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An updated (and now online) version of the former chromosome database of tribe Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) is presented (http://www.delphinieae.online). This new version is the result of an accurate, exhaustive literature and Internet research, by adding chromosome counts and all related karyological information for the genera Aconitum L., Gymnaconitum (Stapf) Wei Wang & Z. D. Chen, Delphinium L. (including Staphisagria Spach), Consolida (DC.) S. F. Gray and Aconitella Spach, accumulated during the approximately last 25 years and that comprise worldwide published data from 1889 to 2021. The Delphinieae Chromosome Database (DCDB) (last updated 31.12.2021) contains a total number of 3435 reports belonging to 425 species (503 taxa), which represents 48.6% of the total species of the tribe (an increase of c. 213% and 32% compared with the 1097 and 2598 reports gathered in the 1999 and 2016 versions, respectively). This increase is due both to chromosome research progress and to improved information capture system. Moreover, recent taxonomic advances, synonymization, and new phylogenetic criteria have also been considered. The DCDB database provides the most complete currently available information on published chromosome numbers, ploidy-level estimates, and other karyological data of Delphinieae, and it is aimed to be useful for the building of cytotaxonomical databases and for specific research ongoing projects of systematics and evolution of Ranunculaceae. DCDB includes two levels of taxonomic resolution, published name (original and standardized form) and database accepted name (based on either Plants of the World – POWO or expert specialist criteria), as well as the geographic origin of each count (country, locality, geographic coordinates, elevation, or ecological information when reported in the original publication), associated karyological data if originally provided (studied material type, graphic information, chromosome measures and formulas, satellites, B chr

For the first time, the chromosome number was determined for 5 species of the genus Pyrus L. (Rosaceae) from Armenia, viz. P. daralaghezii, P. hyrcana var. yeghegisi, P. medvedevii, P. oxiprion, P. takhtadzhianii, and the previous count of chromosome number for P. caucasica was confirmed. All the explored species have a diploid chromosome number 2n = 34 with the basic chromosome number x = 17.

Seseli farrenyi (Apiaceae) is an extremely narrow endemic plant, which is considered as one of the species of most conservation concern in Catalonia (NW Mediterranean Basin). Given the accelerated fragmentation and reduction of population size (of over 90%), the environmental agency of Catalonia is currently preparing a recovery plan that includes reinforcements of the extant populations. The present study is aimed at providing the necessary knowledge to carry out geneticallyinformed translocations, by using microsatellites as genetic markers. Fourteen microsatellites have been specifically developed for S. farrenyi, of which nine have been used. Besides the extant natural populations, the three ex situ collections that are known to exist of this species have also been studied, as they would be the donor sources for translocation activities. Our main finding is that levels of genetic diversity in the natural populations of S. farrenyi are still high (He = 0.605), most likely as a result of a predominantly outcrossing mating system in combination with the limited time elapsed since the population decline. However, population fragmentation is showing the first genetic signs, as the values of genetic differentiation are relatively high, and two well-differentiated genetic lineages have been found even in such a narrow geographic range. These genetic results provide important information when designing conservation management measures.

This paper provides an overview of the last 40 years of use, and in many cases abuse, of the natural resources in Catalonia, a country that is representative of European countries in general, and especially those in the Mediterranean region. It analyses the use of natural resources made by mining, agriculture, livestock, logging, fishing, nature tourism, and energy production and consumption. This use results in an ecological footprint, i.e., the productive land and sea surface required to generate the consumed resources and absorb the resulting waste, which is about seven times the amount available, a very high number but very similar to other European countries. This overexploitation of natural resources has a huge impact on land and its different forms of cover, air, and water. For the last 25 years, forests and urban areas have each gained almost 3% more of the territory at the expense of agricultural land; those municipalities bordering the sea have increased their number of inhabitants and activity, and although they only occupy 6.7% of the total surface area, they account for 43.3% of the population; air quality has stabilized since the turn of the century, and there has been some improvement in the state of aquatic ecosystems, but still only 36% are in good condition, while the remainder have suffered morphological changes and different forms of nonpoint source pollution; meanwhile the biodiversity of flora and fauna remains still under threat. Environmental policies do not go far enough so there is a need for revision of the legislation related to environmental impact and the protection of natural areas, flora, and fauna. The promotion of environmental research must be accompanied by environmental education to foster a society which is more knowledgeable, has more control and influence over the decisions that deeply affect it. Indeed, nature conservation goes hand in hand with other social and economic challenges that require a more sustainable vision. Toda

Fem aquí un balanç dels darrers quaranta anys d'ús, en molts casos abús, dels recursos naturals a Catalunya, un país representatiu dels països europeus, en especial dels mediterranis. [...]

This paper provides an overview of the last 40 years of use, and in many cases abuse, of the natural resources in Catalonia, a country that is representative of European countries in general, and especially those in the Mediterranean region. It analyses the use of natural resources made by mining, agriculture, livestock, logging, fishing, nature tourism, and energy production and consumption. This use results in an ecological footprint, i.e., the productive land and sea surface required to generate the consumed resources and absorb the resulting waste, which is about seven times the amount available, a very high number but very similar to other European countries. This overexploitation of natural resources has a huge impact on land and its different forms of cover, air, and water. For the last 25 years, forests and urban areas have each gained almost 3% more of the territory at the expense of agricultural land; those municipalities bordering the sea have increased their number of inhabitants and activity, and although they only occupy 6.7% of the total surface area, they account for 43.3% of the population; air quality has stabilized since the turn of the century, and there has been some improvement in the state of aquatic ecosystems, but still only 36% are in good condition, while the remainder have suffered morphological changes and different forms of nonpoint source pollution; meanwhile the biodiversity of flora and fauna remains still under threat. Environmental policies do not go far enough so there is a need for revision of the legislation related to environmental impact and the protection of natural areas, flora, and fauna. The promotion of environmental research must be accompanied by environmental education to foster a society which is more knowledgeable, has more control and influence over the decisions that deeply affect it. Indeed, nature conservation goes hand in hand with other social and economic challenges that require a more sustainable vision. Toda

Seseli farrenyi (Apiaceae) is an extremely narrow endemic plant, which is considered as one of the species of most conservation concern in Catalonia (NW Mediterranean Basin). Given the accelerated fragmentation and reduction of population size (of over 90%), the environmental agency of Catalonia is currently preparing a recovery plan that includes reinforcements of the extant populations. The present study is aimed at providing the necessary knowledge to carry out geneticallyinformed translocations, by using microsatellites as genetic markers. Fourteen microsatellites have been specifically developed for S. farrenyi, of which nine have been used. Besides the extant natural populations, the three ex situ collections that are known to exist of this species have also been studied, as they would be the donor sources for translocation activities. Our main finding is that levels of genetic diversity in the natural populations of S. farrenyi are still high (He = 0.605), most likely as a result of a predominantly outcrossing mating system in combination with the limited time elapsed since the population decline. However, population fragmentation is showing the first genetic signs, as the values of genetic differentiation are relatively high, and two well-differentiated genetic lineages have been found even in such a narrow geographic range. These genetic results provide important information when designing conservation management measures.

New data on demography, niche modeling, genetic diversity (including allozymes, cpDNA, and chromosome numbers) and phylogeography of closely related taxa of Delphinium ser. Fissa (Delphinium fissum subsp. fissum and subsp. sordidum, D. bolosii and D. mansanetianum) in the W. Mediterranean are given. New scientific information suggests that in certain cases, conservation plans at supraspecific level better addresses appropriate threat evaluation and effective protection measures when taxa are closely related and subject to unconnected multiple local, regional and national administrations, beyond territorial borders.

Protection and management of closely related endangered species and subspecies at a very narrow regional scale is the origin of multiple dysfunctional conservation decisions. These include artificially increased IUCN risk assessment categories and derived consequences: poor effectiveness in allocating public and private funds or repeat of unnecessary actions/facilities. Data provided by the revisited study of a group of W Mediterranean larkspurs (Delphinium ser. Fissa), including new data on demography, niche modeling, genetic diversity and phylogeography, contributed to a new and wider analysis of causes of threat. Although current IUCN Red List regulations did not allow for assessments at levels higher than a specific rank, scientific information suggests that in some cases this could be a better approach for sound scientifically-based biodiversity conservation planning and action.

[CA] S’ha fet un estudi reproductiu de la població retrobada de Delphinium bolosii (Ranunculaceae) al Parc Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac. S’ha examinat la morfologia floral i la producció de flors, les recompenses florals (pol·len i nèctar), la relació P/O, el grau de dependència dels pol·linitzadors per a la producció de granes, la freqüència de pol·linitzadors i la seva eficàcia mitjançant les càrregues pol·líniques estigmàtiques, l’èxit reproductiu i altres interaccions biològiques. Les dades obtingudes s’han comparat amb les d’altres poblacions de l’espècie o d’espècies molt properes per valorar-ne el comportament reproductor sexual. Els resultats indiquen que no es detecta cap limitació reproductiva d’aquesta població al Parc., [ES] Se ha realizado un estudio reproductivo de la población reencontrada de Delphinium bolosii (Ranunculaceae) en el Parque Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac. Se ha examinado la morfología floral y la producción de flores, las recompensas florales (polen y néctar), la relación P/O, el grado de dependencia de los polinizadores para la producción de semillas, la frecuencia de polinizadores y su eficacia mediante las cargas polínicas estigmáticas, el éxito reproductivo y otras interacciones biológicas. Los datos obtenidos se han comparado con los de otras poblaciones de la especie o de especies muy próximas para valorar su comportamiento reproductivo sexual. Los resultados indican que no se detecta ninguna limitación reproductiva de esta población en el Parque., [EN] A reproductive study of the rediscovered population of Delphinium bolosii (Ranunculaceae) has been conducted in Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac Nature Park. We have examined floral morphology and flower production, floral rewards (pollen and nectar), the P/O ratio, the degree of dependence on pollinators for seed production, the frequency of pollinators and their effectiveness through stigmatic pollen loads, reproductive success and other biological interactions. The data obtained have been compared with those of other populations of the species or of closely related species to assess their sexual reproductive behaviour. The results indicate that no reproductive limitation of this population is detected in the Park.

[CA] Des del retrobament de l’esperó de Bolòs al Parc Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac, se li ha fet un seguiment anual (2014-2017) per valorar-ne la dinàmica demogràfica i la possible evolució, comptant individus juvenils i reproductors emergits cada any, l’alçada de les tiges floríferes i la producció de flors i fruits. Aquesta informació s’incorporarà a la base de dades SEFA (Programa de seguiment de flora amenaçada). A més, s’ha ampliat l’estudi de germinació amb més individus per obtenir material per confirmar el nombre cromosòmic, atès que en l’únic individu estudiat va ser diferent (2n = 16) de les altres poblacions reportades (2n = 18), aquest darrer nombre força rar en la tribu Delphinieae. Es confirma 2n = 16 en tots els individus analitzats., [ES] Desde el reencuentro de la espuela de Bolòs en el Parque Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac, se le ha realizado un seguimiento anual (2014-2017) para valorar su dinámica demográfica y su posible evolución, contabilizando individuos juveniles y reproductores emergidos cada año, la altura de los tallos floríferos y la producción de flores y frutos. Esta información se incorporará a la base de datos SEFA (Programa de seguimiento de flora amenazada). Además, se ha ampliado el estudio de germinación con más individuos para obtener material para confirmar el número cromosómico, dado que en el único individuo estudiado fue distinto (2n = 16) de las otras poblaciones reportadas (2n = 18), número este último bastante raro en la tribu Delphinieae. Se confirma 2n = 16 en todos los individuos analizados., [EN] After the Bolòs larkspur was rediscovered in Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac Nature Park, annual monitoring (2014-2017) was conducted to assess its demographic dynamics and possible evolution, including counting young and reproductive individuals emerging every year, the height of the flower stems and flower and fruit production. This information will be added to the Standardised Programme for Monitoring Endangered Flora (SEFA) database. In addition, the germination study has been extended with more individuals to obtain material to confirm the chromosome number, since in the only individual studied it was different (2n = 16) from the other reported populations (2n = 18); this latter number is rare in the Delphinieae tribe. 2n = 16 is confirmed in all the individuals analysed.

[EN] Wars and military activities have severe impacts on humans and on biodiversity, which are briefly summarized. Some side effects, although not ethically acceptable as principles, produced, however, some opportunities that have ultimately resulted in actions beneficial for plant conservation. A short review of case studies from all over the world and historical periods shows how military zones and activities can be turned on nature reserves if appropriate administrative decisions (scientifically based) are taken in the wider framework of concerted conservation with other areas of human intervention on the biosphere., [ES] Las guerras y las actividades militares en general tienen un gran impacto en los humanos y en la biodiversidad, que se resume aquí brevemente. Algunos efectos adversos, aunque no éticamente aceptables en principio, producen sin embargo algunas oportunidades que, en última instancia, dieron lugar a acciones beneficiosas para la conservación de las plantas. Una breve revisión de diferentes casos de estudio alrededor del mundo y en diferentes períodos históricos muestran cómo las zonas y actividades militares pueden actuar de reservas naturales si se toman las decisiones administrativas apropiadas (con base científica) en un marco más amplio de conservación coordinada con otras áreas de la intervención humana en la biosfera.

A new version of the earlier chromosome database of tribe Delphinieae is presented (v. 2.0, updated 23/4/2016 and available online at http://hdl.handle.net/2445/98702), after an accurate extensive literature and Internet survey, by adding the chromosome counts for the genera Aconitum L. [including Gymnaconitum (Stapf) Wei Wang & Z. D. Chen], Delphinium L. (including Staphisagria Spach), Consolida (DC.) S. F. Gray and Aconitella Spach, accumulated in the last 17 years. A total number of 2598 reports are presented, belonging to 389 species and to a total of 467 taxa, and representing 44.5% of the total species number of the tribe (an increase of c. 137% compared with the 1097 reports gathered in the 1999 version). This increase is due both to chromosome research progress (analysed as counts/year) and an improved information capture system (including checking of populations location through Cyrillic alphabet, and Japanese and Chinese writing systems). Additionally, recent taxonomic advances, synonimization and new phylogenetic criteria have also been taken into account. The main basic number x = 8 is found at 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, and 8x ploidy levels, whereas x = 9 is much rarer. Polyploidy is more frequent in perennial taxa (Aconitum and Delphinium s. str.) whereas in annuals, disploidy (both increasing and decreasing) takes more importance and should be considered as a source of new evolutionary opportunities. The most frequent counts are 2n = 16 and 32, but counts of 2n = 12, 14, 17, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28, 30, 34, 40, 46, 48, 52, and 64 have also been recorded. In 20 species more than one different chromosome number has been reported and 81 species showed different ploidy levels. The Delphinieae Chromosome Database (DCDB) provides the most complete current available information on chromosome numbers of Delphinieae, yearly updated, and aimed to be useful for general building of cytotaxonomical databases and for specific research ongoing projects of systematics of Ranuncu

We used allozyme electrophoresis to survey genetic diversity of Agrostis barceloi L.Sáez & Rosselló, an extremely narrow endemic species from the island of Majorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean Basin). This species is a tetraploid with a single natural population of less than 100 individuals. All analyzed individuals of A. barceloi showed the same genotype. Four out of 18 interpretable loci showed fixed heterozygosity (thus supporting an allopolyploid origin). The genotypic uniformity of this species may be attributed to a founder effect associated with a dispersal event of its ancestor from the continent, a very small current effective population size (N e), and a series of natural or anthropogenic threats affecting the population. We propose several conservation measures such as seed storing and plant production for further reinforcements (which do not need any previous work for selecting individuals because of the genetic uniformity). In addition, we suggest the preservation of the mountain summit where the species is found (Puig Major), which would also positively influence the conservation of other co-occurring ENEs and other rare and threatened species.

Exposición organizada dentro de los actos de conmemoración del 50º aniversario de la muerte del botánico catalán Pius Font i Quer. Se celebró en el vestíbulo del Edificio Histórico de la Universidad de Barcelona del 15 de octubre al 5 de noviembre de 2014.

[EN]Genetic diversity in Silene sennenii Pau (Caryophylaceae) asayed through DNA-based techniques.— Silene sennenii is a narrow endemic species from the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. It is considered as EN (“Endangered”) according to the IUCN criteria and is under legal protection in Catalonia. In the present work we report an assay using three different approaches for surveying the genetic diversity in this rare, endangered campion: analysis of chloroplast haplotypes, AFLPs and transferability of microsatellites previously developed for Silene latifolia. None of the nine chloroplast regions sequenced showed any variability. Five out of the 21 microsatellite loci tested were polymorphic although more loci are required in order to perform a robust population genetics study. Regarding the AFLP analysis, five out of the 26 pairs of primers tested exhibited moderate levels of variability and therefore they could be useful for further investigating the genetic structure of S. sennenii. Although preliminary, our results based on three different genetic markers are in agreement with the low values of genetic variation already reported for this species employing allozymes., [ES]Diversidad genética de Silene sennenii Pau (Caryophyllaceae) a partir de técnicas basadas en ADN.— Silene sennenii es una especie endémica, circunscrita a un área extremadamente reducida al NE de la Península Ibérica. Está catalogada como EN («En Peligro») según criterios UICN y se encuentra legalmente protegida en Cataluña. En el presente trabajo se expone el ensayo de tres aproximaciones diferentes al estudio de su diversidad genética: análisis de haplotipos cloroplásticos, AFLPs y transferibilidad de microsatélites diseñados previamente para Silene latifolia. Ninguna de las nueve regiones cloroplásticas secuenciadas ha presentado variabilidad. Se han obtenido cinco loci microsatélites polimórficos de los 21 ensayados, cantidad insuficiente para llevar a cabo un estudio robusto sobre genética poblacional. En cuanto a AFLPs, cinco combinaciones de cebadores de las 26 probadas han mostrado niveles moderados de variabilidad siendo así útiles para posteriores trabajos sobre la estructura genética de S. sennenii. Aun siendo preliminares, los resultados aquí expuestos, fruto del uso de tres tipos de marcadores basados en ADN, confirman la escasa diversidad genética anteriormente obtenida para esta especie mediante la técnica de electroforesis de aloenzimas.

[EN]Dichoropetalum schottii is a taxon of S. European mountains reaching its western distribution limit at the Pyrenees. A single Iberian location is known, hosting c. 250 individuals (CR according to IUCN 2001 categories). It is also known in France from some ten localities in the Eastern Pyrenees and protected by law in Catalonia and Languedoc-Roussillon. Allozyme variation of Pyrenean populations has been studied. Parameters of genetic variation (P99, A, He) for eight loci show lower values for the Catalan population (25.0; 1.37; 0.100, respectively) than for the remaining Pyrenean populations (37.5-50; 1.50; 0.112-0.134), in congruence with small population size and marginal excentric situation in relation with the total distribution area. By comparing the obtained data with those of populations of the whole distribution area, we conclude that the Pyrenean populations set can be distinguished as a significant portion of genetic variation, characterized by private alleles and by a relatively recent origin, coming from an E. Mediterranean mountain stock. The set of Pyrenean populations can be identified as a functional conservation unit for which conservation measures are proposed., [CAT]Dichoropetalum schottii és un tàxon de les muntanyes del S. d’Europa que ateny el seu extrem occidental de distribució als Pirineus. Se’n coneix una única localitat ibèrica amb vora 250 individus (CR segons categories UICN 2001). A l’estat francès és conegut d’una desena de localitats dels Pirineus Orientals. Aquest tàxon és protegit legalment tant a la Catalunya autònoma com a la regió del Llenguadoc-Rosselló. S’ha estudiat la variació al·loenzimàtica de les poblacions pirinenques. Els paràmetres de variació genètica (P99, A, He) per a vuit loci indiquen valors més baixos a la població catalana (25,0; 1,37; 0,100, respectivament) que no pas a la resta de poblacions dels Pirineus (37,5-50; 1,50;0,112-0,134), congruents amb la petita mida poblacional i amb la situació marginal excèntrica respecte a l’àrea de distribució total. Comparant les dades obtingudes amb les de poblacions de tota l’àrea de distribució es conclou que el nucli pirinenc en conjunt pot ser distingit com una fracció significativa de la variació genètica caracteritzada per la presència d’al·lels privats i per un origen relativament recent, a partir d’una estirp procedent de les muntanyes mediterrànies orientals. El conjunt de poblacions pirinenques és identificable com a unitat funcional de conservació, per a la qual es proposen mesures de conservació.

[EN]The Empordà endemism Silene sennenii is a singular species, now in danger of extinction caused mainly by the progressive disappearance of its habitat. In recent years, interest for its conservation has grown, resulting in several scientific studies which aim to improve the knowledge of this plant and propose measures and mechanisms to improve its state of conservation and to guarantee its survival. This study summarises the principal results of scientific research on Silene sennenii. Among others, its genetic diversity has been studied, showing the effects of population fragmentation as well as its reproductive biology. The latter reveals that Silene sennenii has an interesting method of nocturnal pollination. Decisive protective measures of its habitat are necessary for the conservation of this endemism, in order to maintain existing populations and, ideally, to enhance its expansion, [CAT]L’endemisme empordanès Silene sennenii és una espècie singular que es troba en perill d’extinció a causa, principalment, de la desaparició progressiva del seu hàbitat. En els últims anys, l’interès en la seva conservació ha anat en augment, donant lloc a diversos estudis científics adreçats a conèixer-la millor i a proposar mesures i mecanismes permillorar el seu estat de conservació i garantir-ne la supervivència. En aquest treball es resumeixen els principals resultants de la recerca científica duta a terme en Silene sennenii. Entre d’altres, se n’ha estudiat la diversitat genètica, que ha evidenciat els efectes de la fragmentació poblacional, així comla biologia reproductiva, que ha revelat que Silene sennenii posseeix un interessant model de pol·linització nocturna. La conservació d’aquest endemisme passa necessàriament per la presa decidida de mesures de protecció del seu hàbitat, per tal de mantenir les poblacions actualment existents i, idealment, afavorir el seu creixement

[EN] The extremely rare Aquilegia paui (Ranunculaceae) was described in 1920 but was not found again until 1999, when it was discovered in the Parc Natural dels Ports in Tarragona Province, Spain. This species had been confused with the widespread A. vulgaris and consequently its taxonomic and conservation status had been misinterpreted. Based on the limited range of A. paui and the level of disturbance of its habitat we recommend that it is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. We summarize the conservation actions available for such extremely narrow endemic plant species and make appropriate recommendations for the conservation of A. paui.

[EN] (Spain). Only a very limited number of populations of this species are known, located in the north coast of the Creus Cape (Alt Empordà). This species has been catalogued as “Endangered” (EN) according to the IUCN criteria, based on a series of studies performed in the late 1990s, which included censuses and detailed cartography. New censuses performed by the same researchers a decade later revealed a decline of 90% of the total number of individuals, as well as the loss of the species in its type locality. These data justify the classification of S. farrenyi as “Critically Endangered” (CR). The development of demographic studies in order to determine the causes of the population loss in this species should be a priority for its recovery plan, which is mandatory under the current legislation, [ES] Seseli farrenyi: ¿un endemismo ampurdanés en vías de extinción?- Seseli farrenyi es un endemismo estrictamente catalán, que cuenta con un número muy reducido de poblaciones en la franja litoral norte del cabo de Creus (Alt Empordà). La especie ha sido catalogada como “En Peligro” (EN) según los criterios de la UICN basándose en una serie de estudios realizados a finales de los años noventa, incluyendo censos y cartografía detallada. Tras poco más de una década, la realización de un nuevo censo por parte del mismo equipo de investigadores revela una pérdida de más del 90% del total de individuos, así como la desaparición de la localidad clásica de la especie, justificando elevar su categoría de amenaza a “En Peligro Crítico” (CR). Una de las prioridades del plan de recuperación para esta especie (la redacción y aplicación del cual se deriva de la inclusión de S. farrenyi en el Catàleg de Flora Amenaçada de Catalunya) debería ser la realización de estudios demográficos que permitieran conocer las causas de este declive poblacional., [CAT] Seseli farrenyi: un endemisme empordanès en vies d’extinció?- Seseli farrenyi és un endemisme estrictament català, que compta amb un nombre molt reduït de poblacions a la franja litoral nord del cap de Creus (Alt Empordà). L’espècie ha estat catalogada com a “En Perill” (EN) segons els criteris de la UICN en base a una sèrie d’estudis realitzats a finals dels anys noranta, que van incloure un cens i una cartografia detallada. Després de poc més d’una dècada, un nou cens realitzat pel mateix equip d’investigadors revela una pèrdua de més de 90% del nombre total d’individus, junt amb la desaparició de la localitat clàssica de l’espècie, justificant elevar la seva categoria d’amenaça a “En Perill Crític” (CR). Una de les prioritats del pla de recuperació per a l’espècie (la redacció i aplicació del qual es deriva de la inclusió de S. farrenyi al Catàleg de Flora Amenaçada de Catalunya) hauria d’ésser la realització d’estudis demogràfics que permetin conèixer la causa del seu declivi poblacional.

[EN] Ten years of demographic and genetic monitoring of Stachys maritima in Catalonia (2001-2010). Implications for a recovery plan.- Stachys maritima is a species typical of the coastal dunes, with a wide distribution within the Mediterranean Basin. In spite of this, the species shows a clear regression. In Catalonia, it has been observed an important reduction of its populations since early 20th century, where it has disappeared from several localities in which it was relatively common (Tarragonès, Barcelonès). Herein we present the results of the demographic monitoring of the species during the last 10 years (2001-2010) in the known localities in Catalonia. Besides corroborating the disappearance (northern Sant Martí d’Empúries), the re-discovering (Llobregat Delta beach) and the detection of new populations (inner dunes of the Montgrí), a large year-to-year fluctuation of the monitored populations is stated; the possible reasons are discussed. In addition, the present work also includes the results of the allozyme diversity analysis of the new detected populations as well as the rediscoveries of the period 2004-2008, which were not included in a former study of genetic diversity carried out in 2002-2003. It is necessary to emphasize that the contribution of the new populations to the genetic diversity of Stachys maritima is very small, which can be attributed to their limited population size and /or to founder effects. Despite that the species is included in the Annex 2 (“En Perill d’Extinció”) within the Catàleg de Flora Amenaçada de Catalunya (Catalogue of Endangered Flora of Catalonia), and some “soft” conservation measures have been applied at local level (signposting of the beach accesses, environmental education, etc.) coupled with other more significant measures (e.g. translocation of individuals discovered in an artificial sandbank), it would be necessary the coordinated action and the scientific support of any initiative of conservation that could be ca, [ES] Diez años de seguimiento demográfico y genético de Stachys maritima en Catalunya (2001-2010). Implicaciones para un plan de recuperación.- Stachys maritima es una especie característica de dunas litorales, con una amplia área de distribución en el Mediterráneo. A pesar de ello, la especie muestra una clara regresión. En Catalunya se ha observado una importante reducción de sus poblaciones desde principios del siglo XX, donde ha desaparecido de diversas localidades en las que era relativamente abundante (Tarragonès, Barcelonès). Se presentan los resultados del seguimiento demográfico de la especie durante los últimos 10 años (2001-2010) en las localidades conocidas en Catalunya. Al margen de corroborar la desaparición de algunos núcleos (núcleo norte de Sant Martí d’Empúries), el redescubrimiento de otros (playa del Delta del Llobregat) o la detección de nuevas poblaciones (dunas interiores del Montgrí), se constata una gran fluctuación interanual de los núcleos monitorizados, las posibles causas de la cual se discuten detenidamente. Por otro lado, el presente trabajo incluye también los resultados del análisis de la diversidad isoenzimática de las nuevas poblaciones detectadas así como los redescubrimientos del periodo 2004-2008, que no se habían incluido en los estudios de diversidad genética de los años 2002-2003. Cabe destacar que la contribución de los nuevos núcleos a la diversidad genética de Stachys maritima es muy pequeña y se puede atribuir a su reducido tamaño poblacional y/o a efectos fundadores. A pesar que la especie se ha incluido en el Anexo 2 (“En Perill d’Extinció”) del Catàleg de Flora Amenaçada de Catalunya, y que a escala local se han realizado algunas medidas de conservación “blandas” (señalización de los accesos a la playa, educación ambiental, etc.), junto a otras medidas más significativas pero realizadas con carácter de urgencia (p. ej. la translocación de individuos descubiertos en un arenal), sería necesario la acción coordinada y el, [CAT] Deu anys de seguiment demogràfic i genètic d’Stachys maritima a Catalunya (2001-2010). Implicacions per a un pla de recuperació.- Stachys maritima és una espècie característica de dunes litorals, amb una àmplia àrea de distribució a la Mediterrània. Malgrat això, la planta sembla estar en clara regressió. A Catalunya, s’ha observat un declivi significatiu des de principis del s. XX, i ha desaparegut de moltes localitats on era relativament abundant (Tarragonès, Barcelonès). Es presenten els resultats del seguiment demogràfic de l’espècie durant els darrers deu anys (2001-2010) a totes les localitats conegudes a Catalunya. A banda de constatar la desaparició d’algun dels nuclis (nucli nord de Sant Martí d’Empúries), el redescobriment d’altres (platja del Prat de Llobregat) o la troballa de noves poblacions (dunes interiors del Montgrí), es constata una gran fluctuació interanual dels diferents nuclis poblacionals monitoritzats, les possibles causes de la qual es discuteixen detingudament. D’altra banda, aquest treball també inclou els resultats de l’anàlisi de la diversitat isoenzimàtica de les noves troballes i/o redescobriments durant el període 2004-2008, i que no havien estat per tant inclosos en l'estudi de diversitat genètica dut a terme durant els anys 2002-2003. La contribució dels nous nuclis a la diversitat genètica d’Stachys maritima és molt petita, que pot atribuir-se a la reduïda mida poblacional i/o a efectes fundadors. Tot i que l’espècie ha estat inclosa dins l’Annex 2 (“En Perill d’Extinció”) del Catàleg de Flora Amenaçada de Catalunya, i a nivell local s’han dut a terme algunes mesures de conservació “toves” (senyalització d’accessos a les platges, educació ambiental, etc.) juntament amb d’altres mesures amb més significació però amb un caràcter d’urgència (p. ex. la translocació d’individus descoberts en una sorrera), seria necessari l’acció coordinada i el suport científic de qualsevol iniciativa de conservació que es dugui a terme. El marc