Caffeinated coffee (> 2 cups/day) and tea (at least 1 cup/day) drinkers had 0.88 and 0.93 mL/min/1.73 m2 greater eGFR decrease respectively, compared to those with less than 1 cup/day of coffee consumption or non-tea drinkers. Furthermore, caffeinated coffee consumption of > 2 cups/day was associated with 1.19-fold increased risk of rapid eGFR decline > 3 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI 1.01–1.41). Similarly, individuals in the highest (median, 51.2 mg/day) tertile of caffeine intake had a 0.87 mL/min/1.73 m2 greater eGFR decrease. Decaffeinated coffee was not associated with eGFR changes. In conclusion, higher consumption of caffeinated coffee, tea, and caffeine was associated with a greater 1-year eGFR decline in overweight/obese adults with MetS.