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Social sciences / econometrics, U ovom radu se analizira fiskalna održivost, uticaj javne potrošnje na produbljivanje fiskalnog deficita i efikasnost politika javne potrošnje u 28 ekonomija Evropske Unije u periodu 1995-2014. godine, u okviru ekonometrijskih metoda nestacionarnih heterogenih panela, sa zavisnošću uporednih podataka. Fiskalna održivost je analizirana objedinjenjem pristupa o fiskalnoj održivosti zasnovanog na varijablama toka i pristupa na bazi modela stok-tok sa ciljem da se istraži drugi sloj kointegracije između javnog duga i javne potrošnje. Kako bi se obuhvatili heterogeni parametri i zavisnost po uporednim podacima u analiziranom uzorku panela, korišćen je metod (združenih) grupnih sredina i metodi sa zajedničkim korelisanim faktorima. Rezultati kointegracione analize upućuju da postoji slaba održivost, dok rezultati multikointegracionog pristupa pružaju heterogenu evidenciju o dubljoj kointegraciji, izdvajajući grupe ekonomija u kojima fiskalne vlasti prilagođavaju javnu potrošnju kako bi stabilizovale javni dug, u odnosu na ad hoc promene javne potrošnje. Pri istraživanju uticaja politika javne potrošnje na fiskalni deficit, upoređivani su rezultati dobijeni u klasičnim modelima panela prilagođenim kako bi obuhvatili uslovnu heterogenost i nestacionarnost, sa novim metodama zasnovanim na pristupu sa zajedničkim korelisanim faktorima. Dijagnostički testovi pokazuju da su preferabilni metodi koji obuhvataju neidentifikovane zajedničke faktore i zavisnost uporednih podataka. Determinante koje doprinose i remete fiskalnu ravnotežu su identifikovane, pri čemu u homogenom i heterogenom modelu izdaci za penzije predstavljaju važan remetilački faktor. U zemljama u kojima nije značajno faktorsko opterećenje, nije značajno ni prilagođavanje ravnotežnoj vezi, niti uticaj politika javne potrošnje na fiskalni deficit, upućujući da je pridržavanje fiskalnog okvira EU ključni faktor održivosti. Analiza efikasnosti diskrecionih mera na području politika socijalnog osiguranja, zdravstva i o, This paper analyzes fiscal sustainability, public expenditure influence on fiscal deficit deepening and efficiency of public expenditure policies in 28 countries of the European Union in the period 1995-2014, within econometric framework of nonstationary heterogeneous panels with cross-sectional dependence. Fiscal sustainability is analyzed by unifying the approach for fiscal sustainability testing based on flow variables, and the approach based on stock-flow models, with the aim to investigate second layer of cointegration, between public debt and public expenditure. In order to obtain heterogeneous parameters and cross-sectional dependency in analyzed sample, (pooled) mean group and common correlated factors approach are used. The results of cointegration analysis point to weak sustainability, while results of multicointegration approach provide heterogeneous evidence of deeper cointegration, distinguishing groups of economies in which fiscal authorities adjust their public expenditure in order to stabilize public debt, relative to ad hoc changes in public expenditures. In exploring public expenditure influence on fiscal deficit, we compared the results obtained by standard panel estimators modified to encompass restricted heterogeneity and nonstationarity, and results obtained by using estimators from common correlated factors approach. Diagnostic tests showed that preferable estimators are those which account for unobserved common factors incorporating cross-section dependence. The determinants which contribute and disturb fiscal balance are identified. According to the main findings of the paper pension expenditure is important disturbance factor. In economies with nonsignificant factor loadings, fiscal adjustment is not significant, nor public expenditure influence on fiscal deficit, indicating that compliance with EU fiscal framework is crucial factor of fiscal sustainability. Analysis of discretionary measures efficiency in the area of social insurance, heal

In this paper, we analyse the performance of the tax administration using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and regression analysis in 13 European countries. In the first phase, a DEA input-oriented model with the three input and two output parameters for the efficiency evaluation has been used. The influence of selected independent variables on the grey economy, which represents an approximation of tax evasion and efficiency of tax administration, was conducted by regression analysis in the second phase. The main goal is to investigate the influence of the relative efficiency and number of employees in tax administration as well as country employment rate on the grey economy level.

Porez na dohodak graĎana je jedan od poreskih oblika kod kojeg, kako u ekonomskoj teoriji, tako i u praksi, postoji veliki broj otvorenih pitanja, zbog izraţenog trade-off odnosa izmeĎu pravičnosti i efikasnosti. Stoga ne postoji uniformno, najbolje rešenje, već se ocena performansi poreza na dohodak vrši na osnovu definisanih ciljeva oporezivanja i odgovarajućih kriterijuma koji iz tih ciljeva proizilaze, polazeći od vaţećih teorijskih stavova i društvenih preferencija. Tako u savremenoj ekonomskoj teoriji postoji saglasnost da bi ovaj poreski oblik trebalo da bude horizontalno pravičan, da implicira niske troškove primene i umereno poresko opterećenje, jer je ocenjeno da ovaj porez, više nego većina drugih poreza, negativno utiče na ekonomsku efikasnost i dugoročan privredni rast. Često se takoĎe navodi da bi ovaj poreski oblik trebalo da bude i vertikalno pravičan (progresivan), što predstavlja legitiman cilj, ali koji proizilazi iz ličnih vrednosnih sudova, tako da oko njega ne postoji saglasnost. Postojeći sistem poreza na dohodak u Srbiji ne obezbeĎuje zadovoljavajući nivo horizontalne (ni vertikalne) pravičnosti u oporezivanju, alokativno je pristrasan, i relativno sloţen, što izaziva relativno visoke troškove administriranja i primene, zbog čega je njegova reforma neophodna. S obzirom da je reč o porezu koji u velikoj meri moţe uticati na ponašanje ekonomskih agenata, pri čemu ti ekonomski efekti zavise kako od parametrizacije poreza, tako i od strukturnih karakteristika svake zemlje (nivo i struktura dohodaka, nivo poreskog morala, preferencije društva i sl.) za utemeljeno ocenjivanje različitih rešenja neophodno je izvršiti empirijsku analizu osnovnih ekonomskih efekata, na podacima koji se odnose na konkretnu zemlju. Cilj ovog rada je da pruţi pregled relevantnih klasičnih i savremenih teorijskih stavova u vezi sa oporezivanjem dohotka graĎana, da na osnovu analiza iskustava drugih zemalja uputi na opšte zaključke u pogledu ekonomskih performansi alternat, In economic theory and practice there are many open questions related to design of personal income tax – probably more than in case of other taxes, due to equity-efficiency trade-off, which is highly related to this tax. Therefore, there is no uniform, single best solution, since the performances of each income tax model are dependent on the defined goals of taxation and respective criteria, which arise from the theory and social preferences. There is a consensus in contemporary economic theory on the need to provide horizontal equity in taxation of personal income, as well as modest administration and compliance costs and low tax burden, since there is empirical evidence that this tax distorts economic efficiency and long term economic growth, more than the most of other taxes. It is often argued that income tax should be vertically equitable (progressive), which is legitimate goal, but stemming from personal judgements, which is why there is no common agreement on this goal. Current personal income tax in Serbia is not horizontally (nor vertically) equitable, neither allocative neutral and rather complex, triggering relatively high administration and compliance costs, which is why its reform is necessary. Since this tax may have large influence on behavior of economic agents, the economic effects being dependent on its parameterization and structural features of each particular country (level and structure of income, tax moral, social preferences, etc.), in order to provide evidence based assessment of different income tax models, it is necessary to perform empirical estimate and analysis of main economic effects, based on the data related to that country. The aim of this paper is to provide insight into relevant classical and contemporary theory of income taxation, to make general conclusions on features of alternative income tax schemes based on the analysis of experience of other countries and to make empirical estimate and analysis of economic effects which wo