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1. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author: Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping
Abstract: There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors.image
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol : UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023

Author: Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping
Abstract: This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author: Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping
Abstract: There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors.
Published: 2024

4. Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol:UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023

Author: Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P.Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P.Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping
Abstract: This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.
Published: 2024

5. Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol:UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023

Author: Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P.Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P.Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping
Abstract: This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.
Published: 2024

6. Environmental Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and interactions with Climate Change: 2022 Assessment Report

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Hader, D P, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel, Pandey, Krishna K, Rhodes, Lesley E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Sulzberger, Barbara, Williamson, Craig E, White, Christopher C, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Hader, D P, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel, Pandey, Krishna K, Rhodes, Lesley E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Sulzberger, Barbara, Williamson, Craig E, White, Christopher C, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Yazar, Seyhan, and Young, Antony R
Abstract: The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was established 35 years ago following the 1985 Vienna Convention for protection of the environment and human health against excessive amounts of harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface due to a reduced UV-B-absorbing ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, ratified globally by all 198 Parties (countries), controls ca 100 ozone-depleting substances (ODS). These substances have been used in many applications, such as in refrigerants, air conditioners, aerosol propellants, fumigants against pests, fire extinguishers, and foam materials. The Montreal Protocol has phased out nearly 99% of ODS, including ODS with high global warming potentials such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), thus serving a dual purpose. However, some of the replacements for ODS also have high global warming potentials, for example, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Several of these replacements have been added to the substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The HFCs are now being phased down under the Kigali Amendment. As of December 2022, 145 countries have signed the Kigali Amendment, exemplifying key additional outcomes of the Montreal Protocol, namely, that of also curbing climate warming and stimulating innovations to increase energy efficiency of cooling equipment used industrially as well as domestically. As the concentrations of ODS decline in the upper atmosphere, the stratospheric ozone layer is projected to recover to pre-1980 levels by the middle of the 21st century, assuming full compliance with the control measures of the Montreal Protocol. However, in the coming decades, the ozone layer will be increasingly influenced by emissions of greenhouse gases and ensuing global warming. These trends are highly likely to modify the amount of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface with implications for the effects on ecosystems and human health. Against this background, four Panels of expert
Published: 2023

7. Environmental Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and interactions with Climate Change: 2022 Assessment Report

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Hader, D P, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel, Pandey, Krishna K, Rhodes, Lesley E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Sulzberger, Barbara, Williamson, Craig E, White, Christopher C, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Hader, D P, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel, Pandey, Krishna K, Rhodes, Lesley E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Sulzberger, Barbara, Williamson, Craig E, White, Christopher C, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Yazar, Seyhan, and Young, Antony R
Abstract: The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was established 35 years ago following the 1985 Vienna Convention for protection of the environment and human health against excessive amounts of harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface due to a reduced UV-B-absorbing ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, ratified globally by all 198 Parties (countries), controls ca 100 ozone-depleting substances (ODS). These substances have been used in many applications, such as in refrigerants, air conditioners, aerosol propellants, fumigants against pests, fire extinguishers, and foam materials. The Montreal Protocol has phased out nearly 99% of ODS, including ODS with high global warming potentials such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), thus serving a dual purpose. However, some of the replacements for ODS also have high global warming potentials, for example, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Several of these replacements have been added to the substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The HFCs are now being phased down under the Kigali Amendment. As of December 2022, 145 countries have signed the Kigali Amendment, exemplifying key additional outcomes of the Montreal Protocol, namely, that of also curbing climate warming and stimulating innovations to increase energy efficiency of cooling equipment used industrially as well as domestically. As the concentrations of ODS decline in the upper atmosphere, the stratospheric ozone layer is projected to recover to pre-1980 levels by the middle of the 21st century, assuming full compliance with the control measures of the Montreal Protocol. However, in the coming decades, the ozone layer will be increasingly influenced by emissions of greenhouse gases and ensuing global warming. These trends are highly likely to modify the amount of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface with implications for the effects on ecosystems and human health. Against this background, four Panels of expert
Published: 2023

8. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Questions and Answers about the Effects of Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate on Humans and the Environment. Supplement of the 2022 Assessment Report of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Author: Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, Robinson, Sharon A, Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, and Robinson, Sharon A
Abstract: This collection of Questions & Answers (Q&As) was prepared by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the Montreal Protocol under the umbrella of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The document complements EEAP’s Quadrennial Assessment 2022 (https://ozone. unep.org/science/assessment/eeap) and provides interesting and useful information for policymakers, the general public, teachers, and scientists, written in an easy-to-understand language.
Published: 2023

9. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol. 2023 Assessment Update of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Author: Jansen, Marcel A. K, Andrady, Anthony L, Bornman, Janet F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Banaszak, Anastazia T, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bruckman, Laura S, Busquets, Rosa, Hader, Donat P, Hanson, Mark L, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M, Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel E, Olsen, Catherine M, Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, T Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Andrady, Anthony L, Bornman, Janet F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Banaszak, Anastazia T, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bruckman, Laura S, Busquets, Rosa, Hader, Donat P, Hanson, Mark L, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M, Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel E, Olsen, Catherine M, Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, T Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, and Zhu, Liping
Abstract: This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.
Published: 2023

10. Programa del Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas (UNEP), Preguntas y Respuestas acerca de los Efectos de la Disminución del Ozono, la Radiación Ultravioleta y el Clima en los humanos y el Medio Ambiente. Suplemento del Reporte de Evaluación 2022 del Panel de Evaluación de los Efectos en el Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas

Author: Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, Robinson, Sharon A, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, and Robinson, Sharon A
Abstract: Esta colección de preguntas y respuestas fue preparada por el Panel de Evaluación de los Efectos en el Medio Ambiente (EEAP por sus siglas en inglés) del Protocolo de Montreal bajo el amparo del Programa para el Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas (PNUM). Este documento es un complemento de la Evaluación Cuatrienal 2022 realizada por el EEAP (https://ozone. unep.org/science/assessment/eeap), y provee de información interesante y útil para redactores de políticas públicas, maestros y científicos. Este P&Rs está escrito en un lenguaje de fácil comprensión para el público en general.
Published: 2023

11. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019

Author: Bernhard, Germar H, Neale, Rachel E, Barnes, Paul W, Neale, Patrick, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Young, Paul J, Liley, J B, Lucas, Robyn M, Yazar, S, Rhodes, Lesley E, Byrne, Scott N, Hollestein, L M, Olsen, C M, Young, Antony R, Robson, T Matthew, Bornman, Janet F, Jansen, Marcel A.K, Robinson, Sharon A, Ballare, Carlos L, Williamson, Craig E, Rose, Kevin C, Banaszak, A T, Hader, Donat -P, Hylander, Samuel, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Austin, Amy T, Hou, W.-C, Paul, Nigel D, Madronich, Sasha, Sulzberger, Barbara, Solomon, Keith R, Li, H, Schikowski, Tamara, Longstreth, Janice, Pandey, Krishna K, Heikkila, Anu, White, C C, Bernhard, Germar H, Neale, Rachel E, Barnes, Paul W, Neale, Patrick, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Young, Paul J, Liley, J B, Lucas, Robyn M, Yazar, S, Rhodes, Lesley E, Byrne, Scott N, Hollestein, L M, Olsen, C M, Young, Antony R, Robson, T Matthew, Bornman, Janet F, Jansen, Marcel A.K, Robinson, Sharon A, Ballare, Carlos L, Williamson, Craig E, Rose, Kevin C, Banaszak, A T, Hader, Donat -P, Hylander, Samuel, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Austin, Amy T, Hou, W.-C, Paul, Nigel D, Madronich, Sasha, Sulzberger, Barbara, Solomon, Keith R, Li, H, Schikowski, Tamara, Longstreth, Janice, Pandey, Krishna K, Heikkila, Anu, and White, C C
Abstract: This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595–828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.
Published: 2020

12. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author: Barnes, Paul W., Williamson, Craig E., Lucas, Robyn, Robinson, Sharon A., Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D., Bornman, Janet F., Bais, Alkiviadis, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen, Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Williamson, Craig E., Lucas, Robyn, Robinson, Sharon A., Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D., Bornman, Janet F., Bais, Alkiviadis, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen, and Andrady, Anthony L.
Abstract: Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth’s surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability.
Published: 2019

13. Environmental Effects and Interactions of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate Change. 2018 Assessment Report

Author: Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, Robinson, Sharon A, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, L E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansene, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, C A, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, Robinson, Sharon A, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, L E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansene, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, C A, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: Executive Summary: Thirty-four years ago, an unprecedented thinning of stratospheric ozone was reported over Antarctica.The risk of a consequent increase in exposure to solar UV-B radiation (UV-B; wavelengths 280-315 nm) raised concerns about potentially disastrous effects on human health and the Earth's environment. In response, the international community mobilised and worked together to understand the causes and find a solution to this dramatic change in the Earth's atmosphere. In 1985, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was signed, which provided the framework for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, signed in 1987. In these international agreements, the United Nations recognised the fundamental importance of stopping and reversing ozone depletion and preventing its damaging effects. The Montreal Protocol, with its subsequent Amendments and Adjustments, was negotiated to control the consumption and production of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances. The Parties to the Montreal Protocol base their decisions on scientific, environmental, technical, and economic information provided by three Assessment Panels ...
Published: 2019

14. Environmental Effects and Interactions of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate Change. 2018 Assessment Report

Author: Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, Robinson, Sharon A, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, L E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansene, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, C A, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, Robinson, Sharon A, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, L E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansene, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, C A, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: Executive Summary: Thirty-four years ago, an unprecedented thinning of stratospheric ozone was reported over Antarctica.The risk of a consequent increase in exposure to solar UV-B radiation (UV-B; wavelengths 280-315 nm) raised concerns about potentially disastrous effects on human health and the Earth's environment. In response, the international community mobilised and worked together to understand the causes and find a solution to this dramatic change in the Earth's atmosphere. In 1985, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was signed, which provided the framework for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, signed in 1987. In these international agreements, the United Nations recognised the fundamental importance of stopping and reversing ozone depletion and preventing its damaging effects. The Montreal Protocol, with its subsequent Amendments and Adjustments, was negotiated to control the consumption and production of anthropogenic ozone-depleting substances. The Parties to the Montreal Protocol base their decisions on scientific, environmental, technical, and economic information provided by three Assessment Panels ...
Published: 2019

15. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author: Barnes, Paul W., Williamson, Craig E., Lucas, Robyn M., Robinson, Sharon A., Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D., Bornman, Janet F., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R., Andrady, Anthony L., McKenzie, Richard L., Neale, Patrick J., Austin, Amy T., Bernhard, Germar H., Solomon, Keith R., Neale, Rachel E., Young, Paul J., Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E., Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C., Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J., Ballare, Carlos L., Cory, Rose M., Flint, Stephan D., de Gruijl, Frank R., Haeder, Donat-P, Heikkila, Anu M., Jansen, Marcel A. K., Pandey, Krishna K., Robson, T. Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A., Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert C., Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Barnes, Paul W., Williamson, Craig E., Lucas, Robyn M., Robinson, Sharon A., Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D., Bornman, Janet F., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R., Andrady, Anthony L., McKenzie, Richard L., Neale, Patrick J., Austin, Amy T., Bernhard, Germar H., Solomon, Keith R., Neale, Rachel E., Young, Paul J., Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E., Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C., Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J., Ballare, Carlos L., Cory, Rose M., Flint, Stephan D., de Gruijl, Frank R., Haeder, Donat-P, Heikkila, Anu M., Jansen, Marcel A. K., Pandey, Krishna K., Robson, T. Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A., Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert C., Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R., and Zepp, Richard G.
Abstract: Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth's surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability.
Published: 2019
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16. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author: Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Robinson, Sharon A, Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansen, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Robinson, Sharon A, Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansen, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth's surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability.
Published: 2019

17. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author: Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Robinson, Sharon A, Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansen, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Barnes, Paul W, Williamson, Craig E, Lucas, Robyn M, Robinson, Sharon A, Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D, Bornman, Janet F, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Austin, Amy T, Bernhard, Germar H, Solomon, Keith R, Neale, Rachel E, Young, Paul J, Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J, Ballare, Carlos L, Cory, Rose M, Flint, Stephan D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Jansen, Marcel A.K, Pandey, Krishna K, Robson, T Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth's surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability.
Published: 2019

18. Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017

Author: Bais, Alkiviadis, Lucas, Robyn, Bornman, Janet F, Williamson, Craig E, Sulzberger, Barbara, Austin, Amy, Wilson, Stephen, Andrady, Anthony L, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis, Lucas, Robyn, Bornman, Janet F, Williamson, Craig E, Sulzberger, Barbara, Austin, Amy, Wilson, Stephen, Andrady, Anthony L, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, and Aucamp, Pieter J
Abstract: The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels of experts that inform the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The EEAP focuses on the effects of UV radiation on human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, air quality, and materials, as well as on the interactive effects of UV radiation and global climate change. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously held. Because of the Montreal Protocol, there are now indications of the beginnings of a recovery of stratospheric ozone, although the time required to reach levels like those before the 1960s is still uncertain, particularly as the effects of stratospheric ozone on climate change and vice versa, are not yet fully understood. Some regions will likely receive enhanced levels of UV radiation, while other areas will likely experience a reduction in UV radiation as ozone- and climate-driven changes affect the amounts of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces detailed Quadrennial Reports every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1–184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Update Reports of recent and relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2016 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2017, 16, 107–145). The present 2017 Update Report assesses some of the highlights and new insights about the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. A full 2018 Quadrennial Assessment, will be made available in 2018/2019.
Published: 2018

19. Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017

Author: Bais, Alkiviadis F, Lucas, Robyn M, Bornman, Janet F, Williamson, Craig E, Sulzberger, Barbara, Austin, Amy T, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Rachel E, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, de Gruijl, Frank R, Norval, Mary, Takizawa, Yukio, Barnes, Paul W, Robson, T, Robinson, Sharon A, Ballare, Carlos L, Flint, S D, Neale, Patrick, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Hader, Donat -P, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Paul, Nigel D, Cory, Rose M, Solomon, Keith R, Longstreth, Janice, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Torikai, Ayako, Heikkila, Anu, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Lucas, Robyn M, Bornman, Janet F, Williamson, Craig E, Sulzberger, Barbara, Austin, Amy T, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Rachel E, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, de Gruijl, Frank R, Norval, Mary, Takizawa, Yukio, Barnes, Paul W, Robson, T, Robinson, Sharon A, Ballare, Carlos L, Flint, S D, Neale, Patrick, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Hader, Donat -P, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Paul, Nigel D, Cory, Rose M, Solomon, Keith R, Longstreth, Janice, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Torikai, Ayako, and Heikkila, Anu
Abstract: The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels of experts that inform the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The EEAP focuses on the effects of UV radiation on human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, air quality, and materials, as well as on the interactive effects of UV radiation and global climate change. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously held. Because of the Montreal Protocol, there are now indications of the beginnings of a recovery of stratospheric ozone, although the time required to reach levels like those before the 1960s is still uncertain, particularly as the effects of stratospheric ozone on climate change and vice versa, are not yet fully understood. Some regions will likely receive enhanced levels of UV radiation, while other areas will likely experience a reduction in UV radiation as ozone- and climate-driven changes affect the amounts of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces detailed Quadrennial Reports every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Update Reports of recent and relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2016 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2017, 16, 107-145). The present 2017 Update Report assesses some of the highlights and new insights about the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. A full 2018 Quadrennial Assessment, will be made available in 2018/2019.
Published: 2018

20. Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017

Author: Bais, Alkiviadis F, Lucas, Robyn M, Bornman, Janet F, Williamson, Craig E, Sulzberger, Barbara, Austin, Amy T, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Rachel E, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, de Gruijl, Frank R, Norval, Mary, Takizawa, Yukio, Barnes, Paul W, Robson, T, Robinson, Sharon A, Ballare, Carlos L, Flint, S D, Neale, Patrick, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Hader, Donat -P, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Paul, Nigel D, Cory, Rose M, Solomon, Keith R, Longstreth, Janice, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Torikai, Ayako, Heikkila, Anu, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Lucas, Robyn M, Bornman, Janet F, Williamson, Craig E, Sulzberger, Barbara, Austin, Amy T, Wilson, Stephen R, Andrady, Anthony L, Bernhard, Germar H, McKenzie, Richard L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Rachel E, Yazar, S, Young, Antony R, de Gruijl, Frank R, Norval, Mary, Takizawa, Yukio, Barnes, Paul W, Robson, T, Robinson, Sharon A, Ballare, Carlos L, Flint, S D, Neale, Patrick, Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Hader, Donat -P, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Paul, Nigel D, Cory, Rose M, Solomon, Keith R, Longstreth, Janice, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Torikai, Ayako, and Heikkila, Anu
Abstract: The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels of experts that inform the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The EEAP focuses on the effects of UV radiation on human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, air quality, and materials, as well as on the interactive effects of UV radiation and global climate change. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously held. Because of the Montreal Protocol, there are now indications of the beginnings of a recovery of stratospheric ozone, although the time required to reach levels like those before the 1960s is still uncertain, particularly as the effects of stratospheric ozone on climate change and vice versa, are not yet fully understood. Some regions will likely receive enhanced levels of UV radiation, while other areas will likely experience a reduction in UV radiation as ozone- and climate-driven changes affect the amounts of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces detailed Quadrennial Reports every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Update Reports of recent and relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2016 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2017, 16, 107-145). The present 2017 Update Report assesses some of the highlights and new insights about the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. A full 2018 Quadrennial Assessment, will be made available in 2018/2019.
Published: 2018

21. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2016

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Congdon, Nathan, Cory, Rose M, Flint, S D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandey, Krishna K, Paul, Nigel D, Rautio, Milla, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Congdon, Nathan, Cory, Rose M, Flint, S D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandey, Krishna K, Paul, Nigel D, Rautio, Milla, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three Panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously believed. As a result of this, human health and environmental issues will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Reports of the relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2016, 15, 141-147). The present Progress Report for 2016 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. The more detailed Quadrennial Assessment will be made available in 2018.
Published: 2017

22. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2016

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Congdon, Nathan, Cory, Rose M, Flint, S D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandey, Krishna K, Paul, Nigel D, Rautio, Milla, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Congdon, Nathan, Cory, Rose M, Flint, S D, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Heikkila, Anu, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Patrick, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandey, Krishna K, Paul, Nigel D, Rautio, Milla, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three Panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously believed. As a result of this, human health and environmental issues will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Reports of the relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2016, 15, 141-147). The present Progress Report for 2016 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. The more detailed Quadrennial Assessment will be made available in 2018.
Published: 2017

23. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2015

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three P anels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two f o- cal issues. The first focus is the effects of increased UV radiation on human health, a n- imals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality , and materials. The second focus is on inte r- actions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect h u- mans and the environment . When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes r e- sulting in changes in stratosphe ric ozone are more complex than previously believed . As a result of this, human health and environmental problems will be longer - lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most r ecent was published as a series of seven papers in 20 15 ( Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. , 20 15 , 14 , 1 - 184) . In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Report s, which highlight and assess the significance of developments in ke y areas of importance to the Parties . The present Progress Report for 20 15 is a short r e- port . A full Quadrennial Assessment , more detailed in terms of technical information, will be made available in 20 18 . T he 2015 Progress Report highlights the interactive nature of the effects of UV radi a- tion, atmospheric processes, and climate change
Published: 2016

24. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2015

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandey, Krishna K, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Shao, Min, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandey, Krishna K, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Shao, Min, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels that regularly informs the Parties (countries) to the Montreal Protocol on the effects of ozone depletion and the consequences of climate change interactions with respect to human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The Panels provide a detailed assessment report every four years. The most recent 2014 Quadrennial Assessment by the EEAP was published as a special issue of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). The next Quadrennial Assessment will be published in 2018/2019. In the interim, the EEAP generally produces an annual update or progress report of the relevant scientific findings. The present progress report for 2015 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change.
Published: 2016

25. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2015

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three P anels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two f o- cal issues. The first focus is the effects of increased UV radiation on human health, a n- imals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality , and materials. The second focus is on inte r- actions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect h u- mans and the environment . When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes r e- sulting in changes in stratosphe ric ozone are more complex than previously believed . As a result of this, human health and environmental problems will be longer - lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most r ecent was published as a series of seven papers in 20 15 ( Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. , 20 15 , 14 , 1 - 184) . In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Report s, which highlight and assess the significance of developments in ke y areas of importance to the Parties . The present Progress Report for 20 15 is a short r e- port . A full Quadrennial Assessment , more detailed in terms of technical information, will be made available in 20 18 . T he 2015 Progress Report highlights the interactive nature of the effects of UV radi a- tion, atmospheric processes, and climate change
Published: 2016

26. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2015

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandey, Krishna K, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Shao, Min, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandey, Krishna K, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Shao, Min, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels that regularly informs the Parties (countries) to the Montreal Protocol on the effects of ozone depletion and the consequences of climate change interactions with respect to human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The Panels provide a detailed assessment report every four years. The most recent 2014 Quadrennial Assessment by the EEAP was published as a special issue of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). The next Quadrennial Assessment will be published in 2018/2019. In the interim, the EEAP generally produces an annual update or progress report of the relevant scientific findings. The present progress report for 2015 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change.
Published: 2016

27. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2015

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Pandey, Krishna K, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three P anels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two f o- cal issues. The first focus is the effects of increased UV radiation on human health, a n- imals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality , and materials. The second focus is on inte r- actions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect h u- mans and the environment . When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes r e- sulting in changes in stratosphe ric ozone are more complex than previously believed . As a result of this, human health and environmental problems will be longer - lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most r ecent was published as a series of seven papers in 20 15 ( Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. , 20 15 , 14 , 1 - 184) . In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Report s, which highlight and assess the significance of developments in ke y areas of importance to the Parties . The present Progress Report for 20 15 is a short r e- port . A full Quadrennial Assessment , more detailed in terms of technical information, will be made available in 20 18 . T he 2015 Progress Report highlights the interactive nature of the effects of UV radi a- tion, atmospheric processes, and climate change
Published: 2016

28. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: 2014 Assessment

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn M, de Gruijl, Frank R, Erickson, David J, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Shao, Min, Solomon, Keith, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Young, Antony R, Neale, Rachel E, Tourpali, Kleareti, Bernhard, Germar H, Rautio, Milla, Gao, Kunshan, Barnes, Paul W, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Pandey, Krishna K, Rose, Kevin C, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Gies, Peter, van der Leun, Jan, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn M, de Gruijl, Frank R, Erickson, David J, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Shao, Min, Solomon, Keith, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Young, Antony R, Neale, Rachel E, Tourpali, Kleareti, Bernhard, Germar H, Rautio, Milla, Gao, Kunshan, Barnes, Paul W, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Pandey, Krishna K, Rose, Kevin C, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Gies, Peter, and van der Leun, Jan
Abstract: This quadrennial Assessment was prepared by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) for the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The Assessment reports on key findings on environment and health since the last full Assessment of 2010, paying attention to the interactions between ozone depletion and climate change. Simultaneous publication of the Assessment in the scientific literature aims to inform the scientific community how their data, modeling and interpretations are playing a role in information dissemination to the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, other policymakers and scientists. The 2014 Assessment will be published in the journal, Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences , 14, 2015.
Published: 2015

29. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: 2014 assessment Executive summary

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn M, de Gruijl, Frank R, Erickson, David J, Flint, S D, Gao, Kunshan, Gies, Peter, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandy, K K, Paul, Nigel D, Rautio, Milla, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Shao, Min, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Solomon, Keith, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, van der Leun, Jan, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn M, de Gruijl, Frank R, Erickson, David J, Flint, S D, Gao, Kunshan, Gies, Peter, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandy, K K, Paul, Nigel D, Rautio, Milla, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Shao, Min, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Solomon, Keith, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, van der Leun, Jan, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: This article is part of themed collection: Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: 2014 Assessment.
Published: 2015

30. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: 2014 Assessment

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn M, de Gruijl, Frank R, Erickson, David J, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Shao, Min, Solomon, Keith, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Young, Antony R, Neale, Rachel E, Tourpali, Kleareti, Bernhard, Germar H, Rautio, Milla, Gao, Kunshan, Barnes, Paul W, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Pandey, Krishna K, Rose, Kevin C, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Gies, Peter, van der Leun, Jan, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn M, de Gruijl, Frank R, Erickson, David J, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Shao, Min, Solomon, Keith, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Young, Antony R, Neale, Rachel E, Tourpali, Kleareti, Bernhard, Germar H, Rautio, Milla, Gao, Kunshan, Barnes, Paul W, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Pandey, Krishna K, Rose, Kevin C, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Gies, Peter, and van der Leun, Jan
Abstract: This quadrennial Assessment was prepared by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) for the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The Assessment reports on key findings on environment and health since the last full Assessment of 2010, paying attention to the interactions between ozone depletion and climate change. Simultaneous publication of the Assessment in the scientific literature aims to inform the scientific community how their data, modeling and interpretations are playing a role in information dissemination to the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, other policymakers and scientists. The 2014 Assessment will be published in the journal, Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences , 14, 2015.
Published: 2015

31. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: 2014 Assessment

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn M, de Gruijl, Frank R, Erickson, David J, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Shao, Min, Solomon, Keith, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Young, Antony R, Neale, Rachel E, Tourpali, Kleareti, Bernhard, Germar H, Rautio, Milla, Gao, Kunshan, Barnes, Paul W, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Pandey, Krishna K, Rose, Kevin C, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Gies, Peter, van der Leun, Jan, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn M, de Gruijl, Frank R, Erickson, David J, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Shao, Min, Solomon, Keith, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen, Worrest, Robert, Zepp, Richard G, Young, Antony R, Neale, Rachel E, Tourpali, Kleareti, Bernhard, Germar H, Rautio, Milla, Gao, Kunshan, Barnes, Paul W, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Pandey, Krishna K, Rose, Kevin C, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Gies, Peter, and van der Leun, Jan
Abstract: This quadrennial Assessment was prepared by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) for the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The Assessment reports on key findings on environment and health since the last full Assessment of 2010, paying attention to the interactions between ozone depletion and climate change. Simultaneous publication of the Assessment in the scientific literature aims to inform the scientific community how their data, modeling and interpretations are playing a role in information dissemination to the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, other policymakers and scientists. The 2014 Assessment will be published in the journal, Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences , 14, 2015.
Published: 2015

32. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: 2014 assessment Executive summary

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn M, de Gruijl, Frank R, Erickson, David J, Flint, S D, Gao, Kunshan, Gies, Peter, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandy, K K, Paul, Nigel D, Rautio, Milla, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Shao, Min, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Solomon, Keith, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, van der Leun, Jan, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn M, de Gruijl, Frank R, Erickson, David J, Flint, S D, Gao, Kunshan, Gies, Peter, Hader, Donat -P, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn M, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel E, Norval, Mary, Pandy, K K, Paul, Nigel D, Rautio, Milla, Redhwi, Halim Halim, Robinson, Sharon A, Rose, Kevin C, Shao, Min, Sinha, Rajeshwar P, Solomon, Keith, Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Tourpali, Kleareti, van der Leun, Jan, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Williamson, Craig E, Wilson, Stephen, Worrest, Robert, Young, Antony R, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: This article is part of themed collection: Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: 2014 Assessment.
Published: 2015

33. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2011

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn, Cullen, Anthony P, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat-P, Helbling, Walter, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn, McKenzie, Richard L, Madronich, Sasha, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim, Robinson, Sharon, Shao, Min, Solomon, Keith R., Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Van Der Leun, Jan C, Williamson, Craig, Wilson, Stephen R, Worrest, Robert C, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn, Cullen, Anthony P, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat-P, Helbling, Walter, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn, McKenzie, Richard L, Madronich, Sasha, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim, Robinson, Sharon, Shao, Min, Solomon, Keith R., Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Van Der Leun, Jan C, Williamson, Craig, Wilson, Stephen R, Worrest, Robert C, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: The parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of increased UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than believed previously. As a result of this, human health and environmental problems will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published in 2010 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, 173-300). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter progress reports, which highlight and assess the significance of developments in key areas of importance to the parties. The next full quadrennial report will be published in 2014-2015.
Published: 2012

34. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: progress report, 2011

Author: Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn, Cullen, Anthony P, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat-P, Helbling, Walter, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn, McKenzie, Richard L, Madronich, Sasha, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim, Robinson, Sharon, Shao, Min, Solomon, Keith R., Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Van Der Leun, Jan C, Williamson, Craig, Wilson, Stephen R, Worrest, Robert C, Zepp, Richard G, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Austin, Amy T, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Ballare, Carlos L, Bjorn, Lars Olof, Bornman, Janet F, Caldwell, Martyn, Cullen, Anthony P, Erickson, David J, de Gruijl, Frank R, Hader, Donat-P, Helbling, Walter, Ilyas, Mohammad, Longstreth, Janice, Lucas, Robyn, McKenzie, Richard L, Madronich, Sasha, Norval, Mary, Paul, Nigel D, Redhwi, Halim, Robinson, Sharon, Shao, Min, Solomon, Keith R., Sulzberger, Barbara, Takizawa, Yukio, Tang, Xiaoyan, Torikai, Ayako, Van Der Leun, Jan C, Williamson, Craig, Wilson, Stephen R, Worrest, Robert C, and Zepp, Richard G
Abstract: The parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of increased UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than believed previously. As a result of this, human health and environmental problems will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published in 2010 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, 173-300). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter progress reports, which highlight and assess the significance of developments in key areas of importance to the parties. The next full quadrennial report will be published in 2014-2015.
Published: 2012

35. Microplastics in the marine environment

Author: Andrady, Anthony L. and Andrady, Anthony L.
Abstract: This review discusses the mechanisms of generation and potential impacts of microplastics in the ocean environment. Weathering degradation of plastics on the beaches results in their surface embrittlement and microcracking, yielding microparticles that are carried into water by wind or wave action. Unlike inorganic fines present in sea water, microplastics concentrate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by partition. The relevant distribution coefficients for common POPs are several orders of magnitude in favour of the plastic medium. Consequently, the microparticles laden with high levels of POPs can be ingested by marine biota. Bioavailability and the efficiency of transfer of the ingested POPs across trophic levels are not known and the potential damage posed by these to the marine ecosystem has yet to be quantified and modelled. Given the increasing levels of plastic pollution of the oceans it is important to better understand the impact of microplastics in the ocean food web.
Published: 2011
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36. Microplastics in the marine environment

Author: Andrady, Anthony L. and Andrady, Anthony L.
Abstract: This review discusses the mechanisms of generation and potential impacts of microplastics in the ocean environment. Weathering degradation of plastics on the beaches results in their surface embrittlement and microcracking, yielding microparticles that are carried into water by wind or wave action. Unlike inorganic fines present in sea water, microplastics concentrate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by partition. The relevant distribution coefficients for common POPs are several orders of magnitude in favour of the plastic medium. Consequently, the microparticles laden with high levels of POPs can be ingested by marine biota. Bioavailability and the efficiency of transfer of the ingested POPs across trophic levels are not known and the potential damage posed by these to the marine ecosystem has yet to be quantified and modelled. Given the increasing levels of plastic pollution of the oceans it is important to better understand the impact of microplastics in the ocean food web.
Published: 2011
Full Text: View/download PDF

37. Research and Development of Two Marine-Degradable Biopolymers.

Author: RESEARCH TRIANGLE INST (RTI) RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC, Andrady, Anthony L., Pegram, Jan E., Olson, Todd M., RESEARCH TRIANGLE INST (RTI) RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC, Andrady, Anthony L., Pegram, Jan E., and Olson, Todd M.
Abstract: The Navy is developing a biopolymeric film material suitable for fabrication into marine-disposable trash bags so that it can comply with impending national and international requirements which will prohibit the discharge of plastics into the sea. Two biopolymers, chitosan and regenerated cellulose, were selected and tested to meet this need. After 6 weeks of marine exposure, regenerated cellulose samples disappeared; after 10 weeks, chitosan samples became brittle and separated While chitosan showed greater anaerobic degradation than regenerated cellulose in soil studies, the opposite occurred in the marine sediment environment. Aerobic degradation was much higher than anaerobic degradation for both biopolymers. To improve flexibility, 50 plasticizers were tested in chitosan. Ten percent lithium bromide and 5% lithium acetate/10% PEG 400 in chitosan were the most effective plasticizers. Regenerated cellulose films treated with lithium salt solutions also showed improved flexibility. Incorporating urea and potassium phosphate into cellulose showed that degradation could be increased in soil. Tests are ongoing to further accelerate the rate of biodegradation by increasing the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus. Fabricating trash bags will require adhesive bonding. Five adhesives were evaluated with regenerated cellulose. Covinax 220, JW 2-47, and Adcote 333T proved acceptable. Chitosan requires further development to be produced and processed into bags efficiently. With minor adjustments, regenerated cellulose presently meets this requirement; thus, it is the more promising film. Progress towards our goal of developing a biopolymeric film material meeting the Navy's requirements is continuing.
Published: 1992

38. Research and Development on Enhanced Degradable Plastics

Author: RESEARCH TRIANGLE INST (RTI) RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC, Andrady, Anthony L., RESEARCH TRIANGLE INST (RTI) RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC, and Andrady, Anthony L.
Abstract: Three major activities carried out during the report period are those relating to a) development of definitions, standards and test protocols for enhanced biodegradable plastics, b) the testing of selected starch-based plastic films for biodegradation under marine conditions, and c) assessment of two approaches to improved biodegradability in plastic films. Commercial starch- containing plastic films degrade slower at sea than that claimed for soil exposure. Moderate rates of degradation of greater than 9 to 12 months require high levels of starch, thus making it difficult to design a film thick enough for heavy-duty bags, yet retaining moderate biodegradability. Coextrusion of films with the starch (or other degradable material) in the middle layer coated on either side with unfilled plastic material may have improved surface and other properties. These too, however, degrade at rates comparable or slower than the commercial materials. Blends of two plastics, polyethylene and polycaprolactone (PCL) (where the latter is biodegradable in soil), performed well under marine exposure. Films of blends with up to 10 percent of PCL had acceptable physical strength and moderate biodegradability.
Published: 1989

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