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The aim of this study is to determine the patterns of force development regulation in arm extensors during isometric tension using the standardized Bench Press test. An evaluation of control for each subject has been made based on the level of force achieved (30%, 50%, 70% and 90%), the rate of force development (RFD), the speed of inclusion of motor units (k), the time necessary to achieve the given level (t) and the differences recorded in the first (initial) and repeated measurements. The experiment was carried out on a sample of 130 respondents. Descriptive and comparative statistics was used along with nonlinear mathematical modeling methods for the analysis of experimental results and for establishing the patterns of control. The results of the analysis indicate that there are statistically significant differences (p lt 0.01) between the mean values of generated force, generating time, the rate of force development, the speed of inclusion of motor units in a given unit of time and the mean values of the same parameters in repeated measurement at all levels except at the levels of force F-70% (p = 0.02), and F-90% (p = 0.52). The models of force control have a high predictive value, ranging from 90% to 99.88% and a small prediction error, which is in the range from 0.12% to 10%. All analyses indicate high reliability of the results of this research and are therefore recommended for use in research and educational practice.

The aim of this study is to determine the patterns of force development regulation in arm extensors during isometric tension using the standardized Bench Press test. An evaluation of control for each subject has been made based on the level of force achieved (30%, 50%, 70% and 90%), the rate of force development (RFD), the speed of inclusion of motor units (k), the time necessary to achieve the given level (t) and the differences recorded in the first (initial) and repeated measurements. The experiment was carried out on a sample of 130 respondents. Descriptive and comparative statistics was used along with nonlinear mathematical modeling methods for the analysis of experimental results and for establishing the patterns of control. The results of the analysis indicate that there are statistically significant differences (p lt 0.01) between the mean values of generated force, generating time, the rate of force development, the speed of inclusion of motor units in a given unit of time and the mean values of the same parameters in repeated measurement at all levels except at the levels of force F-70% (p = 0.02), and F-90% (p = 0.52). The models of force control have a high predictive value, ranging from 90% to 99.88% and a small prediction error, which is in the range from 0.12% to 10%. All analyses indicate high reliability of the results of this research and are therefore recommended for use in research and educational practice.

The aim of the research is to determine the impact of the application of the Special Physical Education program on the development of different types of muscular force in the population of the Criminal Police Academy in Belgrade. The study was conducted on a sample of 88 respondents, students in the first year of study. The first measurement was performed at the beginning and the second measurement at the end of university. A set of two morphological and six motor variables was applied. Over all variables, in both measurements partialization of raw (measured) data was performed, this way the differences among the respondents in the morphological area were neutralized and the results obtained in the applied tests were brought to the level of force. Over all data, descriptive statistical procedures and estimated significance of the differences between the average values of the first and second measurements were made. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that the applied Physical Education program of the respondents statistically significantly influenced (p lt 0.05) the changes in the dimensions of different forms of force (repetitive force, velocity of force).

The aim of the research is to determine the impact of the application of the Special Physical Education program on the development of different types of muscular force in the population of the Criminal Police Academy in Belgrade. The study was conducted on a sample of 88 respondents, students in the first year of study. The first measurement was performed at the beginning and the second measurement at the end of university. A set of two morphological and six motor variables was applied. Over all variables, in both measurements partialization of raw (measured) data was performed, this way the differences among the respondents in the morphological area were neutralized and the results obtained in the applied tests were brought to the level of force. Over all data, descriptive statistical procedures and estimated significance of the differences between the average values of the first and second measurements were made. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that the applied Physical Education program of the respondents statistically significantly influenced (p lt 0.05) the changes in the dimensions of different forms of force (repetitive force, velocity of force).

Sport is an integral part of social life. Through sports events, (which are organized in the form of competition), the desire to win and achieve high sports results is manifested by mobilizing physical, mental, and moral attributes. Generally, large numbers of people attend sporting events, which is why security at sporting events is fundamental to the success of any sporting event. Security at sporting events should be understood as a system of measures and activities for protection from hazards, as well as the capability of risk management and the ability to prevent dangerous situations. In today's globalized world there has been an increase in the number of security risks and threats of local, regional, and global character. The paper discusses the basic forms of risks and threats to the security of sporting events through terrorism, crime, violence, and misconduct. As safety of sport events represents a very complex activity, this paper attempts to point out the basic elements of safety principles at sport events.

Sport is an integral part of social life. Through sports events, (which are organized in the form of competition), the desire to win and achieve high sports results is manifested by mobilizing physical, mental, and moral attributes. Generally, large numbers of people attend sporting events, which is why security at sporting events is fundamental to the success of any sporting event. Security at sporting events should be understood as a system of measures and activities for protection from hazards, as well as the capability of risk management and the ability to prevent dangerous situations. In today's globalized world there has been an increase in the number of security risks and threats of local, regional, and global character. The paper discusses the basic forms of risks and threats to the security of sporting events through terrorism, crime, violence, and misconduct. As safety of sport events represents a very complex activity, this paper attempts to point out the basic elements of safety principles at sport events.

The aim of this paper is to present the scientific basis of Special Physical Education and the necessity of applying knowledge, abilities and skills which are developed in police. Special Physical Education (SPE) is studied on all levels of police education, training and improvement in the Republic of Serbia. According to the scientific nomenclature, it is a part of police sciences, actually the group of special police sciences. As a teaching discipline it belongs to the group of narrowly professional subjects, whereas at police colleges it is one of the main subjects. Education and training in SPE is based on science, scientific methods and police practice, and together with other scientific disciplines contributes to the development of personal integrity and professional capacity of each police officer, by involving specially designed educational training programs. Educational training programs and materials of SPE are designed in such a way that in relation to similar teaching subjects of they contribute to the development of personal integrity and capacity of police officers, and it’s a good recommendation for all colleges and police institutions both in Europe and the World.

In a sample of 50 of the best Serbian kick-boxer, divided into two groups (16 and 34 elite subelitna), applied a battery of tests for the assessment of 7 morphological and functional variables 2. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of the difference between the elite and subelitnih kick-boxer in relation to each variable and applied to test how each of them is associated with the level of competitive success. The application of discriminant statistical analysis was found to be an elite and subelitni kickboxer differ significantly in three variables: one anthropometric (body height) and two functional (maximal oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold level). Correlation analysis showed that these three variables significantly associated with competitive success kick-boxer, the level značajnostiod 0.05. When it applied stricter criteria conclusion (0.01), significant relationship with the qualitative level has been confirmed only in variable-anaerobic threshold.

The aim of this paper is to present the scientific basis of Special Physical Education and the necessity of applying knowledge, abilities and skills which are developed in police. Special Physical Education (SPE) is studied on all levels of police education, training and improvement in the Republic of Serbia. According to the scientific nomenclature, it is a part of police sciences, actually the group of special police sciences. As a teaching discipline it belongs to the group of narrowly professional subjects, whereas at police colleges it is one of the main subjects. Education and training in SPE is based on science, scientific methods and police practice, and together with other scientific disciplines contributes to the development of personal integrity and professional capacity of each police officer, by involving specially designed educational training programs. Educational training programs and materials of SPE are designed in such a way that in relation to similar teaching subjects of they contribute to the development of personal integrity and capacity of police officers, and it’s a good recommendation for all colleges and police institutions both in Europe and the World.

The paper analyzes the use of physical force as a means of coercion, i.e. techniques of physical control. The Law on Police and the Regulations on conditions and manner of use of coercive means define the conditions and manner of use of means of coercion (force), period of duration, limitations as well as obligations following the use of force.10 Special attention has been devoted to the definition of force, quantity and nature of resistance that should be surmounted, as well as the level of force control the police officers use in order to neutralize unlawful physical actions of a suspect in order to control a certain situation. Practical application of techniques of Special Physical Education (SPE) as means of legal control activities of the police, i.e. technical physical control in the function of controlling physical resistance given by a suspect have been analyzed. The total number of 182 reports when the physical force was used was analyzed. In addition to this, the paper highlights the need for clear codification and generally accepted set of rules for the use of physical force as a guarantee for ethical and legal performance of police powers., U radu je urađena analiza primene fizičke snage kao sredstva prinude, odnosno tehnike fizičke kontrole. Zakonom o policiji i Pravilnikom o uslovima i načinu upotrebe sredstava prinude, definisani su uslovi i način upotrebe sredstava prinude (sile), vreme trajanja, ograničenja, kao i obaveze nakon primene sile1. Posebna pažnja posvećena je definiciji sile, količini i prirodi otpora koji se mora savladati, te nivou kontrole sile koju pripadnik policije primenjuje da bi neutralisao nezakonite fizičke akcije osumnjičenog u cilju upravljanja (kontrole) određenom situacijom. Analizirana je praktična primena tehnika specijalnog fizičkog obrazovanja (SFO-a) kao sredstva zakonitih kontrolnih aktivnosti policije tj. tehnike fizičke kontrole u funkciji kontrolisanja fizičkog otpora koji pruža osumnjičeno lice. Analizirano je ukupno 182 izveštaja u kojima je bila opravdana upotreba fizičke snage. Dalje, u radu je potencirana potreba jasno kodifikovanog i opšte prihvaćenog niza pravila prilikom primene sile, kao garant etičkog i zakonitog vršenja policijskih ovlašćenja.

The paper analyzes the use of physical force as a means of coercion, i.e. techniques of physical control. The Law on Police and the Regulations on conditions and manner of use of coercive means define the conditions and manner of use of means of coercion (force), period of duration, limitations as well as obligations following the use of force.10 Special attention has been devoted to the definition of force, quantity and nature of resistance that should be surmounted, as well as the level of force control the police officers use in order to neutralize unlawful physical actions of a suspect in order to control a certain situation. Practical application of techniques of Special Physical Education (SPE) as means of legal control activities of the police, i.e. technical physical control in the function of controlling physical resistance given by a suspect have been analyzed. The total number of 182 reports when the physical force was used was analyzed. In addition to this, the paper highlights the need for clear codification and generally accepted set of rules for the use of physical force as a guarantee for ethical and legal performance of police powers., U radu je urađena analiza primene fizičke snage kao sredstva prinude, odnosno tehnike fizičke kontrole. Zakonom o policiji i Pravilnikom o uslovima i načinu upotrebe sredstava prinude, definisani su uslovi i način upotrebe sredstava prinude (sile), vreme trajanja, ograničenja, kao i obaveze nakon primene sile1. Posebna pažnja posvećena je definiciji sile, količini i prirodi otpora koji se mora savladati, te nivou kontrole sile koju pripadnik policije primenjuje da bi neutralisao nezakonite fizičke akcije osumnjičenog u cilju upravljanja (kontrole) određenom situacijom. Analizirana je praktična primena tehnika specijalnog fizičkog obrazovanja (SFO-a) kao sredstva zakonitih kontrolnih aktivnosti policije tj. tehnike fizičke kontrole u funkciji kontrolisanja fizičkog otpora koji pruža osumnjičeno lice. Analizirano je ukupno 182 izveštaja u kojima je bila opravdana upotreba fizičke snage. Dalje, u radu je potencirana potreba jasno kodifikovanog i opšte prihvaćenog niza pravila prilikom primene sile, kao garant etičkog i zakonitog vršenja policijskih ovlašćenja.

The research has been conducted on 69 junior (18-20) and senior (21 and above) kick boxers from Vojvodina. They are classified according to achieved sporting results into four (4) categories: I category - athletes who achieved the best results by winning one of the medals at the World or European championship, II category - athletes who won medals at the international tournaments (competitions), III category - athletes who achieved results by winning one of the medals at the national championship, IV category - athletes who did not achieve any significant results. Discriminant analysis provides three discriminant functions. First function divides I category (most successful athletes) from locally successful (III category). Second function separates groups in the manner that group II (internationally successful) separates from all others. Third function (p>0.05) divides unsuccessful athletes from athletes that accomplish some local result. It is to be concluded that for top result achievement in kick-boxing, it is necessary to direct selection and training in the way that in athletes have to be incorporated complete and integrated assembly with energetic and informatics component of movement regulation, as we speak about general motor dimensions. Surely, in future analyses it has to be built in important information about specific motor knowledge, for completing set of sports knowledge.

The research has been conducted on 69 junior (18-20) and senior (21 and above) kick boxers from Vojvodina. They are classified according to achieved sporting results into four (4) categories: I category - athletes who achieved the best results by winning one of the medals at the World or European championship, II category - athletes who won medals at the international tournaments (competitions), III category - athletes who achieved results by winning one of the medals at the national championship, IV category - athletes who did not achieve any significant results. Discriminant analysis provides three discriminant functions. First function divides I category (most successful athletes) from locally successful (III category). Second function separates groups in the manner that group II (internationally successful) separates from all others. Third function (p>0.05) divides unsuccessful athletes from athletes that accomplish some local result. It is to be concluded that for top result achievement in kick-boxing, it is necessary to direct selection and training in the way that in athletes have to be incorporated complete and integrated assembly with energetic and informatics component of movement regulation, as we speak about general motor dimensions. Surely, in future analyses it has to be built in important information about specific motor knowledge, for completing set of sports knowledge.

The purpose of this paper is to check the reliability of the evaluation of the ability of the isometric force of the arms extension muscles, by doing the bench-press test on the police officers. For that purpose the test was conducted on 44 male students of the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies in Zemun. Specially for this purpose developed hardware and software system was used to sample results matching the maximal force (Fmax) of arms extension and the rate of force development (RFD), impulse of the muscle force (ImpF), coefficient of muscle activation velocity (Kmax) and the time of the force creating (tFmax). The results have shown that the coefficient of determination is high for all the observed parameters - for Fmax (R²=0.87) for RFD (R²=0.16), for Kmax (R²=0.36), for tFmax (R²=0.15), except for ImpF (R²=0.06). Because of its high reliability (R²=0.95), offered method of the testing of maximal force and the parameters of muscular force is recommended for the practical usage., Cilj rada je provera pouzdanosti (relijabilnosti) procene karakteristika izometrijske sile mišića opružača ruku primenom testa benč-pres kod policajaca. U tu svrhu izvršeno je testiranje koje je sprovedeno na 40 ispitanika muškog pola, studenata Kriminalističko-policijske akademije u Zemunu. Za svakog ispitanika posebno, razvijenim hardversko-softverskim sistemom, uzorkovani su rezultati koji odgovaraju maksimalnoj sili (Fmax) opružača ruku i parametri brzine stvaranja sile (RFD), količine saopštenog kretanja (ImpF), brzine uključenja mišića (Kmax) i vreme generisanja sile (tFmax). Rezultati su pokazali da je dati test na generalnom nivou objektivan i pouzdan (Conical R=0.95). U odnosu na parcijalnu objektivnost i pouzdanost utvrđeno je da je koeficijent determinacije za Fmax R2 = 0,87 (p=0,000), za RFD R2 = 0,16 (p=0,009), za Kmax R2 = 0,36 (p=0,000) i za tFmax R2 = 0,15 (p=0,013), dok za ImpF nije utvrđena statistički značajna pouzdanost (R2 = 0,06, p=0,099). Generalno, predloženi metod testiranja maksimalne sile i parametara mišićne sile je pokazao visoku pouzdanost, pa se preporučuje za upotrebu u praksi.

The purpose of this paper is to check the reliability of the evaluation of the ability of the isometric force of the arms extension muscles, by doing the bench-press test on the police officers. For that purpose the test was conducted on 44 male students of the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies in Zemun. Specially for this purpose developed hardware and software system was used to sample results matching the maximal force (Fmax) of arms extension and the rate of force development (RFD), impulse of the muscle force (ImpF), coefficient of muscle activation velocity (Kmax) and the time of the force creating (tFmax). The results have shown that the coefficient of determination is high for all the observed parameters - for Fmax (R²=0.87) for RFD (R²=0.16), for Kmax (R²=0.36), for tFmax (R²=0.15), except for ImpF (R²=0.06). Because of its high reliability (R²=0.95), offered method of the testing of maximal force and the parameters of muscular force is recommended for the practical usage., Cilj rada je provera pouzdanosti (relijabilnosti) procene karakteristika izometrijske sile mišića opružača ruku primenom testa benč-pres kod policajaca. U tu svrhu izvršeno je testiranje koje je sprovedeno na 40 ispitanika muškog pola, studenata Kriminalističko-policijske akademije u Zemunu. Za svakog ispitanika posebno, razvijenim hardversko-softverskim sistemom, uzorkovani su rezultati koji odgovaraju maksimalnoj sili (Fmax) opružača ruku i parametri brzine stvaranja sile (RFD), količine saopštenog kretanja (ImpF), brzine uključenja mišića (Kmax) i vreme generisanja sile (tFmax). Rezultati su pokazali da je dati test na generalnom nivou objektivan i pouzdan (Conical R=0.95). U odnosu na parcijalnu objektivnost i pouzdanost utvrđeno je da je koeficijent determinacije za Fmax R2 = 0,87 (p=0,000), za RFD R2 = 0,16 (p=0,009), za Kmax R2 = 0,36 (p=0,000) i za tFmax R2 = 0,15 (p=0,013), dok za ImpF nije utvrđena statistički značajna pouzdanost (R2 = 0,06, p=0,099). Generalno, predloženi metod testiranja maksimalne sile i parametara mišićne sile je pokazao visoku pouzdanost, pa se preporučuje za upotrebu u praksi.

The introduction of the paper focuses on the very notion and definition of Special Physical Education (henceforth, SPE). Following a brief retrospective of the development of various modalities and systems of martial arts, special attention has been given to development of traditional Japanese jujutsu self-defense system, from ancient times to modern day. The paper further deals with the origins of modern jujutsu dating back to early 20th century, the establishing of Kodo kan judo system and karate sport, their development in European countries and in our territories. It also explains the genesis of martial art instruction in police educational institutions in our country, from their beginning at the opening of the last century to this day. The paper finishes in closing considerations., U uvodnom delu rada dat je pojam i definicija Specijalnog fizičkog obrazovanja (SFO). Nakon kraćeg pregleda opšteg razvoja pojavnih oblika borenja i borilačkih sistema, posebna pažnja je data razvoju tradicionalne japanske đuđucu (džiu džicu) sistema samoodbrane od najstarijih vremena do današnjih dana na prostoru Japana. U nastavku, dat je razvoj moderne džiu-džicu početkom 20. veka, nastanak Kodo kan džudo sistema, i karate sporta, njihov razvoj u evropskim zemljama, sa naglaskom na naše prostore. Dalje je u radu prikazana geneza borilačke obuke u policijskim obrazovnim institucijama kod nas, od prvih početaka u prošlom veku pa do današnjih dana. Na kraju rada data su za- ključna razmatranja.

The introduction of the paper focuses on the very notion and definition of Special Physical Education (henceforth, SPE). Following a brief retrospective of the development of various modalities and systems of martial arts, special attention has been given to development of traditional Japanese jujutsu self-defense system, from ancient times to modern day. The paper further deals with the origins of modern jujutsu dating back to early 20th century, the establishing of Kodo kan judo system and karate sport, their development in European countries and in our territories. It also explains the genesis of martial art instruction in police educational institutions in our country, from their beginning at the opening of the last century to this day. The paper finishes in closing considerations., U uvodnom delu rada dat je pojam i definicija Specijalnog fizičkog obrazovanja (SFO). Nakon kraćeg pregleda opšteg razvoja pojavnih oblika borenja i borilačkih sistema, posebna pažnja je data razvoju tradicionalne japanske đuđucu (džiu džicu) sistema samoodbrane od najstarijih vremena do današnjih dana na prostoru Japana. U nastavku, dat je razvoj moderne džiu-džicu početkom 20. veka, nastanak Kodo kan džudo sistema, i karate sporta, njihov razvoj u evropskim zemljama, sa naglaskom na naše prostore. Dalje je u radu prikazana geneza borilačke obuke u policijskim obrazovnim institucijama kod nas, od prvih početaka u prošlom veku pa do današnjih dana. Na kraju rada data su za- ključna razmatranja.

The paper examines the output characteristics of mechanism responsible for generation of the set level of force over the arm extensor. The research was carried out using bench-press test in isometric conditions of strain, and it was carried out at the sample of 150 subjects - the students of Advanced School of Interior Affairs in Zemun - Beograd. During the experimental testing, the subjects were given 5 individual test attempts each, whereas the maximum muscle isometric power was measured during the first attempt FmaxIZO (F30%T, F50%T, F70%T i F90%T), and during the remaining four attempts the force achieved was compared with the set percentage of maximum force Fmax at the level of 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% (F30%o, F50%o, F70%o and F90%o). The other parameters defining the mechanisms of demonstration of isometric muscle force have also been measured such as: the speed of force generation in the unit of time, i.e. explosiveness - RFD, the speed of inclusion of motor units - K and the time required for generation of tested levels of force - t. All mentioned parameters were observed in relation to theoretically set module (level of force), as well as for the realized module (level of force). Testing was carried out by means of hardware-software system used in Diagnostic and Prognosis Laboratory (DPL) for Special Physical Education in the Advanced School of Interior Affairs in Zemun. In order to determine the existence of difference between individual variables a student t-test for pair samples was used. The results of a student t-test showed that there were statistically significant differences (p lt 0.01) between the mean value of the realized force and the mean value of theoretical level of force of FmaxIZO (30%, 50%, 70% and 90%, as mean, big and sub-maximum level of force) for all monitored variables, except for the achieved and realized force for variables F90%T F90%O (p = 0.74) and RFD90% T - RFD90%O (p = 0.22). Generally observed, based on the parameters monitored, U radu su ispitivane karakteristike autputa (out-put) mehanizma odgovornog za kontrolu stvaranja zadatog nivoa sile nad mišićima opružača ruku. Istraživanje je ostvareno primenom testa bendž-pres u izometrijskim uslovima naprezanja, a realizovano je nad uzorkom od 150 ispitanika. Ispitanici su tokom eksperimentalnog testiranja ostvarili po 5 pojedinačnih testovnih pokušaja, pri čemu je pri prvom pokušaju merena maksimalna mišićna izometrijska sila FmaxIZO (F30%T, F50%T, F70%T i F90%T), a u preostala četiri je merena ostvarena sila u odnosu na zadati procenat od maksimalne sile Fmax na nivou od 30%, 50%, 70% i 90% (F30%o, F50%o, F70%o i F90%o). Takođe, mereni su i ostali parametri koji definišu mehanizme ispoljavanja izometrijske mišićne sile i to: brzina stvaranja sile u jedinici vreme- na, tj. eksplozivnost - RFD, brzina uključenja motornih jedinica - K i vreme potrebno za generisanje ispitivanih nivoa sile - t. Svi pomenuti parametri su posmatrani u odnosu na teoretski zadat modul (nivo sile), kao i za ostvareni, tj. realizovani modul (nivo sile). Rezultati studentovog t-testa su pokazali da po- stoje statistički značajne razlike (p lt 0.01) između srednje vrednosti ostvarene sile i srednje vrednosti teoretskog nivoa sile od FmaxIZO (30%, 50%, 70% i 90% kao srednjeg, velikog i sub maksimalnog nivoa sile) kod svih praćenih varijabli, osim kod postignute i ostvarene sile kod varijabli F90%T - F90%O (p = 0.74) i RFD90% T RFD90%O (p = 0.22). Generalno, na osnovu parametara koji su praćeni u navedenom istraživanju može se zaključiti da se kontrola generisanja maksimalnih i zadatih iznosa sile, zadate (ostvarene) vrednosti od maksimalnih (teoretskih) razlikuju.

The purpose of the work is to check the reliability of the evaluation the ability of the isometric force of the arms extension muscles, by doing the bench - press test in the women police officers. A test for that purpose included 22 women probationers who attended the Police College in Zemun. For every probationer there was a specially developed hardware - software system there were exemplary results which matched the maximal force (Fmax) arms extension and the rate of force developement (RFD), impulse of the muscle force (ImpF), coefficient of muscle activation velocity (Kmax) and the time of the force creating (tFmax). The results have shown that this test on a general level is objective and reliable on the Canonical R = 0.9451 level from 94.51%. In comparison to partial objectivity and reliability, in function of observed parameters of the muscle contraction, it has been submitted that Fmax is reliable on the level of 79.4% (p = 0.000), ImpF is reliable on the level of 50.56% (p = 0.000), Kmax is reliable on the level of 33.58% (p = 0.0046), and tFmax is reliable on the level of 37.5% (p = 0.0025), while for the RFD force, fulfilled in the given system of the demonstrating (isometric), for the given sample (women police officers age D 22+/- 1.5 year) and the group of the muscles (the arms extension muscles) is not confirmed statistically significant reliability measured by the method test - retest (R2 = 0.161, p = 0.064). Because of the high general reliability, the offered method of the testing of maximal force and the parameter of muscular force, is recommended for the practical usage. In the next research, it is necessary to define measuring features of the given test too, and especially measure values for the RFD force valuation., Cilj rada je provera pouzdanosti (relijabilnosti) procene karakteristika izometrijske sile mišića opružača ruku, primenom testa benč-pres kod žena pripadnika policije. U tu svrhu izvršeno je testiranje koje je sprovedeno sa 22 ispitanika ženskog pola, studenata Više škole unutrašnjih poslova u Zemunu. Za svakog ispitanika posebno razvijenim hardversko-softverskim sistemom, uzorkovani su rezultati koji odgovaraju maksimalnoj sili (Fmax) opružača ruku i parametri brzine stvaranja sile (RFD), količine saopštenog kretanja (ImpF), brzine uključenja mišića (Kmax) i vreme generisanja sile (tFmax). Rezultati su pokazali da je dati test na generalnom nivou objektivan i pouzdan na nivou Kanoničkog R (Canonical R = 0.9451) od 94.51%. U odnosu na parcijalnu objektivnost i pouzdanost, u funkciji posmatranih parametara mišićne kontrakcije utvrđeno je da je Fmax pouzdana na nivou 79.4% (r = 0.000), ImpF pouzdana na nivou 50.56% (r= 0.000), Kmax pouzdana na nivou 33.78% (r = 0.0046), i tFmax pouzdana na nivou 37.5% (r = 0.0025), dok za eksplozivnu silu (RFD) realizovanu u datom režimu ispoljavanja (izometrija) za dati uzorak (žene policajci uzrasta od 22±1.5 godina) i mišićnu grupu (opružači ruku) nije utvrđena statistički značajna pouzdanost merena metodom test - retest (R2 = 0.161, p = 0.064). Zbog visoke generalne pouzdanosti predloženi metod testiranja maksimalne sile i parametara mišićne sile se preporučuje za upotrebu u praksi. U narednom istraživanju treba definisati i metrološke karakteristike datog testa, a naročito metrološke vrednosti procene eksplozivne sile - RFD.

The research has been carried out in order to measure the variability of the development of muscle force control achieved by the arms extensor muscle within the task requirements. The experiment involved testing the arm extensor muscle by using the isometric Flat Bench Press Test. The sample consisted of 28 subjects who were students of the College of Internal Affairs in Zemun - Belgrade. The subjects had underwent five individual test trials, within which the first trial measured the maximum isometric muscle force (Fmaxizo) and in the other four cases depended on the acquired percentage of Fmaxizo at the levels of 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%. The testing was developed by using a hardware-software system applied in the Special Physical Education Laboratory at the College of Internal Affairs. The variability differences among the observed variables were measured by implementing the ANOVA variance analysis, Kandall′s and Wilcoxon′s Test. In order to establish the differences among individual variables, the Student's t-test of equal samples was used. The ANOVA results showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values and variability among all of the observed variables at the F = 6.065, p = 0.001 level, in relation to the absolute values and F = 9.956, p = 0.000 and in relation to relative force values. The results of the Student's t-test showed a statistically significant difference among the mean value of errors in the developed force between the level of 30 percent (as the smallest force of the level tested) and all the other levels of 50%, 70% and 90% (as the middle, large and submaximum level of force). Kandall′s test showed that the error distribution, that is, the level of force deviation from the force level required by the task, differs from the aspect of absolute and the aspect of relative values (values in percents) at the p = 0.000 level. According to the results, it can be concluded that in regards to the control of muscle force distribution a, Istraživanje je obavljeno sa ciljem da se proceni varijabilitet kontrole realizacije ostvarenog nivoa mišićne sile kod mišića opružača ruku u funkciji zadatkom zadatog. Eksperimentom je bilo obuhvaćeno testiranje mišića opružača ruku primenom testa ravni bendž-pres u izometrijskim uslovima naprezanja, a realizovano je nad uzorkom sastavljenom od 28 ispitanika, studenata Više škole unutrašnjih poslova u Zemunu - Beograd. Ispitanici su tokom eksperimentalnog testiranja ostvarili po 5 pojedinačna testovna pokušaja, pri čemu je pri prvom pokušaju merena maksimalna mišićnu sila (FmaxIZO) a u preostala četiri ostvarena sila u odnosu na zadati procenat od maksimalne sile Fmax na nivou od 30%, 50%, 70% i 90%. Testiranje je izvršeno pomoću hardversko-softverskog sistema koji se koristi u Dijagnostičko prognostičkoj laboratoriji (DPL) za Specijalno fizičko obrazovanje u Višoj školi unutrašnjih poslova u Beogradu. Razlika varijabiliteta između posmatranih varijabli utvrđena je primenom analize varijanse - ANOVA, Kendalovog i Vilkoksonovog testa. Za utvrđivanje postojanja razlike između pojedinačnih varijabli korišćen je Studentov t test za parne uzorke. Rezultati ANOVE su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika između srednjih vrednosti i varijabliliteta kod posmatranih varijabli na nivou F = 6.065, p = 0.001, u odnosu na apsolutne vrednosti, i F = 9.956, p = 0.000, u odnosu na relativne vrednosti sile. Rezultati Studentovog t-testa pokazali su da postoje statistički značajne razlike između srednje vrednosti grešaka ostvarene sile između nivoa od 30% (kao najnižeg testiranog nivoa sile) i svih ostalih nivoa (50%, 70% i 90%, kao srednjeg, velikog i submaksimalnog nivoa sile). Kendalov test pokazuju da se distribucije grešaka, tj. postignutih odstupanja nivoa sile od zadate vrednosti, razlikuju i sa aspekta apsolutnih i sa aspekta relativnih vrednosti (vrednosti izražene u %) na nivou p = 0.000. Generalno posmatrano, na osnovu rezultata se može zaključiti da u odnosu na

The paper examines the output characteristics of mechanism responsible for generation of the set level of force over the arm extensor. The research was carried out using bench-press test in isometric conditions of strain, and it was carried out at the sample of 150 subjects - the students of Advanced School of Interior Affairs in Zemun - Beograd. During the experimental testing, the subjects were given 5 individual test attempts each, whereas the maximum muscle isometric power was measured during the first attempt FmaxIZO (F30%T, F50%T, F70%T i F90%T), and during the remaining four attempts the force achieved was compared with the set percentage of maximum force Fmax at the level of 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% (F30%o, F50%o, F70%o and F90%o). The other parameters defining the mechanisms of demonstration of isometric muscle force have also been measured such as: the speed of force generation in the unit of time, i.e. explosiveness - RFD, the speed of inclusion of motor units - K and the time required for generation of tested levels of force - t. All mentioned parameters were observed in relation to theoretically set module (level of force), as well as for the realized module (level of force). Testing was carried out by means of hardware-software system used in Diagnostic and Prognosis Laboratory (DPL) for Special Physical Education in the Advanced School of Interior Affairs in Zemun. In order to determine the existence of difference between individual variables a student t-test for pair samples was used. The results of a student t-test showed that there were statistically significant differences (p lt 0.01) between the mean value of the realized force and the mean value of theoretical level of force of FmaxIZO (30%, 50%, 70% and 90%, as mean, big and sub-maximum level of force) for all monitored variables, except for the achieved and realized force for variables F90%T F90%O (p = 0.74) and RFD90% T - RFD90%O (p = 0.22). Generally observed, based on the parameters monitored, U radu su ispitivane karakteristike autputa (out-put) mehanizma odgovornog za kontrolu stvaranja zadatog nivoa sile nad mišićima opružača ruku. Istraživanje je ostvareno primenom testa bendž-pres u izometrijskim uslovima naprezanja, a realizovano je nad uzorkom od 150 ispitanika. Ispitanici su tokom eksperimentalnog testiranja ostvarili po 5 pojedinačnih testovnih pokušaja, pri čemu je pri prvom pokušaju merena maksimalna mišićna izometrijska sila FmaxIZO (F30%T, F50%T, F70%T i F90%T), a u preostala četiri je merena ostvarena sila u odnosu na zadati procenat od maksimalne sile Fmax na nivou od 30%, 50%, 70% i 90% (F30%o, F50%o, F70%o i F90%o). Takođe, mereni su i ostali parametri koji definišu mehanizme ispoljavanja izometrijske mišićne sile i to: brzina stvaranja sile u jedinici vreme- na, tj. eksplozivnost - RFD, brzina uključenja motornih jedinica - K i vreme potrebno za generisanje ispitivanih nivoa sile - t. Svi pomenuti parametri su posmatrani u odnosu na teoretski zadat modul (nivo sile), kao i za ostvareni, tj. realizovani modul (nivo sile). Rezultati studentovog t-testa su pokazali da po- stoje statistički značajne razlike (p lt 0.01) između srednje vrednosti ostvarene sile i srednje vrednosti teoretskog nivoa sile od FmaxIZO (30%, 50%, 70% i 90% kao srednjeg, velikog i sub maksimalnog nivoa sile) kod svih praćenih varijabli, osim kod postignute i ostvarene sile kod varijabli F90%T - F90%O (p = 0.74) i RFD90% T RFD90%O (p = 0.22). Generalno, na osnovu parametara koji su praćeni u navedenom istraživanju može se zaključiti da se kontrola generisanja maksimalnih i zadatih iznosa sile, zadate (ostvarene) vrednosti od maksimalnih (teoretskih) razlikuju.

The purpose of the work is to check the reliability of the evaluation the ability of the isometric force of the arms extension muscles, by doing the bench - press test in the women police officers. A test for that purpose included 22 women probationers who attended the Police College in Zemun. For every probationer there was a specially developed hardware - software system there were exemplary results which matched the maximal force (Fmax) arms extension and the rate of force developement (RFD), impulse of the muscle force (ImpF), coefficient of muscle activation velocity (Kmax) and the time of the force creating (tFmax). The results have shown that this test on a general level is objective and reliable on the Canonical R = 0.9451 level from 94.51%. In comparison to partial objectivity and reliability, in function of observed parameters of the muscle contraction, it has been submitted that Fmax is reliable on the level of 79.4% (p = 0.000), ImpF is reliable on the level of 50.56% (p = 0.000), Kmax is reliable on the level of 33.58% (p = 0.0046), and tFmax is reliable on the level of 37.5% (p = 0.0025), while for the RFD force, fulfilled in the given system of the demonstrating (isometric), for the given sample (women police officers age D 22+/- 1.5 year) and the group of the muscles (the arms extension muscles) is not confirmed statistically significant reliability measured by the method test - retest (R2 = 0.161, p = 0.064). Because of the high general reliability, the offered method of the testing of maximal force and the parameter of muscular force, is recommended for the practical usage. In the next research, it is necessary to define measuring features of the given test too, and especially measure values for the RFD force valuation., Cilj rada je provera pouzdanosti (relijabilnosti) procene karakteristika izometrijske sile mišića opružača ruku, primenom testa benč-pres kod žena pripadnika policije. U tu svrhu izvršeno je testiranje koje je sprovedeno sa 22 ispitanika ženskog pola, studenata Više škole unutrašnjih poslova u Zemunu. Za svakog ispitanika posebno razvijenim hardversko-softverskim sistemom, uzorkovani su rezultati koji odgovaraju maksimalnoj sili (Fmax) opružača ruku i parametri brzine stvaranja sile (RFD), količine saopštenog kretanja (ImpF), brzine uključenja mišića (Kmax) i vreme generisanja sile (tFmax). Rezultati su pokazali da je dati test na generalnom nivou objektivan i pouzdan na nivou Kanoničkog R (Canonical R = 0.9451) od 94.51%. U odnosu na parcijalnu objektivnost i pouzdanost, u funkciji posmatranih parametara mišićne kontrakcije utvrđeno je da je Fmax pouzdana na nivou 79.4% (r = 0.000), ImpF pouzdana na nivou 50.56% (r= 0.000), Kmax pouzdana na nivou 33.78% (r = 0.0046), i tFmax pouzdana na nivou 37.5% (r = 0.0025), dok za eksplozivnu silu (RFD) realizovanu u datom režimu ispoljavanja (izometrija) za dati uzorak (žene policajci uzrasta od 22±1.5 godina) i mišićnu grupu (opružači ruku) nije utvrđena statistički značajna pouzdanost merena metodom test - retest (R2 = 0.161, p = 0.064). Zbog visoke generalne pouzdanosti predloženi metod testiranja maksimalne sile i parametara mišićne sile se preporučuje za upotrebu u praksi. U narednom istraživanju treba definisati i metrološke karakteristike datog testa, a naročito metrološke vrednosti procene eksplozivne sile - RFD.

The research has been carried out in order to measure the variability of the development of muscle force control achieved by the arms extensor muscle within the task requirements. The experiment involved testing the arm extensor muscle by using the isometric Flat Bench Press Test. The sample consisted of 28 subjects who were students of the College of Internal Affairs in Zemun - Belgrade. The subjects had underwent five individual test trials, within which the first trial measured the maximum isometric muscle force (Fmaxizo) and in the other four cases depended on the acquired percentage of Fmaxizo at the levels of 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%. The testing was developed by using a hardware-software system applied in the Special Physical Education Laboratory at the College of Internal Affairs. The variability differences among the observed variables were measured by implementing the ANOVA variance analysis, Kandall′s and Wilcoxon′s Test. In order to establish the differences among individual variables, the Student's t-test of equal samples was used. The ANOVA results showed a statistically significant difference between the mean values and variability among all of the observed variables at the F = 6.065, p = 0.001 level, in relation to the absolute values and F = 9.956, p = 0.000 and in relation to relative force values. The results of the Student's t-test showed a statistically significant difference among the mean value of errors in the developed force between the level of 30 percent (as the smallest force of the level tested) and all the other levels of 50%, 70% and 90% (as the middle, large and submaximum level of force). Kandall′s test showed that the error distribution, that is, the level of force deviation from the force level required by the task, differs from the aspect of absolute and the aspect of relative values (values in percents) at the p = 0.000 level. According to the results, it can be concluded that in regards to the control of muscle force distribution a, Istraživanje je obavljeno sa ciljem da se proceni varijabilitet kontrole realizacije ostvarenog nivoa mišićne sile kod mišića opružača ruku u funkciji zadatkom zadatog. Eksperimentom je bilo obuhvaćeno testiranje mišića opružača ruku primenom testa ravni bendž-pres u izometrijskim uslovima naprezanja, a realizovano je nad uzorkom sastavljenom od 28 ispitanika, studenata Više škole unutrašnjih poslova u Zemunu - Beograd. Ispitanici su tokom eksperimentalnog testiranja ostvarili po 5 pojedinačna testovna pokušaja, pri čemu je pri prvom pokušaju merena maksimalna mišićnu sila (FmaxIZO) a u preostala četiri ostvarena sila u odnosu na zadati procenat od maksimalne sile Fmax na nivou od 30%, 50%, 70% i 90%. Testiranje je izvršeno pomoću hardversko-softverskog sistema koji se koristi u Dijagnostičko prognostičkoj laboratoriji (DPL) za Specijalno fizičko obrazovanje u Višoj školi unutrašnjih poslova u Beogradu. Razlika varijabiliteta između posmatranih varijabli utvrđena je primenom analize varijanse - ANOVA, Kendalovog i Vilkoksonovog testa. Za utvrđivanje postojanja razlike između pojedinačnih varijabli korišćen je Studentov t test za parne uzorke. Rezultati ANOVE su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika između srednjih vrednosti i varijabliliteta kod posmatranih varijabli na nivou F = 6.065, p = 0.001, u odnosu na apsolutne vrednosti, i F = 9.956, p = 0.000, u odnosu na relativne vrednosti sile. Rezultati Studentovog t-testa pokazali su da postoje statistički značajne razlike između srednje vrednosti grešaka ostvarene sile između nivoa od 30% (kao najnižeg testiranog nivoa sile) i svih ostalih nivoa (50%, 70% i 90%, kao srednjeg, velikog i submaksimalnog nivoa sile). Kendalov test pokazuju da se distribucije grešaka, tj. postignutih odstupanja nivoa sile od zadate vrednosti, razlikuju i sa aspekta apsolutnih i sa aspekta relativnih vrednosti (vrednosti izražene u %) na nivou p = 0.000. Generalno posmatrano, na osnovu rezultata se može zaključiti da u odnosu na