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The analysis of phase transitions of gauge theories has relied heavily on simplifications that arise at the boundaries of phase diagrams, where certain excitations are forbidden. Taking 2+1 dimensional $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge theory as an example, the simplification can be visualized geometrically: on the phase diagram boundaries the partition function is an ensemble of closed membranes. More generally, however, the membranes have "holes" in them, representing worldlines of virtual anyon excitations. If the holes are of a finite size, then typically they do not affect the universality class, but they destroy microscopic (higher-form) symmetries and microscopic (string) observables. We demonstrate how these symmetries and observables can be restored using a "membrane patching" procedure, which maps the ensemble of membranes back to an ensemble of closed membranes. (This is closely related to the idea of gauge fixing in the "minimal gauge", though not equivalent.) Membrane patching makes the emergence of higher symmetry concrete. Performing patching in a Monte Carlo simulation with an appropriate algorithm, we show that it gives access to numerically useful observables. For example, the confinement transition can be analyzed using a correlation function that is a power law at the critical point. We analyze the quasi-locality of the patching procedure and discuss what happens at a self-dual multicritical point in the gauge-Higgs model, where the lengthscale $\ell$ characterizing the holes diverges.

Catch bonds are a rare class of protein-protein interactions where the bond lifetime increases under an external pulling force. Here, we report how modification of anchor geometry generates catch bonding behavior for the mechanostable Dockerin G:Cohesin E (DocG:CohE) adhesion complex found on human gut bacteria. Using AFM single-molecule force spectroscopy in combination with bioorthogonal click chemistry, we mechanically dissociate the complex using five precisely controlled anchor geometries. When tension is applied between residue #13 on CohE and the N-terminus of DocG, the complex behaves as a two-state catch bond, while in all other tested pulling geometries, including the native configuration, it behaves as a slip bond. We use a kinetic Monte Carlo model with experimentally derived parameters to simulate rupture force and lifetime distributions, achieving strong agreement with experiments. Single-molecule FRET measurements further demonstrate that the complex does not exhibit dual binding mode behavior at equilibrium but unbinds along multiple pathways under force. Together, these results show how mechanical anisotropy and anchor point selection can be used to engineer artificial catch bonds., BN/Nynke Dekker Lab

In this paper, we present an entropy-stable (ES) discretization using a nodal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for the ideal multi-ion magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) equations. We start by performing a continuous entropy analysis of the ideal multi-ion MHD system, described by, e.g., Toth (2010) [Multi-Ion Magnetohydrodynamics], which describes the motion of multi-ion plasmas with independent momentum and energy equations for each ion species. Following the continuous entropy analysis, we propose an algebraic manipulation to the multi-ion MHD system, such that entropy consistency can be transferred from the continuous analysis to its discrete approximation. Moreover, we augment the system of equations with a generalized Lagrange multiplier (GLM) technique to have an additional cleaning mechanism of the magnetic field divergence error. We first derive robust entropy-conservative (EC) fluxes for the alternative formulation of the multi-ion GLM-MHD system that satisfy a Tadmor-type condition and are consistent with existing EC fluxes for single-fluid GLM-MHD equations. Using these numerical two-point fluxes, we construct high-order EC and ES DG discretizations of the ideal multi-ion MHD system using collocated Legendre--Gauss--Lobatto summation-by-parts (SBP) operators. The resulting nodal DG schemes satisfy the second-law of thermodynamics at the semi-discrete level, while maintaining high-order convergence and local node-wise conservation properties. We demonstrate the high-order convergence, and the EC and ES properties of our scheme with numerical validation experiments. Moreover, we demonstrate the importance of the GLM divergence technique and the ES discretization to improve the robustness properties of a DG discretization of the multi-ion MHD system by solving a challenging magnetized Kelvin-Helmholtz instability problem that exhibits MHD turbulence.

Solar and wind power are called to play a main role in the transition toward decarbonized electricity systems. However, their integration in the energy mix is highly compromised due to the intermittency of their production caused by weather and climate variability. To face the challenge, here we present research about actionable strategies for wind and solar photovoltaic facilities deployment that exploit their complementarity in order to minimize the volatility of their combined production while guaranteeing a certain supply. The developed methodology has been implemented in an open-access step-wise model called CLIMAX. It first identifies regions with homogeneous temporal variability of the resources, and then determines the optimal shares of each technology over such regions. In the simplistic application performed here, we customize the model to narrow the monthly deviations of the total wind-plus-solar electricity production from a given curve (here, the mean annual cycle of the total production) across five European domains. For the current shares of both technologies, the results show that an optimal siting of the power units would reduce the standard deviation of the monthly anomalies of the total wind-plus-solar power generation by up to 20% without loss in the mean capacity factor as compared to a baseline scenario with an evenly spatial distribution of the installations. This result further improves (up to 60% in specific regions) if the total shares of each technology are also optimized, thus encouraging the use of CLIMAX for practical guidance of next-generation renewable energy scenarios., Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Instituto de Geociencias (IGEO), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, TRUE, pub

Inspire therapy is an FDA-approved internal neurostimulation treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. However, not all patients respond to this therapy, posing a challenge even for experienced otolaryngologists to determine candidacy. This paper makes the first attempt to leverage both machine learning and deep learning techniques in discerning patient responsiveness to Inspire therapy using medical data and videos captured through Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE), an essential procedure for Inspire therapy. To achieve this, we gathered and annotated three datasets from 127 patients. Two of these datasets comprise endoscopic videos focused on the Base of the Tongue and Velopharynx. The third dataset composes the patient's clinical information. By utilizing these datasets, we benchmarked and compared the performance of six deep learning models and five classical machine learning algorithms. The results demonstrate the potential of employing machine learning and deep learning techniques to determine a patient's eligibility for Inspire therapy, paving the way for future advancements in this field.

Drivers of patterns of ectoparasitism in rodents in patchy Mojave Desert wetlands were investigated. A total of 1,571 ectoparasites in Mesostigmata, Trombidiformes, Siphonaptera and Ixodida were collected from 341 rodents (Microtus californicus scirpensis, Mus musculus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, Peromyscus eremicus, and Neotoma lepida) at eleven marshes. Trombiculids accounted for 82.5% of mites, followed by the mesostigmatid Ornithonyssus bacoti (17.5%), with chiggers predominating on voles and harvest mice. There were at least three genera of chiggers (Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, Euschoengastia sp. novel, and Blankaartia sp. novel). Fleas included Orchopeas leucopus (90.3% of all fleas) and O. sexdentatus (9.7%), and ticks were the novel endemic Ixodes mojavensis (82.1% of ticks) and Dermacentor similis (17.9%). On all hosts and at all marshes, coverage-based rarefaction sampling was over 96%, indicating coverage sufficient for analysis. Dissimilarities in ectoparasite community structure were driven mainly by chiggers, I. mojavensis and O. leucopus. Northern marshes were dominated by chiggers; central marshes by I. mojavensis; and southern marshes by O. leucopus. Primary determinants of ectoparasite community structure were host species, patch size, and parasite interspecific interactions. Host species richness and environmental factors such as patch distance and water and plant availability were not significantly associated with patterns of ectoparasitism. There were nine (60%) significant negative pairwise associations between ectoparasite taxa and no significant positive relationships. Ixodes mojavensis had the highest number of negative associations (with five other species), followed by chiggers and O. bacoti with two negative associations each. The study area is among the most arid in North America and supports numerous rare and endemic species in increasingly isolated wetland habitat patches; knowledge of ectoparasite ecology in this region identifies pote

Drivers of patterns of ectoparasitism in rodents in patchy Mojave Desert wetlands were investigated. A total of 1,571 ectoparasites in Mesostigmata, Trombidiformes, Siphonaptera and Ixodida were collected from 341 rodents (Microtus californicus scirpensis, Mus musculus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, Peromyscus eremicus, and Neotoma lepida) at eleven marshes. Trombiculids accounted for 82.5% of mites, followed by the mesostigmatid Ornithonyssus bacoti (17.5%), with chiggers predominating on voles and harvest mice. There were at least three genera of chiggers (Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, Euschoengastia sp. novel, and Blankaartia sp. novel). Fleas included Orchopeas leucopus (90.3% of all fleas) and O. sexdentatus (9.7%), and ticks were the novel endemic Ixodes mojavensis (82.1% of ticks) and Dermacentor similis (17.9%). On all hosts and at all marshes, coverage-based rarefaction sampling was over 96%, indicating coverage sufficient for analysis. Dissimilarities in ectoparasite community structure were driven mainly by chiggers, I. mojavensis and O. leucopus. Northern marshes were dominated by chiggers; central marshes by I. mojavensis; and southern marshes by O. leucopus. Primary determinants of ectoparasite community structure were host species, patch size, and parasite interspecific interactions. Host species richness and environmental factors such as patch distance and water and plant availability were not significantly associated with patterns of ectoparasitism. There were nine (60%) significant negative pairwise associations between ectoparasite taxa and no significant positive relationships. Ixodes mojavensis had the highest number of negative associations (with five other species), followed by chiggers and O. bacoti with two negative associations each. The study area is among the most arid in North America and supports numerous rare and endemic species in increasingly isolated wetland habitat patches; knowledge of ectoparasite ecology in this region identifies pote

Context: In the world, the average apple production from 2015 to 2019 amounted 84,722,560 tons. During this period, Colombia contributed an average of 3,523 tons to the total production, with the department of Santander emerging as the highest producer in the country. Notably, 100 % of the apples produced in this region were consumed fresh. It is therefore necessary to explore other transformation alternatives, such as producing snacks via deep frying, with the control of operating such variables as: driving force (∆T), process time (t) and pressure of the system (P). Objective: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pressure in the process of obtaining fried apple slices “Malus domestica”. Methodology: Apple slices were subjected to osmotic dehydration (sucrose 45 % and citric acid 1 %) at two temperatures (20°C and 40°C) for 240 minutes. Subsequently, they were subjected to deep frying under control of temperature, immersion time and system pressure. For the experimental design, the response variables evaluated were: color change, moisture content, fat content, and sensory analysis. Results and conclusion : The optimal conditions found were: ∆T = 72,5°C, t = 662,7 s and P = 36,1 kPa, which also represents a certain similarity regarding the treatment of the best- rated sensory sample. Funding: University of Caldas., Contexto: La producción promedio de manzana en el mundo durante el periodo de 2015 a 2019 fue de 84.722.560 toneladas, producción de la cual Colombia aportó un promedio de 3.523 toneladas, con el departamento de Santander siendo el máximo productor de esta fruta en el país. Dado que el 100 % de las manzanas producidas en esta región son consumidas frescas, resulta necesario explorar otras alternativas de transformación como la producción de snacks vía fritura por inmersión, con el control de las variables de operación como: fuerza impulsadora (∆T), tiempo de proceso (t) y presión del sistema (P). Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la presión en el proceso de obtención de rodajas fritas de manzana “Malus domestica”. Métodología: Las rodajas de manzana se sometieron a deshidratación osmótica (sacarosa 45 % y ácido cítrico 1 %) a dos temperaturas (20°C y 40°C) durante 240 minutos. Posteriormente, se sometieron a una fritura por inmersión bajo control de temperatura, tiempo de inmersión y presión del sistema. Para el diseño experimental, las variables de respuesta evaluadas fueron: cambio de color, contenido de humedad, contenido de grasa y análisis sensorial. Resultados y conclusión: Las condiciones óptimas encontradas fueron: ∆T = 72,5 °C, t = 662,7 s y P = 36,1 kPa, que además representa cierta similitud sobre el tratamiento de la muestra sensorialmente mejor calificada. Financiamiento: Universidad de Caldas.

Neurodegenerative diseases affect the neuromusculoskeletal systemgenerating movement disorders. The detection of symptoms usually occurs in thelate stages of the disease, thus early detection would help to introduce therapiesfor reducing the effects of the diseases and delay deterioration. PhysioNet databaseprovides information on gait biomechanics of healthy volunteers and patients withParkinson’s disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’sdisease (HD). In this work, spatio-temporal data are used to measure the energy costand power spectral density in these pathologies. These parameters were statisticallyanalyzed to define explanatory descriptors. Subsequently, fuzzy c-means techniques,learning algorithm for multivariate data analysis - LAMDA, and neural networksare used to classify between the neurodegenerative diseases and the control group.Cross-validation method was used to evaluate the results of the classification algorithm.Statistical analysis showed that energy cost increased in the support phase, gaitspeed decreased in critical disease conditions, and cadence was different according todisease type. Algorithms were trained with four classes. The classification fits were92.5% for the neural network, 80% for the LAMDA method, and 56.1% for the FuzzyC-means. In order to improve the results, two-class classifiers were trained: Ctrl+PD,Ctrl+PD and Ctrl+HD. This matching improved the fit of LAMDA to 98.3%, theneural network with 97.0% and Fuzzy C-means with 90.2%. The potential use of theseclassification techniques will enable early detection of neurodegenerative diseases, including new devices that allow gait analysis outside the laboratory., Las enfermedades neurodegenerativas afectan el sistema neuromusculoesquelético generando trastornos del movimiento. La detección de los síntomas suele producirse en las últimas fases de la enfermedad, por lo que una detección temprana ayudaría a introducir terapias para reducir los efectos de las enfermedades y retrasar el deterioro. La base de datos PhysioNet proporciona información sobre la biomecánica de la marcha de voluntarios sanos y de pacientes de Parkinson (PD),esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ALS) y Huntington (HD). En este trabajo se utilizan datos espacio-temporales para medir el coste energético y la densidad espectral de potencia en esas patologías. Estos parámetros se analizaron estadísticamente para definir descriptores explicativos. Posteriormente, se utilizan la técnica fuzzy c-means, algoritmo de aprendizaje para el análisis de datos multivariados - LAMDA, y redes neuronales para clasificar entre las enfermedades neurodegenerativas y el grupo de control. Se utilizó el método de validación cruzada para evaluar los resultados del algoritmo de clasificación. El análisis estadístico mostró que el coste de la energía aumentaba en la fase de apoyo, la velocidad de la marcha disminuía en condiciones críticas de la enfermedad y la cadencia era diferente según el tipo de enfermedad. Se entrenaron los algoritmos con cuatro clases a priori. Los ajustes de clasificación fueron 92.5% para la red neuronal, 80% para el método LAMDA, y 56.1% para elFuzzy C-means. Para mejorar los resultados, se entrenaron clasificadores de dos-clases:Ctrl+PD, Ctrl+PD y Ctrl+HD. El emparejamiento mejoró el ajuste de LAMDA a un98.3%, la red neuronal con un 97.0% y Fuzzy C-means con un 90.2%. El uso potencial de estas técnicas de clasificación permitirá la detección temprana de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, incluyendo nuevos dispositivos que permitan el análisis de la marcha.

Symptomatic unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) refers to a group of patients with intact AAA but who present abdominal and/or lumbar pain attributed to the aneurysm. This form of clinical presentation is potentially fatal since its etiopathogenesis, involving acute changes in the aortic wall, including inflammation, increases the probability of impending rupture. It is clear that these patients should be referred to AAA repair. However, the timing of the intervention is controversial. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to review updated information on the diagnostic-therapeutic approach of symptomatic unruptured AAA., El aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) sintomático no roto es una patología que involucra a aquellos pacientes con AAA intacto, pero que presentan dolor abdominal y/o lumbar atribuido al aneurisma. Esta forma de presentación clínica es potencialmente mortal dado que su etiopatogenia comprende cambios agudos en la pared aórtica, incluyendo inflamación, lo que incrementa la probabilidad de ruptura inminente. Está claro que estos pacientes deben ser derivados a reparación del AAA. Sin embargo, el momento de la intervención es controvertido. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar la información actualizada sobre el abordaje diagnóstico-terapéutico del AAA sintomático no roto.

The high demand for commercial starches obtained from cereals, tubers and some legumes in the food and non-food industry, raises the need to search for new sources of starches. The present work focused on analyzing published patents related to the use of starches extracted from non-conventional sources in microencapsulation processes and development of new products in agroindustry. Patents were searched through Google Patents®, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO®, Lens® and PatentInspiration® free version. A maximum of 119 published documents were found, particularly Google Patents®. The analysis evidenced a significant increase (50%) in the period 2015 to 2022, showing the importance and interest in the exploration, invention and intellectual property protection, of methods and technologies that use unconventional starches to improve functional properties in the development of new products such as functional foods and pharmaceuticals, as well as microencapsulated wall material of bioactive compounds, essential oils, probiotics and in food matrices, highlighting the interest in patenting methods and modification processes, with more practical and efficient processes in terms of functionality, preparation times, costs, versatility and reduction of effluents. However, the most used starch sources continue to be the conventional one, which, due to its high demand, raises the need to promote the exploration of inventions that allow the technological, operational and economic development of non-conventional starches needed in the pharmaceutical and food industry., La alta demanda de los almidones comerciales obtenidos de cereales, tubérculos y algunas leguminosas en la industria alimentaria y no alimentaria, plantea la necesidad de buscar nuevas fuentes de almidones. El presente trabajo se centró en analizar las patentes publicadas relacionadas con la utilización de almidones extraídos de fuentes no convencionales en los procesos de microencapsulación y desarrollo de nuevos productos en la agroindustria. Se realizó la búsqueda de patentes a través de Google Patents®, Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (WIPO®, por sus siglas en inglés, Lens® y PatentInspiration® versión libre. Se encontraron un máximo de 119 documentos publicados, particularmente Google Patents®. El análisis evidenció un incremento significativo (50 %) en el período 2015 a 2022, mostrando la importancia e interés en la exploración, invención y protección de la propiedad intelectual, de los métodos y tecnologías que utilizan almidones no convencionales para mejorar las propiedades funcionales en el desarrollo de nuevos productos como alimentos funcionales y fármacos, así como material pared de microencapsulados de compuestos bioactivos, aceites esenciales, probióticos y en matrices alimentarias, destacándose el interés en patentar métodos y procesos de modificación, con procesos más prácticos y eficientes en términos de funcionalidad, tiempos de preparación, costos, versatilidad y reducción de efluentes. Sin embargo, la fuente de almidón más utilizada sigue siendo la convencional que, por su alta demanda, plantea la necesidad de potenciar la exploración de invenciones que permitan el desarrollo tecnológico operacional y económico de almidones no convencionales necesarios en la industria farmacéutica y de alimentos.

Managing high-grade gliomas, particularly glioblastoma, remains challenging despite advancements in radiation therapy and surgery. The standard care involves maximal surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy and Temozolomide chemotherapy. Gamma Knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery (GKRS) has emerged as a noninvasive and effective option for treating a range of central nervous system lesions. GKRS offers precise, low-energy radiation delivery to a defined target, inducing tissue destruction while sparing healthy brain tissue. Although, side effects such as radiation necrosis have been noted, GKRS shows promise in treating glioblastoma, even with its infiltrative nature. This review explores the evolving landscape of high-grade glioma manage-ment, focusing on the potential of GKRS in improving treatment outcomes

How can ocean governance and science be made more equitable and effective? The majority of the world’s ocean-dependent people live in low to middle-income countries in the tropics (i.e., the ‘tropical majority’). Yet the ocean governance agenda is set largely on the basis of scientific knowledge, funding, and institutions from high-income nations in temperate zones. These externally driven approaches undermine the equity and effectiveness of current solutions and hinder leadership by the tropical majority, who are well positioned to activate evidence-based and context-specific solutions to ocean-sustainability challenges. Here, we draw together diverse perspectives from the tropics to propose four actions for transformational change that are grounded in perspectives, experiences, and knowledge from the tropics: 1. Center equity in ocean governance, 2. Reconnect people and the ocean, 3. Redefine ocean literacy, and 4. Decolonize ocean research. These actions are critical to ensuring a leading role for the tropical majority in maintaining thriving ocean societies and ecosystems.

Introduction: Multiple studies in the current literature have defended the importance of different personality traits and their predictive utility in sports success. Objective: To identify the levels of grit personality in American Taekwondists of the youth category. Materials and methods: The study design was quantitative and descriptive in scope, and cross-sectional for a sample of (N=121) Taekwondists of both sexes. To measure Grit personality, the Grit scale was obtained. Results and discussion: The average grit personality was 3.96 (±0.51) in men, and 3.89 (±0.39) in women. The mean age in years for both men and women was 14.30 ±0.92 and 14.07 ±0.97, respectively. Conclusion: It was possible to identify that the grit personality of this population is moderately high, which suggests that American junior taekwondo athletes have adequate levels of passion and perseverance in correspondence with the grit scale. Likewise, it was possible to determine that the grit is slightly higher in men compared to women., Introducción: Múltiples estudios en la literatura, actualmente, defienden la importancia de los diferentes rasgos de la personalidad y su utilidad predictiva en el éxito deportivo. Objetivo general: Identificar los niveles de la personalidad grit en Taekwondistas estadounidenses de la categoría juvenil. Materiales y métodos: El diseño del estudio fue de enfoque cuantitativo y de alcance descriptivo y de corte transversal, para una muestra de taekwondistas (N=121), de ambos sexos. Para medir la personalidad grit, se utilizó la escala de grit. Resultados y discusión: El promedio de la personalidad grit fue 3,96 (±0,51), en hombres y de 3,89 (±0,39), en mujeres. La media de edad en años, tanto de hombres como de mujeres, fue de 14,30 ±0,92 y 14,07 ±0,97, respectivamente. Conclusión: Se pudo identificar que personalidad grit de esta población es medianamente alta, lo que sugiere que los taekwondistas juveniles estadounidenses poseen adecuados niveles de pasión y de perseverancia, en correspondencia con la escala de grit. Asimismo, se pudo determinar que el grit es ligeramente superior en hombres en comparación con las mujeres.

How can ocean governance and science be made more equitable and effective? The majority of the world’s ocean-dependent people live in low to middle-income countries in the tropics (i.e., the ‘tropical majority’). Yet the ocean governance agenda is set largely on the basis of scientific knowledge, funding, and institutions from high-income nations in temperate zones. These externally driven approaches undermine the equity and effectiveness of current solutions and hinder leadership by the tropical majority, who are well positioned to activate evidence-based and context-specific solutions to ocean-sustainability challenges. Here, we draw together diverse perspectives from the tropics to propose four actions for transformational change that are grounded in perspectives, experiences, and knowledge from the tropics: 1. Center equity in ocean governance, 2. Reconnect people and the ocean, 3. Redefine ocean literacy, and 4. Decolonize ocean research. These actions are critical to ensuring a leading role for the tropical majority in maintaining thriving ocean societies and ecosystems.

Many modern discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for conservation laws make use of summation by parts operators and flux differencing to achieve kinetic energy preservation or entropy stability. While these techniques increase the robustness of DG methods significantly, they are also computationally more demanding than standard weak form nodal DG methods. We present several implementation techniques to improve the efficiency of flux differencing DG methods that use tensor product quadrilateral or hexahedral elements, in 2D or 3D respectively. Focus is mostly given to CPUs and DG methods for the compressible Euler equations, although these techniques are generally also useful for other physical systems including the compressible Navier-Stokes and magnetohydrodynamics equations. We present results using two open source codes, Trixi.jl written in Julia and FLUXO written in Fortran, to demonstrate that our proposed implementation techniques are applicable to different code bases and programming languages., Funding Agencies|Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy [EXC 2044-390685587, FOR 5409, 463312734]; Daimler und Benz Stiftung [32-10/22]; European Research Council through the ERC Starting Grant "An Exascale aware and Un-crashable Space-Time-Adaptive Discontinuous Spectral Element Solver for Non-Linear Conservation Laws" (Extreme), ERC grant [714487]; Vetenskapsradet [2020-03642 VR]; United States National Science Foundation [DMS-1719818, DMS1943186]

The direct functionalization of alkanes represents a very important challenge in the goal to develop more atom-efficient and clean C–C bond forming reactions. These processes, however, are hampered by the low reactivity of the aliphatic C–H bonds. Photocatalytic processes based on hydrogen atom transfer C–H bond activation strategies have become a useful tool to activate and functionalize these inert compounds. In this article, we summarize the main achievements in this field applied to the development of C–C bond forming reactions, and we discuss the key mechanistic features that enable these transformation

A catalytic asymmetric reaction between allenes, bis(pinacolato)diboron, and allylic gem-dichlorides is reported. The method involves the coupling of a catalytically generated allyl copper species with the allylic gem-dichloride and provides chiral internal 1,5-dienes featuring (Z)-configured alkenyl boronate and alkenyl chloride units with high levels of chemo-, regio-, enantio-, and diastereoselectivity. The synthetic utility of the products is demonstrated with the synthesis of a range of optically active compounds. DFT calculations reveal key noncovalent substrate–ligand interactions that account for the enantioselectivity outcome and the diastereoselective formation of the (Z)-alkenyl chloride

Vitis vinifera L. has been present in Ibiza and Formentera, two islands of the Balearic Islands (Spain), since the 7th century BC. In the past few years, there have been several studies and investigations on the Balearic Islands. These have focused mainly on Mallorca and Menorca with a small representation of Ibiza and none that take into account Formentera. This research aims to contribute to the knowledge of Vitis cultivars cultivated on those islands and to investigate whether there are local cultivars still being grown. To do this, using an ethnobotanical approach, 15 persons were interviewed to gather information about local grapevines, and 36 accessions from 12 plots were characterized using ampelographic descriptors and identified using SSR markers. Relationships of the accessions studied with other cultivars were also assessed. The results show 21 different genotypes profiles, where six were new genotypes: Colló de gall, Grec, Maçanet, VIEIV015-Maçanet, Morzacà, and Vermelleta. Ten new synonyms and three homonyms have been proposed. Additionally, we suggest three new relationships for the `Hebén¿ cultivar, one new relationship for the Llora cultivar and one new relationship for the Beba cultivar. These results show the first reported information for Ibiza and Formentera on Vitis.

In this work, we obtain the group inverse of the combinatorial Laplacian matrix of distance-biregular graphs. This expression can be obtained trough the so-called equilibrium measures for sets obtained by deleting a vertex. Moreover, we show that the two equilibrium arrays characterizing distance-biregular graphs can be expressed in terms of the mentioned equilibrium measures. As a consequence of the minimum principle, we provide a characterization of when the group inverse of the combinatorial Laplacian matrix of a distance-biregular graph is an M-matrix.

We apply different information quantifiers to the study of COVID-19 time series. First, we analyze how the fact of smoothing the curves alters the informational content of the series, by applying the permutation and wavelet entropies to the series of daily new cases using a sliding-window method. In addition, to study how coupled the curves associated with daily new cases of infections and deaths are, we compute the wavelet coherence. Our results show how information quantifiers can be used to analyze the unpredictable behavior of this pandemic in the short and medium terms., Aplicamos diferentes cuantificadores de informacion al estudio de series temporales de COVID-19. En primer lugar, analizamos como el hecho de suavizar las curvas altera el contenido de informacion de la serie, aplicando la entropia de permutaciones y la entropia wavelet a la serie de casos diarios nuevos mediante un metodo de ventana movil. Ademas, para estudiar que tan acopladas estan las curvas asociadas con los nuevos casos diarios de infecciones y muertes, calculamos la coherencia wavelet. Nuestros resultados muestran como se pueden utilizar cuantificadores de información para analizar el comportamiento impredecible de esta pandemia en el corto y mediano plazo.

We extend the monolithic convex limiting (MCL) methodology to nodal discontinuous Galerkin spectral element methods (DGSEM). The use of Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto (LGL) quadrature endows collocated DGSEM space discretizations of nonlinear hyperbolic problems with properties that greatly simplify the design of invariant domain preserving high-resolution schemes. Compared to many other continuous and discontinuous Galerkin method variants, a particular advantage of the LGL spectral operator is the availability of a natural decomposition into a compatible subcell flux discretization. Representing a high-order spatial semi-discretization in terms of intermediate states, we perform flux limiting in a manner that keeps these states and the results of Runge-Kutta stages in convex invariant domains. Additionally, local bounds may be imposed on scalar quantities of interest. In contrast to limiting approaches based on predictor-corrector algorithms, our MCL procedure for LGL-DGSEM yields nonlinear flux approximations that are independent of the time-step size and can be further modified to enforce entropy stability. To demonstrate the robustness of MCL/DGSEM schemes for the compressible Euler equations, we run simulations for challenging setups featuring strong shocks, steep density gradients and vortex dominated flows.

Synapses represent an important target of Alzheimer disease (AD), and alterations of their excitability are among the earliest changes associated with AD development. Synaptic activation has been shown to be protective in models of AD, and deep brain stimulation (DBS), a surgical strategy that modulates neuronal activity to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders, produced positive effects in AD patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective role(s) of brain stimulation are still elusive. We have previously demonstrated that induction of synaptic activity exerts protection in mouse models of AD and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) by enhancing the macroautophagy/autophagy flux and lysosomal degradation of pathological MAPT/Tau. We now provide evidence that TFEB (transcription factor EB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, is a key mediator of this cellular response. In cultured primary neurons from FTD-transgenic mice, synaptic stimulation inhibits MTORC1 signaling, thus promoting nuclear translocation of TFEB, which, in turn, induces clearance of MAPT/Tau oligomers. Conversely, synaptic activation fails to promote clearance of toxic MAPT/Tau in neurons expressing constitutively active RRAG GTPases, which sequester TFEB in the cytosol, or upon TFEB depletion. Activation of TFEB is also confirmed in vivo in DBS-stimulated AD mice. We also demonstrate that DBS reduces pathological MAPT/Tau and promotes neuroprotection in Parkinson disease patients with tauopathy. Altogether our findings indicate that stimulation of synaptic activity promotes TFEB-mediated clearance of pathological MAPT/Tau. This mechanism, underlying the protective effect of DBS, provides encouraging support for the use of synaptic stimulation as a therapeutic treatment against tauopathies.

Flexible laryngoscopy is commonly performed by otolaryngologists to detect laryngeal diseases and to recognize potentially malignant lesions. Recently, researchers have introduced machine learning techniques to facilitate automated diagnosis using laryngeal images and achieved promising results. Diagnostic performance can be improved when patients' demographic information is incorporated into models. However, manual entry of patient data is time consuming for clinicians. In this study, we made the first endeavor to employ deep learning models to predict patient demographic information to improve detector model performance. The overall accuracy for gender, smoking history, and age was 85.5%, 65.2%, and 75.9%, respectively. We also created a new laryngoscopic image set for machine learning study and benchmarked the performance of 8 classical deep learning models based on CNNs and Transformers. The results can be integrated into current learning models to improve their performance by incorporating the patient's demographic information.

In addition to triggering humoral responses, conventional B cells have been described in vitro to cross-present exogenous antigens activating naïve CD8 T cells. Nevertheless, the way B cells capture these exogenous antigens and the physiological roles of B cell-mediated cross-presentation remain poorly explored. Here, we show that B cells capture bacteria by trans-phagocytosis from previously infected dendritic cells (DC) when they are in close contact. Bacterial encounter “instructs” the B cells to acquire antigen cross-presentation abilities, in a process that involves autophagy. Bacteria-instructed B cells, henceforth referred to as BacB cells, rapidly degrade phagocytosed bacteria, process bacterial antigens and cross-prime naïve CD8 T cells which differentiate into specific cytotoxic cells that efficiently control bacterial infections. Moreover, a proof-of-concept experiment shows that BacB cells that have captured bacteria expressing tumor antigens could be useful as novel cellular immunotherapies against cancer.

Objective Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease is prevalent and has diverse presentations, but there are no validated classification criteria for this symptomatic arthritis. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and EULAR have developed the first-ever validated classification criteria for symptomatic CPPD disease. Methods Supported by the ACR and EULAR, a multinational group of investigators followed established methodology to develop these disease classification criteria. The group generated lists of candidate items and refined their definitions, collected de-identified patient profiles, evaluated strengths of associations between candidate items and CPPD disease, developed a classification criteria framework, and used multi-criterion decision analysis to define criteria weights and a classification threshold score. The criteria were validated in an independent cohort. Results Among patients with joint pain, swelling, or tenderness (entry criterion) whose symptoms are not fully explained by an alternative disease (exclusion criterion), the presence of crowned dens syndrome or calcium pyrophosphate crystals in synovial fluid are sufficient to classify a patient as having CPPD disease. In the absence of these findings, a score>56 points using weighted criteria, comprising clinical features, associated metabolic disorders, and results of laboratory and imaging investigations, can be used to classify as CPPD disease. These criteria had a sensitivity of 92.2% and specificity of 87.9% in the derivation cohort (190 CPPD cases, 148 mimickers), whereas sensitivity was 99.2% and specificity was 92.5% in the validation cohort (251 CPPD cases, 162 mimickers). Conclusion The 2023 ACR/EULAR CPPD disease classification criteria have excellent performance characteristics and will facilitate research in this field.

Feature-Based Molecular Networking (FBMN) is a popular analysis approach for LC-MS/MS-based non-targeted metabolomics data. While processing LC-MS/MS data through FBMN is fairly streamlined, downstream data handling and statistical interrogation is often a key bottleneck. Especially, users new to statistical analysis struggle to effectively handle and analyze complex data matrices. In this protocol, we provide a comprehensive guide for the statistical analysis of FBMN results. We explain the data structure and principles of data clean-up and normalization, as well as uni- and multivariate statistical analysis of FBMN results. We provide explanations and code in two scripting languages (R and Python) as well as the QIIME2 framework for all protocol steps, from data clean-up to statistical analysis. Additionally, the protocol is accompanied by a web application with a graphical user interface (https://fbmn-statsguide.gnps2.org/), to lower the barrier of entry for new users. Together, the protocol, code, and web app provide a complete guide and toolbox for FBMN data integration, clean-up, and advanced statistical analysis, enabling new users to uncover molecular insights from their non-targeted metabolomics data. Our protocol is tailored for the seamless analysis of FBMN results from Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS and GNPS2) and can be adapted to other MS feature detection, annotation, and networking tools.

An outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) has emerged as a major human and animal health concern in Mexicali, Mexico. Due to high rates of brown dog tick infestation, susceptibility, and association with humans, dogs serve as sentinels and have a key role in the ecology of RMSF. A cross-sectional household questionnaire study was conducted in six rural and urban locations to characterize dog ecology and demography in RMSF high-and low-risk areas of Mexicali. In addition, we tracked movement patterns of 16 dogs using a GPS data logger. Of 253 households, 73% owned dogs, and dog ownership tended to be higher in high-risk areas, with a mean dog:human ratio of 0.43, compared with 0.3 in low-risk areas. Dogs in high-risk areas had higher fecundity and roamed more, but the dog density and numbers of free-roaming dogs were comparable. There was a higher proportion of younger dogs and lower proportion of older dogs in high-risk areas. The high proportion of immunologically naïve puppies in high risk areas could result in a lack of herd immunity leading to a more vulnerable dog and human population. The marked increase of space use of free-roaming dogs in high-risk areas suggests that unrestrained dogs could play an important role in spreading ticks and pathogens. As means to limit RMSF risk, practical changes could include increased efforts for spay-neuter and policies encouraging dog restraint to limit canine roaming and spread of ticks across communities; due to dog density is less impactful such policies may be more useful than restrictions on the number of owned dogs.

Introduction: Emergency medicine (EM) was recognized as a specialty in Ecuador in 1993.Currently, there are two four-year EM residency programs and an estimated 300 residency-trainedemergency physicians countrywide. This study describes the current challenges in EM in Ecuador.Methods: We conducted 25 semi-structured, in-person interviews with residency-trained emergencyphysicians, general practitioners, public health specialists, prehospital personnel, and physiciansfrom other specialties. The interviewer asked about challenges in the areas of emergency care,working conditions of emergency physicians, EM residency education, EM leadership, andprehospital care. We analyzed data for challenges and registered the number of interviewees whomentioned each challenge.Results: Interviewees worked in the three largest cities in the country: Quito (60%); Guayaquil(20%); and Cuenca (20%). Interviewees included 16 (64%) residency-trained emergency physicians;six (24%) residency-trained physicians from other specialties working in or closely associatedwith the emergency department (ED); one (4%) general practitioner working in the ED; one (4%)specialist in disasters; and one (4%) paramedic. Shortage of medical supplies, need for bettermedico-legal protection, lack of EM residencies outside of Quito, and desire for more bedsideteaching were the challenges mentioned with the highest frequency (each 44%). The next mostfrequently mentioned challenges (each 38%) were the need for better access to ultrasoundequipment and the low presence of EM outside the capital city. Other challenges mentioned includedthe low demand for emergency physicians in private institutions, the lack of differential pay for nightand weekends, need for more training in administration and leadership, need for a more effective EMnational society, and lack of resources and experience in EM research.Conclusion: Emergency medicine has a three-decade history in Ecuador, reaching importantmilestones such as the estab

Introduction: Emergency medicine (EM) was recognized as a specialty in Ecuador in 1993.Currently, there are two four-year EM residency programs and an estimated 300 residency-trainedemergency physicians countrywide. This study describes the current challenges in EM in Ecuador.Methods: We conducted 25 semi-structured, in-person interviews with residency-trained emergencyphysicians, general practitioners, public health specialists, prehospital personnel, and physiciansfrom other specialties. The interviewer asked about challenges in the areas of emergency care,working conditions of emergency physicians, EM residency education, EM leadership, andprehospital care. We analyzed data for challenges and registered the number of interviewees whomentioned each challenge.Results: Interviewees worked in the three largest cities in the country: Quito (60%); Guayaquil(20%); and Cuenca (20%). Interviewees included 16 (64%) residency-trained emergency physicians;six (24%) residency-trained physicians from other specialties working in or closely associatedwith the emergency department (ED); one (4%) general practitioner working in the ED; one (4%)specialist in disasters; and one (4%) paramedic. Shortage of medical supplies, need for bettermedico-legal protection, lack of EM residencies outside of Quito, and desire for more bedsideteaching were the challenges mentioned with the highest frequency (each 44%). The next mostfrequently mentioned challenges (each 38%) were the need for better access to ultrasoundequipment and the low presence of EM outside the capital city. Other challenges mentioned includedthe low demand for emergency physicians in private institutions, the lack of differential pay for nightand weekends, need for more training in administration and leadership, need for a more effective EMnational society, and lack of resources and experience in EM research.Conclusion: Emergency medicine has a three-decade history in Ecuador, reaching importantmilestones such as the estab

An outbreak of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) transmitted by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) has emerged as a major human and animal health concern in Mexicali, Mexico. Due to high rates of brown dog tick infestation, susceptibility, and association with humans, dogs serve as sentinels and have a key role in the ecology of RMSF. A cross-sectional household questionnaire study was conducted in six rural and urban locations to characterize dog ecology and demography in RMSF high-and low-risk areas of Mexicali. In addition, we tracked movement patterns of 16 dogs using a GPS data logger. Of 253 households, 73% owned dogs, and dog ownership tended to be higher in high-risk areas, with a mean dog:human ratio of 0.43, compared with 0.3 in low-risk areas. Dogs in high-risk areas had higher fecundity and roamed more, but the dog density and numbers of free-roaming dogs were comparable. There was a higher proportion of younger dogs and lower proportion of older dogs in high-risk areas. The high proportion of immunologically naïve puppies in high risk areas could result in a lack of herd immunity leading to a more vulnerable dog and human population. The marked increase of space use of free-roaming dogs in high-risk areas suggests that unrestrained dogs could play an important role in spreading ticks and pathogens. As means to limit RMSF risk, practical changes could include increased efforts for spay-neuter and policies encouraging dog restraint to limit canine roaming and spread of ticks across communities; due to dog density is less impactful such policies may be more useful than restrictions on the number of owned dogs.

Objective: To gather the available scientific evidence about the oral health of migrants in south-south contexts. Methods: A scoping review methodology was applied through a comprehensive search in databases of scientific and grey literature: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, LILACS, EMBASE, Google Scholar and the International Centre for Migration, Health and Development. A descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the selected studies was conducted. Results: The search yielded 23 papers. Seventeen studies (17/23, 73.9%) were conducted on the Asian continent and 91.3% (21/23) were cross-sectional. Studies were focused on oral health problems such as dental caries and periodontal disease with diverse findings when comparing immigrants with natives. Some studies found poor oral health indexes in migrants. Migrants face barriers to dental health services. Other oral health variables addressed in the studies were oral health–related quality of life, beliefs, knowledge and practices in oral health. Determining factors related to oral health were evidenced, such as migration status, sociodemographic, cultural, psychological, living, economic and material conditions, social support, oral health practices and previous oral and general health status. Studies reported conceptual and methodological gaps and limitations that must be considered when interpreting the results. Conclusion: According to the scientific evidence, immigrant populations in south-south migratory contexts show poor oral health indicators, and this translates into social vulnerability in this group. Further research is needed to increase the scientific body about the social and contextual determinants in oral health and understanding of the social construction of this phenomenon.

Infertility is one of the main sequelae of cancer and its treatment in both children and adults of reproductive age. It is, therefore, essential that oncologists and haematologists provide adequate information about the risk of infertility and the possibilities for its preservation before starting treatment. Although many international clinical guidelines address this issue, this document is the frst Spanish multidisciplinary guideline in paediatric and adult oncological patients. Experts from the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology, the Spanish Fertility Society, the Spanish Society of Haematology and Haemotherapy, the Spanish Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology and the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology have col‑ laborated to develop a multidisciplinary consensus.

Use of artificial intelligence (AI) is a burgeoning field in otolaryngology and the communication sciences. A virtual symposium on the topic was convened from Duke University on October 26, 2020, and was attended by more than 170 participants worldwide. This review presents summaries of all but one of the talks presented during the symposium; recordings of all the talks, along with the discussions for the talks, are available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktfewrXvEFg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gQ5qX2v3rg . Each of the summaries is about 2500 words in length and each summary includes two figures. This level of detail far exceeds the brief summaries presented in traditional reviews and thus provides a more-informed glimpse into the power and diversity of current AI applications in otolaryngology and the communication sciences and how to harness that power for future applications.

Los aceites esenciales son una mezcla compleja de más de 100 componentes, cuya función es crucial en la supervivencia de las plantas, ya que, por un lado, atraen a determinados insectos que participan en su polinización y, por el otro lado, debido a su olor, ahuyentan a otros animales depredadores. Gracias a su variedad química, se les han atribuido un gran número de actividades biológicas que han sido aprovechadas en la industria cosmética, alimentaria y farmacéutica. El presente trabajo aborda los aceites esenciales como productos naturales bioactivos, las técnicas más comunes para su extracción y sus principales aplicaciones en el área biológica.

Our approaches to neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention deficit disorder and epilepsy and their pharmacological treatments are presented. We work with the Neuropediatrics database covering 2,4545 children included from May 1990 to December 2021, the protocols as of 2001 and the information sheets as of 2012. Many of the children controlled in neuropediatrics have neurodevelopmental disorders; it is the reason for consultation in more than 50% and most neuropediatric pathologies are associated neurodevelopmental disorders. Antiepileptic drugs should be used monitoring their side effects, especially on brain executive function and neurodevelopment. Primary care pediatricians must be a key figure in highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders: initial diagnostic orientation and coordination with health, education and social services professionals. They are the ideal professionals for managing isolated attention deficit disorder, without serious comorbid pathology. Pediatricians should monitor school performance adjusted for reasonable effort, sports and extracurricular activities, behavior and social relationships, and children’s self-esteem and happiness. We must ensure children’s day-to-day activities and their neurodevelopment., Se exponen nuestros planteamientos en relación con los trastornos del neurodesarrollo, incluido el trastorno por déficit de atención, y la epilepsia, así como sus tratamientos farmacológicos. Trabajamos con la base de datos de Neuropediatría, que cuenta con 24.545 niños registrados desde mayo de 1990 a diciembre de 2021, los protocolos asistenciales desde 2001 y las hojas de información desde 2012. Muchos de los niños controlados en Neuropediatría tienen trastornos del neurodesarrollo; en más del 50% de los casos es el motivo de consulta y la mayor parte de las patologías neuropediátricas los asocian. Los fármacos antiepilépticos se deben utilizar vigilando sus efectos secundarios, especialmente sobre la función ejecutiva cerebral y el neurodesarrollo. El pediatra de Atención Primaria debe ser figura clave en los trastornos del neurodesarrollo, de elevada prevalencia: orientación diagnóstica inicial y coordinación con profesionales de sanidad, educación y servicios sociales. Es el profesional idóneo para el manejo del trastorno por déficit de atención aislado, sin grave patología comórbida. Los pediatras hemos de vigilar el rendimiento escolar, que se ajusten a un esfuerzo razonable las actividades deportivas y extraescolares, el comportamiento y las relaciones sociales, así como la autoestima y la felicidad de los niños. Tenemos que velar por el día a día de los niños y su neurodesarrollo.

Infertility is one of the main sequelae of cancer and its treatment in both children and adults of reproductive age. It is, therefore, essential that oncologists and haematologists provide adequate information about the risk of infertility and the possibilities for its preservation before starting treatment. Although many international clinical guidelines address this issue, this document is the frst Spanish multidisciplinary guideline in paediatric and adult oncological patients. Experts from the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology, the Spanish Fertility Society, the Spanish Society of Haematology and Haemotherapy, the Spanish Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology and the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology have col‑ laborated to develop a multidisciplinary consensus.

Infertility is one of the main sequelae of cancer and its treatment in both children and adults of reproductive age. It is, therefore, essential that oncologists and haematologists provide adequate information about the risk of infertility and the possibilities for its preservation before starting treatment. Although many international clinical guidelines address this issue, this document is the frst Spanish multidisciplinary guideline in paediatric and adult oncological patients. Experts from the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology, the Spanish Fertility Society, the Spanish Society of Haematology and Haemotherapy, the Spanish Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology and the Spanish Society of Radiation Oncology have col‑ laborated to develop a multidisciplinary consensus.

Harmful fisheries subsidies have historically contributed to fleet overcapacity and continue to be allocated to the fishing industry to artificially maintain its profitability. However, in this contribution we show that removing harmful subsidies and reducing overfishing will help to recover the resource biomass, subsequently leading to increased levels of sustainable catches, income and well-being of fishers, and reduces inequities in income and consumption when fish stocks are not effectively managed. Maintaining harmful fisheries subsidies is socially and economically inefficient. Taking the example of the EU fishing fleet, one of the largest fishing fleets in the world, we use the total factor productivity to show that small-scale fishing fleet's productivity is almost two-fold in the North Atlantic and 16% higher in the Mediterranean and Black seas compared to large-scale vessels. This result is explained because the harmful fisheries subsidies disproportionately allocated to large-scale vessels introduce distortions in the efficient allocation of inputs. With critical WTO negotiations ongoing regarding the global rules on fisheries subsidies, the EU must take advantage of the opportunity to lead a desirable transformative change while also supporting developing nations to truly achieve global sustainable and equitable fisheries

In this paper, we show that diagonal-norm summation by parts (SBP) discretizations of general non-conservative systems of hyperbolic balance laws can be rewritten as a finite-volume-type formula, also known as flux-differencing formula, if the non-conservative terms can be written as the product of a local and a symmetric contribution. Furthermore, we show that the existence of a flux-differencing formula enables the use of recent subcell limiting strategies to improve the robustness of the high-order discretizations. To demonstrate the utility of the novel flux-differencing formula, we construct hybrid schemes that combine high-order SBP methods (the discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method and a high-order SBP finite difference method) with a compatible low-order finite volume (FV) scheme at the subcell level. We apply the hybrid schemes to solve challenging magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) problems featuring strong shocks.

In this work, we propose an extension of telescopic derivative operators for the DGSEM with Gauss nodes, and we prove that this formulation is equivalent to its usual matrix counterpart. Among other possible applications, this allows extending the stabilization methods already developed for Gauss-Lobatto nodes to Gauss nodes, also ensuring properties such as entropy stability while retaining their improved accuracy., Comment: Short note

Vision Transformers have attracted a lot of attention recently since the successful implementation of Vision Transformer (ViT) on vision tasks. With vision Transformers, specifically the multi-head self-attention modules, networks can capture long-term dependencies inherently. However, these attention modules normally need to be trained on large datasets, and vision Transformers show inferior performance on small datasets when training from scratch compared with widely dominant backbones like ResNets. Note that the Transformer model was first proposed for natural language processing, which carries denser information than natural images. To boost the performance of vision Transformers on small datasets, this paper proposes to explicitly increase the input information density in the frequency domain. Specifically, we introduce selecting channels by calculating the channel-wise heatmaps in the frequency domain using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), reducing the size of input while keeping most information and hence increasing the information density. As a result, 25% fewer channels are kept while better performance is achieved compared with previous work. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on five small-scale datasets, including CIFAR-10/100, SVHN, Flowers-102, and Tiny ImageNet. The accuracy has been boosted up to 17.05% with Swin and Focal Transformers. Codes are available at https://github.com/xiangyu8/DenseVT., Comment: Accepted to NeurIPS workshop (VTTA) 2022

In this work, we extend the $\tau$-estimation method to unsteady problems and use it to adapt the polynomial degree for high-order discontinuous Galerkin simulations of unsteady flows. The adaptation is local and anisotropic and allows capturing relevant unsteady flow features while enhancing the accuracy of time evolving functionals (e.g., lift, drag). To achieve an efficient and unsteady truncation error-based $p$-adaptation scheme, we first revisit the definition of the truncation error, studying the effect of the treatment of the mass matrix arising from the temporal term. Secondly, we extend the $\tau$-estimation strategy to unsteady problems. Finally, we present and compare two adaptation strategies for unsteady problems: the dynamic and static $p$-adaptation methods. In the first one (dynamic) the error is measured periodically during a simulation and the polynomial degree is adapted immediately after every estimation procedure. In the second one (static) the error is also measured periodically, but only one $p$-adaptation process is performed after several estimation stages, using a combination of the periodic error measures. The static $p$-adaptation strategy is suitable for time-periodic flows, while the dynamic one can be generalized to any flow evolution. We consider two test cases to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed $p$-adaptation strategies. The first one considers the compressible Euler equations to simulate the advection of a density pulse. The second one solves the compressible Navier-Stokes equations to simulate the flow around a cylinder at Re=100. The local and anisotropic adaptation enables significant reductions in the number of degrees of freedom with respect to uniform refinement, leading to speed-ups of up to $\times4.5$ for the Euler test case and $\times2.2$ for the Navier-Stokes test case.

Objective: To gather the available scientific evidence about the oral health of migrants in south-south contexts. Methods: A scoping review methodology was applied through a comprehensive search in databases of scientific and grey literature: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, LILACS, EMBASE, Google Scholar and the International Centre for Migration, Health and Development. A descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the selected studies was conducted. Results: The search yielded 23 papers. Seventeen studies (17/23, 73.9%) were conducted on the Asian continent and 91.3% (21/23) were cross-sectional. Studies were focused on oral health problems such as dental caries and periodontal disease with diverse findings when comparing immigrants with natives. Some studies found poor oral health indexes in migrants. Migrants face barriers to dental health services. Other oral health variables addressed in the studies were oral health–related quality of life, beliefs, knowledge and practices in oral health. Determining factors related to oral health were evidenced, such as migration status, sociodemographic, cultural, psychological, living, economic and material conditions, social support, oral health practices and previous oral and general health status. Studies reported conceptual and methodological gaps and limitations that must be considered when interpreting the results. Conclusion: According to the scientific evidence, immigrant populations in south-south migratory contexts show poor oral health indicators, and this translates into social vulnerability in this group. Further research is needed to increase the scientific body about the social and contextual determinants in oral health and understanding of the social construction of this phenomenon.

In this paper, we present an entropy-stable Gauss collocation discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method on 3D curvilinear meshes for the GLM-MHD equations: the single-fluid magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) equations with a generalized Lagrange multiplier (GLM) divergence cleaning mechanism. For the continuous entropy analysis to hold and to ensure Galilean invariance in the divergence cleaning technique, the GLM-MHD system requires the use of non-conservative terms. Traditionally, entropy-stable DG discretizations have used a collocated nodal variant of the DG method, also known as the discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method (DGSEM) on Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto (LGL) points. Recently, Chan et al. ("Efficient Entropy Stable Gauss Collocation Methods". SIAM -2019) presented an entropy-stable DGSEM scheme that uses Legendre-Gauss points (instead of LGL points) for conservation laws. Our main contribution is to extend the discretization technique of Chan et al. to the non-conservative GLM-MHD system. We provide a numerical verification of the entropy behavior and convergence properties of our novel scheme on 3D curvilinear meshes. Moreover, we test the robustness and accuracy of our scheme with a magneto-hydrodynamic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability problem. The numerical experiments suggest that the entropy-stable DGSEM on Gauss points for the GLM-MHD system is more accurate than the LGL counterpart.

We present a general family of subcell limiting strategies to construct robust high-order accurate nodal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) schemes. The main strategy is to construct compatible low order finite volume (FV) type discretizations that allow for convex blending with the high-order variant with the goal of guaranteeing additional properties, such as bounds on physical quantities and/or guaranteed entropy dissipation. For an implementation of this main strategy, four main ingredients are identified that may be combined in a flexible manner: (i) a nodal high-order DG method on Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto nodes, (ii) a compatible robust subcell FV scheme, (iii) a convex combination strategy for the two schemes, which can be element-wise or subcell-wise, and (iv) a strategy to compute the convex blending factors, which can be either based on heuristic troubled-cell indicators, or using ideas from flux-corrected transport methods. By carefully designing the metric terms of the subcell FV method, the resulting methods can be used on unstructured curvilinear meshes, are locally conservative, can handle strong shocks efficiently while directly guaranteeing physical bounds on quantities such as density, pressure or entropy. We further show that it is possible to choose the four ingredients to recover existing methods such as a provably entropy dissipative subcell shock-capturing approach or a sparse invariant domain preserving approach. We test the versatility of the presented strategies and mix and match the four ingredients to solve challenging simulation setups, such as the KPP problem (a hyperbolic conservation law with non-convex flux function), turbulent and hypersonic Euler simulations, and MHD problems featuring shocks and turbulence., Comment: 26 pages, 11 figures

Fragmentation is a common feature of rockfall that exerts a strong control on the trajectories of the generated blocks, the impact energies, and the runout. In this paper, we present a set of four real-scale rockfall tests aimed at studying the fragmentation of the rocky blocks, from the global design of the field procedure to the data analysis and the main results. A total of 124 limestone, dacite, or granite blocks ranging between 0.2 and 5 m3 were dropped from different heights (8.5 to 23.6 m) onto four slopes with different shapes (single or double bench) and slope angles (42º to 71º). The characteristics of the blocks, in particular the size, surface texture and joint condition, were measured before the drops. The trajectories of the blocks and both the initial and the impact velocities were tracked and recorded by means of three high-speed video cameras. A total of 200 block-to-ground impacts have been studied. On average, 40% of the blocks broke upon impact on the slope or on the ground, making it necessary to measure the fragments. The initial and final sizes of the blocks/fragments were measured by hand with tape, though photogrammetric techniques (UAV and terrestrial) were also used for comparison purposes. The information gathered during the field tests provides a deep insight into the fragmentation processes. On the one hand, the high-resolution slow-motion videos help to describe when and how the block breakage takes place and the spatial distribution of the pieces. On the other hand, it is possible to compute the block trajectories, the velocities, and the energy losses using videogrammetry. The results include, for instance, a block average fragmentation of 54% and 14% for the limestone and granitoids, respectively; the systematic inventory of the size fragments, which may be used for fitting the power law distributions; and after each breakage, the total angle of aperture occupied by the fragments has been measured, with values in the range

Los aceites esenciales son una mezcla compleja de más de 100 componentes, cuya función es crucial en la supervivencia de las plantas, ya que, por un lado, atraen a determinados insectos que participan en su polinización y, por el otro lado, debido a su olor, ahuyentan a otros animales depredadores. Gracias a su variedad química, se les han atribuido un gran número de actividades biológicas que han sido aprovechadas en la industria cosmética, alimentaria y farmacéutica. El presente trabajo aborda los aceites esenciales como productos naturales bioactivos, las técnicas más comunes para su extracción y sus principales aplicaciones en el área biológica.

Rare earth oxyhydroxides (RE-OOH) present unique luminescent properties that makes them very interesting for optically active applications [1-2]. However, while most practical applications, such as sensors, emitters or displays, require materials in thin film configuration, most reports concerning the synthesis of these materials relate to either bulk materials or powders and thus, the fabrication of RE-OOH films remains a challenge. In this work we present the successful single-step preparation of EuOOH thin films starting from an Eu2O3 target by Pulsed Laser Deposition in an appropriate gas environment. Post-deposition annealing in air at moderate temperatures (<300 ºC) leads to the formation of 2D-microcrystalline EuOOH with a characteristic six-pointed star shape with lateral sizes in the 10 ¿m and a thickness in the 100 nm ranges that cover all the film surface. The shape points to a dendritic diffusion-limited crystallization process. The results obtained suggest that is the gas environment during the deposition rather than the post deposition annealing process the responsible for the formation of the EuOOH phase. The optical properties (transparency range and refractive index) and photoluminescence response of EuOOH thin films are finally presented.

The incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) has fallen over the last decade, especially in intensive care units (ICUs).To assess the existence of concomitant trends in outcomes and to analyse the current risk factors for mortality.A multicentre retrospective cohort study was conducted at 24 Catalan hospitals participating in the Surveillance of healthcare associated infections in Catalonia (VINCat). All hospital-acquired CRBSI episodes diagnosed from January 2010 to December 2019 were included. A common protocol including epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data was prospectively completed. Mortality at 30 days after bacteraemia onset was analysed using the Cox regression model.Over the study period, 4,795 episodes of CRBSI were diagnosed. Among them, 75% were acquired in conventional wards and central venous catheters were the most frequently involved (61%). The 30-day mortality rate was 13.8%, presenting a significant downward trend over the study period: from 17.9% in 2010 to 10.6% in 2019 (HR 0.95 [0.92-0.98]). The multivariate analysis identified age (HR 1.03 [1.02-1.04]), femoral catheter (HR 1.78 [1.33-2.38]), medical ward acquisition (HR 2.07 [1.62-2.65] and ICU acquisition (HR 3.45 [2.7-4.41]), S. aureus (HR 1.59 [1.27-1.99]) and Candida sp. (HR 2.19 [1.64-2.94]) as risk factors for mortality while the mortality rate associated with episodes originating in peripheral catheters was significantly lower (HR 0.69 [0.54-0.88]).Mortality associated with CRBSI has fallen in recent years but remains high. Intervention programs should focus especially on ICUs and medical wards, where incidence and mortality rates are highest.Copyright © 2022 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.