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Deliberate firesetting is a dangerous behavior that is associated with considerable costs annually. It has been estimated that young people under the age of 18 are responsible for a large proportion of all firesetting incidents. Moreover, firesetting has been linked to serious antisocial and aggressive behaviors and behavioral difficulties among juveniles and has been found to predict later delinquency, which makes this an important area to study. Some previous studies have found support for the importance of factors akin to self-control, e.g., impulsivity, for juvenile firesetting. This study applied an aspect of situational action theory (SAT), where self-control is viewed as part of crime propensity, but of lesser importance than morality, to the study of juvenile firesetting for the first time. Analyzing self-report data from two waves of the longitudinal Malmö Individual and Neighbourhood Development Study (MINDS), this study examines a key proposition of situational action theory, namely that morality is more important than self-control and that self-control is relevant in the explanation of crime (firesetting) only for individuals with lower levels of morality. The results indicate support for this proposition.

ObjectiveGiven the up to 70% fatality rate of self-immolation, with tragic consequences for survivors, proposals have been made for a global task force to prevent self-immolation. However, little research has recently been conducted on the actual situation of patients who attempt self-immolation in Japan. The current study aimed to investigate the actual situation of patients who attempt self-immolation in Akita Prefecture.ResultWithin Akita Prefecture, 13 individuals had attempted self-immolation in the past 5 years, with a predominance of a history of psychiatric disorders (46%). The following three novel findings were also revealed. First, patients with low a prognostic burn index tended to commit arson, while those with a high prognostic burn index tended to self-immolate. Second, patients attempting suicide tended to have a higher incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning. Third, those whose clothes caught on fire tended have more severe burns, regardless of whether suicide was attempted.ConclusionSelf-immolation tends to be serious, and prevention is imperative. In Akita Prefecture, the percentage of patients with a history of psychiatric disorders may be higher than commonly believed, and a more detailed understanding of the mental state of self-immolation is necessary in the future to develop effective prevention measures.

Deliberate firesetting is a dangerous behavior that is associated with considerable costs annually. It has been estimated that young people under the age of 18 are responsible for a large proportion of all firesetting incidents. Moreover, firesetting has been linked to serious antisocial and aggressive behaviors and behavioral difficulties among juveniles and has been found to predict later delinquency, which makes this an important area to study. Some previous studies have found support for the importance of factors akin to self-control, e.g., impulsivity, for juvenile firesetting. This study applied an aspect of situational action theory (SAT), where self-control is viewed as part of crime propensity, but of lesser importance than morality, to the study of juvenile firesetting for the first time. Analyzing self-report data from two waves of the longitudinal Malmö Individual and Neighbourhood Development Study (MINDS), this study examines a key proposition of situational action theory, namely that morality is more important than self-control and that self-control is relevant in the explanation of crime (firesetting) only for individuals with lower levels of morality. The results indicate support for this proposition.

Objective Given the up to 70% fatality rate of self-immolation, with tragic consequences for survivors, proposals have been made for a global task force to prevent self-immolation. However, little research has recently been conducted on the actual situation of patients who attempt self-immolation in Japan. The current study aimed to investigate the actual situation of patients who attempt self-immolation in Akita Prefecture. Result Within Akita Prefecture, 13 individuals had attempted self-immolation in the past 5 years, with a predominance of a history of psychiatric disorders (46%). The following three novel findings were also revealed. First, patients with low a prognostic burn index tended to commit arson, while those with a high prognostic burn index tended to self-immolate. Second, patients attempting suicide tended to have a higher incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning. Third, those whose clothes caught on fire tended have more severe burns, regardless of whether suicide was attempted. Conclusion Self-immolation tends to be serious, and prevention is imperative. In Akita Prefecture, the percentage of patients with a history of psychiatric disorders may be higher than commonly believed, and a more detailed understanding of the mental state of self-immolation is necessary in the future to develop effective prevention measures.

Hot spot policing is an established concept that is proven to reduce crime. It is mostly done through foot patrol or car patrols. In the present study it is tested whether helicopters can produce a deterrent policing effect to reduce the amount of vehicle arsons in Sweden on larger hot areas. Sweden tends to have elevated levels of vehicle arsons in August, with about 20% of police districts responsible for 50% of the cases. The risk narrative revolves around youth congregating in public places in deprived neighborhoods to generate disturbances, and the disruption of the risk narrative tested here is based on providing deterrence through helicopter police presence. During 6 weeks in August and September of 2019 police helicopters patrolled four police districts in Sweden to attempt to prevent vehicle arsons. Our data comprise police reports of vehicle arson, and time stamped satellite data over the location for police helicopters. The evaluation considers whether there is an intention to treat effect from this project, in addition to whether there is an effect of actual helicopter presence. The study finds no significant effect of intention to treat, nor of actual dosage.

Hot spot policing is an established concept that is proven to reduce crime. It is mostly done through foot patrol or car patrols. In the present study it is tested whether helicopters can produce a deterrent policing effect to reduce the amount of vehicle arsons in Sweden on larger hot areas. Sweden tends to have elevated levels of vehicle arsons in August, with about 20% of police districts responsible for 50% of the cases. The risk narrative revolves around youth congregating in public places in deprived neighborhoods to generate disturbances, and the disruption of the risk narrative tested here is based on providing deterrence through helicopter police presence. During 6 weeks in August and September of 2019 police helicopters patrolled four police districts in Sweden to attempt to prevent vehicle arsons. Our data comprise police reports of vehicle arson, and time stamped satellite data over the location for police helicopters. The evaluation considers whether there is an intention to treat effect from this project, in addition to whether there is an effect of actual helicopter presence. The study finds no significant effect of intention to treat, nor of actual dosage.

This thesis strives to investigate the felony arson as a method of violence in Sweden between the years 1878 and 1907. It questions the estimated sum of arson cases during the time, what motives were given as well as how the masculinity of the arsonists can be comprehended in relation to the crime case. The perspective used to comprehend the actions of the arsonists is derived from the theory of hegemonic masculinity and the criminological application as formulated by James W. Messerschmidt. To describe the historical context statistical material as well as the prevailing law of 1864 is used. For the compilation of motives the source material is biographical books from the central prison in Malmö which denotes details about prisoners and their committed crime. As for the analysis of masculinity four cases are looked at more in depth with the help of trial protocols and testimonials from the cases concerned. The final results concludes that there is no extensive historical research that can say the true amount of arson during the years but that arson cases with the existing historical statistics can be amounted to 20 per year. The motives for arson can be divided into two equally recurring categories of motives, logic-rationalistic and affective motives. Logic-rationalistic motives mostly includes economic reasons while affective motives mostly include motives of vengeance. With the theoretical perspective at hand the qualitative analysis concludes that the crimes can be explained by lost power and therefore also lost masculinity. It is also stated that arson is used similarly to other methods of violence during the time as a means of reclaiming power in a time where the rights of women increasingly advanced.

Research to date has not examined how the impacts of arrests manifest across space and time in environmental crimes. We evaluate whether arrests reduce or merely spatiotemporally displace intentional illegal outdoor firesetting. Using municipality-level daily wildfire count data from Galicia, Spain, from 1999 to 2014, we develop daily spatiotemporal ignition count models of agricultural, non-agricultural and total intentional illegal wildfires as functions of spatiotemporally lagged arrests, the election cycle, seasonal and day indicators, meteorological factors and socioeconomic variables. We find evidence that arrests reduce future intentional illegal fires across space in subsequent time periods.

Place-based policing has attracted a substantial amount of attention, not least in relation to hot spot policing. Such policing efforts depend on geographical analysis of where crime takes place. However, while it is well known that police crime data suffer from many limitations, less is known about the extent to which the geographical reliability of these data constitutes a problem. The present study attempts to quantify the extent of this problem by exploiting the fact that in Sweden there is an alternative, and more reliable, source of geographical data for incidents of arson. The study compares the locations for car arson incidents as recorded by the police and the rescue services, respectively. The resulting quantification of differences shows that the median error for the police data is 83 meters. This presents a potential pitfall for geographical analysis, both for researchers using police data and for the police themselves in their operational and strategic analysis of crime.

Place-based policing has attracted a substantial amount of attention, not least in relation to hot spot policing. Such policing efforts depend on geographical analysis of where crime takes place. However, while it is well known that police crime data suffer from many limitations, less is known about the extent to which the geographical reliability of these data constitutes a problem. The present study attempts to quantify the extent of this problem by exploiting the fact that in Sweden there is an alternative, and more reliable, source of geographical data for incidents of arson. The study compares the locations for car arson incidents as recorded by the police and the rescue services, respectively. The resulting quantification of differences shows that the median error for the police data is 83 meters. This presents a potential pitfall for geographical analysis, both for researchers using police data and for the police themselves in their operational and strategic analysis of crime.

This project involved an evaluation of firefighter involvement in Youth Justice Conferencing to determine whether, and if so how, this program facilitates the prevention of youth misuse of fire. Evaluation comprised quantitative analyses of a decade of Youth Justice Conferencing records and recidivism data, alongside qualitative analysis of program practitioner interviews. Findings revealed that, although there are some areas in need of improvement, Youth Justice Conferencing with firefighter involvement contributes to a reduction in the risk of general recidivism, whilst providing an avenue through which to deliver fire safety education to at-risk groups within the community.

This study covers an extensive experimental design that was developed for creating simulated fire debris samples under controlled conditions for the detection and identification of ignitable liquids (IL) residues. This design included 19 different substrates, 45 substrate combinations with and without ignitable liquids, and 45 different ILs from three classes (i.e., white spirit, gasoline, and lamp oil). Chemical analysis was performed with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for improved separation and compound identification. The enhanced peak capacity offered by GC×GC-TOFMS allowed the use of a target compound list in combination with a simple binary decision model to arrive at quite acceptable results with respect to IL detection (89% true positive and 7% false positive rate) and classification (100% correct white spirit, 79% correct gasoline, and 77% correct lamp oil assignment). Although these results were obtained in a limited set of laboratory controlled fire experiments including only three IL classes, this study confirms the conclusions of other studies that GC×GC-TOFMS can be a powerful tool in the challenging task of forensic fire debris analysis.

The burning of cars and containers during social unrest has become a topic of both scholarly and public interest in Sweden over the past decade. Studies have suggested that social disorganization theory, or its modern expression collective efficacy, may be important for explaining why some neighbourhoods experience elevated levels of arson and unrest while others do not. To date, no study has explicitly studied the link between arson and collective efficacy at the neighbourhood level. The present study attempts to fill this gap by analysing the association between arson and collective efficacy in the city of Malmö, Sweden. Collective efficacy data from 96 neighbourhoods were collected in 2012 in the Malmö Community Survey (N = 4051). Arson data were collected from the rescue services, which employ GPS-receivers to accurately record the location of incidents. Regression models were fitted for arson, controlling for concentrated disadvantage, ethnic heterogeneity and residential stability. Results show no significant link between collective efficacy and arson following appropriate controls. This suggests that arson may depend on mechanisms other than collective efficacy, at least at the neighbourhood level. Future research may need to focus on alternative theoretical explanations such as strain, or on other levels of analysis than neighbourhoods.

The burning of cars and containers during social unrest has become a topic of both scholarly and public interest in Sweden over the past decade. Studies have suggested that social disorganization theory, or its modern expression collective efficacy, may be important for explaining why some neighbourhoods experience elevated levels of arson and unrest while others do not. To date, no study has explicitly studied the link between arson and collective efficacy at the neighbourhood level. The present study attempts to fill this gap by analysing the association between arson and collective efficacy in the city of Malmö, Sweden. Collective efficacy data from 96 neighbourhoods were collected in 2012 in the Malmö Community Survey (N = 4051). Arson data were collected from the rescue services, which employ GPS-receivers to accurately record the location of incidents. Regression models were fitted for arson, controlling for concentrated disadvantage, ethnic heterogeneity and residential stability. Results show no significant link between collective efficacy and arson following appropriate controls. This suggests that arson may depend on mechanisms other than collective efficacy, at least at the neighbourhood level. Future research may need to focus on alternative theoretical explanations such as strain, or on other levels of analysis than neighbourhoods.

Youth misuse of fire presents a significant risk to life and property. In Australia, the tertiary prevention of youth misuse of fire involves firefighter participation in diversionary conferencing convened for young people who commit fire-related offences. This approach assumes that young people misuse fire due to a lack of awareness of the consequences, and that education delivered by firefighters in the context of conferencing reduces the risk of future misuse of fire. To explore the validity of this assumption, content analysis of apology letters derived from diversionary conferences convened for young people who committed fire-related offences in New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia, was conducted. Findings suggest that diversionary conferencing with firefighter involvement has the potential to target misuse of fire which manifests from a lack of awareness of the consequences, and that the provision of education has the potential to reduce such misuse of fire by young people.

Youth misuse of fire is a substantive community concern. Despite evidence which indicates youths account for a significant proportion of all deliberately lit fires within Australia, an absence of up-to-date, contextually specific research means the exact scope and magnitude of youth misuse of fire within Australia remains unknown. Despite research suggesting com- monalities exist between youth misuse of fire and juvenile offending more broadly, misuse of fire is rarely explained using criminological theory. In light of this gap, a descriptive analysis of youth misuse of fire within New South Wales was performed. Routine Activity Theory and Crime Pattern Theory were tested to explain differences in misuse of fire across age groups. Results suggest these environmental theories offer useful frameworks for explaining youth misuse of fire in New South Wales. It is argued that the Routine Activity Theory and Crime Pattern Theory can be employed to better inform youth misuse of fire policy and prevention efforts.

Although firesetting can have severe negative consequences and knowledge on this offence and its offenders can contribute to much needed prevention, the firesetting phenomenon has received little attention in research. This study aims to contribute to the current body of knowledge by answering the central research question: How can Dutch firesetters be identified and individualized, and how can treatment be tailored to these persons? The first part places firesetting within a historical, contemporary and theoretical context. An extensive review of historical medico-legal literature regarding pyromania and firesetting from 1800 to 1950 shows that the views on firesetting as a culpable crime or an excusable expression of pathology changed over time, resembling a pendulum movement. In the first half of the nineteenth century firesetting was considered a pathological act caused by pyromania, whilst in the second half of that century punishment of firesetters was favoured over treatment; and in the first half of the twentieth century underlying pathology influencing firesetters was again emphasized. A more contemporary analysis of pre-trial forensic mental health assessed Dutch firesetters from 1950-2010 shows that having a mental disorder has become less important and the risk of being a danger to society more important in the forensic mental health advice given to the judiciary over time, indicative of a current societal movement emphasizing risk management more than treatment of mentally disordered firesetters. A theoretical background is provided for by the development of a multidisciplinary explanatory model of firesetting incorporating criminological, psychological and pathological perspectives to give insight in the question why a person sets fire. The second part comprises literature reviews on characteristics of firesetters, categorizations of firesetters and treatment of these offenders proving an up-to-date overview of the current body of knowledge.

Firesetters with psychotic disorders constitute a distinct and important offender group. However, little is known about how psychotic firesetters differ from non-psychotic firesetters. More knowledge is required in order to treat this particular population effectively. Psychotic (n = 30) and nonpsychotic (n = 94) firesetters of both sexes referred for pre-trial forensic mental health assessment in the Netherlands were compared on sociodemographic, pathological, judicial and event-related characteristics using binary and multivariate statistical tests. Results showed that psychotic firesetters were older, single and unemployed. They had a more extensive history of mental health problems, associated drug use and impaired selfreliance. Opposed to non-psychotic offenders, physical abuse in childhood and alcohol abuse were less prevalent. They had a more extensive history of prior convictions, committed the arsons more often alone and were less often intoxicated. Treatment implications are discussed as focusing treatment on these differences may contribute to treatment efficacy and prevention of recidivism.

In the Netherlands pre-trial forensic mental health assessments are conducted to examine whether a mental disorder was present at the time of the offence that affected the free will of a person, in which case criminal accountability is considered diminished or absent. This study aims to investigate societal changes over time in forensic mental health recommendations in arson cases. Seventy-two reports of male arsonists assessed in 1950–2010 were included in this study, 36 arsonists were assessed in the first time period (1950–1979) and 36 in the second period (1980–2010). Results show an association between DSM classification and the conclusion on criminal accountability only in the first period and an association between recidivism risk and the forensic mental health recommendation only in the later period. It is concluded that mental disorder was of greater influence on the conclusion on accountability in the first time period, whilst dangerousness played a more important role on the forensic mental health recommendation in the later time period. Our findings reflect a shift from paternalistic principles to principles of risk control and show that societal changes influence the field of forensic mental health.

Background: Psychopathy, a severe disorder of personality, is well represented in the criminal and forensic psychiatric population and is significantly associated with increased risk of violence and crime. Fire-setting is a major source of property damage, injury, and death in many Western countries. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate psychopathic traits in a consecutive sample of Finnish male pretrial fire-setting offenders. Further, we wanted to investigate whether fire-setting recidivists show higher traits of psychopathy than one-time firesetters and whether exclusive firesetters show lower traits of psychopathy than those with criminal versatility. Methods: The forensic psychiatric examination statements for male firesetters who underwent a pretrial forensic psychiatric evaluation during a 10-year period (1989 - 1998) were reviewed. The sample comprised 129 firesetters with normal IQ, 41 of whom were fire-setting recidivists. Fifty men were exclusive firesetters. Assessment of psychopathy-like personality character was performed using the 20-item Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Results: Two individuals (1.6%, 95% CI: 0.0-3.7) scored >= 30 points and 19 (14.7%, 95% CI: 8.6-20.8) >= 25 points on the PCL-R. The mean PCL-R total score was 16.1 (SD 6.88), the mean Factor 1 score 5.0 (SD 3.41), and the mean Factor 2 score 9.9 (SD 3.86). No significant differences emerged between the recidivists and the one-time firesetters. The versatile firesetters exhibited significantly higher mean total and factor scores than the exclusive ones. Conclusion: Among firesetters, there is a subgroup of persons with significant psychopathic traits, which should be recognized in legal and health care organizations. Although psychopathy was associated with greater criminal versatility, it bore no relationship to fire-setting recidivism.

This thesis provides important insights into the characteristics of persons with intellectual disability who set fires and synthesises the needs of this relatively small, but significant, subset of the community who have the potential to cause substantial harm to property, other people and themselves.

Anlagda bränder och skadegörelse är kostsamma problem för samhället,men relativt lite svensk forskning finns om var problemen är störst ochvarför de är det. I denna rapport studeras de fyra bostadsområdenaHolma, Kroksbäck, Bellevuegården och Södertorp i södra Malmö föratt utöka förståelsen för vilka skillnader det finns mellan och inom dessaområden samt vad det beror på. Studiens huvudsakliga frågeställningarär varför det finns skillnader mellan närliggande bostadsområden avseendesocial och fysisk oordning i form av skadegörelse och brändersamt om och hur socialt kapital kan förklara och minska förekomstenav oordning. För att besvara frågeställningarna har en bred uppsättningav metoder använts inkluderande en boendeenkät, systematisk socialobservation av oordning och intervjuer med representanter för olikatyper av lokala föreningar samt förvaltare och kommunala tjänstemän.Studien utgår framför allt från grannskap som geografisk analysenhet,i studien exemplifierat av tolv homogena lägenhetsområden med cirka500-1000 invånare, eget namn samt parkering och tillfartsväg.Studiens resultat pekar mot att socialt kapital, och särskilt delmängdenkollektiv förmåga, har viss betydelse för förekomsten av anlagdabränder och skadegörelse, där grannskap med högt socialt kapital harlåga nivåer av bränder och skadegörelse. Det sociala kapitalet verkardock inte primärt på grannskapsnivå, utan på gårds- och trappuppgångsnivådär den faktiska interaktionen mellan individer finns. Denlokala effekten av socialt kapital som identifierats är av vikt för att förståhur det kan användas som instrument för att minska skadegörelse ochbränder. Ett viktigt exempel är de gårdar i södra Holma där självförvaltningtillämpas, vilket innebär att de boende själva sköter om mycket avfastighetsförvaltningen tillsammans. Data pekar mot att det är anledningentill att dessa gårdar uppvisar ett högre socialt kapital/kollektivförmåga och en lägre mängd bränder och skadegörelse. Potentiella vägarför att stärka de, Arson, or fire setting, and vandalism are problems that are expensive, but relatively little Swedish research has been done on where the problems exist and why. In this report the four neighborhoods of Holma, Kroksbäck, Bellevuegården and Södertorp in southern Malmö are studied to increase our understanding of differences between and within these neighborhoods. The main research questions covered are why there are differences between proximate neighborhoods regarding social and physical disorder in the form of vandalism and arson, and whether social capital can explain such differences. A multi-method approach has been employed with a resident survey, Systematic Social Observation (SSO) of disorder and interviews with representatives of local organizations and property managers. The study mainly departs from (micro-) neighborhoods as geographical units of analysis in the form of twelve homogenous multi-family housing areas with approximately 500-1500 residents, access road, parking lots and a name. The results point to social capital, and especially collective efficacy, to have some significance regarding the frequency of arson and vandalism; micro-neighborhoods with a high social capital have low levels of arson and vandalism. The effect of social capital is however not primarily on the micro-neighborhood level, but rather on the yard- or stairwell where the actual interaction between individuals takes place. The very local nature of the effects of social capital that has been identified is of importance to understand how social capital can be employed as an instrument to reduce vandalism and arson. An interesting example is the yards in southern Holma where residents have self-management groups, meaning that the residents themselves run much of the property management, development and maintenance. The data suggests that the self-management may be the reason for these yards to have a higher level of social capital/collective efficacy and a lower frequency of arson

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån ett uppdrag från Christina Innala vid Örebropolisen undersöka huruvida det går att utläsa beteendemönster hos svenska mordbrännare som kan ligga till grund för vidare geografiska analyser. I uppsatsen kommer vi att se närmre på mordbrännare och geografisk profilering utifrån svenska förhållanden. Materialet som ligger till grund för uppsatsen består av domslut gällande mordbränder och dessa analyseras och kategoriseras. De domslut som i materialet har omfattat seriemordbrännare har analyserats utifrån geografisk profilering med hjälp av mjukvaran GeoProfile. Detta för att undersöka hur brottplatser förhåller sig till fasta punkter för svenska seriemordbrännare.Sammanfattningsvis kan man utifrån vårt material identifiera sex stycken kategorier av mordbrännare. Dessa kategorier stämmer överrens med tidigare forskning. Utifrån våra geografiska profileringar kan man dra slutsatsen att seriemordbrännare tenderar att anlägga sina bränder i anslutning till en eller flera fasta punkter. Den svenska mordbrännaren är alltså inte en irrationell individ som slumpmässigt och oberäkneligt anlägger bränder. Bränderna tenderar ofta att uppstå inom en gärningsmans rutinaktivitetsområde, det vill säga att gärningsmannen vanligtvis begår brott i områden som denne känner till., As an a assignment from Christina Innala at the police in Örebro, this paper aims to investigate whether it is possible to discern behavioral patterns of Swedish arsonists as a point of departure for further spatial analysis. In this paper geographic profiling based on Swedish conditions will be studied. The material that is the basis for the essay consists of judicial decisions regarding arson and these will be analyzed and categorized. The judicial decisions that in the material has included serial arsonists has been analyzed based on geographic profiling using the software GeoProfile. We want to examine wheatear crime scenes are related to anchor-points for Swedish serial arsonists.In summary, based on our material we were able to identify six categories of arsonists. These categories match those of previous research. Based on our geographic profiling it can be concluded that the serial arsonists tend to set their fires in connection with one or more anchor-points. The Swedish arsonist is not an irrational individual that randomly and unpredictably set fires. Fires tend to occur within a criminals routine activity area, in other words the offender usually commits the offense in areas that is known for him/her.

The deliberately lit bushfires that devastated Victoria in 2009, and several others since, have highlighted the dangerousness of this behaviour in our community. From a security perspective, failing to adequately address the issue of repeat offending among firesetters highlights the risk of future losses and the costs associated with target hardening and arson prevention strategies. lt is estimated that deliberately 1it fires cost the Australian community $1.6 billion annually (Muller, 2009). Until recently, no fire-specific treatment programs existed in Australia to address firesetting, its causes and consequences. This paper describes a new initiative in this area.

Deliberate firesetting costs our community in destruction to property and lives. Public concern heightens when similar fires occur in a series, raising the specter of copycat firesetting. Difficulties associated with researching copycat crimes in general mean that not a lot is known about copycat firesetting. As an initial step toward filling this research gap, we explore connections between research on copycat crime and research into deliberate firesetting. The intention is to extract salient features from what is known about the phenomena of deliberate firesetting and copycat crime, map them together, and point out shared and unique characteristics. It is argued that a “copycat firesetter” is likely to exist as a distinct subgroup and potentially requiring targeted interventions.

The purpose of this report is to examine if social risks are an urban phenomenon or if it also occurs in smaller Swedish communities. Therefore, events in two small municipals were analyzed. The report also aims to examine if risk and vulnerability analysis is an appropriate tool for smaller municipals to work with social risks. The analysis shows that social risks are present also in smaller municipals and that they therefore should consider these in order to increase community safety. Further, the analysis shows that risk and vulnerability analyzes are partly a suitable tool for smaller municipals to work with social risks.

Anlagda bränder och skadegörelse är kostsamma problem för samhället,men relativt lite svensk forskning finns om var problemen är störst ochvarför de är det. I denna rapport studeras de fyra bostadsområdenaHolma, Kroksbäck, Bellevuegården och Södertorp i södra Malmö föratt utöka förståelsen för vilka skillnader det finns mellan och inom dessaområden samt vad det beror på. Studiens huvudsakliga frågeställningarär varför det finns skillnader mellan närliggande bostadsområden avseendesocial och fysisk oordning i form av skadegörelse och brändersamt om och hur socialt kapital kan förklara och minska förekomstenav oordning. För att besvara frågeställningarna har en bred uppsättningav metoder använts inkluderande en boendeenkät, systematisk socialobservation av oordning och intervjuer med representanter för olikatyper av lokala föreningar samt förvaltare och kommunala tjänstemän.Studien utgår framför allt från grannskap som geografisk analysenhet,i studien exemplifierat av tolv homogena lägenhetsområden med cirka500-1000 invånare, eget namn samt parkering och tillfartsväg.Studiens resultat pekar mot att socialt kapital, och särskilt delmängdenkollektiv förmåga, har viss betydelse för förekomsten av anlagdabränder och skadegörelse, där grannskap med högt socialt kapital harlåga nivåer av bränder och skadegörelse. Det sociala kapitalet verkardock inte primärt på grannskapsnivå, utan på gårds- och trappuppgångsnivådär den faktiska interaktionen mellan individer finns. Denlokala effekten av socialt kapital som identifierats är av vikt för att förståhur det kan användas som instrument för att minska skadegörelse ochbränder. Ett viktigt exempel är de gårdar i södra Holma där självförvaltningtillämpas, vilket innebär att de boende själva sköter om mycket avfastighetsförvaltningen tillsammans. Data pekar mot att det är anledningentill att dessa gårdar uppvisar ett högre socialt kapital/kollektivförmåga och en lägre mängd bränder och skadegörelse. Potentiella vägarför att stärka de, Arson, or fire setting, and vandalism are problems that are expensive, but relatively little Swedish research has been done on where the problems exist and why. In this report the four neighborhoods of Holma, Kroksbäck, Bellevuegården and Södertorp in southern Malmö are studied to increase our understanding of differences between and within these neighborhoods. The main research questions covered are why there are differences between proximate neighborhoods regarding social and physical disorder in the form of vandalism and arson, and whether social capital can explain such differences. A multi-method approach has been employed with a resident survey, Systematic Social Observation (SSO) of disorder and interviews with representatives of local organizations and property managers. The study mainly departs from (micro-) neighborhoods as geographical units of analysis in the form of twelve homogenous multi-family housing areas with approximately 500-1500 residents, access road, parking lots and a name. The results point to social capital, and especially collective efficacy, to have some significance regarding the frequency of arson and vandalism; micro-neighborhoods with a high social capital have low levels of arson and vandalism. The effect of social capital is however not primarily on the micro-neighborhood level, but rather on the yard- or stairwell where the actual interaction between individuals takes place. The very local nature of the effects of social capital that has been identified is of importance to understand how social capital can be employed as an instrument to reduce vandalism and arson. An interesting example is the yards in southern Holma where residents have self-management groups, meaning that the residents themselves run much of the property management, development and maintenance. The data suggests that the self-management may be the reason for these yards to have a higher level of social capital/collective efficacy and a lower frequency of arson

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utifrån ett uppdrag från Christina Innala vid Örebropolisen undersöka huruvida det går att utläsa beteendemönster hos svenska mordbrännare som kan ligga till grund för vidare geografiska analyser. I uppsatsen kommer vi att se närmre på mordbrännare och geografisk profilering utifrån svenska förhållanden. Materialet som ligger till grund för uppsatsen består av domslut gällande mordbränder och dessa analyseras och kategoriseras. De domslut som i materialet har omfattat seriemordbrännare har analyserats utifrån geografisk profilering med hjälp av mjukvaran GeoProfile. Detta för att undersöka hur brottplatser förhåller sig till fasta punkter för svenska seriemordbrännare.Sammanfattningsvis kan man utifrån vårt material identifiera sex stycken kategorier av mordbrännare. Dessa kategorier stämmer överrens med tidigare forskning. Utifrån våra geografiska profileringar kan man dra slutsatsen att seriemordbrännare tenderar att anlägga sina bränder i anslutning till en eller flera fasta punkter. Den svenska mordbrännaren är alltså inte en irrationell individ som slumpmässigt och oberäkneligt anlägger bränder. Bränderna tenderar ofta att uppstå inom en gärningsmans rutinaktivitetsområde, det vill säga att gärningsmannen vanligtvis begår brott i områden som denne känner till., As an a assignment from Christina Innala at the police in Örebro, this paper aims to investigate whether it is possible to discern behavioral patterns of Swedish arsonists as a point of departure for further spatial analysis. In this paper geographic profiling based on Swedish conditions will be studied. The material that is the basis for the essay consists of judicial decisions regarding arson and these will be analyzed and categorized. The judicial decisions that in the material has included serial arsonists has been analyzed based on geographic profiling using the software GeoProfile. We want to examine wheatear crime scenes are related to anchor-points for Swedish serial arsonists.In summary, based on our material we were able to identify six categories of arsonists. These categories match those of previous research. Based on our geographic profiling it can be concluded that the serial arsonists tend to set their fires in connection with one or more anchor-points. The Swedish arsonist is not an irrational individual that randomly and unpredictably set fires. Fires tend to occur within a criminals routine activity area, in other words the offender usually commits the offense in areas that is known for him/her.

Since the end of the 1990s, the number of fires increases dramatically in the city of Malmö. Between 1998 and 2009, the increase was 215 percent. A growing number of the fires are intentional and take place outdoors. Most of the fires are also concentrated in a limited number of neighborhoods. Furthermore, many schools are affected. Between 2000 and 2011, nearly 360 intentional fires occurred in schools. In addition, conflicts between groups of teenage boys and young men on the one hand, and the police and the emergency services on the other occurred during this time period. In these conflicts, fire-setting is used as a conflict practice. The aim of this report is to: Analyze if intentional fires can be seen as an expression of changing social condi-tions in the Swedish society in general, and in Malmö's social geography in particular. Examine children’s and young people's views to fire-setting, and analyze if fire-setting can be part of children’s and young people's conflict and protest strat-egies against authorities such as the po-lice and the emergency services. Analyze when and how intentional fires are started in schools and why schools are exposed to vandalism and fire-setting. From an area-based approach, propose inter-disciplinary working methods in or-der to reduce fire-setting. The main conclusions of the report are: The rapid increase of intentional fires in Malmö during the early 2000s, can be mainly explained by two social processes. The first process relates to the illegal burning of copper cable in order to access copper. “Cable fires” account for about 11 % of the total number of intentional fires between 2000 and 2011.The second process concerns the increasing number of intentional fires in certain neighborhoods. Between 2000 and 2009, two sub-areas account for nearly 30 % of the increase of intentional fires, and of the investigated sub-areas, 10 % account for 75 % of the increased number of intentional fires. These areas are characterized by poor

Fires outside school buildings caused by arson are a major problem in Sweden. The initial fire source can involve rubbish or other types of combustibles that can be found at or sometimes brought to the school. As the external fire develops the flames will extend along the façade. If the building is a one-story building, which is a common construction in Swedish school buildings, the fire can spread to the attic and further on to the rest of the building. A large research project was initiated in 2008 by the Swedish Fire Research Board in order to reduce the number and consequences of arson fires in school buildings. In this paper an evaluation of some technical systems that can be used to mitigate consequences of exterior fires is presented. The evaluation includes a literature review, experimental studies and a cost-benefit analysis. The study showed that some systems have clear cost-benefit advantages for the protection of school buildings in places where a high fire frequency can be expected.

The project “Arson - a societal problem” has been running with funding from a number of players since 2008. The project consists of a number of sub-projects and the work presented in this report was conducted within the sub-project: "Technical- and risk-based methods to prevent and mitigate the consequences of arson". The goal and purpose of the project was to develop and evaluate technical systems and engineering solutions to prevent and mitigate the consequences of arson in school buildings. The project has been reported in four interim reports. The main results of these interim reports and their findings have been summarized in this final report.

The project “Arson - a societal problem” has been running with funding from a number of players since 2008. The project consists of a number of sub-projects and the work presented in this report was conducted within the sub-project: "Technical- and risk-based methods to prevent and mitigate the consequences of arson". In this report a cost-benefit analysis of several different technical systems are performed on two reference buildings. The analysis shows that the technical systems are beneficial in areas where there is high risk of arson. However, none of the studied systems can be justified on a national level, because there are big differences between different schools and cities. For example there are differences in fire frequency and potential damage on a specific school.

To meet best the needs posed by today's national security environment and constrained economy America's federal law enforcement sector must undergo legislative changes to coordinate investigations more effectively, foster a collaborative culture, and promote cost-effective practices. Four key federal law enforcement agencies from DOJ and DHS confront contemporary and formidable threats to America's security, however legislation is needed to improve their interagency efforts. In particular, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; Drug Enforcement Administration; Federal Bureau of Investigations; and Immigration and Customs Enforcement all complement the national security model. U.S. government reform is not without precedence; for the evolution of unity in the Department of Defense spans several decades of its history and provides a framework to enhance unity of effort between DOJ and DHS. In order to modernize their administrations federal legislation among the DOJ and DHS agencies must comprise improvements to the following three areas: Organizational Capital, Human Capital, and Resource Capital.

Background. The concept of fire has always attracted human attention. There are abundant references to the term in worldwide literature, representing power and passion as well as terror and destruction. Deliberately setting fire to something/someone is an easily executed crime (arson), though difficult to research. This crime has 1.13% prevalence and its incidence is growing around the world, provoking an important social impact due to its victims' financial loss, death, physical lesions and emotional aftermath. Arsonist-type behaviour can be observed from infancy onwards, as more than half the people imprisoned for arson are adolescents. Consuming alcohol has been associated with arsonist-type conduct in half the individuals committing such crime who were motived by revenge.Objective. Reviewing the most recent studies concerning an arsonis's profile, the diagnostic characteristics, the risk factors, neurobiological treatment, recidivism and prognosis.Materials and Methods. A literature review revealed that arsonists represent a heterogeneous criminal category. The development of classification for them thus becomes interesting, considering the aggressor's characteristics, the presence of eventual mental disease, aspects regarding the crime and motivation.Conclusion. The population of arsonists studied has been underrepresented to date, as just a small percentage is sent for diagnostic evaluation and treatment. Incongruence thus arises between the great emotional and financial damage caused by this crime, and the attention given it by the scientific community., Antecedentes. El concepto de fuego siempre ha atraído la atención del hombre. En la literatura abundan referencias a este término, que tanto puede representar poder y pasión como terror y destrucción. El incendio es un delito de fácil ejecución, pero de difícil investigación. La prevalencia de este delito es de 1,13%. La incidencia de este crimen está creciendo alrededor del mundo, provocando un impacto social importante por las pérdidas financieras, muertes, lesiones físicas y secuelas emocionales dejadas en sus víctimas. El comportamiento incendiario puede ser observado desde la infancia, siendo que cerca de la mitad de los individuos presos por incendios se encuentran en la adolescencia. El consumo de alcohol está asociado a la conducta incendiaria, en la mitad de individuos que cometieron tal delito motivados por venganza.Objetivo. Revisar los estudios más recientes sobre el perfil de los incendiarios, las características diagnósticas, los factores de riesgo, la neurobiología, el tratamiento, la reincidencia y el pronóstico.Material y métodos. Revisión de la literatura. En la revisión de la literatura se encuentran que los incendiarios son una categoría heterogénea de criminales. Se torna interesante el desarrollo de una clasificación para los mismos, considerando las características del agresor, la presencia de eventual enfermedad mental, los aspectos del crimen y las motivaciones.Conclusión. Hasta el presente, la población de incendiarios estudiada es subrepresentada, pues apenas un pequeño porcentaje es enviado para evaluación diagnóstica y tratamiento. Se expone, así, una incongruencia entre los grandes daños emocionales y financieros, causadas por este delito, y la atención que él recibe de la comunidad científica.

Background. The concept of fire has always attracted human attention. There are abundant references to the term in worldwide literature, representing power and passion as well as terror and destruction. Deliberately setting fire to something/someone is an easily executed crime (arson), though difficult to research. This crime has 1.13% prevalence and its incidence is growing around the world, provoking an important social impact due to its victims' financial loss, death, physical lesions and emotional aftermath. Arsonist-type behaviour can be observed from infancy onwards, as more than half the people imprisoned for arson are adolescents. Consuming alcohol has been associated with arsonist-type conduct in half the individuals committing such crime who were motived by revenge.Objective. Reviewing the most recent studies concerning an arsonis's profile, the diagnostic characteristics, the risk factors, neurobiological treatment, recidivism and prognosis.Materials and Methods. A literature review revealed that arsonists represent a heterogeneous criminal category. The development of classification for them thus becomes interesting, considering the aggressor's characteristics, the presence of eventual mental disease, aspects regarding the crime and motivation.Conclusion. The population of arsonists studied has been underrepresented to date, as just a small percentage is sent for diagnostic evaluation and treatment. Incongruence thus arises between the great emotional and financial damage caused by this crime, and the attention given it by the scientific community., Antecedentes. El concepto de fuego siempre ha atraído la atención del hombre. En la literatura abundan referencias a este término, que tanto puede representar poder y pasión como terror y destrucción. El incendio es un delito de fácil ejecución, pero de difícil investigación. La prevalencia de este delito es de 1,13%. La incidencia de este crimen está creciendo alrededor del mundo, provocando un impacto social importante por las pérdidas financieras, muertes, lesiones físicas y secuelas emocionales dejadas en sus víctimas. El comportamiento incendiario puede ser observado desde la infancia, siendo que cerca de la mitad de los individuos presos por incendios se encuentran en la adolescencia. El consumo de alcohol está asociado a la conducta incendiaria, en la mitad de individuos que cometieron tal delito motivados por venganza.Objetivo. Revisar los estudios más recientes sobre el perfil de los incendiarios, las características diagnósticas, los factores de riesgo, la neurobiología, el tratamiento, la reincidencia y el pronóstico.Material y métodos. Revisión de la literatura. En la revisión de la literatura se encuentran que los incendiarios son una categoría heterogénea de criminales. Se torna interesante el desarrollo de una clasificación para los mismos, considerando las características del agresor, la presencia de eventual enfermedad mental, los aspectos del crimen y las motivaciones.Conclusión. Hasta el presente, la población de incendiarios estudiada es subrepresentada, pues apenas un pequeño porcentaje es enviado para evaluación diagnóstica y tratamiento. Se expone, así, una incongruencia entre los grandes daños emocionales y financieros, causadas por este delito, y la atención que él recibe de la comunidad científica.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate treatment for adult fire setters with an intellectual disability, given the specific risks they present, the complexities of criminal proceedings associated with their behaviour, and subsequent rehabilitation. However, the review also took into account programmes for fire setters in the wider population, including those for children and adolescents, given that such research might also inform the development of programmes for offenders with an intellectual disability. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic review of the literature was undertaken. Findings – Only four studies which evaluated treatment programmes specifically for arsonists with an intellectual disability were identified. Although each of these studies reported a reduction in fire-setting behaviour following programme completion, all employed relatively weak research designs. An additional 12 studies investigating programmes for arsonists without intellectual disability were also identified. It is concluded that there is a lack of evidence regarding treatment programme outcomes for arsonists with an intellectual disability. The extent to which such programmes can be adapted to suit adult offenders with an intellectual disability is discussed, with recommendations made for the design and evaluation of arson treatment programmes for offenders with intellectual disabilities. Originality/value – Currently, minimal treatments programs exist for fire setting in offenders with intellectual disability. This review highlights the importance of further research into treatment programs for this specialised population.

CHDS State/Local, The current trend in terrorist tactics is the use of simple, inexpensive and conventional weapons. One such weapon is improvised incendiary devices (IIDs). The homeland security community has underestimated the magnitude of the threat. Policy makers must recognize the potential for terrorist cells to use IIDs to create terror and fear in the public. IIDs have the potential to create devastating fires resulting in mass casualties. In addition to evaluating the risk of an IID attack and determining the state of preparedness of first responders, this thesis includes a proposal for the creation of two new national planning scenarios, urban and wildland conflagrations or firestorms. Recommendations will include incendiary protocols in the weapon of mass destruction matrix as represented by "I" in CBIRNE. This organizational change can be applied to the homeland security strategies, lexicons and documents of Federal, State, and local governments and the private sector to address the IID threat. This thesis is intended to serve as a catalyst for the Department of Homeland Security to set policy that will decrease vulnerabilities and consequences of this lesser-known threat., http://archive.org/details/improvisedincend109452623, Battalion Chief, New York City Fire Department (FDNY)

Results from interviews with representatives from 13 Swedish municipalities and studies of fire protection documentation are presented in this report. The results provide an overview of the typical fire protection systems used to prevent deliberately lit fires in schools and kindergartens. There is great variety of which fire protection systems that is used in the municipalities. The measures mentioned most frequently in the interviews are different type of detection systems and increased illumination. The most common type of detector is fire detectors placed indoors and which are connected to an automatic fire alarm.

Almost every day a school fire occurs in Sweden. In most cases arson is the cause of the fire. The losses for these arson fires are considerable. In this report a number of cases studies have been conducted on school fires in Sweden. The project envisages obtaining more knowledge on the technical factors that influence the spread of fires with arson in schools. Solutions to mitigate the fire spread in these cases are also proposed. As methods we used case studies on almost 60 fires, a specific case study in one town and an enquiry to all fire investigators in the network of MSB. The study resulted in the identification of a number of technical deficiency and solution to these. Some of the deficiencies are lack of detection systems and automatic alarm systems, bad construction of roof and voids and insufficient fire barriers. Solutions for these deficiencies can be automatic alarm systems with efficient location of different type of detectors (smoke and heat detector cables), good illumination, surveillance cameras and sprinklers. In these areas it will be necessary to conduct a cost-benefit analysis. The areas which need innovations are fire protection system for roof eaves nearby the connection between facades and roofs, sprinklers and rescues tactics for voids. Three possible fire scenarios were identified as important: one outside fire with waste nearby the façade and two fires inside, with debris inside the school facilities and arson fire by throwing in flammable liquids. These scenarios are important for the further development of technical solutions. Even that this study focused on technical requirements a number of organisational deficiencies became apparent. The systematic fire protection work as described in Sweden (SBA) does not always work as well as it should. Moreover it is important to create a good environment around the schools which is not the case now in many locations. Also involvement of school personnel is important. Finally it is important tha

Child and adolescent fire setting is associated with a broad pattern of antisocial behaviour and is associated with huge costs to the Australian community. Assessment and treatment options have principally been tested in clinically referred or incarcerated children and adolescents. Little information is available about fire setting in normal populations and thus opportunities for screening and early intervention are not well developed. In this study, a large sample of 4- to 9-year-old children were assessed using a seven-item fire interest history screen with other measures of antisocial behaviour, children's mental health, parenting style and quality and parenting stress. These were followed-up with parent and teacher report measures and a diagnostic interview at 12 months. The fire history screening tool demonstrated utility in screening for early signs of fire setting. Prevalences of fire interest, and match- and fire-play were low overall but consistently higher for boys than for girls across ages. As expected, fire setting was associated with parental stress and a range of antisocial behaviours including conduct problems, hyperactivity, cruelty to animals and thrill-seeking temperament. In girls, it was also associated with anxiety/depression problems. Fire behaviours in children are related to broader psychopathology and family stress, and can be effectively identified in young children using a brief screening measure.

The United States is at grave risk of a future pyro-terrorist attack. We must define the threat, understand America's vulnerabilities with regard to it, and take action to mitigate this danger to our homeland. While America focuses on the readily apparent scenarios of smuggled nuclear weapons and radiological bombs, Al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations are adapting to avoid our security and screening systems. Instead of using expensive, complex, and readily detectable nuclear or radiological bombs, a future terrorist could easily ignite multiple massive wildfires that would severely damage our regional economies, impact our military forces, and terrorize the American population. An opportunistic terrorist could create a conflagration potentially equal to a multi-megaton nuclear weapon. This phenomenon is defined as pyro-terrorism: the use of arson attacks to terrorize the civilian population and coerce the government to comply with the terrorists' political or social objectives. Arson, the destruction of property with fire for profit or revenge, is the tactic. It is the political and psychological intent that differentiates pyro-terrorism from arson. This paper will describe pyro-terrorism, discuss how existing terrorism tactics and future intent define the threat, assess America's vulnerability to pyro-terrorism, and identify various actions the U.S. Government must take to mitigate this vulnerability. If terrorist organizations use arson as a tactic, and publicly assume responsibility for the massive fires it causes, the perception of a secure homeland among the populace would quickly erode. The fire's devastation could overwhelm suppression resources, weaken regional economies, destroy critical infrastructure, effect readiness in military forces, and put political pressure on national leadership for policy change., Future War Paper.

This report is submitted in compliance with Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2656f(a), which requires the Department of State to provide Congress a full and complete annual report on terrorism for those countries and groups meeting the criteria of Section (a)(1) and (2) of the Act. As required by legislation, the report includes detailed assessments of foreign countries where significant terrorist acts occurred and countries about which Congress was notified during the preceding five years pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (the so-called terrorist-list countries that have repeatedly provided state support for international terrorism). In addition, the report includes all relevant information about the previous year's activities of individuals, terrorist organizations, or umbrella groups known to be responsible for the kidnapping or death of any U.S. citizen during the preceding five years and groups known to be financed by state sponsors of terrorism. In 1996, Congress amended the reporting requirements contained in the above-referenced law. The amended law requires the Department of State to report on the extent to which other countries cooperate with the United States in apprehending, convicting, and punishing terrorists responsible for attacking U.S. citizens or interests. The law also requires that this report describe the extent to which foreign governments are cooperating, or have cooperated during the previous five years, in preventing future acts of terrorism. As permitted in the amended legislation, the Department is submitting such information to Congress in a classified annex to this unclassified report., The original document contains color images.

This report is submitted in compliance with Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2656f(a), which requires the Department of State to provide Congress a full and complete annual report on terrorism for those countries and groups meeting the criteria of Section (a)(1) and (2) of the Act. As required by legislation, the report includes detailed assessments of foreign countries where significant terrorist acts occurred, and countries about which Congress was notified during the preceding 5 years pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (the so-called terrorist-list countries that have repeatedly provided state support for international terrorism). In addition, the report includes all relevant information about the previous year's activities of individuals, terrorist organizations, or umbrella groups known to be responsible for the kidnapping or death of any U.S. citizen during the preceding 5 years and groups known to be financed by state sponsors of terrorism. In 1996 Congress amended the reporting requirements contained in the above-referenced law. The amended law requires the Department of State to report on the extent to which other countries cooperate with the United States in apprehending, convicting, and punishing terrorists responsible for attacking U.S. citizens or interests. The law also requires that this report describe the extent to which foreign governments are cooperating, or have cooperated during the previous 5 years, in preventing future acts of terrorism. As permitted in the amended legislation, the Department may submit such information to Congress in a classified annex to this unclassified report., The original document contains color images.

This regulation prescribes policy and procedures for reporting significant incidents to Headquarters, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (HQ TRADOC) using the TRADOC Operations Report (TRADOC OPREP).

This report is submitted in compliance with Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2656f(a), which requires the Department of State to provide Congress a full and complete annual report on terrorism for those countries and groups meeting the criteria of Section (a)(1) and (2) of the Act. As required by legislation, the report includes detailed assessments of foreign countries where significant terrorist acts occurred and countries about which Congress was notified during the preceding 5 years pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (the so-called terrorist list countries that repeatedly have provided state support for international terrorism). In addition, the report includes all relevant information about the previous year's activities of individuals, terrorist organizations, or umbrella groups known to be responsible for the kidnapping or death of any U.S. citizen during the preceding 5 years, and groups known to be financed by state sponsors of terrorism. In 1996, Congress amended the reporting requirements contained in the above-referenced law. The amended law requires the Department of State to report on the extent to which other countries cooperate with the United States in apprehending, convicting, and punishing terrorists responsible for attacking U.S. citizens or interests. The law also requires that this report describe the extent to which foreign governments are cooperating, or have cooperated during the previous 5 years, in preventing future acts of terrorism. As permitted in the amended legislation, the Department is submitting such information to Congress in a classified annex to this unclassified report., The original document contains color images.

Elevated view of the ruins of the Tropics Nightclub, likely taken the morning after the fire, as the ruins are still smoldering. Metal I-beams can be seen bent and twisted by the heat of the fire., Photographic prints, 11 x 16 cm., "A three-alarm fire early Sunday morning destroyed three downtown businesses and damaged several others. The fire, which originated in Tropics nightclub, spread to Quizno's Classic Subs and One on One Fitness Center. Tropics owner John Michael Mauer was in the building when the fire started but was not injured. He was arrested early Monday morning, but no formal charges had been filed as of publication of this issue." - Caption with photograph in The Spectrum, May 2, 2000, pg. 1, Photograph taken by the NDSU sutdent newspaper The Spectrum photographer. Title supplied by staff.

Defendant Betty Basta appeals from jury convictions of aggravated arson, a first degree felony in violation of Utah Code Ann. 76-6-103 (1995), and insurance fraud, a second degree felony in violation of Utah Code Ann. 76-6-521 (1995). We affirm.