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Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Asia has kept increasing in the last decade. The morbidity and mortality for CRC can be reduced with early detection; however, mass CRC screening with imaging modalities such as colonoscopy, CT scan, or MRI is unfeasible in developing countries such as Indonesia. Asia Pacific Colorectal Screening (APCS) is utilized to stratify individual CRC risk. Online screening via mobile application is an alternative method to ensure the continuity of community screening without risking COVID-19 transmission. Objective: We conducted a descriptive study to evaluate CRC risk using APCS in two different villages. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 925 and 207 subjects in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The APCS survey in 2019 was done before the COVID-19 pandemic with paper-based questionnaires and direct assessment by door-to-door approach. Meanwhile, the APCS survey in 2020 was done during the COVID-19 pandemic using websites and mobile apps available for Android and iOS. We gathered participants’ characteristics and the APCS score in both groups and tabulated them. Results: In 2019, out of 925 subjects; 472 (51%) have been classified an average risk of CRC, 370 (40%) have been classified as having a moderate risk of CRC, and 83 (9%) have been classified as in high risk of CRC. In 2020, out of 207 subjects; 106 (51.2%) have been classified as the average risk of CRC, 86 (41.5%) have been classified as the moderate risk of CRC, and 15 (7.3%) have been classified as high risk of CRC. Conclusion: Although there was a decrease in the participation of the screening program with mobile applications in the pandemic era compared with paper-based questionnaires before the pandemic era, online screening using APCS in mobile applications is a preferred alternative for an effective screening method in this pandemic and possibly in the future in Indonesia.

Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Asia has kept increasing in the last decade. The morbidity and mortality for CRC can be reduced with early detection; however, mass CRC screening with imaging modalities such as colonoscopy, CT scan, or MRI is unfeasible in developing countries such as Indonesia. Asia Pacific Colorectal Screening (APCS) is utilized to stratify individual CRC risk. Online screening via mobile application is an alternative method to ensure the continuity of community screening without risking COVID-19 transmission. Objective: We conducted a descriptive study to evaluate CRC risk using APCS in two different villages. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 925 and 207 subjects in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The APCS survey in 2019 was done before the COVID-19 pandemic with paper-based questionnaires and direct assessment by door-to-door approach. Meanwhile, the APCS survey in 2020 was done during the COVID-19 pandemic using websites and mobile apps available for Android and iOS. We gathered participants' characteristics and the APCS score in both groups and tabulated them. Results: In 2019, out of 925 subjects; 472 (51%) have been classified an average risk of CRC, 370 (40%) have been classified as having a moderate risk of CRC, and 83 (9%) have been classified as in high risk of CRC. In 2020, out of 207 subjects; 106 (51.2%) have been classified as the average risk of CRC, 86 (41.5%) have been classified as the moderate risk of CRC, and 15 (7.3%) have been classified as high risk of CRC. Conclusion: Although there was a decrease in the participation of the screening program with mobile applications in the pandemic era compared with paper-based questionnaires before the pandemic era, online screening using APCS in mobile applications is a preferred alternative for an effective screening method in this pandemic and possibly in the future in Indonesia.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 1998., Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-166)., by Andrew Joshua Berger., Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 1998., Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-166)., by Andrew Joshua Berger., Ph.D.

Nm23-H1 is elevated in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patient serum, where it is thought to enhance AML cell survival. However, the Nm23-H1 pro-survival mechanism remains poorly understood. Here it is demonstrated that AML samples are heterogeneous in their ability to bind Nm23-H1 and respond to the resultant survival signal. Although rNm23-H1 promoted the survival of the most primitive blasts within responding AMLs, it was not these cells that bound the protein. Instead, Nm23-H1 bound to more mature CD34\(^l\)\(^o\)/CD11b\(^+\)\(^v\)\(^e\) cells indicating that the survival effect on the blasts was indirect. In support of this, the survival of purified blast cells was enhanced by medium conditioned by more mature cells from the clone that had been stimulated by rNm23-H1. It is hypothesised that the AML clone subverts a signaling process between immature and more mature haemopoietic cells; a mechanism involved in controlling haemopoietic maturation.

Nm23-H1 is elevated in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patient serum, where it is thought to enhance AML cell survival. However, the Nm23-H1 pro-survival mechanism remains poorly understood. Here it is demonstrated that AML samples are heterogeneous in their ability to bind Nm23-H1 and respond to the resultant survival signal. Although rNm23-H1 promoted the survival of the most primitive blasts within responding AMLs, it was not these cells that bound the protein. Instead, Nm23-H1 bound to more mature CD34\(^l\)\(^o\)/CD11b\(^+\)\(^v\)\(^e\) cells indicating that the survival effect on the blasts was indirect. In support of this, the survival of purified blast cells was enhanced by medium conditioned by more mature cells from the clone that had been stimulated by rNm23-H1. It is hypothesised that the AML clone subverts a signaling process between immature and more mature haemopoietic cells; a mechanism involved in controlling haemopoietic maturation.