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A winter wheat composite cross population (CCP), created in the UK in 2001, has been grown in Germany, Hungary, and the UK since 2005 (F5 generation). In 2008/09 (F8), a cycling pattern for the populations was developed between partners to test the effects of rapidly changing environments on agronomic performance and morphological characteristics. One CCP was grown by eight partners for one year and subsequently sent to the next partner, creating “cycling CCPs” with different histories. In 2013, all eight cycling CCPs and the three non-cycling CCPs (from Germany, Hungary, and the UK) were included in a two-year experiment in Germany with three line varieties as references. Differing seed weights of the F13 at sowing affected some agronomic parameters under drought conditions in 2014/15 but not under less stressful conditions in 2013/14. In both experimental years, the CCPs were comparable to the line varieties in terms of agronomic performance, with some CCPs yielding more than the varieties under the drought conditions of 2015. The results highlight the potential of CCPs to compete with line varieties, while the overall similarity of the CCPs based on their origin and cycling history for agronomic traits indicates a high buffering potential under highly variable environmental conditions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary macronutrient composition and buffering capacity (BC) on chyme characteristics and digestion kinetics in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Dietary macronutrient composition was altered by changing the protein-to-energy ratio (P:E) while keeping the fat-to-starch ratio constant. Dietary BC was increased by supplementation of CaCO3. The experiment lasted for 6 weeks. Fish were fed four diets having high and low P:E ratio and high and low CaCO3 level. This experiment was planned according to a 2x2x2 factorial design. The three factors were dietary P:E ratio, BC and time sampling after feeding (3 and 7 h). Chyme was collected from four gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments (stomach, proximal, middle and distal intestine) and analysed for dry matter (DM), pH, osmolality, crude protein (CP) and mineral content. Relative water fluxes (RWF), electrolyte fluxes, kinetic of digestion and faecal digestibility (ADCs) were measured using yttrium oxide (Y2O3) as an inert marker. All chyme characteristics (including water fluxes) were not influenced by the interaction effect between dietary factors and sampling time (p > 0.05). Both dietary treatments did not affect chyme DM in the stomach. Low P:E diet increased (p < 0.001) chyme DM in all the intestinal segments. Dietary CaCO3 only affected (p < 0.05) chyme DM in the distal intestine. Low P:E diet decreased (p < 0.001) chyme pH in all GIT segments compared to the high P:E diet. Low CaCO3 diet decreased chyme pH in the proximal and middle intestine (p < 0.05) compared to the high CaCO3 diet. RWF were affected only by the dietary P:E ratio in the stomach and in the proximal intestine. Fish fed the high P:E diet had a lower water influx in the stomach and a higher water influx in the proximal intestine than fish fed the low P:E diet. Dietary P:E ratio affected electrolyte fluxes in the GIT, while no effect of CaCO3 was detected. Both dietary factors had a

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 127(8), (2022): e2022JG006810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jg006810., Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been widely recognized as an important source of dissolved nutrients in coastal waters and affects nutrient biogeochemistry. In contrast, little information is available on SGD impacts on coastal carbon budgets. Here, we assessed the SGD and associated carbon (dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC] and total alkalinity [TA]) fluxes in Liaodong Bay (the largest bay of the Bohai Sea, China) and discussed their border implications for coastal DIC budget and buffering capacity. Based on 223Ra and 228Ra mass balance models, the SGD flux was estimated to be (0.92–1.43) × 109 m3 d−1. SGD was the largest contributor of DIC, accounting for 55%–77% of the total DIC sources. The low ratio (<1) of SGD-derived TA to DIC fluxes and negative correlation between radium isotopes and pH in seawater implied that SGD would potentially reduce seawater pH in Liaodong Bay. Combining the groundwater carbon data in Liaodong Bay with literature data, we found that the SGD-derived DIC flux off China was 4–9 times greater than those from rivers. By analyzing the TA/DIC ratios in groundwater along the Chinese coast and related carbon fluxes, SGD was thought to partially reduce the CO2 buffer capacity in receiving seawater. These results obtained at the bay scale and national scale suggest that SGD is a significant component of carbon budget and may play a critical role in modulating coastal buffering capacity and atmospheric CO2 sequestration., his research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42130703, 42007170) and the Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen (Grant No. 20200925174525002., 2023-01-20

Zinco, systeemleverancier voor daktuininrichtingen, stond letterlijk aan de basis van de meermaals bekroonde daktuin in de Deense plaats Lyngby. Het dak buffert water in drainerende en waterbufferende elementen en een laag substraat. De beplanting draagt bij aan het tegengaan van hittestress.

Op 16 juni presenteerden studenten van de opleiding IPO van de Hogeschool Rotterdam het prototype van de zogeheten Groendakmonitor. De vinding brengt in kaart hoeveel water een groendak buffert. De studenten zoeken nadrukkelijk de samenwerking met de markt om de vinding verder te ontwikkelen.

Het plein De Deel leefbaar en klimaatbestendig maken met bomen - dat was één van de hoofdopgaven bij de herinrichting van De Deel te Emmeloord. En dat is gelukt. De gemeente Noordoostpolder heeft het plein voorzien van een bomenallee en de groeiplaatsen zodanig ingericht dat de bomen de komende 50 jaar kunnen uitgroeien tot een allee met allure.

Mastum Daksystemen en Van der Tol Hoveniers en Terreininrichters zagen de voordelen van groendaken al meer dan twintig jaar geleden, toen ze het initiatief namen voor Leven op Daken. Voor u ligt nu de 31e uitgave van ons Leven op Daken-magazine, en ook nu gaan we verder op de voordelen in. Mét de bijbehorende praktijkvoorbeelden.

[EN] During gastric digestion, spatial and temporal pH gradients exist in the meal, which may impact food nutrient hydrolysis due to pH-mediated enzyme activity. These pH gradients are influenced by both the type of meal as well as the meal buffering capacity. As such, it is important to understand the relationship between the initial food matrix, its buffering capacity, and the resulting pH gradients that occur during gastric digestion. This study will utilize a mechanical gastric model, the Human Gastric Simulator to study the pH gradients found during gastric digestion of sweet potato snacks. Sweet potato snacks will be processed using 4 methods: frying, baking, blanching-frying, and blanching-baking. After processing, the food buffering capacity will be measured. During gastric digestion, samples will be taken to understand the pH distribution and the regional properties of the gastric digesta after each meal. The results from this project are important to understand the links between processing and meal properties during digestion, which will ultimately impact the physiological response to a meal., [ES] Durante la digestión gástrica, existen gradientes espaciales y temporales de pH en la comida, lo que puede afectar la hidrólisis de los nutrientes de los alimentos debido a la actividad de la enzima mediada por el pH. Estos gradientes de pH están influenciados tanto por el tipo de comida como por la capacidad tampón de la comida. Como tal, es importante comprender la relación entre la matriz alimentaria inicial, su capacidad tampón y los gradientes de pH resultantes que se producen durante la digestión gástrica. Este estudio utilizará un modelo gástrico mecánico, el simulador gástrico humano, para estudiar los gradientes de pH encontrados durante la digestión gástrica de los aperitivos o snacks de patata. Los boniatos serán procesados ​​usando 4 métodos: fritura, horneado, escaldado - fritura, escaldado - horneado. Después del procesamiento, se medirá la capacidad tampón de alimentos. Durante la digestión gástrica, se tomarán muestras para comprender la distribución del pH y las propiedades regionales de la digestión gástrica después de cada comida. Los resultados de este proyecto son importantes para comprender los vínculos entre el procesamiento y las propiedades de las comidas durante la digestión, lo que finalmente tendrá un impacto en la respuesta fisiológica a una comida.

Acidification of slurry is one method to reduce ammonia emissions. Mainly implemented in Denmark, SAT use sulfuric acid to decrease the pH in in-house, in storage or in field system. Organic acids could be a good alternative to sulfuric acid to develop SATs for organic farming. Successive acidifications of slurry could be a solution to keep a stable pH and avoid ammonia emissions during all the period of storage. In Experiment 1, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and four organic acids were tested in order to compare efficiency and the economic aspects for cattle and pig slurry acidification. In experiment 2, the buffer system of 9 different slurries (4 from cattle, 3 from pig, and 2 filtrated slurry of each) were studied after several acidifications with sulfuric acid to pH 5.5 in order to quantify the acid consumption and to determine by modelling which slurry characteristics influenced the most this consumption of acid. For both experiments, the storage temperature was 20°C. For acid solutions with the same normality, organic acid and nitric acid were as efficient as sulfuric acid. However, results show, considering commercial concentrated acid proprieties, sulfuric acid was still the best option with a third to half of the consumption compared to other acids and acidification cost divided by 10 to compare with the use of organic acid. Acid consumption and acidification cost were highest for nitric acid. For organic acids, the acid consumption and acidification cost depends on slurry types and the target pH value. Furthermore, sulfuric acid and acetic acid had better ability to maintain the pH value below 6.4. In experiment 2, for all slurries, the pH cannot be stabilized by successive acidifications, possibly due to the degradation of organic matter by acid hydrolysis and probably aerobic degradation of volatile fatty acids. The total acid consumption depended on slurry characteristics and varied between 5.97 to 8.06 liters per m3 for cattle slurry and 6.7 to 10.7 for, Surgörning av flytgödsel är en metod för att minska ammoniakavgång. Surgörning tillämpas främst i Danmark, där man använder svavelsyra för att sänka pH-värdet med någon av teknikerna i-stall, i-lager eller i-fält. Organiska syror skulle kunna vara ett bra alternativ till svavelsyra för att utveckla surgörning inom ekologiskt jordbruk. Flera återkommande surgörningar av flytgödsel kan vara en lösning för att hålla ett stabilt pH-värde och undvika ammoniakavgång under hela lagringsperioden. I experiment 1 jämfördes svavelsyra, salpetersyra och fyra organiska syror med avseende på deras effektivitet samt ekonomi för surgörning av nöt- och svingödsel. I experiment 2 studerades buffringsegenskaperna för nio olika flytgödseltyper (fyra från nötkreatur, tre från svin och två filtrerade gödselprover från var och en av dessa djurslag) efter flera surgörningar med svavelsyra till pH 5,5 för att kvantifiera åtgången av syra och genom modellering bestämma vilka egenskaper hos gödseln som påverkar syraåtgången mest. För båda experimenten var lagringstemperaturen 20° C. För syralösningar med samma normalitet var organiska syror och salpetersyra lika effektiva som svavelsyra. Resultaten visar dock att när man beaktar egenskaperna hos de kommersiella koncentrerade syrorna, var svavelsyra fortfarande det bästa alternativet med bara en tredjedel till hälften av behovet jämfört med andra syror. Kostnaden för surgörning blev dessutom bara 10 % jämfört med användning av de organiska syrorna. Syraåtgång och kostnaden för surgörning var störst för salpetersyra. För organiska syror berodde syraåtgången och därmed kostnaden på gödselslag och önskat pH-värde. Utöver detta hade svavelsyra och ättiksyra hade bäst förmåga att bibehålla pH-värdet under 6,4. I experiment 2 stabiliserades inte pH efter varje återkommande surgörning, kanske på grund av nedbrytning av organiskt material genom sur hydrolys och antagligen också genom aerob nedbrytning av flyktiga fettsyror. Den totala syraåtgången be, Baltic Slurry Acidification

[EN] During gastric digestion, spatial and temporal pH gradients exist in the meal, which may impact food nutrient hydrolysis due to pH-mediated enzyme activity. These pH gradients are influenced by both the type of meal as well as the meal buffering capacity. As such, it is important to understand the relationship between the initial food matrix, its buffering capacity, and the resulting pH gradients that occur during gastric digestion. This study will utilize a mechanical gastric model, the Human Gastric Simulator to study the pH gradients found during gastric digestion of sweet potato snacks. Sweet potato snacks will be processed using 4 methods: frying, baking, blanching-frying, and blanching-baking. After processing, the food buffering capacity will be measured. During gastric digestion, samples will be taken to understand the pH distribution and the regional properties of the gastric digesta after each meal. The results from this project are important to understand the links between processing and meal properties during digestion, which will ultimately impact the physiological response to a meal., [ES] Durante la digestión gástrica, existen gradientes espaciales y temporales de pH en la comida, lo que puede afectar la hidrólisis de los nutrientes de los alimentos debido a la actividad de la enzima mediada por el pH. Estos gradientes de pH están influenciados tanto por el tipo de comida como por la capacidad tampón de la comida. Como tal, es importante comprender la relación entre la matriz alimentaria inicial, su capacidad tampón y los gradientes de pH resultantes que se producen durante la digestión gástrica. Este estudio utilizará un modelo gástrico mecánico, el simulador gástrico humano, para estudiar los gradientes de pH encontrados durante la digestión gástrica de los aperitivos o snacks de patata. Los boniatos serán procesados ​​usando 4 métodos: fritura, horneado, escaldado - fritura, escaldado - horneado. Después del procesamiento, se medirá la capacidad tampón de alimentos. Durante la digestión gástrica, se tomarán muestras para comprender la distribución del pH y las propiedades regionales de la digestión gástrica después de cada comida. Los resultados de este proyecto son importantes para comprender los vínculos entre el procesamiento y las propiedades de las comidas durante la digestión, lo que finalmente tendrá un impacto en la respuesta fisiológica a una comida.

[EN] During gastric digestion, spatial and temporal pH gradients exist in the meal, which may impact food nutrient hydrolysis due to pH-mediated enzyme activity. These pH gradients are influenced by both the type of meal as well as the meal buffering capacity. As such, it is important to understand the relationship between the initial food matrix, its buffering capacity, and the resulting pH gradients that occur during gastric digestion. This study will utilize a mechanical gastric model, the Human Gastric Simulator to study the pH gradients found during gastric digestion of sweet potato snacks. Sweet potato snacks will be processed using 4 methods: frying, baking, blanching-frying, and blanching-baking. After processing, the food buffering capacity will be measured. During gastric digestion, samples will be taken to understand the pH distribution and the regional properties of the gastric digesta after each meal. The results from this project are important to understand the links between processing and meal properties during digestion, which will ultimately impact the physiological response to a meal., [ES] Durante la digestión gástrica, existen gradientes espaciales y temporales de pH en la comida, lo que puede afectar la hidrólisis de los nutrientes de los alimentos debido a la actividad de la enzima mediada por el pH. Estos gradientes de pH están influenciados tanto por el tipo de comida como por la capacidad tampón de la comida. Como tal, es importante comprender la relación entre la matriz alimentaria inicial, su capacidad tampón y los gradientes de pH resultantes que se producen durante la digestión gástrica. Este estudio utilizará un modelo gástrico mecánico, el simulador gástrico humano, para estudiar los gradientes de pH encontrados durante la digestión gástrica de los aperitivos o snacks de patata. Los boniatos serán procesados ​​usando 4 métodos: fritura, horneado, escaldado - fritura, escaldado - horneado. Después del procesamiento, se medirá la capacidad tampón de alimentos. Durante la digestión gástrica, se tomarán muestras para comprender la distribución del pH y las propiedades regionales de la digestión gástrica después de cada comida. Los resultados de este proyecto son importantes para comprender los vínculos entre el procesamiento y las propiedades de las comidas durante la digestión, lo que finalmente tendrá un impacto en la respuesta fisiológica a una comida.

[EN] During gastric digestion, spatial and temporal pH gradients exist in the meal, which may impact food nutrient hydrolysis due to pH-mediated enzyme activity. These pH gradients are influenced by both the type of meal as well as the meal buffering capacity. As such, it is important to understand the relationship between the initial food matrix, its buffering capacity, and the resulting pH gradients that occur during gastric digestion. This study will utilize a mechanical gastric model, the Human Gastric Simulator to study the pH gradients found during gastric digestion of sweet potato snacks. Sweet potato snacks will be processed using 4 methods: frying, baking, blanching-frying, and blanching-baking. After processing, the food buffering capacity will be measured. During gastric digestion, samples will be taken to understand the pH distribution and the regional properties of the gastric digesta after each meal. The results from this project are important to understand the links between processing and meal properties during digestion, which will ultimately impact the physiological response to a meal., [ES] Durante la digestión gástrica, existen gradientes espaciales y temporales de pH en la comida, lo que puede afectar la hidrólisis de los nutrientes de los alimentos debido a la actividad de la enzima mediada por el pH. Estos gradientes de pH están influenciados tanto por el tipo de comida como por la capacidad tampón de la comida. Como tal, es importante comprender la relación entre la matriz alimentaria inicial, su capacidad tampón y los gradientes de pH resultantes que se producen durante la digestión gástrica. Este estudio utilizará un modelo gástrico mecánico, el simulador gástrico humano, para estudiar los gradientes de pH encontrados durante la digestión gástrica de los aperitivos o snacks de patata. Los boniatos serán procesados ​​usando 4 métodos: fritura, horneado, escaldado - fritura, escaldado - horneado. Después del procesamiento, se medirá la capacidad tampón de alimentos. Durante la digestión gástrica, se tomarán muestras para comprender la distribución del pH y las propiedades regionales de la digestión gástrica después de cada comida. Los resultados de este proyecto son importantes para comprender los vínculos entre el procesamiento y las propiedades de las comidas durante la digestión, lo que finalmente tendrá un impacto en la respuesta fisiológica a una comida.

Acidification of slurry is one method to reduce ammonia emissions. Mainly implemented in Denmark, SAT use sulfuric acid to decrease the pH in in-house, in storage or in field system. Organic acids could be a good alternative to sulfuric acid to develop SATs for organic farming. Successive acidifications of slurry could be a solution to keep a stable pH and avoid ammonia emissions during all the period of storage. In Experiment 1, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and four organic acids were tested in order to compare efficiency and the economic aspects for cattle and pig slurry acidification. In experiment 2, the buffer system of 9 different slurries (4 from cattle, 3 from pig, and 2 filtrated slurry of each) were studied after several acidifications with sulfuric acid to pH 5.5 in order to quantify the acid consumption and to determine by modelling which slurry characteristics influenced the most this consumption of acid. For both experiments, the storage temperature was 20°C. For acid solutions with the same normality, organic acid and nitric acid were as efficient as sulfuric acid. However, results show, considering commercial concentrated acid proprieties, sulfuric acid was still the best option with a third to half of the consumption compared to other acids and acidification cost divided by 10 to compare with the use of organic acid. Acid consumption and acidification cost were highest for nitric acid. For organic acids, the acid consumption and acidification cost depends on slurry types and the target pH value. Furthermore, sulfuric acid and acetic acid had better ability to maintain the pH value below 6.4. In experiment 2, for all slurries, the pH cannot be stabilized by successive acidifications, possibly due to the degradation of organic matter by acid hydrolysis and probably aerobic degradation of volatile fatty acids. The total acid consumption depended on slurry characteristics and varied between 5.97 to 8.06 liters per m3 for cattle slurry and 6.7 to 10.7 for, Surgörning av flytgödsel är en metod för att minska ammoniakavgång. Surgörning tillämpas främst i Danmark, där man använder svavelsyra för att sänka pH-värdet med någon av teknikerna i-stall, i-lager eller i-fält. Organiska syror skulle kunna vara ett bra alternativ till svavelsyra för att utveckla surgörning inom ekologiskt jordbruk. Flera återkommande surgörningar av flytgödsel kan vara en lösning för att hålla ett stabilt pH-värde och undvika ammoniakavgång under hela lagringsperioden. I experiment 1 jämfördes svavelsyra, salpetersyra och fyra organiska syror med avseende på deras effektivitet samt ekonomi för surgörning av nöt- och svingödsel. I experiment 2 studerades buffringsegenskaperna för nio olika flytgödseltyper (fyra från nötkreatur, tre från svin och två filtrerade gödselprover från var och en av dessa djurslag) efter flera surgörningar med svavelsyra till pH 5,5 för att kvantifiera åtgången av syra och genom modellering bestämma vilka egenskaper hos gödseln som påverkar syraåtgången mest. För båda experimenten var lagringstemperaturen 20° C. För syralösningar med samma normalitet var organiska syror och salpetersyra lika effektiva som svavelsyra. Resultaten visar dock att när man beaktar egenskaperna hos de kommersiella koncentrerade syrorna, var svavelsyra fortfarande det bästa alternativet med bara en tredjedel till hälften av behovet jämfört med andra syror. Kostnaden för surgörning blev dessutom bara 10 % jämfört med användning av de organiska syrorna. Syraåtgång och kostnaden för surgörning var störst för salpetersyra. För organiska syror berodde syraåtgången och därmed kostnaden på gödselslag och önskat pH-värde. Utöver detta hade svavelsyra och ättiksyra hade bäst förmåga att bibehålla pH-värdet under 6,4. I experiment 2 stabiliserades inte pH efter varje återkommande surgörning, kanske på grund av nedbrytning av organiskt material genom sur hydrolys och antagligen också genom aerob nedbrytning av flyktiga fettsyror. Den totala syraåtgången be, Baltic Slurry Acidification

The average organic and hydraulic loads that Constructed Wetlands (CWs) receive are key parameters for their adequate long-term functioning. However, over their lifespan they will inevitably be subject to either episodic or sustained overloadings. Despite that the consequences of sustained overloading are well known (e.g., clogging), the threshold of overloads that these systems can tolerate is difficult to determine. Moreover, the mechanisms that might sustain the buffering capacity (i.e., the reduction of peaks in nutrient load) during overloads are not well understood. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of sudden but sustained organic and hydraulic overloads on the general functioning of CWs. To that end, the mathematical model BIO_PORE was used to simulate five different scenarios, based on the features and operation conditions of a pilot CW system: a control simulation representing the average loads; 2 simulations representing +10% and +30% sustained organic overloads; one simulation representing a sustained +30% hydraulic overload; and one simulation with sustained organic and hydraulic overloads of +15% each. Different model outputs (e.g., total bacterial biomass and its spatial distribution, effluent concentrations) were compared among different simulations to evaluate the effects of such operation changes. Results reveal that overloads determine a temporary decrease in removal efficiency before microbial biomass adapts to the new conditions and COD removal efficiency is recovered. Increasing organic overloads cause stronger temporary decreases in COD removal efficiency compared to increasing hydraulic loads. The pace at which clogging develops increases by 10% for each 10% increase on the organic load., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Directional selection for a physiological trait may either change the innate physiology or increase the plasticity seen in the response to selection. The response of individuals to exercise training can be considered a plastic response while innate differences that increase performance may reflect changes in the genome that have occurred due to directional selection. This dissertation examined changes that could occur in cardiac and skeletal muscle, either innately or due to training, that may affect exercise performance using mice that are selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running.Chapter one examined whether changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics are innate or if they differ between the high runner (HR) and control (C) lines with training. We used a non-invasive method of recording ECGs through the foot pads of conscious mice before and after access to running wheels for six days. Heart rate decreased in all mice after wheel access, but this effect was larger in the HR mice. PR interval duration increased in HR mice after wheel access and the QRS complex was increased in a subset of the HR mice known as the mini-muscle phenotype.Chapter two examined whether mice from HR lines have increased ability to resist or recover from contusion or exercise-induced muscle injury. For contusion injury, male mice were anesthetized and a ball bearing was dropped onto the triceps surae muscle, and wheel running was measured for six days post-injury. For exercise-induced injury, male mice were housed for 6 days with or without wheel access and then evaluated for muscle injury and regeneration using histological and circulating markers. Control and HR mice respond similarly to contusion injury, both reducing wheel running. HR mice show increased central nuclei (a marker of regeneration) in the soleus muscle and mini-muscle mice show increases in regeneration and injury in the deep and superficial gastrocnemius.Chapter three examined the buffering capacity of thi

Directional selection for a physiological trait may either change the innate physiology or increase the plasticity seen in the response to selection. The response of individuals to exercise training can be considered a plastic response while innate differences that increase performance may reflect changes in the genome that have occurred due to directional selection. This dissertation examined changes that could occur in cardiac and skeletal muscle, either innately or due to training, that may affect exercise performance using mice that are selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running.Chapter one examined whether changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics are innate or if they differ between the high runner (HR) and control (C) lines with training. We used a non-invasive method of recording ECGs through the foot pads of conscious mice before and after access to running wheels for six days. Heart rate decreased in all mice after wheel access, but this effect was larger in the HR mice. PR interval duration increased in HR mice after wheel access and the QRS complex was increased in a subset of the HR mice known as the mini-muscle phenotype.Chapter two examined whether mice from HR lines have increased ability to resist or recover from contusion or exercise-induced muscle injury. For contusion injury, male mice were anesthetized and a ball bearing was dropped onto the triceps surae muscle, and wheel running was measured for six days post-injury. For exercise-induced injury, male mice were housed for 6 days with or without wheel access and then evaluated for muscle injury and regeneration using histological and circulating markers. Control and HR mice respond similarly to contusion injury, both reducing wheel running. HR mice show increased central nuclei (a marker of regeneration) in the soleus muscle and mini-muscle mice show increases in regeneration and injury in the deep and superficial gastrocnemius.Chapter three examined the buffering capacity of thi

In deze Deltafact wordt het belang van de bodem als buffer behandeld en de manier waarop de conditie van landbouwbodems kan worden verbeterd. Het accent ligt hierbij op landbouwbodems.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between preterm labor and delivery, and the pH and buffer capacity of vaginal secretions. METHODS: Between January 1, 2009 and March 31, 2012, two cohorts of patients at 22-36weeks of pregnancy were enrolled in a prospective cohort study at Nara Medical University Hospital, Japan. Patients experiencing preterm contractions and a control group of patients experiencing normal pregnancies were included. The pH and buffer capacity of vaginal secretions were measured and compared. RESULTS: Of the 237 patients enrolled, 48 (20.3%) were experiencing symptoms of preterm labor and 189 (79.7%) were included in the control group. The pH was higher (P<0.001) and the buffer capacity was lower (P=0.0135) in the vaginal secretions of the patients experiencing preterm contractions compared with the control group. There was no difference in the pH and buffer capacity of the vaginal secretions of symptomatic patients who would experience preterm delivery and those who would not. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated that vaginal-secretion pH and buffer capacity could differentiate between patients experiencing preterm contractions and those not, but could not differentiate between patients who would experience preterm delivery and those who would not. CONCLUSION: Vaginal-secretion pH and buffer capacity could be useful in diagnosing preterm labor; further studies are needed to determine potential practical diagnostic criteria., 博士（医学）・乙第1383号・平成28年9月28日, Copyright © 2016 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between preterm labor and delivery, and the pH and buffer capacity of vaginal secretions. METHODS: Between January 1, 2009 and March 31, 2012, two cohorts of patients at 22-36weeks of pregnancy were enrolled in a prospective cohort study at Nara Medical University Hospital, Japan. Patients experiencing preterm contractions and a control group of patients experiencing normal pregnancies were included. The pH and buffer capacity of vaginal secretions were measured and compared. RESULTS: Of the 237 patients enrolled, 48 (20.3%) were experiencing symptoms of preterm labor and 189 (79.7%) were included in the control group. The pH was higher (P<0.001) and the buffer capacity was lower (P=0.0135) in the vaginal secretions of the patients experiencing preterm contractions compared with the control group. There was no difference in the pH and buffer capacity of the vaginal secretions of symptomatic patients who would experience preterm delivery and those who would not. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated that vaginal-secretion pH and buffer capacity could differentiate between patients experiencing preterm contractions and those not, but could not differentiate between patients who would experience preterm delivery and those who would not. CONCLUSION: Vaginal-secretion pH and buffer capacity could be useful in diagnosing preterm labor; further studies are needed to determine potential practical diagnostic criteria., 博士（医学）・乙第1383号・平成28年9月28日, Copyright © 2016 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

De biodiversiteit in vennen, ondiepe wateren op de zandgronden, wordt sterk bepaald door de lage concentraties aan voedingsstoffen (fosfor, stikstof en kooldioxide) en bufferstoffen (bicarbonaat). Door ontrafeling van de mechanismen achter deze schaarste, is het mogelijk gebleken een groot deel van de soortenrijkdom te herstellen die door verzuring, vermesting en verdroging was verdwenen. In dit artikel bespreken we de sturende factoren.

Ongeveer een derde van de bossen op de arme zandgronden is aangelegd op voormalige natte heiden. Anders dan op droge zandgronden kan hier door herstel van de waterhuishouding de vochtvoorziening en zuurbuffering verbeterd worden, waardoor de abiotische variatie in deze bossen geleidelijk kan toenemen en op termijn een grotere soortenrijkdom kan ontstaan. In dit artikel bespreken we de kenmerken van vochtige dekzandbossen, de veel voorkomende knelpunten en de kansen voor vergroting van de biodiversiteit.

Kampala wordt elke zomer geplaagd door verscheidene overstromingen als gevolg van kortdurende heftige regenval: de flash floods. In dit geaccidenteerde gebied valt er dan 60 tot 100 mm regen binnen een á twee uur. De overstroming volgt binnen een half uur na het begin van de bui; te kort om een waarschuwingssysteem op te zetten. Kampala City Council zoekt naar structurele oplossingen.

Het IWT- voorbereidingstraject ‘Verhogen van de functionaliteit van extensieve groendaken’ van de hogeschool VIVES in Vlaanderen onderzocht de mogelijkheden om het groendakconcept te combineren met andere technologieën. Naast hoogperformante buffer- en infiltratiesystemen kan warmtewinning uit extensieve groendaken mogelijkheden bieden voor de toekomst.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different additives on the fermentation quality of ensiled cassava leaves and its effects on the ruminal fluid parameters using eighteen West African dwarf goats. Cassava leaves were ensiled alone (ECF), with 5 % (w/w) molasses (ECFM) and caged layer waste (ECFP) respectively as additives for 30 days. Results of chemical composition of the additive and non-additive silages indicated that ensiling with 5 % molasses reduced the DM content from 252.4 g/kg in ECF to 238.9 g/ kg in ECFM and increased with 5 % caged layer waste (ECFP) to 267.6 g/kg. The CP content of ECF was 207.6 g/kg and this decreased to 198.5 g/kg DM in ECFM. Addition of molasses and caged layer waste caused a reduction in the HCN contents from 95.8 mg/kg in non-additive silage (ECF) to 89.3 mg/kg in ECFP and 84.7 mg/kg in ECFM. The mean pH of non-additive silage of 3.66 was significantly (p<0.05) different from the value of 4.29 in ECFP. Animals fed silage ensiled with molasses (ECFM) had a DM intake of 503.42 g/d, followed by values of 485.17 g/d and 458.43 g/d for animals fed ECF and ECFP respectively. Crude protein intake was similar in ECF and ECFM but higher (p<0.05) than ECFP and ranged from 161.28- 172.71 g/d. The ruminal fluid parameters indicated no significant differences (p>0.05) in the pH, BC and lactic acid concentration in both the non- additive and additive silages. Ammonia-nitrogen concentration (NH 3 -N) however, ranged signi- ficantly (p<0.05) from 15.93 ± 0.20 (mg/dL) in ECF to 22.43 ± 0.61 (mg/dL) in ECFP. The study showed that ensiling cassava leaves with 5 % molasses and caged layer waste improved the silage conditions and the ruminal fluid parameters of West African Dwarf goats., Se realizó un estudio para investigar los efec- tos de diferentes aditivos sobre la calidad de la fermentación de ensilaje de hojas de yuca y sus efectos sobre los parámetros del fluido ruminal en dieciocho cabras Enanas de África Occidental. Las hojas de yuca fueron ensiladas, durante 30 días, solas (ECF) y con adición de 5 % de melaza (ECFM) o excretas de ponedoras en batería (ECFP) como aditivos. La adición de 5 % de melaza redujo el contenido de materia seca, 252,4 g/kg en ECF, a 238,9 g/kg en ECFM; con adición de 5 % de excretas (ECFP) la MS aumentó hasta 267,6 g/kg. El nivel de PB (207,6 g/kg en ECF) disminuyó a 198,5 g/kg en ECFM. Tanto la adición de melazas o excretas determinaron la reducción del conteni- do de HCN desde 98,5 g/kg en ECF (sin aditivos) a 89,3 en ECFP y 84,7 g/kg en ECFM. El pH medio del ensilaje sin aditivos (3,66) fue menor (p<0,05) que el de ECFP (4,29). La ingesta en los animales alimentados con ensilado melazado (ECFM) fue de 503,43 g/d; 485,17 g/d para ECF y 458,43 g/d para ECFP. La ingestión de PB varió entre 161,28 y 172,71 g/d, siendo similar en ECF y ECFM y más baja (p<0,05) en EFCP. Los parámetros del fluido ruminal no mostraron diferencias significativas en pH, capacidad tampón o concentración de ácido láctico para ninguno de los tipos de ensilado. Sin embargo, la concentración de nitrógeno amoniacal (NH 3 -N) varió (p<0,05) entre 15,93 ± 0,20 (mg/dL) en ECF a 22,43 ± 0,61 (mg/dL) en ECFP. El trabajo demostró que el ensilaje de hojas de yuca con 5 % de melazas o excretas de aves en batería, mejoró su calidad y repercutió favorablemente sobre los parámetros ruminales de cabras Enanas de África Occidental.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different additives on the fermentation quality of ensiled cassava leaves and its effects on the ruminal fluid parameters using eighteen West African dwarf goats. Cassava leaves were ensiled alone (ECF), with 5 % (w/w) molasses (ECFM) and caged layer waste (ECFP) respectively as additives for 30 days. Results of chemical composition of the additive and non-additive silages indicated that ensiling with 5 % molasses reduced the DM content from 252.4 g/kg in ECF to 238.9 g/ kg in ECFM and increased with 5 % caged layer waste (ECFP) to 267.6 g/kg. The CP content of ECF was 207.6 g/kg and this decreased to 198.5 g/kg DM in ECFM. Addition of molasses and caged layer waste caused a reduction in the HCN contents from 95.8 mg/kg in non-additive silage (ECF) to 89.3 mg/kg in ECFP and 84.7 mg/kg in ECFM. The mean pH of non-additive silage of 3.66 was significantly (p<0.05) different from the value of 4.29 in ECFP. Animals fed silage ensiled with molasses (ECFM) had a DM intake of 503.42 g/d, followed by values of 485.17 g/d and 458.43 g/d for animals fed ECF and ECFP respectively. Crude protein intake was similar in ECF and ECFM but higher (p<0.05) than ECFP and ranged from 161.28- 172.71 g/d. The ruminal fluid parameters indicated no significant differences (p>0.05) in the pH, BC and lactic acid concentration in both the non- additive and additive silages. Ammonia-nitrogen concentration (NH 3 -N) however, ranged signi- ficantly (p<0.05) from 15.93 ± 0.20 (mg/dL) in ECF to 22.43 ± 0.61 (mg/dL) in ECFP. The study showed that ensiling cassava leaves with 5 % molasses and caged layer waste improved the silage conditions and the ruminal fluid parameters of West African Dwarf goats., Se realizó un estudio para investigar los efec- tos de diferentes aditivos sobre la calidad de la fermentación de ensilaje de hojas de yuca y sus efectos sobre los parámetros del fluido ruminal en dieciocho cabras Enanas de África Occidental. Las hojas de yuca fueron ensiladas, durante 30 días, solas (ECF) y con adición de 5 % de melaza (ECFM) o excretas de ponedoras en batería (ECFP) como aditivos. La adición de 5 % de melaza redujo el contenido de materia seca, 252,4 g/kg en ECF, a 238,9 g/kg en ECFM; con adición de 5 % de excretas (ECFP) la MS aumentó hasta 267,6 g/kg. El nivel de PB (207,6 g/kg en ECF) disminuyó a 198,5 g/kg en ECFM. Tanto la adición de melazas o excretas determinaron la reducción del conteni- do de HCN desde 98,5 g/kg en ECF (sin aditivos) a 89,3 en ECFP y 84,7 g/kg en ECFM. El pH medio del ensilaje sin aditivos (3,66) fue menor (p<0,05) que el de ECFP (4,29). La ingesta en los animales alimentados con ensilado melazado (ECFM) fue de 503,43 g/d; 485,17 g/d para ECF y 458,43 g/d para ECFP. La ingestión de PB varió entre 161,28 y 172,71 g/d, siendo similar en ECF y ECFM y más baja (p<0,05) en EFCP. Los parámetros del fluido ruminal no mostraron diferencias significativas en pH, capacidad tampón o concentración de ácido láctico para ninguno de los tipos de ensilado. Sin embargo, la concentración de nitrógeno amoniacal (NH 3 -N) varió (p<0,05) entre 15,93 ± 0,20 (mg/dL) en ECF a 22,43 ± 0,61 (mg/dL) en ECFP. El trabajo demostró que el ensilaje de hojas de yuca con 5 % de melazas o excretas de aves en batería, mejoró su calidad y repercutió favorablemente sobre los parámetros ruminales de cabras Enanas de África Occidental.

Bodems verschillen in de mate waarin fosfaat wordt vastgelegd en beschikbaar is voor gewas en de mate waarin fosfaat weglekt en daardoor in fosfaatbufferend vermogen. Dit rapport onderzoekt de betekenis van het fosfaatbufferend vermogen van de bodem voor het stelsel van fosfaattoestand-afhankelijke fosfaatgebruiksnormen. Daartoe zijn veldproeven met snijmaïs uitgevoerd op landbouwpercelen op zand- en kleigrond die zich onderscheiden in fosfaatbufferend vermogen.

A first-order, lumped capacitance model is used to describe the buffering of airborne chemical species by building materials and furnishings in the indoor environment. The model is applied to describe the interaction between formaldehyde in building materials and the concentration of the species in the indoor air. Storage buffering can decrease the effect of ventilation on the indoor concentration, compared to the inverse dependence of indoor concentration on the air exchange rate that is consistent with a constant emission rate source. If the exposure time of an occupant is long relative to the time scale of depletion of the compound from the storage medium, however, the total exposure will depend inversely on the air exchange rate. This lumped capacitance model is also applied to moisture buffering in the indoor environment, which occurs over much shorter depletion timescales of the order of days. This model provides a framework to interpret the impact of storage buffering on time-varying concentrations of chemical species and resulting occupant exposure. Pseudo-steady state behavior is validated using field measurements. Model behavior over longer times is consistent with formaldehyde and moisture concentration measurements in previous studies.

In this work the effect of age and location within the stem on pH and buffering capacity of radiata pine sapwood was investigated. Mature and juvenile wood samples from three different heights in the trunk were obtained from 20, 25, and 30 year-old trees. Aqueous wood extracts from the samples were used to determine the pH and buffering capacity of wood. Results show a significant effect of age and location in the tree, although a strong interaction among all factors was also detected. In general sapwood tended to be more acidic in the lower part of trees, but juvenile wood showed to be more acidic than mature wood. From both type of wood tested, juvenile wood was more sensitive to change its pH and buffering capacity with the height and age. The effect of wood pH and buffering capacity in the manufacture of wood composites is discussed and further research is recommended to determine whether the variations detected in this study can affect the curing of resins and quality of wood base composite manufactured with radiata pine wood.

In this work the effect of age and location within the stem on pH and buffering capacity of radiata pine sapwood was investigated. Mature and juvenile wood samples from three different heights in the trunk were obtained from 20, 25, and 30 year-old trees. Aqueous wood extracts from the samples were used to determine the pH and buffering capacity of wood. Results show a significant effect of age and location in the tree, although a strong interaction among all factors was also detected. In general sapwood tended to be more acidic in the lower part of trees, but juvenile wood showed to be more acidic than mature wood. From both type of wood tested, juvenile wood was more sensitive to change its pH and buffering capacity with the height and age. The effect of wood pH and buffering capacity in the manufacture of wood composites is discussed and further research is recommended to determine whether the variations detected in this study can affect the curing of resins and quality of wood base composite manufactured with radiata pine wood.

A first-order, lumped capacitance model is used to describe the buffering of airborne chemical species by building materials and furnishings in the indoor environment. The model is applied to describe the interaction between formaldehyde in building materials and the concentration of the species in the indoor air. Storage buffering can decrease the effect of ventilation on the indoor concentration, compared to the inverse dependence of indoor concentration on the air exchange rate that is consistent with a constant emission rate source. If the exposure time of an occupant is long relative to the time scale of depletion of the compound from the storage medium, however, the total exposure will depend inversely on the air exchange rate. This lumped capacitance model is also applied to moisture buffering in the indoor environment, which occurs over much shorter depletion timescales of the order of days. This model provides a framework to interpret the impact of storage buffering on time-varying concentrations of chemical species and resulting occupant exposure. Pseudo-steady state behavior is validated using field measurements. Model behavior over longer times is consistent with formaldehyde and moisture concentration measurements in previous studies.

In this work the effect of age and location within the stem on pH and buffering capacity of radiata pine sapwood was investigated. Mature and juvenile wood samples from three different heights in the trunk were obtained from 20, 25, and 30 year-old trees. Aqueous wood extracts from the samples were used to determine the pH and buffering capacity of wood. Results show a significant effect of age and location in the tree, although a strong interaction among all factors was also detected. In general sapwood tended to be more acidic in the lower part of trees, but juvenile wood showed to be more acidic than mature wood. From both type of wood tested, juvenile wood was more sensitive to change its pH and buffering capacity with the height and age. The effect of wood pH and buffering capacity in the manufacture of wood composites is discussed and further research is recommended to determine whether the variations detected in this study can affect the curing of resins and quality of wood base composite manufactured with radiata pine wood.

In this work the effect of age and location within the stem on pH and buffering capacity of radiata pine sapwood was investigated. Mature and juvenile wood samples from three different heights in the trunk were obtained from 20, 25, and 30 year-old trees. Aqueous wood extracts from the samples were used to determine the pH and buffering capacity of wood. Results show a significant effect of age and location in the tree, although a strong interaction among all factors was also detected. In general sapwood tended to be more acidic in the lower part of trees, but juvenile wood showed to be more acidic than mature wood. From both type of wood tested, juvenile wood was more sensitive to change its pH and buffering capacity with the height and age. The effect of wood pH and buffering capacity in the manufacture of wood composites is discussed and further research is recommended to determine whether the variations detected in this study can affect the curing of resins and quality of wood base composite manufactured with radiata pine wood.

Dit rapport doet verslag van een statistische analyse uitgevoerd op een bestand van Nederlandse melkveehouderijbedrijven. Het doel van deze analyse was na te gaan wat de effecten waren van de melkprijsdaling, die zich voordeed in de tweede helft van 2008 en de eerste helft van 2009. De toenmalige prijsdaling beschouwen we als een voorbode van de situatie die steeds meer de zuivelmarkt zal typeren: een volatiele markt met scherpe prijswisselingen. Het onderzoek toont aan dat de effecten van een melkprijsdaling differentieel van aard zijn, ze variëren al naar gelang het type bedrijf. Om deze verschillen te vatten is een bedrijfsstijlenanalyse uitgevoerd die 4 strategische grondpatronen naar voren brengt: schaalvergroting, fijnregulering, kostenreductie en arbeidsbesparing. In ‘normale’ jaren kan via elk strategisch grondpatroon een goed inkomen worden verworven. Naarmate men meer ‘stijlspecifiek’ is, is het inkomen beter. In ‘slechte’ jaren ligt dit anders: dan blijken strategieën, die draaien om kostenreductie en fijnregulering, tot de beste resultaten te leiden. Ook de balans van vreemd en eigen vermogen speelt in slechte jaren een grote rol. Op haar beurt hangt die balans ook weer op significante wijze samen met de verschillende stijlen. Daarmee brengt de analyse een verschil naar voren dat in de komende jaren wellicht van groot belang zal worden: dat is het verschil tussen boerenlandbouw en ondernemerslandbouw. Met dit onderscheid wordt hier geen moreel of maatschappelijk oordeel gegeven. Waar het om gaat is de vraag welke vorm van landbouwbeoefening het best moeilijke marktomstandigheden weet te weerstaan. In de tweede helft van dit verslag staat de vraag centraal: welk kengetal biedt de melkveehouder het meeste houvast om na te gaan of zijn bedrijf over voldoende veerkracht beschikt om periodes van lage prijzen het hoofd te bieden? Er wordt een nieuw kengetal voorgesteld: buffercapaciteit. Daarnaast kijken we bij welke bedrijfsopzet (stijl) de buffercapaciteit h

Communities of non- vascular plants called bryophytes grow on limestone and basalt on Mo'orea, French Polynesia. The abiotic properties associated with living on each substrate is not well known, however. This study looks at the soil pH, buffering capacity, phosphate levels and substrate water holding ability associated with each substrate. In general, limestone has greater water holding capacity than basalt and its soils are more basic, have higher phosphate levels and have a greater pH buffering capacity than soils on basalt. This study also looks at the biological impact of these substrate abiotic differences by using multivariate discriminate analysis to compare bryophyte communities on each substrate. Five species are tightly correlated with a particular substrate. Ectropothecium sandwichense and Floribundaria aerunginosa prefer limestone whereas Calymperes aongstroemii, Taxithelium vernieri, and Ectropothecium sodale, prefer basalt. Because the distribution of these species is highly correlated with substrate in nature, a reciprocal transplant experiment was designed to see if substrate directly affected a specie's growth. Ectropothecium sodale and Ectropothecium sandwichense can, physiologically, grow on either substrate. This suggests that other factors like elevation, predation and community effects might be contributing to the segregated bryophyte communities observed in nature. Understanding the abiotic and potential biotic factors that influence the distributions of bryophytes enables locals, scientists and developers to use these plants as bioindicators of habitat change.

Communities of non- vascular plants called bryophytes grow on limestone and basalt on Mo'orea, French Polynesia. The abiotic properties associated with living on each substrate is not well known, however. This study looks at the soil pH, buffering capacity, phosphate levels and substrate water holding ability associated with each substrate. In general, limestone has greater water holding capacity than basalt and its soils are more basic, have higher phosphate levels and have a greater pH buffering capacity than soils on basalt. This study also looks at the biological impact of these substrate abiotic differences by using multivariate discriminate analysis to compare bryophyte communities on each substrate. Five species are tightly correlated with a particular substrate. Ectropothecium sandwichense and Floribundaria aerunginosa prefer limestone whereas Calymperes aongstroemii, Taxithelium vernieri, and Ectropothecium sodale, prefer basalt. Because the distribution of these species is highly correlated with substrate in nature, a reciprocal transplant experiment was designed to see if substrate directly affected a specie's growth. Ectropothecium sodale and Ectropothecium sandwichense can, physiologically, grow on either substrate. This suggests that other factors like elevation, predation and community effects might be contributing to the segregated bryophyte communities observed in nature. Understanding the abiotic and potential biotic factors that influence the distributions of bryophytes enables locals, scientists and developers to use these plants as bioindicators of habitat change.

The long-term effects (27-36 years) of conventional and whole-tree harvest on soil water chemistry (50 cm depth) have been examined at three coniferous sites. One of the most important findings of our study were that WTH caused a long-term (27-30 years), but temporary loss, of exchangeable Ca2+ measured as lower soil water concentrations at 50 cm depth as a result of large amounts of Ca2+ being removed during harvest. In addition, WTH resulted in lower soil water pH and ANC. Treatment effects were also noted for SO42- which could be the combined results of lower dry deposition in WTH-plots and/or increased retention in the mineral soil. The main treatment differences are temporary and had disappeared during the second study period between 2008 and 2010 (i.e. 32 to 35 years after harvest). These results are in agreement with previous soil studies carried out at the same sites. The implications of WTH effect are discussed in the context of validating model forecasts and need for ash-recycling., The long-term effects (27-36 years) of conventional and whole-tree harvest on soil water chemistry (50 cm depth) have been examined at three coniferous sites. One of the most important findings of our study were that WTH caused a long-term (27-30 years), but temporary loss, of exchangeable Ca2+ measured as lower soil water concentrations at 50 cm depth as a result of large amounts of Ca2+ being removed during harvest. In addition, WTH resulted in lower soil water pH and ANC. Treatment effects were also noted for SO42- which could be the combined results of lower dry deposition in WTH-plots and/or increased retention in the mineral soil. The main treatment differences are temporary and had disappeared during the second study period between 2008 and 2010 (i.e. 32 to 35 years after harvest). These results are in agreement with previous soil studies carried out at the same sites. The implications of WTH effect are discussed in the context of validating model forecasts and need for ash-recycling.

The long-term effects (27-36 years) of conventional and whole-tree harvest on soil water chemistry (50 cm depth) have been examined at three coniferous sites. One of the most important findings of our study were that WTH caused a long-term (27-30 years), but temporary loss, of exchangeable Ca2+ measured as lower soil water concentrations at 50 cm depth as a result of large amounts of Ca2+ being removed during harvest. In addition, WTH resulted in lower soil water pH and ANC. Treatment effects were also noted for SO42- which could be the combined results of lower dry deposition in WTH-plots and/or increased retention in the mineral soil. The main treatment differences are temporary and had disappeared during the second study period between 2008 and 2010 (i.e. 32 to 35 years after harvest). These results are in agreement with previous soil studies carried out at the same sites. The implications of WTH effect are discussed in the context of validating model forecasts and need for ash-recycling., The long-term effects (27-36 years) of conventional and whole-tree harvest on soil water chemistry (50 cm depth) have been examined at three coniferous sites. One of the most important findings of our study were that WTH caused a long-term (27-30 years), but temporary loss, of exchangeable Ca2+ measured as lower soil water concentrations at 50 cm depth as a result of large amounts of Ca2+ being removed during harvest. In addition, WTH resulted in lower soil water pH and ANC. Treatment effects were also noted for SO42- which could be the combined results of lower dry deposition in WTH-plots and/or increased retention in the mineral soil. The main treatment differences are temporary and had disappeared during the second study period between 2008 and 2010 (i.e. 32 to 35 years after harvest). These results are in agreement with previous soil studies carried out at the same sites. The implications of WTH effect are discussed in the context of validating model forecasts and need for ash-recycling.

This book is about sustainable land management, the development of water buffers and the business case underneath it. It is part of the discussion on the green economy: investment in natural resource management makes business sense. This also applies for investment in land, water and vegetative cover. Some of the parameters may be different – returns may not always be immediate – but essentially both the financial payback and the economic dividend of investing in integrated landscapes – if done properly – are rewarding. The social impact moreover is important – investing in sustainable land and water buffers will transform lives and economies. Having a buffer gives a sense of security and the reassurance that come what may one’s livelihood is secured.

Elektriciteit wordt opgewekt door verbranding van fossiele brandstoffen, maar ook uit windkracht en zonlicht. Energievragers (huishoudens, bedrijven) nemen deze elektrische energie af via het elektriciteitsnet. Deze vraag naar elektriciteit is variabel. Doordat opslag van elektriciteit in het elektriciteitsnet niet mogelijk is, moet de inzet van de elektrische productiemiddelen zoveel mogelijk de vraag naar elektriciteit volgen. Dit kan door bijvoorbeeld gascentrales op- en af te schakelen. Een andere, meer brongerichte manier, is om de vraag aan te passen aan het aanbod van elektriciteit. Het waterschap is zo’n energievrager. Eneco en DHV hebben samen met het Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland, medegefinancierd door Waterkader Haaglanden, de haalbaarheid van het plan om het bufferend vermogen van het watersysteem in te zetten voor het elektriciteitssysteem onlangs onderzocht.

Although much research has investigated the types of exercise that are enhanced with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion, to date, there has been limited research on the dosage and timing of ingestion that optimizes the associated ergogenic effects. This study investigated the effects of various NaHCO3 loading protocols on the time-dependent blood-buffering profile. Eight male volunteers (age, 22.4 ± 5.7 yr; height, 179.8 ± 9.6 cm, body mass, 76.3 ± 14.1 kg) completed Part A, measures of alkalosis throughout 120 minutes after ingestion of various single NaHCO 3 dosages (0.3 g·kg-1, 0.2 g·kg -1, 0.1 g·kg-1, and placebo); and Part B, similar profiles after alternative NaHCO3 loading protocols (single morning dosage [SMD], single evening dosage [SED], and dosages ingested on 3 consecutive evenings [CED]). Results from Part A are as follows. Blood buffering in the 0.1 g·kg-1 condition was significantly lower than the 0.2 g·kg-1 and 0.3 g·kg-1 conditions (p < 0.002), but there was no significant differences between the 0.2 g·kg-1 and 0.3 g·kg-1 conditions (p = 0.34). Although the blood buffering was relatively constant in the 0.1 and 0.2 conditions, it was significantly higher at 60 minutes than at 100 minutes and 1 20 minutes in the 0.3 g·kg-1 condition (p < 0.05). Results from Part B are as follows. Blood buffering for SMD was significantly higher than for SED and CED (p < 0.05). Blood buffering in the SMD condition was significantly lower at 1 7:00 hours than at 11:00 hours (p = 0.007). The single 0.2 and 0.3 g·kg-1 NaHCO3 dosages appeared to be the most effective for increasing blood-buffering capacity. The 0.2 g·kg-1 dosage is best ingested 40 to 50 minutes before exercise and the 0.3 g·kg-1 dosage 60 minutes before exercise.

Vooral in stedelijk gebied is bij een piek in de regenval een buffer nodig om het water tijdelijk vast te houden. Dat kan ook ondergronds. Zelfs onder een sportveld

Plantenkwekerij Reijm Nieuwerkerk werkt sinds kort met een compact sorteer- en afleversysteem, dat bij een beperkte bezetting een hoge capaciteit kan realiseren. Met behulp van een oppakrobot, camerasortering, een zeer efficiënte plantenbuffer en twee verschillende neerzetrobots zijn gelijktijdig zes sorteringen Dracaena marginata te verwerken. Het laden van meerdere typen veilingkarren verloopt automatisch

Momenteel wordt steeds meer landbouwgrond uit productie genomen en veranderd in natuurgebieden. Tijdens deze omzetting kunnen veranderingen optreden in bodemeigenschappen. Veel landbouwgronden hebben verhoogde gehalten aan zware metalen. Dit proefschrift laat de toepassing zien van geochemische modellen bij het voorspellen van het gedrag van zware metalen in zandige bodems. Deze voorspellingen kunnen in de praktijk worden toegepast bij milieuonderzoeken en beleidsplannen. De geochemische modelberekeningen zijn toe te passen zowel op landbodems als waterbodems

Onderzoek en praktijkvoorbeelden tonen aan dat met het gesloten kasprincipe energie bespaard kan worden, met name door de toepassing van seizoensopslag. In dit onderzoek is gekeken op welke manieren het mogelijk is het concept van de gesloten kas te verbeteren

The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) participate in the maintenance of pH homeostasis in various tissues of the human body by catalyzing the reversible reaction CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H+. Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (CA VI) is secreted into the human saliva by the serous acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands. The present work was undertaken in order to gain an understanding of the physiological role of CA VI in the oral cavity. CA VI concentrations were compared with other salivary characteristics and with the clinical dental status of the subjects. Saliva samples were collected under strictly controlled conditions from 209 young, healthy men and their CA VI concentrations determined by means of a specific time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Salivary secretion rate, pH, buffering capacity, α-amylase activity level and counts of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci were also determined. Salivary CA VI concentrations showed positive correlations with salivary secretion rate (r = 0.20, p = 0.003) and amylase activity level (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), but not with pH, buffering capacity, or counts of mutans streptococci or lactobacilli. Salivary CA VI concentration, pH and buffering capacity correlated negatively with the number of decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT index). The correlation between salivary CA VI concentration and DMFT index was closest in the subjects with poor oral hygiene. No correlation was found between salivary secretion rate or amylase activity and the DMFT index. The location of CA VI in the enamel pellicle, a thin layer of proteins on dental surfaces providing a protective interface between the tooth surface and the external environment, was demonstrated in samples of extracted teeth using immunostaining with anti-CA VI antibody. Immunostaining for salivary α-amylase, which was used as a positive control, produced virtually the same staining patterns. The presence of CA VI in the natural enamel pellicle was confirmed by W

Om suikerbieten onkruidvrij te houden, wordt tijdens de verzorging een aantal malen, al dan niet door dezelfde sporen, over het land gereden. Chemische onkruidbestrijding vraagt meestal minder werkgangen dan mechanische en heeft een grotere capaciteit. Op lichtere gronden is het aantal werkgangen groter dan op zware gronden en wel het grootst op dalgrond. Uit rijbanenproeven is bekend dat bieten negatief reageren op verdichtingen in de bouwvoor. Om na te gaan in hoeverre dit ook geldt voor sporen door berijden tijdens de verzorging, zijn proeven gedaan. De resultaten leest u in Landbouwmechanisatie.