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The monsoon floods of 2010, 2011, and 2014 in Pakistan caused severe damage to crops, fisheries, forestry, livestock, and primary infrastructures, such as water channels, tube wells, houses, people, seed stocks, animal shelters, fertilizers and agricultural equipment/machinery. Floods are a major source of risk to agriculture in Pakistan and other countries in South Asia. In response to these risks, management in agriculture is not only crucial for avoiding risk but also has ramifications concerning the optimum combination of risks and returns that can result of a wide range of outcomes. This thesis evaluates farmers’ perceptions about various sources of weather-related risks in farming and their attitudes towards these risks. It also explores the simultaneous adoption of risk management strategies. A survey was conducted with 200 farm households. Farmers’ perceptions about risk were measured on a Likert scale, and the risk attitude of the farmers was measured through a cubic utility function. In addition, probit and multivariate probit models were used to analyze the influence of socio-economic and demographic factors on the management decisions of farmers. Among the small farmers, the majority perceived floods and heavy rains as a major source of risk. Younger farmers were more risk-loving than older farmers. Inexperienced formers were also more risk-loving. Three informal management strategies were adopted in the study area: assets depletion, consumption reduction, and diversification at the farm level. As age and education increase, the propensity to deplete assets increases. In addition, management strategies were associated with socioeconomic characteristics of farmers to their risk perceptions and risk attitudes.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Pembiayaan Ijarah, Pembiayaan Musyarakah dan Pembiayaan Murabahah terhadap Return On Equity (ROE) PT BRI Syariah. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pergerakan Pembiayaan Ijarah, Pembiayaan Musyarakah dan Pembiayaan Murabahah yang mengalami pergerakan yang fluktuaktif dari tahun ke tahun. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan sumber data sekunder, yaitu laporan neraca keuangan PT. BRI Syariah triwulan dari tahun 2012-2019. Teknis analisis yang digunakan yaitu uji regresi linear berganda dengan menggunakan alat bantu analisis SPSS 25. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertama secara simultan Pembiayaan Ijarah, Pembiayaan Musyarakah dan Pembiayaan Murabahah berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ROE dengan nilai F hitung sebesar 7.149 dan signifikan sebesar 0.001. Kedua, secara parsial Pembiayaan Ijarah memiliki pengaruh positif signifikansi terhadap ROE dengan nilai t hitung sebesar 3.076 dan nilai profitabilitas signifikan 0,001. Ketiga, Pembiayaan Musyarakah berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap ROE dengan nilai t hitung sebesar 3.096 dan profitabilitas signifikansi 0,004. Sedangkan keempat, Pembiayaan Murabahah memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap ROE pada PT. BRI Syariah dengan nilai t hitung sebesar 2.900 dan nilai profitabilitas signifikansi 0,001.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Pembiayaan Ijarah, Pembiayaan Musyarakah dan Pembiayaan Murabahah terhadap Return On Equity (ROE) PT BRI Syariah. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pergerakan Pembiayaan Ijarah, Pembiayaan Musyarakah dan Pembiayaan Murabahah yang mengalami pergerakan yang fluktuaktif dari tahun ke tahun. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan sumber data sekunder, yaitu laporan neraca keuangan PT. BRI Syariah triwulan dari tahun 2012-2019. Teknis analisis yang digunakan yaitu uji regresi linear berganda dengan menggunakan alat bantu analisis SPSS 25. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertama secara simultan Pembiayaan Ijarah, Pembiayaan Musyarakah dan Pembiayaan Murabahah berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ROE dengan nilai F hitung sebesar 7.149 dan signifikan sebesar 0.001. Kedua, secara parsial Pembiayaan Ijarah memiliki pengaruh positif signifikansi terhadap ROE dengan nilai t hitung sebesar 3.076 dan nilai profitabilitas signifikan 0,001. Ketiga, Pembiayaan Musyarakah berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap ROE dengan nilai t hitung sebesar 3.096 dan profitabilitas signifikansi 0,004. Sedangkan keempat, Pembiayaan Murabahah memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap ROE pada PT. BRI Syariah dengan nilai t hitung sebesar 2.900 dan nilai profitabilitas signifikansi 0,001.

Stingless bees are native to tropical region and produce honey which are high in moisture content. Compared to honey from honeybees, there are limited studies on honey derived from stingless bees. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of stingless bee honey. Fifteen types of honey were collected from six states in West Coast of Malaysia and pollen analyses were carried out. Four types of unifloral honey samples produced by stingless bees were selected to determine their physicochemical and antioxidant activities including total phenolic, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents. Melissopalynological study of 15 honey samples collected from different states showed presence of both unifloral and multifloral origins. Honey samples collected from Apis mellifera (honeybee) combs had lower number of total pollen compared to samples collected from Heterotrigona itama and Geniotrigona thoracica (stingless bees). Jambul Merak honey contains the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents with greatest color intensity and has the highest antioxidant potential. This study highlights the chemical composition and biological activity of honey from stingless bees which may increase its commercial value or to be utilised as potential functional food ingredient.

Stingless bees are native to tropical region and produce honey which are high in moisture content. Compared to honey from honeybees, there are limited studies on honey derived from stingless bees. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of stingless bee honey. Fifteen types of honey were collected from six states in West Coast of Malaysia and pollen analyses were carried out. Four types of unifloral honey samples produced by stingless bees were selected to determine their physicochemical and antioxidant activities including total phenolic, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents. Melissopalynological study of 15 honey samples collected from different states showed presence of both unifloral and multifloral origins. Honey samples collected from Apis mellifera (honeybee) combs had lower number of total pollen compared to samples collected from Heterotrigona itama and Geniotrigona thoracica (stingless bees). Jambul Merak honey contains the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents with greatest color intensity and has the highest antioxidant potential. This study highlights the chemical composition and biological activity of honey from stingless bees which may increase its commercial value or to be utilised as potential functional food ingredient.

Stingless bees are native to tropical region and produce honey which are high in moisture content. Compared to honey from honeybees, there are limited studies on honey derived from stingless bees. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of stingless bee honey. Fifteen types of honey were collected from six states in West Coast of Malaysia and pollen analyses were carried out. Four types of unifloral honey samples produced by stingless bees were selected to determine their physicochemical and antioxidant activities including total phenolic, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents. Melissopalynological study of 15 honey samples collected from different states showed presence of both unifloral and multifloral origins. Honey samples collected from Apis mellifera (honeybee) combs had lower number of total pollen compared to samples collected from Heterotrigona itama and Geniotrigona thoracica (stingless bees). Jambul Merak honey contains the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents with greatest color intensity and has the highest antioxidant potential. This study highlights the chemical composition and biological activity of honey from stingless bees which may increase its commercial value or to be utilised as potential functional food ingredient.

Stingless bees are native to tropical region and produce honey which are high in moisture content. Compared to honey from honeybees, there are limited studies on honey derived from stingless bees. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of stingless bee honey. Fifteen types of honey were collected from six states in West Coast of Malaysia and pollen analyses were carried out. Four types of unifloral honey samples produced by stingless bees were selected to determine their physicochemical and antioxidant activities including total phenolic, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents. Melissopalynological study of 15 honey samples collected from different states showed presence of both unifloral and multifloral origins. Honey samples collected from Apis mellifera (honeybee) combs had lower number of total pollen compared to samples collected from Heterotrigona itama and Geniotrigona thoracica (stingless bees). Jambul Merak honey contains the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents with greatest color intensity and has the highest antioxidant potential. This study highlights the chemical composition and biological activity of honey from stingless bees which may increase its commercial value or to be utilised as potential functional food ingredient.

OBJECTIVETo determine the proportion of cervical lymphadenopathy in systemic diseases, their presentation and investigative tools.METHODOLOGYThis descriptive study was carried out from 1st July 2014 to 30 June 2017 in ENT and head and neck department Naseer Teaching Hospital and Town Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Total of 270 patients with enlarged cervical lymph nodes, of either sex and of any age were approached for inclusion into the study. Patients with suspected acute inflammation were given a trial of antibiotic and followed for two weeks were excluded from the study. Excisional biopsy of the lymph nodes was performed in all these patients with six weeks or more duration.RESULTSIn our study out of 270 patients, 158 (58.5%) were males and the majority of patients (63.3%) had ages from 11-40 years. Tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in 145 (53.7%) patients, reactive hyperplasia in 53 (19.6%), lymphoma in 32 (11.8 %,) metastasis to cervical lymph nodes in 30 (11.1%), sarcoidosis in 7 (2.6%) and other very rare conditions as Kawasaki, Kikuchie and Rosi Dorfman were found in only one of each (0.4%). About 136 (50.4%) of the patients had involvement of multiple lymph nodes while 134 (49.6%) had single swelling. The matted lymph nodes were found in 162 (60%) whereas discrete lymph nodes were found in only 108 (40%) cases. Cold abscess was found in 19 (7%) of patients.CONCLUSIONTuberculosis is the commonest cause of cervical lymphadenopathy, with the majority of these patients having multiple lymph node involvement. In children, usually cervical lymphadenopathy is reactive or infective while in older age mostly metastatic.

OBJECTIVETo determine the proportion of cervical lymphadenopathy in systemic diseases, their presentation and investigative tools.METHODOLOGYThis descriptive study was carried out from 1st July 2014 to 30 June 2017 in ENT and head and neck department Naseer Teaching Hospital and Town Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Total of 270 patients with enlarged cervical lymph nodes, of either sex and of any age were approached for inclusion into the study. Patients with suspected acute inflammation were given a trial of antibiotic and followed for two weeks were excluded from the study. Excisional biopsy of the lymph nodes was performed in all these patients with six weeks or more duration.RESULTSIn our study out of 270 patients, 158 (58.5%) were males and the majority of patients (63.3%) had ages from 11-40 years. Tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in 145 (53.7%) patients, reactive hyperplasia in 53 (19.6%), lymphoma in 32 (11.8 %,) metastasis to cervical lymph nodes in 30 (11.1%), sarcoidosis in 7 (2.6%) and other very rare conditions as Kawasaki, Kikuchie and Rosi Dorfman were found in only one of each (0.4%). About 136 (50.4%) of the patients had involvement of multiple lymph nodes while 134 (49.6%) had single swelling. The matted lymph nodes were found in 162 (60%) whereas discrete lymph nodes were found in only 108 (40%) cases. Cold abscess was found in 19 (7%) of patients.CONCLUSIONTuberculosis is the commonest cause of cervical lymphadenopathy, with the majority of these patients having multiple lymph node involvement. In children, usually cervical lymphadenopathy is reactive or infective while in older age mostly metastatic.

Water vending machines provide an alternative source of clean and safe drinking water to the consumers. However, the quality of drinking water may alter due to contamination from lack of hygienic practices and maintenance of the machines. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of water from vending machines and associated contact surfaces. Seventeen water samples and 85 swab samples (nozzles, drip trays, coin slots, buttons and doors) from 3 locations in Kelantan were collected. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing were carried out and sequences obtained were compared against the sequences available in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database using the basic local alignment search tool programme. Coliform counts were observed in 94.12 % of water samples, 76.47 % of nozzles and 82.35 % of drip tray swabs. Furthermore, results of 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that two gram-negative isolates were identified as Escherichia coli U 5/41 (Accession no. NR_024570.1) and E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 (Accession no. CP008957.1) with similarity value of 100 %, respectively. The results from this study further improve our understanding of the potential microorganisms in drinking water. Regular maintenance and cleaning of water vending machines are important to reduce bacterial growth and the presence of waterborne pathogens.

Water vending machines provide an alternative source of clean and safe drinking water to the consumers. However, the quality of drinking water may alter due to contamination from lack of hygienic practices and maintenance of the machines. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of water from vending machines and associated contact surfaces. Seventeen water samples and 85 swab samples (nozzles, drip trays, coin slots, buttons and doors) from 3 locations in Kelantan were collected. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing were carried out and sequences obtained were compared against the sequences available in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database using the basic local alignment search tool programme. Coliform counts were observed in 94.12 % of water samples, 76.47 % of nozzles and 82.35 % of drip tray swabs. Furthermore, results of 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that two gram-negative isolates were identified as Escherichia coli U 5/41 (Accession no. NR_024570.1) and E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 (Accession no. CP008957.1) with similarity value of 100 %, respectively. The results from this study further improve our understanding of the potential microorganisms in drinking water. Regular maintenance and cleaning of water vending machines are important to reduce bacterial growth and the presence of waterborne pathogens.

Water vending machines provide an alternative source of clean and safe drinking water to the consumers. However, the quality of drinking water may alter due to contamination from lack of hygienic practices and maintenance of the machines. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of water from vending machines and associated contact surfaces. Seventeen water samples and 85 swab samples (nozzles, drip trays, coin slots, buttons and doors) from 3 locations in Kelantan were collected. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing were carried out and sequences obtained were compared against the sequences available in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database using the basic local alignment search tool programme. Coliform counts were observed in 94.12 % of water samples, 76.47 % of nozzles and 82.35 % of drip tray swabs. Furthermore, results of 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that two gram-negative isolates were identified as Escherichia coli U 5/41 (Accession no. NR_024570.1) and E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 (Accession no. CP008957.1) with similarity value of 100 %, respectively. The results from this study further improve our understanding of the potential microorganisms in drinking water. Regular maintenance and cleaning of water vending machines are important to reduce bacterial growth and the presence of waterborne pathogens.

Water vending machines provide an alternative source of clean and safe drinking water to the consumers. However, the quality of drinking water may alter due to contamination from lack of hygienic practices and maintenance of the machines. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of water from vending machines and associated contact surfaces. Seventeen water samples and 85 swab samples (nozzles, drip trays, coin slots, buttons and doors) from 3 locations in Kelantan were collected. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing were carried out and sequences obtained were compared against the sequences available in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database using the basic local alignment search tool programme. Coliform counts were observed in 94.12 % of water samples, 76.47 % of nozzles and 82.35 % of drip tray swabs. Furthermore, results of 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that two gram-negative isolates were identified as Escherichia coli U 5/41 (Accession no. NR_024570.1) and E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 (Accession no. CP008957.1) with similarity value of 100 %, respectively. The results from this study further improve our understanding of the potential microorganisms in drinking water. Regular maintenance and cleaning of water vending machines are important to reduce bacterial growth and the presence of waterborne pathogens.

Water vending machines provide an alternative source of clean and safe drinking water to the consumers. However, the quality of drinking water may alter due to contamination from lack of hygienic practices and maintenance of the machines. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of water from vending machines and associated contact surfaces. Seventeen water samples and 85 swab samples (nozzles, drip trays, coin slots, buttons and doors) from 3 locations in Kelantan were collected. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing were carried out and sequences obtained were compared against the sequences available in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database using the basic local alignment search tool programme. Coliform counts were observed in 94.12 % of water samples, 76.47 % of nozzles and 82.35 % of drip tray swabs. Furthermore, results of 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that two gram-negative isolates were identified as Escherichia coli U 5/41 (Accession no. NR_024570.1) and E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 (Accession no. CP008957.1) with similarity value of 100 %, respectively. The results from this study further improve our understanding of the potential microorganisms in drinking water. Regular maintenance and cleaning of water vending machines are important to reduce bacterial growth and the presence of waterborne pathogens.

Water vending machines provide an alternative source of clean and safe drinking water to the consumers. However, the quality of drinking water may alter due to contamination from lack of hygienic practices and maintenance of the machines. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of water from vending machines and associated contact surfaces. Seventeen water samples and 85 swab samples (nozzles, drip trays, coin slots, buttons and doors) from 3 locations in Kelantan were collected. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing were carried out and sequences obtained were compared against the sequences available in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database using the basic local alignment search tool programme. Coliform counts were observed in 94.12 % of water samples, 76.47 % of nozzles and 82.35 % of drip tray swabs. Furthermore, results of 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that two gram-negative isolates were identified as Escherichia coli U 5/41 (Accession no. NR_024570.1) and E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 (Accession no. CP008957.1) with similarity value of 100 %, respectively. The results from this study further improve our understanding of the potential microorganisms in drinking water. Regular maintenance and cleaning of water vending machines are important to reduce bacterial growth and the presence of waterborne pathogens.

OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to determine the predisposing factors and treatment outcomes of otomycosis.METHODS:This was an observational study conducted from July 2008 to August 2012 at ENT department of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Total of 110 patients of all age and both sexes were selected from OPD for the study, using convenient sampling. The predisposing factors and treatment outcome of otomycosis were observed. Results were recorded in percentages.RESULTS:In our study we documented 110 patients having otomycosis. There were 57.3% (63/110) males and 42.7% (47/110) females. Patients ranged from 21 to 40 years were more affected. Mean follow up time was 2 years. The most common predisposing factors were swimming in 49.1% (54/110) patients followed by topical antibiotic drops, cerumen, immune-compromised status and hearing aid use. The most common presenting symptom was otalgia and itching ear in almost every patient 100% (110/110), followed by hearing loss and ear discharge. In our study 1% clotrimazole drops or lotion was applied to all patients after cleaning the fungus debris and cleansing the ear with acetic acid. The treatment outcome was resolution in 57.3%, residual 24.5% and recurrence 12.7%. 5.5% of patients did not come for follow up. The complications were TM perforation in 13.6% patients, serous otitis media in 3.6% and external auditory canal osteitis in 0.9%.CONCLUSION:Otomycosisis usually resolves with local toilet of ear and instillation of antifungal agents, however eradication of disease is difficult in presence of a mastoid cavity and immune-compromised patients.

OBJECTIVEThe aim of the study was to find the complications of chronic suppurative otitis media.MATERIAL AND METHODSThe study was descriptive study conducted from 1st January 2008 to 31 December 2010 (3 years duration) at ENT department Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. Total 250 patients of all age having complications due to chronic suppurative otitis media enrolled from admitted patients in ENT department Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar were included in the study, using convenience (non-probability) sampling.RESULTSIn total of 250 patients, all (100%) were having history of discharging ear, decreased hearing 250 (100%), earache in 75 (30%), fever in 31(12.4%), headache in 28 (11.2%), nausea and vomiting in 23 (9.2%) patients. The extracranial complications were found in 204/250 (81.6%) patients with mastoiditis being the most common in 155/204 (75.98%) patients followed by sensory reural hearing loss, post auricular abscess, facial paralysis, petrositis, labynthitis, Bezold’s abscess and cetili’s abscess in 7.84%, 6.37%, 5.88%, 1.7%, 0.98%, 0.98% and 0.49% patients respectively. While the intracranial complications were found in 46/250 (18.4%) patients with meningitis being the most common in 28/46 (60.9%) followed by brain abscess in 26%, lateral sinus thrombosis in 8.7% and otitic hydrocephalus in 4.4% patients.CONCLUSIONEarly detection and treatment of complications as a result of chronic suppurative otitis is vital to prevent morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to determine the predisposing factors and treatment outcomes of otomycosis.METHODS:This was an observational study conducted from July 2008 to August 2012 at ENT department of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Total of 110 patients of all age and both sexes were selected from OPD for the study, using convenient sampling. The predisposing factors and treatment outcome of otomycosis were observed. Results were recorded in percentages.RESULTS:In our study we documented 110 patients having otomycosis. There were 57.3% (63/110) males and 42.7% (47/110) females. Patients ranged from 21 to 40 years were more affected. Mean follow up time was 2 years. The most common predisposing factors were swimming in 49.1% (54/110) patients followed by topical antibiotic drops, cerumen, immune-compromised status and hearing aid use. The most common presenting symptom was otalgia and itching ear in almost every patient 100% (110/110), followed by hearing loss and ear discharge. In our study 1% clotrimazole drops or lotion was applied to all patients after cleaning the fungus debris and cleansing the ear with acetic acid. The treatment outcome was resolution in 57.3%, residual 24.5% and recurrence 12.7%. 5.5% of patients did not come for follow up. The complications were TM perforation in 13.6% patients, serous otitis media in 3.6% and external auditory canal osteitis in 0.9%.CONCLUSION:Otomycosisis usually resolves with local toilet of ear and instillation of antifungal agents, however eradication of disease is difficult in presence of a mastoid cavity and immune-compromised patients.

OBJECTIVEThe aim of the study was to find the complications of chronic suppurative otitis media.MATERIAL AND METHODSThe study was descriptive study conducted from 1st January 2008 to 31 December 2010 (3 years duration) at ENT department Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. Total 250 patients of all age having complications due to chronic suppurative otitis media enrolled from admitted patients in ENT department Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar were included in the study, using convenience (non-probability) sampling.RESULTSIn total of 250 patients, all (100%) were having history of discharging ear, decreased hearing 250 (100%), earache in 75 (30%), fever in 31(12.4%), headache in 28 (11.2%), nausea and vomiting in 23 (9.2%) patients. The extracranial complications were found in 204/250 (81.6%) patients with mastoiditis being the most common in 155/204 (75.98%) patients followed by sensory reural hearing loss, post auricular abscess, facial paralysis, petrositis, labynthitis, Bezold’s abscess and cetili’s abscess in 7.84%, 6.37%, 5.88%, 1.7%, 0.98%, 0.98% and 0.49% patients respectively. While the intracranial complications were found in 46/250 (18.4%) patients with meningitis being the most common in 28/46 (60.9%) followed by brain abscess in 26%, lateral sinus thrombosis in 8.7% and otitic hydrocephalus in 4.4% patients.CONCLUSIONEarly detection and treatment of complications as a result of chronic suppurative otitis is vital to prevent morbidity and mortality.

Drug resistance to human infectious diseases caused by pathogens lead to premature deaths through out the world. Plants are sources for wide variety of drugs used for treating various diseases. Systematic screening of medicinal plants for the search of new antimicrobial drug candidates that can inhibit the growth of pathogens or kill with no toxicity to host is being continued by many laboratories. Here we review the phytochemical investigations and biological activities of Meliaceae. The mahogany (Meliaceae) is family of timber trees with rich source for limonoids. So far, amongst the different members of Meliaceae, Azadirachta indica and Melia dubia have been identified as the potential plant systems possessing a vast array of biologically active compounds which are chemically diverse and structurally complex. Despite biological activities on different taxa of Meliaceae have been carried out, the information of antibacterial and antifungal activity is a meager with exception to Azadirachta indica. Together we provide new insights of Meliaceae members demonstrating as a potential source as antimicrobial agents using in vitro studies.

OBJECTIVE:The objective of the study was to determine the complications of tonsillectomy and management of these the complications.MATERIAL AND METHODS:The study was Randomized controlled trial conducted from 1st January 2008 to 31 December 2009 (of two year duration) at ENT Department Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Total 2156indoorpatientsof all age ad both sex, underwent tonsillectomy were included in the study.RESULTS:In my study all of the 2156 patients underwent tonsillectomy were having pain in which 1176 patients (56%) with mild to moderate pain and 980 patients (44%) with severe pain, 1274 patients (59%) nausea and vomiting, 129 patients (7%) bleeding, 19 patients (<1%) airway obstruction, 273 patients fever and infection, 17 patients (<1%) pneumonia, 126 patients (6%) dehydration, and injury to surrounding structure like teeth injury in 105 patients (5%), temporary uvular or tongue edema in 367 patients (17%), and other rare complications (<1%) like temporomandibularjoint dislocation in 7 patients, Grisel’s syndrome in 5 patients, atlanto-axial joint subluxation in 1 patient and glossopharyngeal nerve damage in 3 patients.CONCLUSION:Though tonsillectomy is a routine and safe surgery can result in morbid complications and can cause death. By adopting pre and per-op basic steps can minimize the complications of tonsillectomy.

OBJECTIVE:The objective of the study was to determine the complications of tonsillectomy and management of these the complications.MATERIAL AND METHODS:The study was Randomized controlled trial conducted from 1st January 2008 to 31 December 2009 (of two year duration) at ENT Department Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Total 2156indoorpatientsof all age ad both sex, underwent tonsillectomy were included in the study.RESULTS:In my study all of the 2156 patients underwent tonsillectomy were having pain in which 1176 patients (56%) with mild to moderate pain and 980 patients (44%) with severe pain, 1274 patients (59%) nausea and vomiting, 129 patients (7%) bleeding, 19 patients (<1%) airway obstruction, 273 patients fever and infection, 17 patients (<1%) pneumonia, 126 patients (6%) dehydration, and injury to surrounding structure like teeth injury in 105 patients (5%), temporary uvular or tongue edema in 367 patients (17%), and other rare complications (<1%) like temporomandibularjoint dislocation in 7 patients, Grisel’s syndrome in 5 patients, atlanto-axial joint subluxation in 1 patient and glossopharyngeal nerve damage in 3 patients.CONCLUSION:Though tonsillectomy is a routine and safe surgery can result in morbid complications and can cause death. By adopting pre and per-op basic steps can minimize the complications of tonsillectomy.

Since over three decades, computers have been widely used for processing and displaying images. The ability to process visual information from a super resolution image can enhance the information present in the image. The motivation is from a human eye which takes in raw images (noisy, blurred and translated) and constructs a super resolution image. An image with improved resolution is desired in almost all of the applications to enhance qualitative features and is reported to be achieved by Super Resolution Image Reconstruction (SRIR). Some low resolution images of same scene which are usually rotated, translated and blurred are taken to form a super resolution image. The image registration operation orients translated, scaled and rotated images in similar way to that of source image. Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) with Daubechies4 coefficients is applied to color components of each image due to its less memory allocation compared to other techniques. Further Set Portioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm is applied for image compression as it possess lossless compression, fast encoding/decoding, adaptive nature. The three low resolution images are fused by spatial image fusion method. The noise component is removed by dual tree Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and blur is removed by blind deconvolution or iterative blind deconvolution. Finally, the samples are interpolated to twice the number of original samples to obtain a super resolution image. The structural similarity for each intermediate image compared to source image is estimated via objective analysis and high structural similarity is observed for image constructed by the proposed method., Sivakrishna Padavala, D.no: 13-153, padmanabhuni peta, Epurupalem, Chirala mandal, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA-523166 Mobile no: +919440739757 Email: sivabth@gmail.com

Since over three decades, computers have been widely used for processing and displaying images. The ability to process visual information from a super resolution image can enhance the information present in the image. The motivation is from a human eye which takes in raw images (noisy, blurred and translated) and constructs a super resolution image. An image with improved resolution is desired in almost all of the applications to enhance qualitative features and is reported to be achieved by Super Resolution Image Reconstruction (SRIR). Some low resolution images of same scene which are usually rotated, translated and blurred are taken to form a super resolution image. The image registration operation orients translated, scaled and rotated images in similar way to that of source image. Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) with Daubechies4 coefficients is applied to color components of each image due to its less memory allocation compared to other techniques. Further Set Portioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm is applied for image compression as it possess lossless compression, fast encoding/decoding, adaptive nature. The three low resolution images are fused by spatial image fusion method. The noise component is removed by dual tree Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and blur is removed by blind deconvolution or iterative blind deconvolution. Finally, the samples are interpolated to twice the number of original samples to obtain a super resolution image. The structural similarity for each intermediate image compared to source image is estimated via objective analysis and high structural similarity is observed for image constructed by the proposed method., Sivakrishna Padavala, D.no: 13-153, padmanabhuni peta, Epurupalem, Chirala mandal, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA-523166 Mobile no: +919440739757 Email: sivabth@gmail.com

Since over three decades, computers have been widely used for processing and displaying images. The ability to process visual information from a super resolution image can enhance the information present in the image. The motivation is from a human eye which takes in raw images (noisy, blurred and translated) and constructs a super resolution image. An image with improved resolution is desired in almost all of the applications to enhance qualitative features and is reported to be achieved by Super Resolution Image Reconstruction (SRIR). Some low resolution images of same scene which are usually rotated, translated and blurred are taken to form a super resolution image. The image registration operation orients translated, scaled and rotated images in similar way to that of source image. Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) with Daubechies4 coefficients is applied to color components of each image due to its less memory allocation compared to other techniques. Further Set Portioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm is applied for image compression as it possess lossless compression, fast encoding/decoding, adaptive nature. The three low resolution images are fused by spatial image fusion method. The noise component is removed by dual tree Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and blur is removed by blind deconvolution or iterative blind deconvolution. Finally, the samples are interpolated to twice the number of original samples to obtain a super resolution image. The structural similarity for each intermediate image compared to source image is estimated via objective analysis and high structural similarity is observed for image constructed by the proposed method., Sivakrishna Padavala, D.no: 13-153, padmanabhuni peta, Epurupalem, Chirala mandal, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA-523166 Mobile no: +919440739757 Email: sivabth@gmail.com

Since over three decades, computers have been widely used for processing and displaying images. The ability to process visual information from a super resolution image can enhance the information present in the image. The motivation is from a human eye which takes in raw images (noisy, blurred and translated) and constructs a super resolution image. An image with improved resolution is desired in almost all of the applications to enhance qualitative features and is reported to be achieved by Super Resolution Image Reconstruction (SRIR). Some low resolution images of same scene which are usually rotated, translated and blurred are taken to form a super resolution image. The image registration operation orients translated, scaled and rotated images in similar way to that of source image. Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) with Daubechies4 coefficients is applied to color components of each image due to its less memory allocation compared to other techniques. Further Set Portioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm is applied for image compression as it possess lossless compression, fast encoding/decoding, adaptive nature. The three low resolution images are fused by spatial image fusion method. The noise component is removed by dual tree Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and blur is removed by blind deconvolution or iterative blind deconvolution. Finally, the samples are interpolated to twice the number of original samples to obtain a super resolution image. The structural similarity for each intermediate image compared to source image is estimated via objective analysis and high structural similarity is observed for image constructed by the proposed method., Sivakrishna Padavala, D.no: 13-153, padmanabhuni peta, Epurupalem, Chirala mandal, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA-523166 Mobile no: +919440739757 Email: sivabth@gmail.com

Since over three decades, computers have been widely used for processing and displaying images. The ability to process visual information from a super resolution image can enhance the information present in the image. The motivation is from a human eye which takes in raw images (noisy, blurred and translated) and constructs a super resolution image. An image with improved resolution is desired in almost all of the applications to enhance qualitative features and is reported to be achieved by Super Resolution Image Reconstruction (SRIR). Some low resolution images of same scene which are usually rotated, translated and blurred are taken to form a super resolution image. The image registration operation orients translated, scaled and rotated images in similar way to that of source image. Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) with Daubechies4 coefficients is applied to color components of each image due to its less memory allocation compared to other techniques. Further Set Portioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm is applied for image compression as it possess lossless compression, fast encoding/decoding, adaptive nature. The three low resolution images are fused by spatial image fusion method. The noise component is removed by dual tree Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and blur is removed by blind deconvolution or iterative blind deconvolution. Finally, the samples are interpolated to twice the number of original samples to obtain a super resolution image. The structural similarity for each intermediate image compared to source image is estimated via objective analysis and high structural similarity is observed for image constructed by the proposed method., Sivakrishna Padavala, D.no: 13-153, padmanabhuni peta, Epurupalem, Chirala mandal, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA-523166 Mobile no: +919440739757 Email: sivabth@gmail.com

Since over three decades, computers have been widely used for processing and displaying images. The ability to process visual information from a super resolution image can enhance the information present in the image. The motivation is from a human eye which takes in raw images (noisy, blurred and translated) and constructs a super resolution image. An image with improved resolution is desired in almost all of the applications to enhance qualitative features and is reported to be achieved by Super Resolution Image Reconstruction (SRIR). Some low resolution images of same scene which are usually rotated, translated and blurred are taken to form a super resolution image. The image registration operation orients translated, scaled and rotated images in similar way to that of source image. Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) with Daubechies4 coefficients is applied to color components of each image due to its less memory allocation compared to other techniques. Further Set Portioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) algorithm is applied for image compression as it possess lossless compression, fast encoding/decoding, adaptive nature. The three low resolution images are fused by spatial image fusion method. The noise component is removed by dual tree Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and blur is removed by blind deconvolution or iterative blind deconvolution. Finally, the samples are interpolated to twice the number of original samples to obtain a super resolution image. The structural similarity for each intermediate image compared to source image is estimated via objective analysis and high structural similarity is observed for image constructed by the proposed method., Sivakrishna Padavala, D.no: 13-153, padmanabhuni peta, Epurupalem, Chirala mandal, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA-523166 Mobile no: +919440739757 Email: sivabth@gmail.com