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Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) is a van der Waals (vdW) crystal with a very wide bandgap and often used as insulating layer for other vdW materials, like graphene. Luminescent centres in hBN have recently been gathering much attention because of their brightness and their excellent quantum properties at room temperature, which would make them competitive with state-of-the-art quantum emitters, like the NV center in diamond. Among the most studied luminescent centres in hBN, there is the charged Boron vacancy (V–B), which features a very broad photoluminescence (PL) spectrum centered around 850 nm, along with magnetic properties which have important applications in quantum sensing schemes. In the present work, we use a Helium Ion Microscope (HIM) for irradiating hBN flakes, either on bare Si/SiO2 substrate or stacked on thick Graphite flakes, to generate luminescent centres like the V–B. We perform in-depth PL characterization of these centres at different laser excitation wavelengths, power and polarization, and at cryogenic temperature, for different hBN thicknesses and for varying HIM irradiation fluences. Our results show that this technique can systematically produce high-quality luminescent emitters, in good agreement with literature, and allow us to have a good benchmark for further studies on V–B emitters in hBN.

• Luminescent centres in hBN show good brightness and excellent quantum properties at room temperature, making them potential competitors with state-of-the-art quantum emitters. • The charged Boron vacancy (VB‾) is a luminescent centre featuring broad photoluminescence (PL) spectrum centered around 850 nm, along with magnetic properties with important applications in quantum sensing schemes. • In the present work, we use a Helium Ion Microscope (HIM) for irradiating hBN flakes to generate luminescent centres. We perform thorough PL characterization of these centres, showing that this technique can systematically produce high-quality luminescent emitters in hBN.

Introduction The use of routine postoperative chest drains after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) of the lung is a practice based on tradition with the aim of draining fluid and air. However, new evidence suggests that chest drains can be avoided in selected cases. With this randomised controlled trial, we wish to establish the efficacy and safety of avoiding postoperative chest drains compared with routine postoperative chest drains. Methods and analysis This is a two-centre randomised controlled trial without allocation concealment, but where randomisation occurs after the end of procedure leaving operative personnel blinded during surgery. The sample size is calculated to show a difference in pain measurements using the Numeric Rating Scale under different circumstances and at different time points to show superiority of the intervention. The trial is pragmatic by design to reflect the daily clinical scenario and with the aim of increasing the external validity of the results. Ethics and dissemination Approval by the local ethics committees has been obtained for both sites. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05358158) prior to inclusion. The results of the trial will be disseminated by publication in an international journal and presentation at major international thoracic surgical meetings. Article summary This is a randomised controlled trial estimating the effects of avoiding a chest drain after VATS wedge resection of the lung on pain, total morphine use, quality of life and complications., Introduction The use of routine postoperative chest drains after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) of the lung is a practice based on tradition with the aim of draining fluid and air. However, new evidence suggests that chest drains can be avoided in selected cases. With this randomised controlled trial, we wish to establish the efficacy and safety of avoiding postoperative chest drains compared with routine postoperative chest drains. Methods and analysis This is a two-centre randomised controlled trial without allocation concealment, but where randomisation occurs after the end of procedure leaving operative personnel blinded during surgery. The sample size is calculated to show a difference in pain measurements using the Numeric Rating Scale under different circumstances and at different time points to show superiority of the intervention. The trial is pragmatic by design to reflect the daily clinical scenario and with the aim of increasing the external validity of the results. Ethics and dissemination Approval by the local ethics committees has been obtained for both sites. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05358158) prior to inclusion. The results of the trial will be disseminated by publication in an international journal and presentation at major international thoracic surgical meetings. Article summary This is a randomised controlled trial estimating the effects of avoiding a chest drain after VATS wedge resection of the lung on pain, total morphine use, quality of life and complications.

Introduction The use of routine postoperative chest drains after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) of the lung is a practice based on tradition with the aim of draining fluid and air. However, new evidence suggests that chest drains can be avoided in selected cases. With this randomised controlled trial, we wish to establish the efficacy and safety of avoiding postoperative chest drains compared with routine postoperative chest drains. Methods and analysis This is a two-centre randomised controlled trial without allocation concealment, but where randomisation occurs after the end of procedure leaving operative personnel blinded during surgery. The sample size is calculated to show a difference in pain measurements using the Numeric Rating Scale under different circumstances and at different time points to show superiority of the intervention. The trial is pragmatic by design to reflect the daily clinical scenario and with the aim of increasing the external validity of the results. Ethics and dissemination Approval by the local ethics committees has been obtained for both sites. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05358158) prior to inclusion. The results of the trial will be disseminated by publication in an international journal and presentation at major international thoracic surgical meetings. Article summary This is a randomised controlled trial estimating the effects of avoiding a chest drain after VATS wedge resection of the lung on pain, total morphine use, quality of life and complications., Introduction The use of routine postoperative chest drains after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) of the lung is a practice based on tradition with the aim of draining fluid and air. However, new evidence suggests that chest drains can be avoided in selected cases. With this randomised controlled trial, we wish to establish the efficacy and safety of avoiding postoperative chest drains compared with routine postoperative chest drains. Methods and analysis This is a two-centre randomised controlled trial without allocation concealment, but where randomisation occurs after the end of procedure leaving operative personnel blinded during surgery. The sample size is calculated to show a difference in pain measurements using the Numeric Rating Scale under different circumstances and at different time points to show superiority of the intervention. The trial is pragmatic by design to reflect the daily clinical scenario and with the aim of increasing the external validity of the results. Ethics and dissemination Approval by the local ethics committees has been obtained for both sites. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05358158) prior to inclusion. The results of the trial will be disseminated by publication in an international journal and presentation at major international thoracic surgical meetings. Article summary This is a randomised controlled trial estimating the effects of avoiding a chest drain after VATS wedge resection of the lung on pain, total morphine use, quality of life and complications.

Gaze is an important social signal in interactions between humans, but also in interactions between humans and artificial agents such as robots, autonomous vehicles, or even avatars presented via displays. It can help to recognize to which persons or objects the interaction partners direct their attention and to infer their intentions to act. By consciously directing the gaze, it is possible to point to a specific position. In many works, arrows are used as learned, artificial directional cues for comparison with gaze cues. Three studies on different aspects of gaze perception form the core of this thesis. Study 1 deals with the estimation of gaze target positions in videoconferencing settings. For this purpose, pictures of persons ('senders' of gaze) who looked at certain positions on a screen were shown. The task of the subjects ('receivers' of the gaze) was to estimate these positions and mark them on their own screen by mouse click. The results show that the precision of such estimates is greater in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. Furthermore, a bias of the estimates in the direction of the senders' face or eyes was found. Studies 2 and 3 investigated the influence of cues on visual attention control using a so-called spatial cueing paradigm. After the appearance of a central cue, the participants' task was to respond to target stimuli away from the center of the screen by pressing keys. Whether the cue direction predicted the target position depended on the condition. In Study 2, schematic faces were compared with arrows. Data obtained when cues were used that always pointed in the opposite direction of the target, suggests that the direction of action of arrows is more easily overridden than that of gaze directions. A dynamic, geometric cue stimulus was investigated in Study 3. Here, a blue disc with two red lines moving from the center to the side served as a cue. This abstract stimulus resulted in a reaction time advantage in the dir, Blicke sind wichtige soziale Signale in Interaktionen zwischen Menschen, aber auch in Interaktionen zwischen Menschen und künstlichen Agenten wie Robotern, autonomen Fahrzeugen oder auch Avataren, die über Displays präsentiert werden. Sie können helfen zu erkennen, auf welche Personen oder Objekte die Interaktionspartner:innen ihre Aufmerksamkeit richten und auf deren Handlungsabsichten zu schließen. Durch bewusste Blickausrichtung kann gezielt in eine Richtung oder auf eine Position gezeigt werden. In vielen Arbeiten werden Pfeile als erlernte, künstliche Richtungshinweise zum Vergleich mit Blickhinweisen verwendet. Den Kern dieser Arbeit bilden drei Studien, die jeweils unterschiedliche Aspekte der Blickwahrnehmung untersuchen. Studie 1 beschäftigt sich mit der Schätzung von Blickzielpositionen in Videokonferenzsituationen. Dazu wurden Bilder von Personen ('Sender' der Blicke) gezeigt, die auf bestimmte Positionen auf einem Bildschirm blickten. Die Aufgabe der Versuchspersonen ('Empfänger' der Blicke) bestand darin, diese Positionen zu schätzen und auf dem eigenen Bildschirm per Mausklick zu markieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Präzision solcher Schätzungen in horizontaler Richtung größer ist als in vertikaler Richtung. Außerdem wurde eine Verzerrung der Schätzungen in Richtung des Gesichtes bzw. der Augen der Sender festgestellt. Studien 2 und 3 untersuchten den Einfluss von Hinweisreizen auf die visuelle Aufmerksamkeitslenkung mittels eines sogenannten Spatial Cueing Paradigmas. Die Aufgabe der Versuchspersonen bestand darin, nach dem Erscheinen eines Hinweisreizes in der Bildschirmmitte, der je nach Experiment und Bedingung in die Richtung des Zielreizes zeigte oder nicht, durch Tastendruck auf Zielreize neben der Bildschirmmitte zu reagieren. In Studie 2 wurden schematische Gesichter mit Pfeilen verglichen. Ergebnisse für Hinweisreize, die immer in die entgegengesetzte Richtung des Zielreizes zeigten, deuten darauf hin, dass die Wirkrichtung von Pfeilen

Climate change will increase the duration of annual sea-ice-free periods and shift precipitation patterns across the Arctic. Those factors are likely to increase erosion rates along its coasts. Large parts of the Arctic coast consist of hard rock. However, glacial, deltaic, and coastal sedimentary deposits occur in deglaciated areas and isostatic uplift following glaciations has created beach ridge plains and pocket beaches with coarse soft-sediment cliffs. Hitherto, very little was known about the spatial distribution, erosion rates, and morphodynamics of soft sediment cliffs along the coast of Greenland. Here, we investigate a 3-km sedimentary cliff section on the south coast of Qeqertarsuaq (Disko Island). We measured 2D cliff top erosion over 50 years between 1964 and 2014 as well as 3D cliff profile change over 2 years between 2019 and 2021. Morphometric indices of the gravel beach and cliff were calculated based on a series of cross-shore elevation profiles. Wave run-up at the beach fronting the cliff was modeled with XBeach-G for a series of storm events under present day sea-ice conditions and for a reduced sea-ice scenario. Cliff top erosion rates varied along the cliff with maximum rates of 0.3 m y−1. The investigated coastal cliff erodes by two coupled processes: (a) precipitation-driven surface runoff downslope the cliff and (b) wave-driven erosion at the cliff toe. In a continuously warming climate, this study shows that erosion of soft coastal cliffs in Greenland thus can accelerate due to increased storminess and prolonging open water periods.

The thesis studies the most recent debate on the issue of democratic backsliding in Hungary, and more specifically, if a rhetoric of inaction was dominant in the plenary debate of the European Parliament. Democratic backsliding is a crucial topic to research in the context of the European Parliament’s recent attempts to take a more active role in defending the European Union’s fundamental values. The different type of rhetoric used by the European Parliament’s eight party groups makes the political clash over Hungary even more interesting. In this thesis, the type of rhetoric and empirical basis used by the party groups will be described. The study finds that the majority of party groups in the European Parliament use a rhetoric of action towards the democratic backsliding in Hungary despite prior research arguing against such a pattern. Moreover, the most common empirical basis being used, is democracy and rule-oflaw. These results are intriguing because they address an important research gap in the literature on EU institutions and action on Hungary.

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported beta = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported beta = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates.

For millennia humans have extracted biological and physical resources from the planet to sustain societies and enable the development of technology and infrastructure. Growth in the human population and changing consumption patterns have increased the human footprint on ecosystems and their biodiversity, including in fresh waters. Freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity face many threats and it is now widely accepted that we are in a biodiversity crisis. One means of protecting and restoring freshwater biodiversity is to better manage the exploitation of freshwater biota and aggregate resources (e.g., sand, gravel, boulders). Here we outline the threats arising from such exploitation and identify response options to ensure that methods and levels of extraction are sustainable and allow recovery of over-exploited freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems. The guidance we provide will enable practitioners, policy makers, and resource stewards to embrace effective, sustainable, and evidence-based approaches to resource extraction. Response options for managing species exploitation include strengthening assessment and reporting, using science-based approaches to reduce overexploitation and support recovery, embracing community engagement, and building or tightening legislation. Response options for managing exploitation of freshwater aggregate resources include reducing demand for harvest, strengthening governance, reporting, and monitoring of environmental impacts, and promoting the restoration of degraded ecosystems or compensating for losses. Diverse case studies highlight examples of where various management actions have been implemented in an effort to consider how they can be scaled up and adapted to other contexts. Managing exploitation will be a key aspect of broader initiatives needed to protect and restore freshwater biodiversity around the globe.

Sensory inputs can be ambiguous. A physically constant stimulus that induces several perceptual alternatives is called multistable. Many factors can influence perception. In this thesis I investigate factors that affect visual multistability. All presented studies use a pattern-component rivalry stimulus consisting of two gratings drifting in opposite directions (called the plaid stimulus). This induces an “integrated” perception of a moving plaid (the pattern) or a “segregated” perception of overlaid gratings (the components). One study (chapter 2) investigates parameter dependence of a plaid stimulus on perception, with particular emphasis on the first percept. Specifically, it addresses how the enclosed angle (opening angle) affects the perception at stimulus onset and during prolonged viewing. The effects that are shown persist even if the stimulus is rotated. On a more abstract level it is shown that percepts can influence each other over time (chapter 3) which emphasizes the importance of instructions and report mode. In particular, it relates to the decision which percepts are instructed to be reported at all as well as which percepts can be reported as separate entities and which are pooled into the same response option. A further abstract level (predictability of a stimulus change, chapter 5) shows that transferring effects from one modality to another modality (specifically from audition to vision) requires careful choice of stimulus parameters. In this context, we give considerations to the proposal for a wider usage of sequential stopping rules (SSR, chapter 4), especially in studies where effect sizes are hard to estimate a priori. This thesis contributes to the field of visual multistability by providing novel experimental insights into pattern-component rivalry and by linking these findings to data on sequential dependencies, to the optimization of experimental designs, and to models and results from another sensory modality.:Bibliographische Beschrei

For millennia humans have extracted biological and physical resources from the planet to sustain societies and enable the development of technology and infrastructure. Growth in the human population and changing consumption patterns have increased the human footprint on ecosystems and their biodiversity, including in fresh waters. Freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity face many threats and it is now widely accepted that we are in a biodiversity crisis. One means of protecting and restoring freshwater biodiversity is to better manage the exploitation of freshwater biota and aggregate resources (e.g., sand, gravel, and boulders). Here we outline the threats arising from such exploitation and identify response options to ensure that methods and levels of extraction are sustainable and allow recovery of over-exploited freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems. The guidance we provide will enable practitioners, policy-makers, and resource stewards to embrace effective, sustainable, and evidence-based approaches to resource extraction. Response options for managing species exploitation include strengthening assessment and reporting, using science-based approaches to reduce overexploitation and support recovery, embracing community engagement, and building or tightening legislation. Response options for managing exploitation of freshwater aggregate resources include reducing demand for harvest, strengthening governance, reporting, and monitoring of environmental impacts, and promoting the restoration of degraded ecosystems or compensating for losses. Diverse case studies highlight examples of where various management actions have been implemented in an effort to consider how they can be scaled up and adapted to other contexts. Managing exploitation will be a key aspect of broader initiatives needed to protect and restore freshwater biodiversity around the globe.

Although Greenland is a hub for climate science, the climate perceptions of Greenland’s predominantly Indigenous population have remained largely unstudied. Here we present two nationally representative surveys and show that Greenlanders are more likely than residents of top oil-producing Arctic countries to perceive that climate change is happening and about twice as likely to have personally experienced its effects. However, half are unaware that climate change is human-caused and those who are most affected appear to be least aware. Personal experience and awareness of human-induced climate change diverge along an Inuit cultural dimension. Indigenous identity positively predicts climate change experience, whereas subsistence occupation and no post-primary education negatively predict attribution beliefs. Despite Greenland’s centrality to climate research, we uncover a gap between the scientific consensus and Kalaallit views of climate change, particularly among youth. This science–society gulf has implications for local climate adaptation, science communication and knowledge exchange between generations, institutions and communities.

Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

The thesis studies the most recent debate on the issue of democratic backsliding in Hungary, and more specifically, if a rhetoric of inaction was dominant in the plenary debate of the European Parliament. Democratic backsliding is a crucial topic to research in the context of the European Parliament’s recent attempts to take a more active role in defending the European Union’s fundamental values. The different type of rhetoric used by the European Parliament’s eight party groups makes the political clash over Hungary even more interesting. In this thesis, the type of rhetoric and empirical basis used by the party groups will be described. The study finds that the majority of party groups in the European Parliament use a rhetoric of action towards the democratic backsliding in Hungary despite prior research arguing against such a pattern. Moreover, the most common empirical basis being used, is democracy and rule-oflaw. These results are intriguing because they address an important research gap in the literature on EU institutions and action on Hungary.

Sensory inputs can be ambiguous. A physically constant stimulus that induces several perceptual alternatives is called multistable. Many factors can influence perception. In this thesis I investigate factors that affect visual multistability. All presented studies use a pattern-component rivalry stimulus consisting of two gratings drifting in opposite directions (called the plaid stimulus). This induces an “integrated” perception of a moving plaid (the pattern) or a “segregated” perception of overlaid gratings (the components). One study (chapter 2) investigates parameter dependence of a plaid stimulus on perception, with particular emphasis on the first percept. Specifically, it addresses how the enclosed angle (opening angle) affects the perception at stimulus onset and during prolonged viewing. The effects that are shown persist even if the stimulus is rotated. On a more abstract level it is shown that percepts can influence each other over time (chapter 3) which emphasizes the importance of instructions and report mode. In particular, it relates to the decision which percepts are instructed to be reported at all as well as which percepts can be reported as separate entities and which are pooled into the same response option. A further abstract level (predictability of a stimulus change, chapter 5) shows that transferring effects from one modality to another modality (specifically from audition to vision) requires careful choice of stimulus parameters. In this context, we give considerations to the proposal for a wider usage of sequential stopping rules (SSR, chapter 4), especially in studies where effect sizes are hard to estimate a priori. This thesis contributes to the field of visual multistability by providing novel experimental insights into pattern-component rivalry and by linking these findings to data on sequential dependencies, to the optimization of experimental designs, and to models and results from another sensory modality.:Bibliographische Beschrei

Climate change will increase the duration of annual sea-ice-free periods and shift precipitation patterns across the Arctic. Those factors are likely to increase erosion rates along its coasts. Large parts of the Arctic coast consist of hard rock. However, glacial, deltaic, and coastal sedimentary deposits occur in deglaciated areas and isostatic uplift following glaciations has created beach ridge plains and pocket beaches with coarse soft-sediment cliffs. Hitherto, very little was known about the spatial distribution, erosion rates, and morphodynamics of soft sediment cliffs along the coast of Greenland. Here, we investigate a 3-km sedimentary cliff section on the south coast of Qeqertarsuaq (Disko Island). We measured 2D cliff top erosion over 50 years between 1964 and 2014 as well as 3D cliff profile change over 2 years between 2019 and 2021. Morphometric indices of the gravel beach and cliff were calculated based on a series of cross-shore elevation profiles. Wave run-up at the beach fronting the cliff was modeled with XBeach-G for a series of storm events under present day sea-ice conditions and for a reduced sea-ice scenario. Cliff top erosion rates varied along the cliff with maximum rates of 0.3 m y−1. The investigated coastal cliff erodes by two coupled processes: (a) precipitation-driven surface runoff downslope the cliff and (b) wave-driven erosion at the cliff toe. In a continuously warming climate, this study shows that erosion of soft coastal cliffs in Greenland thus can accelerate due to increased storminess and prolonging open water periods.

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported beta = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported beta = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates.

Gaze is an important social signal in interactions between humans, but also in interactions between humans and artificial agents such as robots, autonomous vehicles, or even avatars presented via displays. It can help to recognize to which persons or objects the interaction partners direct their attention and to infer their intentions to act. By consciously directing the gaze, it is possible to point to a specific position. In many works, arrows are used as learned, artificial directional cues for comparison with gaze cues. Three studies on different aspects of gaze perception form the core of this thesis. Study 1 deals with the estimation of gaze target positions in videoconferencing settings. For this purpose, pictures of persons ('senders' of gaze) who looked at certain positions on a screen were shown. The task of the subjects ('receivers' of the gaze) was to estimate these positions and mark them on their own screen by mouse click. The results show that the precision of such estimates is greater in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. Furthermore, a bias of the estimates in the direction of the senders' face or eyes was found. Studies 2 and 3 investigated the influence of cues on visual attention control using a so-called spatial cueing paradigm. After the appearance of a central cue, the participants' task was to respond to target stimuli away from the center of the screen by pressing keys. Whether the cue direction predicted the target position depended on the condition. In Study 2, schematic faces were compared with arrows. Data obtained when cues were used that always pointed in the opposite direction of the target, suggests that the direction of action of arrows is more easily overridden than that of gaze directions. A dynamic, geometric cue stimulus was investigated in Study 3. Here, a blue disc with two red lines moving from the center to the side served as a cue. This abstract stimulus resulted in a reaction time advantage in the dir, Blicke sind wichtige soziale Signale in Interaktionen zwischen Menschen, aber auch in Interaktionen zwischen Menschen und künstlichen Agenten wie Robotern, autonomen Fahrzeugen oder auch Avataren, die über Displays präsentiert werden. Sie können helfen zu erkennen, auf welche Personen oder Objekte die Interaktionspartner:innen ihre Aufmerksamkeit richten und auf deren Handlungsabsichten zu schließen. Durch bewusste Blickausrichtung kann gezielt in eine Richtung oder auf eine Position gezeigt werden. In vielen Arbeiten werden Pfeile als erlernte, künstliche Richtungshinweise zum Vergleich mit Blickhinweisen verwendet. Den Kern dieser Arbeit bilden drei Studien, die jeweils unterschiedliche Aspekte der Blickwahrnehmung untersuchen. Studie 1 beschäftigt sich mit der Schätzung von Blickzielpositionen in Videokonferenzsituationen. Dazu wurden Bilder von Personen ('Sender' der Blicke) gezeigt, die auf bestimmte Positionen auf einem Bildschirm blickten. Die Aufgabe der Versuchspersonen ('Empfänger' der Blicke) bestand darin, diese Positionen zu schätzen und auf dem eigenen Bildschirm per Mausklick zu markieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Präzision solcher Schätzungen in horizontaler Richtung größer ist als in vertikaler Richtung. Außerdem wurde eine Verzerrung der Schätzungen in Richtung des Gesichtes bzw. der Augen der Sender festgestellt. Studien 2 und 3 untersuchten den Einfluss von Hinweisreizen auf die visuelle Aufmerksamkeitslenkung mittels eines sogenannten Spatial Cueing Paradigmas. Die Aufgabe der Versuchspersonen bestand darin, nach dem Erscheinen eines Hinweisreizes in der Bildschirmmitte, der je nach Experiment und Bedingung in die Richtung des Zielreizes zeigte oder nicht, durch Tastendruck auf Zielreize neben der Bildschirmmitte zu reagieren. In Studie 2 wurden schematische Gesichter mit Pfeilen verglichen. Ergebnisse für Hinweisreize, die immer in die entgegengesetzte Richtung des Zielreizes zeigten, deuten darauf hin, dass die Wirkrichtung von Pfeilen

Background and Objective: Pleural infection is associated with significant mortality and morbidityworldwide, with a steadily increasing incidence. We sought to investigate whether video-assisted thoracicsurgery (VATS) or thoracotomy provides the best outcomes in the treatment of stage II and III pleuralinfection as indications remain controversial.Methods: Systematic review of relevant articles from the PubMed database.Key Content and Findings: Nine non-randomized retrospective studies published between 1996and 2020 with a total of 2,121 patients were included. Results varied between studies, but overall shorteroperative and recovery times and greater patient satisfaction were demonstrated using VATS compared withthoracotomy.Conclusions: Although VATS and thoracotomy are viable treatment options for stage II and III pleuralinfection, VATS has potential advantages in terms of decreased operation time, fewer days with tubedrainage, shorter postoperative hospital stay, reduced postoperative pain, increased patient satisfactionwith the procedure, and wound appearance. VATS has limitations in the treatment of patients with stageIII pleural infection, where delayed surgical referral has been shown to increase the risk of intraoperativeconversion to thoracotomy. The data to date implies that debridement by VATS should be proposed as soonas possible in stage II pleural infection and considered in cases of stage, Background and Objective: Pleural infection is associated with significant mortality and morbidity worldwide, with a steadily increasing incidence. We sought to investigate whether video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or thoracotomy provides the best outcomes in the treatment of stage II and III pleural infection as indications remain controversial. Methods: Systematic review of relevant articles from the PubMed database. Key Content and Findings: Nine non-randomized retrospective studies published between 1996 and 2020 with a total of 2,121 patients were included. Results varied between studies, but overall shorter operative and recovery times and greater patient satisfaction were demonstrated using VATS compared with thoracotomy. Conclusions: Although VATS and thoracotomy are viable treatment options for stage II and III pleural infection, VATS has potential advantages in terms of decreased operation time, fewer days with tube drainage, shorter postoperative hospital stay, reduced postoperative pain, increased patient satisfaction with the procedure, and wound appearance. VATS has limitations in the treatment of patients with stage III pleural infection, where delayed surgical referral has been shown to increase the risk of intraoperative conversion to thoracotomy. The data to date implies that debridement by VATS should be proposed as soon as possible in stage II pleural infection and considered in cases of stage III pleural infection.

Although Greenland is a hub for climate science, the climate perceptions of Greenland’s predominantly Indigenous population have remained largely unstudied. Here we present two nationally representative surveys and show that Greenlanders are more likely than residents of top oil-producing Arctic countries to perceive that climate change is happening and about twice as likely to have personally experienced its effects. However, half are unaware that climate change is human-caused and those who are most affected appear to be least aware. Personal experience and awareness of human-induced climate change diverge along an Inuit cultural dimension. Indigenous identity positively predicts climate change experience, whereas subsistence occupation and no post-primary education negatively predict attribution beliefs. Despite Greenland’s centrality to climate research, we uncover a gap between the scientific consensus and Kalaallit views of climate change, particularly among youth. This science–society gulf has implications for local climate adaptation, science communication and knowledge exchange between generations, institutions and communities.

Background and Objective: Pleural infection is associated with significant mortality and morbidityworldwide, with a steadily increasing incidence. We sought to investigate whether video-assisted thoracicsurgery (VATS) or thoracotomy provides the best outcomes in the treatment of stage II and III pleuralinfection as indications remain controversial.Methods: Systematic review of relevant articles from the PubMed database.Key Content and Findings: Nine non-randomized retrospective studies published between 1996and 2020 with a total of 2,121 patients were included. Results varied between studies, but overall shorteroperative and recovery times and greater patient satisfaction were demonstrated using VATS compared withthoracotomy.Conclusions: Although VATS and thoracotomy are viable treatment options for stage II and III pleuralinfection, VATS has potential advantages in terms of decreased operation time, fewer days with tubedrainage, shorter postoperative hospital stay, reduced postoperative pain, increased patient satisfactionwith the procedure, and wound appearance. VATS has limitations in the treatment of patients with stageIII pleural infection, where delayed surgical referral has been shown to increase the risk of intraoperativeconversion to thoracotomy. The data to date implies that debridement by VATS should be proposed as soonas possible in stage II pleural infection and considered in cases of stage, Background and Objective: Pleural infection is associated with significant mortality and morbidity worldwide, with a steadily increasing incidence. We sought to investigate whether video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or thoracotomy provides the best outcomes in the treatment of stage II and III pleural infection as indications remain controversial. Methods: Systematic review of relevant articles from the PubMed database. Key Content and Findings: Nine non-randomized retrospective studies published between 1996 and 2020 with a total of 2,121 patients were included. Results varied between studies, but overall shorter operative and recovery times and greater patient satisfaction were demonstrated using VATS compared with thoracotomy. Conclusions: Although VATS and thoracotomy are viable treatment options for stage II and III pleural infection, VATS has potential advantages in terms of decreased operation time, fewer days with tube drainage, shorter postoperative hospital stay, reduced postoperative pain, increased patient satisfaction with the procedure, and wound appearance. VATS has limitations in the treatment of patients with stage III pleural infection, where delayed surgical referral has been shown to increase the risk of intraoperative conversion to thoracotomy. The data to date implies that debridement by VATS should be proposed as soon as possible in stage II pleural infection and considered in cases of stage III pleural infection.

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported beta = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported beta = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates.

This industrial Ph.D. dissertation delves into the mixing with a highly viscous, non-Newtonian polymer suspension, specifically targeting the production of adhesive barriers for stoma care products. The need of this research is amplified by persistent consumer complaints concerning adhesive effectiveness and the substantial waste generated during the manufacturing process of these barriers. The dissertation comprises six pivotal contributions, including four papers and two technical reports that explore particular aspects of the mixing process. Initial studies successfully aligned quality metrics between industrial-scale and pilot mixers, thereby facilitating a preliminary labscale experimental investigation. The research employ indices for distributive and dispersive mixing. Distributive mixing refers to the uniform distribution of particles within the mixer, while dispersive mixing pertains to the separation of individual particles within that same volume. A key revelation in this work is the critical role of powder purity in determining the homogeneity of the final mix. This observation finds support in both a paper and a technical report. The research conducted during this PhD included the development of multiple numerical models to enhance the understanding of mixing a highly viscous, non-Newtonian polymer suspension. One such model focused on a pilot mixer and rigorously investigated temperature as a key parameter affecting mixing. Another numerical model simulating a change-can mixer was use to systematically screen various parameters impact on homogeneity. The final numerical model examined mixing at different fill levels in a starve-fed single-screw extruder, and showed that these had a notable impact on the dispersive mixing index. The numerical models of both the pilot and the change-can mixer highlighted that temperature exerted a negligible influence on the mixing indices. These findings inspired an experimental inv

Arctic coasts are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels and the loss of permafrost, sea ice and glaciers. Assessing the influence of anthropogenic warming on Arctic coastal dynamics, however, is challenged by the limited availability of observational, oceanographic and environmental data. Yet, with the majority of permafrost coasts being erosive, coupled with projected intensification of erosion and flooding, understanding these changes is critical. In this Review, we describe the morphological diversity of Arctic coasts, discuss important drivers of coastal change, explain the specific sensitivity of Arctic coasts to climate change and provide an overview of pan- Arctic shoreline change and its multifaceted impacts. Arctic coastal changes impact the human environment by threatening coastal settlements, infrastructure, cultural sites and archaeological remains. Changing sediment fluxes also impact the natural environment through carbon, nutrient and pollutant release on a magnitude that remains difficult to predict. Increasing transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration efforts will build the foundation for identifying sustainable solutions and adaptation strategies to reduce future risks for those living on, working at and visiting the rapidly changing Arctic coast.

Climate warming is particularly pronounced in the Arctic with temperatures rising twice as much as in the rest of the world. It seems natural that this warming has profound effects on the speed of erosion of Arctic coasts, since the majority consists of permafrost, composed of unlithified material and hold together by ice. Permafrost stores approximately 1307 Gt of carbon, which is almost 60 % more than currently being contained in the atmosphere. Understanding the main drivers and dynamics of permafrost coastal erosion is of global relevance, especially since floods and erosion are both projected to intensify. However, the assessment of the impacts of climate warming on Arctic coasts is impaired by little data availability. We reviewed relevant scientific literature on changing dynamics of Arctic coast, potential drivers of these changes and the impacts on the human and natural environment. We provide a comprehensive overview over the state of the art and share our thoughts on how we envision potential pathways of future Arctic coastal research. We found that the overwhelming majority of all studied Arctic coasts is erosive and that in most cases erosion rates per year are increasing, threatening coastal settlements, infrastructure, cultural sites and archaeological remains. The impacts on the natural environment are also manifold and reach from changing sediment fluxes which limit light availability in the water column to a higher input of carbon and nutrients into the nearshore zone with the potential to influence food chains.

The aim of this study is to analyze the reactions of individuals within Generation Z in regards to various self presentations of politicians. The study has been conducted based on three focus groups, where certain Instagram posts of Ebba Busch, Ulf Kristersson and Nicola Sturgeon have been presented. As a way of answering our research question, “How do individuals within Generation Z express their reactions towards politicians’ self representations?”, we have chosen to present content of various levels of professional and personal features. Further, we have chosen to conduct the study based on the two theories Media Effects and Framing Theory. Despite the general use of both theories, often conducted in quantitative methods, we have chosen to conduct our study in a qualitative manner as a way of providing the study with in-depth knowledge of how and why certain reactions occur. Further, the theories have been used to analyze various frames, including Professional Frames, Personal Frames in Relation to Politicians Socializing, Personal Frames Demonstrated in Family Context as well as Professional Frames with Personal Attributes. Our findings indicate that the professional frames were more favorably interpreted in contrast to the posts displaying the politicians in personal settings. Furthermore, a professional frame with personal attributes gave rise to the most positive reactions, indicating that a certain degree of personalization was valued among our respondents.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for 15% to 20% of childhood leukemias. Because of high-intensive therapy, up to 5% of patients suffer from treatment-related mortality (TRM). Abdominal complications are frequent, however, literature on this subject is sparse. We aimed to characterize severe abdominal pain (AP) and hyperbilirubinemia experienced by pediatric AML patients treated according to the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (NOPHO)-AML 2004 protocol (n=313). Patients were censored at hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and relapse. Toxicity information was collected prospectively. Additional information was requested retrospectively from the treating centers. Sixteen episodes of hyperbilirubinemia and 107 episodes of AP were reported. The treating centers deemed infection (30%) and typhlitis (18%) as the most frequent causes of AP. Six patients developed appendicitis (2%). Patients experiencing concurrent AP and sepsis had a high risk of TRM (36%, n=4). Eighty percent of episodes with hyperbilirubinemia fulfilled the European Society for Bone and Marrow Transplantation criteria for sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. In conclusion, abdominal complications were frequent with infection considered the predominate cause. Most patients with hyperbilirubinemia fulfilled the criteria for sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. AML treatment might be associated with appendicitis. Patients suffering from concurrent AP and sepsis had a high risk of TRM indicating that high awareness of abdominal complications is essential to reduce mortality, especially during sepsis.

In this study beer breweries and vineyards have been studied. The purpose of the study is to illuminate how beer breweries and vineyards on Gotland market themselves on social media and how they address the Swedish law “Alkohollag (2010:1622): 7 kap. Marknadsföring av alkoholdrycker och alkoholdrycksliknande preparat”. In this study a content analysis was made on four Gotlandic businesses, two vineyards and two breweries. In the content analysis 184 posts, from the different businesses, on both Instagram and Facebook were analyzed based on a coding schedule with eight different subjects. Five semi structured interviews with the Gotlandic businesses were also made. The result showed that all breweries and vineyards are marketing themselves differently and are variously active on social media. It is also shown that there is a difference between the big businesses and the smaller ones on how they address the Swedish law. The bigger businesses have more resources on the marketing side than the smaller ones which may be a result of how they address the law., I denna studie har ölbryggerier och vingård på Gotland studerats. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur ölbryggerier och vingårdar på Gotland marknadsför sig på sociala medier och hur de förhåller sig till “Alkohollag (2010:1622): 7 kap. Marknadsföring av alkoholdrycker och alkoholdrycksliknande preparat”. I studien genomfördes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där fyra gotländska företag analyserades, två vingårdar och två ölbryggerier. I innehållsanalysen analyserades 184 inlägg på företagens Instagram och Facebook. Inläggen analyserades utifrån ett kodningsschema med åtta olika teman, även fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med de gotländska företagen genomfördes. Resultat visade att alla bryggerier och vingårdar marknadsför sig på olika sätt och är olika aktiva på sociala medier. Det finns en skillnad mellan de stora företagen och de mindre på hur de förhåller sig till alkohollagen 7 kap då de större företagen har fler resurser att marknadsföra sig med än de andra företagen.

To investigate whether the location, area and frequency of referred sensations occurring during palpation of the masseter muscle can be influenced by application of a conditioning painful stimulus to the temporalis muscle. Thirty healthy participants were included in this cross-over study, performed in two sessions with > 48 h in between. At each session, palpation of the masseter muscle was performed before and after 0.2 ml of glutamate (1 mol/L) or isotonic saline (control) were injected into the anterior portion of the temporalis muscle. Palpation of the masseter muscle was done using four different forces (0.5 kg, 1 kg, 2 kg and 4 kg). Participants rated the perceived intensity of the palpation and any referred sensations on a 0-50-100 numeric rating scale, the perceived pain intensity following the injections on an electronic visual analogue scale and drew any referred sensations they experienced. No difference in referred sensations location, area and frequency was shown r during palpation either before or after injections (P > 0.05). A moderate correlation was found between perceived sensation scores and referred sensations intensity for the temporalis muscle following glutamate injection (r = 0.407, P < 0.05). Moreover, significantly more participants reported referred sensations for glutamate injections into the temporalis muscle when compared to isotonic saline (P < 0.05). Finally, a significant decrease in the perceived intensity of palpation of the masseter muscle was seen after glutamate injection in the temporalis muscle (P < 0.05). In the current study, location, area and frequency of referred sensations following mechanical stimulation of the masseter muscle were not altered by the application of a painful stimulus to the temporalis muscle. In addition, there seems to be a positive relationship between painful stimuli and referred sensations frequency and intensity elicited from the temporalis muscle.

To investigate whether the location, area and frequency of referred sensations occurring during palpation of the masseter muscle can be influenced by application of a conditioning painful stimulus to the temporalis muscle. Thirty healthy participants were included in this cross-over study, performed in two sessions with > 48 h in between. At each session, palpation of the masseter muscle was performed before and after 0.2 ml of glutamate (1 mol/L) or isotonic saline (control) were injected into the anterior portion of the temporalis muscle. Palpation of the masseter muscle was done using four different forces (0.5 kg, 1 kg, 2 kg and 4 kg). Participants rated the perceived intensity of the palpation and any referred sensations on a 0-50-100 numeric rating scale, the perceived pain intensity following the injections on an electronic visual analogue scale and drew any referred sensations they experienced. No difference in referred sensations location, area and frequency was shown r during palpation either before or after injections (P > 0.05). A moderate correlation was found between perceived sensation scores and referred sensations intensity for the temporalis muscle following glutamate injection (r = 0.407, P < 0.05). Moreover, significantly more participants reported referred sensations for glutamate injections into the temporalis muscle when compared to isotonic saline (P < 0.05). Finally, a significant decrease in the perceived intensity of palpation of the masseter muscle was seen after glutamate injection in the temporalis muscle (P < 0.05). In the current study, location, area and frequency of referred sensations following mechanical stimulation of the masseter muscle were not altered by the application of a painful stimulus to the temporalis muscle. In addition, there seems to be a positive relationship between painful stimuli and referred sensations frequency and intensity elicited from the temporalis muscle.

Climate warming is particularly pronounced in the Arctic with temperatures rising twice as much as in the rest of the world. It seems natural that this warming has profound effects on the speed of erosion of Arctic coasts, since the majority consists of permafrost, composed of unlithified material and hold together by ice. Permafrost stores approximately 1307 Gt of carbon, which is almost 60 % more than currently being contained in the atmosphere. Understanding the main drivers and dynamics of permafrost coastal erosion is of global relevance, especially since floods and erosion are both projected to intensify. However, the assessment of the impacts of climate warming on Arctic coasts is impaired by little data availability. We reviewed relevant scientific literature on changing dynamics of Arctic coast, potential drivers of these changes and the impacts on the human and natural environment. We provide a comprehensive overview over the state of the art and share our thoughts on how we envision potential pathways of future Arctic coastal research. We found that the overwhelming majority of all studied Arctic coasts is erosive and that in most cases erosion rates per year are increasing, threatening coastal settlements, infrastructure, cultural sites and archaeological remains. The impacts on the natural environment are also manifold and reach from changing sediment fluxes which limit light availability in the water column to a higher input of carbon and nutrients into the nearshore zone with the potential to influence food chains.

Arctic coasts are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels and the loss of permafrost, sea ice and glaciers. Assessing the influence of anthropogenic warming on Arctic coastal dynamics, however, is challenged by the limited availability of observational, oceanographic and environmental data. Yet, with the majority of permafrost coasts being erosive, coupled with projected intensification of erosion and flooding, understanding these changes is critical. In this Review, we describe the morphological diversity of Arctic coasts, discuss important drivers of coastal change, explain the specific sensitivity of Arctic coasts to climate change and provide an overview of pan- Arctic shoreline change and its multifaceted impacts. Arctic coastal changes impact the human environment by threatening coastal settlements, infrastructure, cultural sites and archaeological remains. Changing sediment fluxes also impact the natural environment through carbon, nutrient and pollutant release on a magnitude that remains difficult to predict. Increasing transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration efforts will build the foundation for identifying sustainable solutions and adaptation strategies to reduce future risks for those living on, working at and visiting the rapidly changing Arctic coast.

Journals exert considerable control over letters, commentaries and online comments that criticize prior research (post-publication critique). We assessed policies (Study One) and practice (Study Two) related to post-publication critique at 15 top-ranked journals in each of 22 scientific disciplines (N = 330 journals). Two-hundred and seven (63%) journals accepted post-publication critique and often imposed limits on length (median 1000, interquartile range (IQR) 500-1200 words) and time-to-submit (median 12, IQR 4-26 weeks). The most restrictive limits were 175 words and two weeks; some policies imposed no limits. Of 2066 randomly sampled research articles published in 2018 by journals accepting post-publication critique, 39 (1.9%, 95% confidence interval [1.4, 2.6]) were linked to at least one post-publication critique (there were 58 post-publication critiques in total). Of the 58 post-publication critiques, 44 received an author reply, of which 41 asserted that original conclusions were unchanged. Clinical Medicine had the most active culture of post-publication critique: all journals accepted post-publication critique and published the most post-publication critique overall, but also imposed the strictest limits on length (median 400, IQR 400-550 words) and time-to-submit (median 4, IQR 4-6 weeks). Our findings suggest that top-ranked academic journals often pose serious barriers to the cultivation, documentation and dissemination of post-publication critique.

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported beta = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported beta = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a congenital structural anomaly in which the diaphragm has not developed properly. It may occur either as an isolated anomaly or with additional anomalies. It is thought to be a multifactorial disease in which genetic factors could either substantially contribute to or directly result in the developmental defect. Patients with aneuploidies, pathogenic variants or de novo Copy Number Variations (CNVs) impacting specific genes and loci develop CDH typically in the form of a monogenetic syndrome. These patients often have other associated anatomical malformations. In patients without a known monogenetic syndrome, an increased genetic burden of de novo coding variants contributes to disease development. In early years, genetic evaluation was based on karyotyping and SNP-array. Today, genomes are commonly analyzed with next generation sequencing (NGS) based approaches. While more potential pathogenic variants are being detected, analysis of the data presents a bottleneck—largely due to the lack of full appreciation of the functional consequence and/or relevance of the detected variant. The exact heritability of CDH is still unknown. Damaging de novo alterations are associated with the more severe and complex phenotypes and worse clinical outcome. Phenotypic, genetic—and likely mechanistic—variability hampers individual patient diagnosis, short and long-term morbidity prediction and subsequent care strategies. Detailed phenotyping, clinical follow-up at regular intervals and detailed registries are needed to find associations between long-term morbidity, genetic alterations, and clinical parameters. Since CDH is a relatively rare disorder with only a few recurrent changes large cohorts of patients are needed to identify genetic associations. Retrospective whole genome sequencing of historical patient cohorts using will yield valuable data from which today's patients and parents will profit Trio whole genome sequencing has an exc

The Higher-Order $\Psi$-calculus framework (HO$\Psi$) is a generalisation of many first- and higher-order extensions of the $\pi$-calculus. It was proposed by Parrow et al. who showed that higher-order calculi such as HO$\pi$ and CHOCS can be expressed as HO$\Psi$-calculi. In this paper we present a generic type system for HO$\Psi$-calculi which extends previous work by H\"uttel on a generic type system for first-order $\Psi$-calculi. Our generic type system satisfies the usual property of subject reduction and can be instantiated to yield type systems for variants of HO{\pi}, including the type system for termination due to Demangeon et al. Moreover, we derive a type system for the $\rho$-calculus, a reflective higher-order calculus proposed by Meredith and Radestock. This establishes that our generic type system is richer than its predecessor, as the $\rho$-calculus cannot be encoded in the $\pi$-calculus in a way that satisfies standard criteria of encodability., Comment: In Proceedings EXPRESS/SOS 2022, arXiv:2208.14777

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a severe problem in disposed patients in modern healthcare. Pseudomonas aeruginosa establishes recalcitrant biofilm infections and can develop antibiotic resistance. Gargling with avian egg yolk anti-Pseudomonas antibodies (IgY) has shown clinical effect in preventing onset of chronic P. aeruginosa lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Therefore, we speculated whether passive intravesically administered IgY immunotherapy could be a novel strategy against P. aeruginosa UTIs. Aim: To evaluate if prophylactic repurposing of anti-Pseudomonas IgY can prevent UTIs with P. aeruginosa in a UTI mouse model. Materials and methods: In vitro, P. aeruginosa (PAO1 and PAO3) was mixed with increasing concentrations of specific anti-Pseudomonas IgY (sIgY) or non-specific control IgY (cIgY) and/or freshly isolated human neutrophils. Bacterial growth was evaluated by the optical density at 600 nm. In vivo, via a temporary transurethral catheter, 10-week-old female Balb/c mice were intravesically infected with 50 ml of a bacterial suspension and sIgY, cIgY, or isotonic NaCl. IgY and NaCl were either co-instilled with the bacteria, or instilled prophylactically, 30 min prior to infection. The animals were euthanized 20 h after infection. Vesical bacteriology was quantified, and cytokine expression in the bladder homogenate was measured by multiplex cytokine assay. Results: In vitro, sIgY concentrations above 2.5% reduced bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, a UTI lasting for minimum 7 days was established by installing 5 × 106 colony-forming units (CFU) of P. aeruginosa PAO1. sIgY reduced vesical bacterial load if co-installed with P. aeruginosa PAO1. Prophylactic sIgY and cIgY reduced bacterial load when compared to isotonic NaCl. CXCL2 and G-CSF were both increased in infected bladders compared to non-infected controls which had non-detectable levels. Co-insta