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The spatial structure of populations is key to many (eco-)evolutionary processes. In such cases, the strength and sign of selection on a trait may depend on the spatial scale considered. An example is the evolution of altruism: selection in local environments often favours cheaters over altruists, but this can be outweighed by selection at larger scales, favouring clusters of altruists over clusters of cheaters. For populations subdivided into distinct groups, this effect is described formally by multilevel selection theory. However, many populations do not consist of non-overlapping groups but rather (self-)organize into other ecological patterns. We therefore present a mathematical framework for multiscale selection. This framework decomposes natural selection into two parts: local selection, acting within environments of a certain size, and interlocal selection, acting among them. Varying the size of the local environments subsequently allows one to measure the contribution to selection of each spatial scale. To illustrate the use of this framework, we apply it to models of the evolution of altruism and pathogen transmissibility. The analysis identifies how and to what extent ecological processes at different spatial scales contribute to selection and compete, thus providing a rigorous underpinning to eco-evolutionary intuitions.

The scale of violent intergroup conflict in humans is astonishingly large compared to other mammals. This capacity for war is closely linked to our exceptionally cooperative abilities. The parochial altruism model formally describes how within-group cooperation and between-group competition could be dynamically intertwined. However, whether this influential model correctly captures the fast-paced processes of preference adaptation in humans has not been systematically scrutinized yet. Here, we develop the psychometric toolkit required for this task and test key assumptions and predictions of the model in groups involved in real intergroup conflicts of varying intensities (total N = 1,121). Conceptually corroborating the model, we find that our new measures which cleanly separate interindividual altruism from intergroup parochialism characterize individuals’ preferences better than previous metrics and improve behavioral predictions of contributions to conflict. However, our results also show that parochialism varies for different outgroups, a finding that is not anticipated by the model. Thus, the five studies we report here provide new methods for studying individual- and group-level social preferences in the context of intergroup conflict and present new evidence that can inform substantive theoretical improvement.

The spatial structure of populations is key to many (eco-)evolutionary processes. In such cases, the strength and sign of selection on a trait may depend on the spatial scale considered. An example is the evolution of altruism: selection in local environments often favours cheaters over altruists, but this can be outweighed by selection at larger scales, favouring clusters of altruists over clusters of cheaters. For populations subdivided into distinct groups, this effect is described formally by multilevel selection theory. However, many populations do not consist of non-overlapping groups but rather (self-)organize into other ecological patterns. We therefore present a mathematical framework for multiscale selection. This framework decomposes natural selection into two parts: local selection, acting within environments of a certain size, and interlocal selection, acting among them. Varying the size of the local environments subsequently allows one to measure the contribution to selection of each spatial scale. To illustrate the use of this framework, we apply it to models of the evolution of altruism and pathogen transmissibility. The analysis identifies how and to what extent ecological processes at different spatial scales contribute to selection and compete, thus providing a rigorous underpinning to eco-evolutionary intuitions.

This paper examines key assumptions about the benefits of self-oriented care and other-oriented care that have been guiding considerable amounts of research and applications in psychology. More specifically, the paper questions the importance of what can be referred to as the ‘Oxygen Mask Assumption,’ the belief that it is often best to take care of oneself to better take care of others. Based on mounting evidence of the benefits of prosocial behaviour, both for the giver and the receiver, this paper proposes an explicitly other-oriented model of wellbeing. The paper first outlines the Oxygen Mask Assumption and research demonstrating the importance of self-oriented care and the implicit model guiding much of this research. This is followed by examining recent research on the benefits of prosocial behaviour, and the introduction of an other-oriented model of wellbeing. Predictions based on both models are evaluated in light of current research. Theoretical and practical implications of adopting an other-oriented model are discussed., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This study investigates the feasibility of enhancing community engagement through gamification, using a prototype third-person 3D adventure game called Harmoni. The research targets international students in Gotland, Sweden, aiming to reduce cultural barriers and promote community involvement. By integrating game elements such as altruistic missions, language learning, and historical exploration, the prototype seeks to motivate real-life participation in community activities. Data collected from pre- and post-surveys and follow-up interviews with a small sample size (n=10) suggest that gamification can positively impact community involvement. Despite the limitations of sample size, the findings indicate that thoughtfully designed gamified experiences can foster a sense of belonging and encourage active participation in community life. The study underscores the potential of gamification in educational and social contexts, offering insights for future applications and improvements in game-based community engagement strategies.

This study investigates the feasibility of enhancing community engagement through gamification, using a prototype third-person 3D adventure game called Harmoni. The research targets international students in Gotland, Sweden, aiming to reduce cultural barriers and promote community involvement. By integrating game elements such as altruistic missions, language learning, and historical exploration, the prototype seeks to motivate real-life participation in community activities. Data collected from pre- and post-surveys and follow-up interviews with a small sample size (n=10) suggest that gamification can positively impact community involvement. Despite the limitations of sample size, the findings indicate that thoughtfully designed gamified experiences can foster a sense of belonging and encourage active participation in community life. The study underscores the potential of gamification in educational and social contexts, offering insights for future applications and improvements in game-based community engagement strategies.

In this paper we introduce two refinements of Nash equilibria for extensive form games: the quasi-stable equilibrium and the stable equilibrium. We then introduce the general strategic game with delegates and study the new solutions in that context. We apply the new solution concepts to symmetric n-player games in which each player has two strategies. The main conclusion is that, in the prisoner's dilemma, if the punishment payoff is sufficient, when both players choose strategically altruistic delegates they can obtain the cooperative payoff.

This paper strives to provide an overview of altruism around the world whilst tackling these two issues from an economic perspective. Since we address altruism at an international level, our focus is on international surveys as a way of approaching altruism, and experimental methods have been disregarded. More precisely, we have selected the most commonly used international surveys in the economic literature: Global Preference Survey (GPS), World Values Survey (WVS), International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), European Social Survey (ESS), and General Social Survey (GSS). These surveys have been widely employed to analyse the characteristics of altruistic individuals and the implications of altruism on areas as diverse as the contribution to public goods, the prevention of COVID, the reduction of corruption, the redistribution of income, and public.

Should people get vaccinated for the sake of others? What could ground—and limit—the normative claim that people ought to do so? In this paper, we propose a reasons-based consequentialist account of vaccination for the benefit of others. We outline eight harm-based and probabilistic factors that, we argue, give people moral reasons to get vaccinated. Instead of understanding other-directed vaccination in terms of binary moral duties (i.e., where people either have or do not have a moral duty to get vaccinated), we develop a scalar approach according to which people can have stronger or weaker moral reasons to get vaccinated in view of the moral good of vaccination. One advantage of our approach is that it can capture why a person might have strong moral reasons to get vaccinated with Vaccine A, but only weak moral reasons to get vaccinated with Vaccine B. We discuss theoretical strengths of our approach and provide a case study of vaccination against COVID-19 to demonstrate its practical significance.

Family members and friends can play an important role in adolescents prosocial behavior. To better understand the relation between support and prosocial behavior in adolescence, its important to conduct longitudinal studies that distinguish between within-dyad variance and between-dyad variance. The current study investigated longitudinal associations between adolescents prosocial behavior, autonomy support, and emotional support from family and friends across adolescence. Across six annual years, 497 Dutch adolescents (284 boys; mean age T1 = 13.03 years, SDage = 0.46), fathers, mothers, siblings, and friends reported on their prosocial behavior. Adolescents also reported on perceived autonomy and emotional support. Between-dyads almost all associations of support and prosocial behavior of family members and friends with adolescents prosocial behavior were significant, with higher levels of adolescents prosocial behavior being associated with higher levels of prosocial behavior and support from fathers, mothers and friends. Within-dyads, several concurrent associations were significant, but within-dyads links between prosocial behavior and autonomy support are particularly driven by adolescent-mother or adolescent-sibling effects. This study highlights processes that occurred either at the between-dyad level or at the within-dyad level, but that varied per relationship type and that adolescents are the main catalysts in within-dyads changes in prosocial behavior and support. Preregistration: This study was preregistered on 20 January 2020 at https://osf.io/vxkm3/?view_only=dca87fd1585c444ba5cd5a00c22280ae .

In contemporary times, a large number of individuals- due to multitude of concerns and challenges- oen find themselves engaging in toxic or violent intrapersonal communication. ey have to face difficult situations, varieties of inner conflicts and suffer from stress. Besides, violent intrapersonal communication leads to a negative self-concept and lowering of self-esteem. It is within this background that introducing nonviolent intrapersonal communication- to be nurtured and practiced in our daily lives- becomes crucial. By practicing nonviolent intrapersonal communication, a toxic inner communication ecosystem is transformed into a healthy one. When elements of nonviolent intrapersonal communication- like self-compassion, loving kindness towards self, avoidance of being judgmental towards self- are assimilated, the negative self-concept changes into a positive one. is paper will precisely look at this dimension using open-ended self-reports of respondents who have been oriented towards practicing nonviolent intrapersonal communication. Further, the paper will gauge on how the positive self-concept, which evolves by the use of nonviolent intrapersonal communication, gives a direction toward altruistic action, an essential element of responsible citizenship. e overarching goal of the paper is to attempt to develop an intrinsic link between nonviolent intrapersonal communication and its role in the development of a positive self-concept which gives way to altruistic action., Nos tempos atuais, um grande número de indivíduos - devido a uma infinidade de preocupações e desafios - muitas vezes se vê envolvido em uma comunicação intrapessoal tóxica ou violenta. Eles têm de enfrentar situações difíceis, diversos conflitos internos e sofrem de estresse. Além disso, a comunicação intrapessoal violenta leva a um autoconceito negativo e à diminuição da autoestima. É nesse contexto que a introdução da comunicação intrapessoal não violenta - a ser cultivada e praticada em nossa vida diária - torna-se crucial. Ao praticar a comunicação intrapessoal não violenta, um ecossistema de comunicação interna tóxico é transformado em um ecossistema saudável. Quando os elementos da comunicação intrapessoal não violenta - como autocompaixão, bondade amorosa para consigo mesmo, evitar o julgamento de si mesmo - são assimilados, o autoconceito negativo se transforma em um positivo. Este artigo examinará precisamente essa dimensão usando autorrelatos abertos de entrevistados que foram orientados a praticar a comunicação intrapessoal não violenta. Além disso, o artigo avaliará como o autoconceito positivo, que evolui com o uso da comunicação intrapessoal não-violenta, orienta para a ação altruísta, um elemento essencial da cidadania responsável. O objetivo geral do artigo é tentar desenvolver um vínculo intrínseco entre a comunicação intrapessoal não violenta e seu papel no desenvolvimento de um autoconceito positivo que dá lugar à ação altruísta, En la época contemporánea, un gran número de personas -debido a multitud de preocupaciones y retos- se encuentran a menudo inmersas en una comunicación intrapersonal tóxica o violenta. Tienen que enfrentarse a situaciones difíciles, a diversos conflictos internos y sufren estrés. Además, la comunicación intrapersonal violenta conduce a un autoconcepto negativo y a una disminución de la autoestima. En este contexto, resulta crucial introducir la comunicación intrapersonal no violenta, que debe cultivarse y practicarse en nuestra vida cotidiana. Al practicar la comunicación intrapersonal no violenta, un ecosistema de comunicación interior tóxico se transforma en uno saludable. Cuando se asimilan los elementos de la comunicación intrapersonal no violenta, como la autocompasión, la bondad amorosa hacia uno mismo y la evitación del juicio hacia uno mismo, el autoconcepto negativo se transforma en positivo. En este artículo se analizará esta dimensión utilizando autoinformes abiertos de encuestados que se han orientado hacia la práctica de la comunicación intrapersonal no violenta. Además, el documento medirá cómo el autoconcepto positivo, que evoluciona mediante el uso de la comunicación intrapersonal no violenta, orienta hacia la acción altruista, un elemento esencial de la ciudadanía responsable. El objetivo general del artículo es intentar establecer un vínculo intrínseco entre la comunicación intrapersonal no violenta y su papel en el desarrollo de un autoconcepto positivo que dé paso a la acción altruista.

In Colombia there are no consolidated studies that evidence the existence of prosocial behavior. There are very few indicators that measure how these behaviors can help reduce levels of aggression and violence. What is known from previous studies is that altruistic behaviors seem incompatible with aggression. This article summarizes the results of an investigation that describes the prosocial behaviors of children in the Colombian context. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 587 children between 9 and 12 years of age. The results show high levels of prosocial behavior among girls and significant differences among members of this gender group in almost all of the dimensions that were evaluated. Based on these results, it can be inferred that prosocial behavior represents a very important asset that helps prevent acts of aggression in schools., Na Colômbia, não existem estudos consolidados que mostrem a existência de comportamentos pró-sociais e poucos indicadores que reflitam como esses comportamentos podem influenciar na redução de comportamentos agressivos. O que se sabe de estudos anteriores é que comportamentos de natureza altruísta parecem incompatíveis com a agressividade. O artigo recolhe os resultados de uma investigação que descreve os comportamentos pró-sociais de crianças neste contexto. O estudo transversal foi realizado com 587 crianças entre 9 e 12 anos de idade. Os resultados mostram altos níveis de pró-socialidade e diferenças significativas a favor das meninas em quase todas as dimensões avaliadas. Com a presença desses comportamentos, pode-se inferir que a pró-socialidade representa um recurso muito importante para prevenir manifestações agressivas nas escolas., En Colombia no existen estudios consolidados que muestren la existencia de conductas prosociales y menos indicadores que reflejen cómo estas conductas pueden influir en la reducción de los comportamientos agresivos. Lo que sí se sabe por estudios previos es que las conductas de naturaleza altruista parecen incompatibles con la agresividad. El artículo recoge los resultados de una investigación que describe las conductas prosociales de los niños de este contexto. El estudio de tipo transversal se realizó con 587 niños entre los 9 y 12 años. Los resultados evidencian niveles elevados de prosocialidad y diferencias significativas a favor de las niñas en casi todas las dimensiones evaluadas. Con la presencia de estos comportamientos se puede inferir que la prosocialidad representa un activo muy importante para prevenir manifestaciones agresivas en las escuelas.

Although factors leading to selfless acts, such as charitable donations, have been a central concern in political sciences, voluntary donations are among the most atypical and less well-known public revenue-raising sources. In this article, we explore which factors influence people's donations to their government. We conduct an artefactual field experiment in Peru where subjects anonymously decide how much of an endowment they freely donate to the government. We run six sessions with a sample that is representative of the taxpayer population of Metropolitan Lima regarding age, gender, and socioeconomic conditions. Our results suggest that donations depend on the subject's support to the government, the average donation by other subjects (social information) and their beliefs about the average donation of others (perceived social norms).

Altruism is fundamentally a part of Christianity, but this phenomenon has never been researched from the perspective of Christian leaders. More than simple kindness or generosity, altruism can be defined as actions and behaviors which place a person’s own interests subordinate to another’s. This qualitative study interviews 31 Christian leaders to establish an understanding of what altruism is in the context of Christian faith. The study found that Christian leaders’ experiences with altruism redefines what was previously known about the phenomenon and its role in our lives. Examining the Christian rationale of altruism provides a richer conception of altruism and its role in personal belief systems. Christian leaders’ insights about how altruism functions in pursuit of a Christ-like lifestyle provides a rarely scene viewpoint regarding the sacrifices and struggles of giving to others. The study found that altruism in Christian faith is about surrender and love, but most importantly, it is about meeting the needs of others and spiritual growth. Many of the life experiences of Christian leaders can be expressed through a new concept, “spiritual altruism,” which categorizes spiritual sacrifices for others and helps define the broader altruism phenomenon. The study suggests that the unique understandings of Christian leaders expands existing altruistic themes (e.g., kinship, reciprocity, personality, morality, and love), and that altruism should no longer be viewed as a zero-sum or egoism-altruism construct, but as a mutually beneficial activity that embraces the best in all of us and enriches our personal lives and communities.

There is no consensus in whether monetary losses make individuals more generous or selfish. Utilizing a dictator game (DG), we study the impact of loss framing on altruism and find that dictators’ altruism is sensitive to the loss frame they are embedded in. In a DG in which the dictators share a loss between themselves and a recipient, the monetary allocations are more benevolent than in a setting without a loss and in a DG in which the dictators share what remains of their endowments after a loss. These differences are explained by the social norms the loss frames invoke.

The study examines the influence of induced negative mood on dictator game giving (DGG) with two recipients. Participants (N = 63) played the role of a dictator in a three-player dictator game. They could choose among two options: an altruistic option, where two receivers receive 10 Euros and the dictator himself receives nothing, or a selfish option, where the dictator himself receives 5 Euros and both receivers receive nothing. For half of the participants, the second option entailed that only one receiver receives nothing and the other receives 10 Euros. After four rounds, participants were randomly assigned to look at 10 pictures with either positive or negative emotional content with the purpose of inducing positive or negative mood. The results show that looking at pictures with negative emotional content increases anxiety and skin conductance and increases DGG in the remaining four rounds of the game. On the other hand, whether the selfish option would imply that one or both recipients receive nothing does not seem to have a strong influence on DGG., Depto. de Análisis Económico y Economía Cuantitativa, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Is altruism the intuitive behavior in a moral dilemma? Or is selfishness the spontaneous behavior? To answer this question, a dictator game was played in which measures of response time and heart rates were taken with treatments that slightly differ only in the cost associated with the choice of a selfish responding. We find that neither altruism nor egoism is an intuitive process for everyone; rather, altruism is intuitive for altruistic subjects while egoism is intuitive for selfish subjects so that when these subjects are confronted with the choice of the opposite, less probable options, they become more reflective by taking longer time to respond. Lastly, during the decision period, a subject that is altruistic has a higher probability of experiencing an increase in the mean heart rate than a subject that is selfish., Depto. de Análisis Económico y Economía Cuantitativa, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Denna uppsats undersöker hur individer resonerar som valt att utbilda sig inom ett riskfyllt yrke i Sverige, trots en påtaglig hotnivå som ökat de senaste åren. Genom en kvalitativ ansats har semistrukturerade intervjuer av sju studenter vid olika polishögskolor i Sverige skapat grunden för uppsatsen. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats genom en tematisk analys och tre övergripande huvudområden, bakgrund, motivation och risk. Teorin som används för att förstå vår frågeställning, empiriska material och koppla samman med analysen är huvudsakligen från Anthony Giddens. Giddens diskuterar bland annat om det reflexiva självet, ontologisk trygghet och existentiell ångest som varit de teoretiska ramverk för vår uppsats. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en nyanserad bild och beskrivning av olika individers motiv till valet att utbilda sig till polis. Uppsatsen bidrar till ökad förståelse varför människor väljer att utbilda sig till polis trots en förhöjd hotnivå som förvärrats de senaste åren i Sverige. Uppsatsen ger tänkbara förklaringar kring människors olika drivkrafter bakom valet av polisyrket och hur hotnivån i samhället haft effekt på beslutet. Genom vald metod bidrar även denna uppsats till forskning som bygger på en kvalitativ metod. Sammanfattningsvis så visar denna uppsats att det finns fler anledningar som driver människor till polisyrket. Bakgrund, motivation och risk är viktiga områden som visat sig påverka yrkesvalet.

It has been hypothesized that horizontal gene transfer on plasmids can facilitate the evolution of cooperation, by allowing genes to jump between bacteria, and hence increase genetic relatedness at the cooperative loci. However, we show theoretically that horizontal gene transfer only appreciably increases relatedness when plasmids are rare, where there are many plasmid-free cells available to infect (many opportunities for horizontal gene transfer). In contrast, when plasmids are common, there are few opportunities for horizontal gene transfer, meaning relatedness is not appreciably increased, and so cooperation is not favored. Plasmids, therefore, evolve to be rare and cooperative, or common and noncooperative, meaning plasmid frequency and cooperativeness are never simultaneously high. The overall level of plasmid-mediated cooperation, given by the product of plasmid frequency and cooperativeness, is therefore consistently negligible or low.

This article seeks to explore Altruism presented in Amitav Ghosh’s Sea of Poppies. There is a long history of social and biological thought of intermingling and influencing male and female when it comes together as a social behavior. Adopting the lens of Darwin’s theory and Kin’s theory, it argues that spontaneous inculcation of altruism in Sea of Poppies. This article depicts new manifestations of altruistic qualities into two categories as pseudo altruism (selfish) and pure altruism (selfless). The influence of altruism is complex and never come from a single source but rather a multitude of sources both internal and external of the individual. For Darwin himself, Altruism was a riddle. This research article can be used as a guide to structure individual’s introspection of his or her own thoughts and actions that help foster a caring and socially responsive behavior for the betterment of the society.

This article seeks to explore Altruism presented in Amitav Ghosh’s Sea of Poppies. There is a long history of social and biological thought of intermingling and influencing male and female when it comes together as a social behavior. Adopting the lens of Darwin’s theory and Kin’s theory, it argues that spontaneous inculcation of altruism in Sea of Poppies. This article depicts new manifestations of altruistic qualities into two categories as pseudo altruism (selfish) and pure altruism (selfless). The influence of altruism is complex and never come from a single source but rather a multitude of sources both internal and external of the individual. For Darwin himself, Altruism was a riddle. This research article can be used as a guide to structure individual’s introspection of his or her own thoughts and actions that help foster a caring and socially responsive behavior for the betterment of the society.

Introduction The health of a community depends on the health of its individuals; therefore, individual health behaviour can implicitly affect the health of the entire community. This is particularly evident in the case of infectious diseases. Because the level of prosociality in a community might determine the effectiveness of health programmes, prosocial behaviour may be a crucial disease-control resource. This study aimed to extend the literature on prosociality and investigate the role of altruism in antibiotic decision making. Methods A discrete choice experiment was conducted to assess the influence of altruism on the general public’s preferences regarding antibiotic treatment options. The survey was completed by 378 Swedes. Latent class analysis models were used to estimate antibiotic treatment characteristics and preference heterogeneity. A three-class model resulted in the best model fit, and altruism significantly impacted preference heterogeneity. Results Our findings suggest that people with higher altruism levels had more pronounced preferences for treatment options with lower contributions to antibiotic resistance and a lower likelihood of treatment failure. Furthermore, altruism was statistically significantly associated with sex, education, and health literacy. Conclusions Antibiotic awareness, trust in healthcare systems, and non-discriminatory priority setting appear to be structural elements conducive to judicious and prosocial antibiotic behaviour. This study suggests that prosocial messages could help to decrease the demand for antibiotic treatments.

Introduction The health of a community depends on the health of its individuals; therefore, individual health behaviour can implicitly affect the health of the entire community. This is particularly evident in the case of infectious diseases. Because the level of prosociality in a community might determine the effectiveness of health programmes, prosocial behaviour may be a crucial disease-control resource. This study aimed to extend the literature on prosociality and investigate the role of altruism in antibiotic decision making. Methods A discrete choice experiment was conducted to assess the influence of altruism on the general public’s preferences regarding antibiotic treatment options. The survey was completed by 378 Swedes. Latent class analysis models were used to estimate antibiotic treatment characteristics and preference heterogeneity. A three-class model resulted in the best model fit, and altruism significantly impacted preference heterogeneity. Results Our findings suggest that people with higher altruism levels had more pronounced preferences for treatment options with lower contributions to antibiotic resistance and a lower likelihood of treatment failure. Furthermore, altruism was statistically significantly associated with sex, education, and health literacy. Conclusions Antibiotic awareness, trust in healthcare systems, and non-discriminatory priority setting appear to be structural elements conducive to judicious and prosocial antibiotic behaviour. This study suggests that prosocial messages could help to decrease the demand for antibiotic treatments.

Introduction The health of a community depends on the health of its individuals; therefore, individual health behaviour can implicitly affect the health of the entire community. This is particularly evident in the case of infectious diseases. Because the level of prosociality in a community might determine the effectiveness of health programmes, prosocial behaviour may be a crucial disease-control resource. This study aimed to extend the literature on prosociality and investigate the role of altruism in antibiotic decision making. Methods A discrete choice experiment was conducted to assess the influence of altruism on the general public’s preferences regarding antibiotic treatment options. The survey was completed by 378 Swedes. Latent class analysis models were used to estimate antibiotic treatment characteristics and preference heterogeneity. A three-class model resulted in the best model fit, and altruism significantly impacted preference heterogeneity. Results Our findings suggest that people with higher altruism levels had more pronounced preferences for treatment options with lower contributions to antibiotic resistance and a lower likelihood of treatment failure. Furthermore, altruism was statistically significantly associated with sex, education, and health literacy. Conclusions Antibiotic awareness, trust in healthcare systems, and non-discriminatory priority setting appear to be structural elements conducive to judicious and prosocial antibiotic behaviour. This study suggests that prosocial messages could help to decrease the demand for antibiotic treatments.

Introduction The health of a community depends on the health of its individuals; therefore, individual health behaviour can implicitly affect the health of the entire community. This is particularly evident in the case of infectious diseases. Because the level of prosociality in a community might determine the effectiveness of health programmes, prosocial behaviour may be a crucial disease-control resource. This study aimed to extend the literature on prosociality and investigate the role of altruism in antibiotic decision making. Methods A discrete choice experiment was conducted to assess the influence of altruism on the general public’s preferences regarding antibiotic treatment options. The survey was completed by 378 Swedes. Latent class analysis models were used to estimate antibiotic treatment characteristics and preference heterogeneity. A three-class model resulted in the best model fit, and altruism significantly impacted preference heterogeneity. Results Our findings suggest that people with higher altruism levels had more pronounced preferences for treatment options with lower contributions to antibiotic resistance and a lower likelihood of treatment failure. Furthermore, altruism was statistically significantly associated with sex, education, and health literacy. Conclusions Antibiotic awareness, trust in healthcare systems, and non-discriminatory priority setting appear to be structural elements conducive to judicious and prosocial antibiotic behaviour. This study suggests that prosocial messages could help to decrease the demand for antibiotic treatments.

Whereas the sociology of food has drawn attention to differences between corporate and alternative foodways, the political imaginations underpinning the latter are often overlooked. This article distinguishes between different political imaginations of the community kitchen, a set of practices characterised by collective preparation and redistribution of food. The analysis builds on ethnographic and archive material in Sweden to outline how the folkkök (people’s kitchen) was once an institutional practice to address urban food insecurity, soon outsourced as altruistic soup kitchens, and then regenerated a century later by the anarchist movement. By distinguishing between altruistic and anarchistic imaginations in this analysis, the article adds another layer to the critical sociological study of alternative foodways.

Whereas the sociology of food has drawn attention to differences between corporate and alternative foodways, the political imaginations underpinning the latter are often overlooked. This article distinguishes between different political imaginations of the community kitchen, a set of practices characterised by collective preparation and redistribution of food. The analysis builds on ethnographic and archive material in Sweden to outline how the folkkök (people’s kitchen) was once an institutional practice to address urban food insecurity, soon outsourced as altruistic soup kitchens, and then regenerated a century later by the anarchist movement. By distinguishing between altruistic and anarchistic imaginations in this analysis, the article adds another layer to the critical sociological study of alternative foodways.

Whereas the sociology of food has drawn attention to differences between corporate and alternative foodways, the political imaginations underpinning the latter are often overlooked. This article distinguishes between different political imaginations of the community kitchen, a set of practices characterised by collective preparation and redistribution of food. The analysis builds on ethnographic and archive material in Sweden to outline how the folkkök (people’s kitchen) was once an institutional practice to address urban food insecurity, soon outsourced as altruistic soup kitchens, and then regenerated a century later by the anarchist movement. By distinguishing between altruistic and anarchistic imaginations in this analysis, the article adds another layer to the critical sociological study of alternative foodways.

Background: After the emergence of the first vaccines against the COVID-19, public health authorities have promoted mass vaccination in order to achieve herd immunity and reduce the effects of the disease. Vaccination rates have differed between countries, depending on supply (availability of resources) and demand (altruism and resistance to vaccination) factors. Methods: This work considers the hypothesis that individuals’ health altruism has been an important factor to explain the different levels of vaccination between countries, using the number of transplants as a proxy for altruism. Taking European Union’s countries to remove, as far as possible, supply factors that might affect vaccination, we carry out cross-sectional regressions for the most favorable date of the vaccination process (maximum vaccination speed) and for each month during the vaccination campaign. Results: Our findings confirm that altruism has affected vaccination rates against the COVID-19. We find a direct relationship between transplants rates (proxy variable) and vaccination rates during periods in which the decision to be vaccinated depended on the individual’s choice, without supply restrictions. The results show that other demand factors have worked against vaccination: political polarization and belonging to the group of countries of the former Eastern bloc. Conclusions: Altruism is a useful tool to define future vaccination strategies, since it favors the individuals’ awareness for vaccination.

Roland Niederhuber, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

Buscando dar solución a la problemática presentada a nivel global por la mala disposición de residuos sólidos, se diseñó una intervención comportamental llevada a cabo en el Edificio Inteligente de EPM, sede principal de Empresas Públicas de Medellín, de ahora en adelante EPM. Con esta se promovió el conocimiento y aplicación del nuevo código nacional de disposición de residuos desde la fuente, en el cual el Gobierno, bajo la resolución 2148 de 2019 dispone que los residuos se deben separar en contenedores blancos (reciclables), negros (no aprovechables) y verdes (orgánicos aprovechables). La intervención fue desarrollada en dos fases, la primera enfocada en la educación y la segunda en el altruismo, en ambas se llevaron a cabo acciones enmarcadas en los modelos EAST y Mindspace disminuyendo la fricción para la realización del comportamiento objetivo. Se realizaron dos encuestas, al inicio y al final, y seis mediciones, la primera antes del inicio de la intervención como línea base, la segunda al finalizar la Fase 1, tres mediciones durante la Fase 2 y la sexta medición al final de esta Fase; por medio de dicho monitoreo se obtuvieron resultados que indicaron que se motivó a los funcionarios para la realización del comportamiento objetivo y se eliminaron barreras como el desconocimiento. Adicional a lo anterior, se generó una norma dinámica que impulsaba el cambio de comportamiento entre los funcionarios al observar que sus compañeros estaban realizando la acción promovida. Respecto a la disminución en el nivel de residuos mal separados se obtuvieron mejoras que variaban con las semanas en las que se llevó a cabo la intervención, aunque no se superó la línea base, por diversas razones, sí se destaca la mejora significativa que se observó en el caso del contenedor blanco, el cual da muestra de la intención de cambio para realizar una correcta disposición de los residuos reciclables., Seeking to solve the problem presented at a global level by the poor disposal of solid waste, a behavioral intervention was designed and carried out in the EPM Intelligent Building, headquarters of the Public Companies of Medellín, from now on EPM. With this, the knowledge and application of the new national code for waste disposal from the source was promoted, in which the Government, under resolution 2148 of 2019, stipulates that waste must be separated into white containers (recyclable), black (non- usable) and green (usable organics). The intervention was developed in two phases, the first focused on education and the second on altruism. In both phases, actions framed in the EAST and Mindspace models were carried out, reducing friction for the performance of the objective behavior. Two surveys were carried out, at the beginning and at the end, and also six measurements, the first before the start of the intervention as a baseline, the second at the end of Phase 1, three measurements during Phase 2 and the sixth measurement at the end of this Phase; through said monitoring, the obtained results indicated that officials were motivated to carry out the objective behavior and that barriers such as ignorance were eliminated. In addition to the previous information, a dynamic norm that promoted behavior change among officials was generated; it occurred when they observed that their colleagues were carrying out the promoted action. Regarding the decrease in the level of poorly separated waste, improvements that varied with the weeks in which the intervention was carried out were obtained, although the baseline was not exceeded for various reasons, the significant improvement that was observed stands out in the case of the white container, which shows the intention to change to carry out a correct disposal of recyclable waste.

Denna kvantitativa studie har sitt fokus på faktorer som motiverar valet av att bli socionom. Individuella faktorer inkluderar studenternas bakgrund, intressen och tidigare erfarenheter, medan strukturella faktorer innefattar utbildningens utformning och arbetsmarknadens förutsättningar. En enkät skickades ut till nio lärosäten i Sverige och besvarades av 214 socionomstudenter i terminerna 1, 2, 6 och 7. Enkäten användes som ett verktyg för att mäta studenternas attityder och motivation till utbildningsvalet. Attitydfaktorer operationaliserades med hjälp av mätinstrument och tidigare forskning vilket resulterade i olika variabler. För att specificera vilka variabler som skulle ingå formulerades fyra hypoteser som hjälpte till att vägleda analysen och uppnå studiens syfte. Det insamlade materialet presenterades med hjälp av olika statistiska analysmetoder i SPSS, såsom Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-två, Anova och Mann-Whitney U test. Resultaten analyserades vidare med hjälp av våra teoretiska referensramar, habitus- och kapitalteori, Wounded healer och en modell över förklaringsfaktorerna i utbildningsval. Studiens resultat visar att individuella faktorer, särskilt altruism och personliga erfarenheter, har en signifikant inverkan på socionomstudenternas utbildningsval. Det framkommer att kvinnliga studenter i högre utsträckning väljer socionomutbildningen av altruistiska motiv än manliga studenter. Dessutom observerades det att graden av altruism varierar bland terminerna, där studenterna blir mindre altruistiska ju längre fram i utbildningen de kommer.

Forskning inom altruism och egoism är omfattande, båda sidorna hävdar att det finns bevis för deras sak. Syftet med undersökningen var att förstå motivationsfaktorer gällande hjälpande, samt en inblick angående relationer och typen av hjälpande. Deltagarna bestod av 85 studenter, åldrarna 19–50, 65 var kvinnor. Databearbetning var inspirerad av empirisk metodik, varje berättelse meningskoncentrerades. Främlingar var typen av relation som mest blev hjälpt. Vardaglig fysisk hjälp var den vanligaste typen av hjälpande. Egoistiska motiv som låg på 40% visade sig vara mer dominerande än altruistiska motiv som låg på 20%, resterande 40% var neutrala. Andelen av de 40% berodde på att egoistiska motivationsfaktorer förklarades som känsla av skyldighet att hjälpa, känna sig behövd och en känsla av att må bra. Altruistiska motivationsfaktorer förklarades som instinkt och empatiska tankebanor. Studien tyder på att egoistiska och altruistiska motivationsfaktorer existerar, dock krävs mer forskning inom dessa ämnen

Background: Subjective-well being is an increasingly important concept within consumer research. Previous studies have thus far shown the capability of brand image and other types of image to influence separate components of subjective well-being, mainly life satisfaction, positive and negative affect. This phenomenon is relevant not least in terms of green branding, as environmentally sustainable behaviour has been shown to also influence certain components of subjective well-being. The study focuses on resolving a theoretical gap in which subjective well-being as a phenomenon with all three of its components has not yet been studied, while recognising the importance of subjective well-being for consumers. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore how consumers' subjective well-being can be influenced by a green brand image Method: In order to explore the field properly a qualitative nature was adopted. The qualitative material was thereafter gained through 16 semi structured interviews. To capture the essence of the empirical material the paper implemented a coding method inspired by grounded theory. The resulting categories and concepts were used in the analysis of the empirical material. Findings: The main findings brought forth by this study showcase that green brand image is able to positively influence subjective well-being, through its positive impact on life satisfaction and its components, as well as through eliciting positive affect while minimising negative affect within the context of engaging with brands that present a green image. These findings have both theoretical and practical implications further discussed. Conclusion: In concluding remarks this paper discovered that a green brand image could influence consumer Subjective well-being due to altruism and self-image.

Bengtsson, M. En hoppfull strävan. En fallstudie om ideellt engagemang inom suicidpreventivt arbete i Sverige. Masteruppsats i Socialt Arbete, 30 högskolepoäng. Malmö Universitet: Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle, institutionen för socialt arbete, 2023. Denna studie tar avstamp i det nationella suicidpreventiva arbetet i Sverige och vänder sedan blicken mot de ideella organisationernas roll i frågan. Syftet är mer specifikt att analysera den ideella organisationen Minds arbete som aktör i det nationella suicidpreventiva arbetet. Genom att se till suicidprevention i landet och ta del av organisationen Minds arbete utgör denna uppsats en fallstudie av kvalitativ sort till sin karaktär, något som möjliggör att fokusera på en enda organisation. Det teoretiska ramverket för denna studie utgörs av interaktiv samhällsstyrning och altruism, det är med hjälp av dessa begrepp som studiens textanalys genomförts och sammanställts. Studien har visat på att det finns ett omfattande ideellt engagemang inom det suicidpreventiva arbetet i Sverige, där Minds arbete spelar en avgörande roll. Resultatet visar även att det finns utmaningar för samverkan samt den enskilda ideella organisationen när interaktiv samhällsstyrning blir en del av socialt arbete. I den behovsanalys som utgår från nuvarande nationella strategi för suicidprevention, som ligger till grund för den förnyade handlingsplan som förväntas komma under senare halvan av 2023 betonas samverkan mellan olika aktörer. Det går att se att det finns en ökad medvetenhet kring de ideella organisationernas gärning inom svårlösta sociala frågor såsom suicid, och att det pågår ett arbete för att på ett bättre sätt integrera detta i den nationella strategi för suicidprevention som ska presenteras för riksdagen i år., Bengtsson, M. A hopeful endeavor. A casestudy about non-profit involvement in suicide prevention in Sweden. Degree project in social work, 30 credits. Malmö University: Faculty of Health and Society, Department of social work, 2023. This study is based on the national suicide prevention programe in Sweden and turns its gaze to the role of non-profit organizations. The purpose is to analyze the non-profit organization Mind and their work within national suicide prevention. This essay constitutes a qualitative case study, something that allows us to focus on a single organization. The theoretical framework for this study consists of governance and altruism, it is with the help of these theories that the analysis is carried out and compiled. The study shows that there is an extensive non-profit involvement in suicide precention in Sweden, where Mind plays an important role. Results also show that there are challenges in collaboration and within the individual non-profit organization itself when governance becomes a bigger part of social work. In the making of a new national suicide prevention program an analysis of the needs in the current national strategy has been presented. In this analysis cooperation between different actors within the field is emphasized. There seems to be an increased awareness of the work of non-profit organizations in social work and complex issues such as suicideprevention in the new national strategy which is set to be presented in the latter half of 2023.

Previous research on climate change impact regularly considers conflict outcomes, thereby disregarding cooperative behaviour such as altruism. Drought has the potential to fuel inter-ethnic cleavages, thus contributing to conflicts. Yet this runs against resilience arguments suggesting people who experience environmental hardship are more cooperative. Here we examine altruism in survey experiments in a natural setting among refugees from Syria and Iraq. We match survey responses to observational data on drought and socioeconomic variables. Our findings speak to both arguments. First, we show that drought exposure is associated with decreased altruism for survey respondents generally. We further show how group identity moderates the relationship between drought and altruism. Our results suggest a decrease in altruism due to drought is much larger when the target of altruism is presented as a member of an antagonistic ethno-religious outgroup.

Previous research on climate change impact regularly considers conflict outcomes, thereby disregarding cooperative behaviour such as altruism. Drought has the potential to fuel inter-ethnic cleavages, thus contributing to conflicts. Yet this runs against resilience arguments suggesting people who experience environmental hardship are more cooperative. Here we examine altruism in survey experiments in a natural setting among refugees from Syria and Iraq. We match survey responses to observational data on drought and socioeconomic variables. Our findings speak to both arguments. First, we show that drought exposure is associated with decreased altruism for survey respondents generally. We further show how group identity moderates the relationship between drought and altruism. Our results suggest a decrease in altruism due to drought is much larger when the target of altruism is presented as a member of an antagonistic ethno-religious outgroup.

Previous research on climate change impact regularly considers conflict outcomes, thereby disregarding cooperative behaviour such as altruism. Drought has the potential to fuel inter-ethnic cleavages, thus contributing to conflicts. Yet this runs against resilience arguments suggesting people who experience environmental hardship are more cooperative. Here we examine altruism in survey experiments in a natural setting among refugees from Syria and Iraq. We match survey responses to observational data on drought and socioeconomic variables. Our findings speak to both arguments. First, we show that drought exposure is associated with decreased altruism for survey respondents generally. We further show how group identity moderates the relationship between drought and altruism. Our results suggest a decrease in altruism due to drought is much larger when the target of altruism is presented as a member of an antagonistic ethno-religious outgroup.

INTRODUCTION: Although current antiretroviral therapy allows most people with HIV (PWH) to experience normal longevity with a good quality of life, an HIV cure remains elusive due to HIV reservoir formation within deep tissues. An HIV cure remains highly desirable to the community of PWH. This study reports on the perceived risks and benefits of participation in the Last Gift study, a study aimed at characterizing HIV reservoirs via post-mortem autopsy, among PWH at the end of life (EOL) and their next-of-kin (NOK)/loved ones. METHODS: Last Gift participants (PWH with a terminal illness and/or near the end of life) and their NOK/loved ones were surveyed for perceptions of risks, benefits, and meaning for participation in the Last Gift study. RESULTS: The average age of the 17 Last Gift participants was 66.6 years, 3 were females, 1 person identified as Hispanic, and 15 as Caucasian. The average age of the 17 NOK/loved ones was 56.7 years, and relationships to Last Gift participants included partner/spouse, sibling, friend, child, parent, grandparent, and nephew. The only perceived personal risk of the Last Gift among participants was the blood draws (3/17). NOK/loved ones perceived the following risks: blood draws (2/17), physical pain (3/17), worry that something bad will happen (2/17), and unpleasant side effects (1/17). Participants in Last Gift and NOK/loved ones indicated the study had various positive social effects. For both participants and NOK/loved ones, the most frequent perceived personal benefit of the Last Gift was the satisfaction of supporting HIV cure research. DISCUSSION: Participants perceived minimal personal and societal risks and valued the altruistic benefits of participating in the Last Gift study. Last Gift participants and NOK/loved ones were cautious about possible personal risks of EOL HIV cure research but still viewed that the emotional, psychological and societal benefits of participation outweighed potential risks.

We study the intricate interplay between ecological and evolutionary processes through the lens of the prisoners dilemma game. But while previous studies on cooperation amongst selfish individuals often assume instantaneous interactions, we take into consideration delays to investigate how these might affect the causes underlying prosocial behavior. Through analytical calculations and numerical simulations, we demonstrate that delays can lead to oscillations, and by incorporating also the ecological variable of altruistic free space and the evolutionary strategy of punishment, we explore how these factors impact population and community dynamics. Depending on the parameter values and the initial fraction of each strategy, the studied eco-evolutionary model can mimic a cyclic dominance system and even exhibit chaotic behavior, thereby highlighting the importance of complex dynamics for the effective management and conservation of ecological communities. Our research thus contributes to the broader understanding of group decision-making and the emergence of moral behavior in multidimensional social systems.

Objective: To report statistics related to human blood donation worldwide. Methods: the study is a one-dimensional exploratory comparative descriptive study. The information was compiled from the World Health Organization, World Population Review and Statistical. The multivariate clustering technique was used for data analysis. Results: Germany has the highest blood donation rate, followed by Denmark. In general, it can be seen that in European countries there is a greater culture of donation, while in countries located in Africa and some Asian countries, there are lower statistics on the subject. Conclusions: It is essential to encourage education programs in the countries related to the importance of donating blood, ensuring good communication to break down some barriers among potential donors., Objetivo: Dar a conocer las estadísticas relacionadas con la donación de sangre humana a nivel mundial. Métodos: El estudio es de tipo descriptivo comparativo exploratorio de carácter unidimensional. La información fue recopilada de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, World Population Review and Statistical. Para el análisis de la información se empleó la técnica multivariada de clúster. Resultados: Alemania presenta la mayor tasa de donación de sangre, seguido de Dinamarca. En general se aprecia que en los países de Europa existe mayor cultura de donación, mientras en naciones ubicadas en África y algunos países de Asia, se dan las estadísticas más bajas en relación al tema. Conclusiones: Es fundamental incentivar en las naciones programas de educación relacionados con la importancia de donar sangre, asegurando una buena comunicación para derribar algunas barreras entre los posibles donantes.

Previous research on climate change impact regularly considers conflict outcomes, thereby disregarding cooperative behaviour such as altruism. Drought has the potential to fuel inter-ethnic cleavages, thus contributing to conflicts. Yet this runs against resilience arguments suggesting people who experience environmental hardship are more cooperative. Here we examine altruism in survey experiments in a natural setting among refugees from Syria and Iraq. We match survey responses to observational data on drought and socioeconomic variables. Our findings speak to both arguments. First, we show that drought exposure is associated with decreased altruism for survey respondents generally. We further show how group identity moderates the relationship between drought and altruism. Our results suggest a decrease in altruism due to drought is much larger when the target of altruism is presented as a member of an antagonistic ethno-religious outgroup.

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the intervening role of anxiety symptoms in relations between self-regulation and multiple forms of prosocial behaviors in U.S. Latino/a college students.ParticipantsThe sample is based on data from a cross-sectional study on college students' health and adjustment. Participants were 249 (62% women; M age =20 years; 86% U.S. born) college students who self-identified as Latino/a.MethodsCollege students self-reported on their self-regulation, anxiety symptoms, and types and targets of prosocial behaviors using online surveys. Path analyses were conducted to test direct and indirect associations among the study variables.ResultsSelf-regulation was directly and indirectly associated with several types of prosocial behaviors via anxiety symptoms. The hypothesized associations also differed by the target of helping.ConclusionsOur findings underscore a strengths-based view of the coping and mental health resources that predict positive well-being among U.S. Latino/a college students.

Relations among White (non-Latinx) children's empathy-related responding, prosocial behaviors, and racial attitudes toward White and Black peers were examined. In 2017, 190 (54% boys) White 5- to 9-year-old children (M = 7.09 years, SD = 0.94) watched a series of videos that depicted social rejection of either a White or Black child. Empathy-related responses, prosocial behaviors, and racial attitudes were measured using multiple methods. Results showed that younger children showed less facial concern toward Black than White peers and greater increases with age in concern and prosocial behaviors (sharing a desirable prize) for Black, compared to White, targets. Children's facial anger increased with age for White but not Black targets. The findings can extend our understanding children's anti-racism development.

Whereas the sociology of food has drawn attention to differences between corporate and alternative foodways, the political imaginations underpinning the latter are often overlooked. This article distinguishes between different political imaginations of the community kitchen, a set of practices characterised by collective preparation and redistribution of food. The analysis builds on ethnographic and archive material in Sweden to outline how the folkkök (people’s kitchen) was once an institutional practice to address urban food insecurity, soon outsourced as altruistic soup kitchens, and then regenerated a century later by the anarchist movement. By distinguishing between altruistic and anarchistic imaginations in this analysis, the article adds another layer to the critical sociological study of alternative foodways.

Background: After the emergence of the first vaccines against the COVID-19, public health authorities have promoted mass vaccination in order to achieve herd immunity and reduce the effects of the disease. Vaccination rates have differed between countries, depending on supply (availability of resources) and demand (altruism and resistance to vaccination) factors. Methods: This work considers the hypothesis that individuals’ health altruism has been an important factor to explain the different levels of vaccination between countries, using the number of transplants as a proxy for altruism. Taking European Union’s countries to remove, as far as possible, supply factors that might affect vaccination, we carry out cross-sectional regressions for the most favorable date of the vaccination process (maximum vaccination speed) and for each month during the vaccination campaign. Results: Our findings confirm that altruism has affected vaccination rates against the COVID-19. We find a direct relationship between transplants rates (proxy variable) and vaccination rates during periods in which the decision to be vaccinated depended on the individual’s choice, without supply restrictions. The results show that other demand factors have worked against vaccination: political polarization and belonging to the group of countries of the former Eastern bloc. Conclusions: Altruism is a useful tool to define future vaccination strategies, since it favors the individuals’ awareness for vaccination.

Número Monográfico: Nuevos Investigadores e Investigaciones en la Historia del Pensamiento Económico, El altruismo es una experiencia y un tipo de comportamiento universales que han sido estudiados por los economistas. Sin embargo, los supuestos normalmente admitidos sobre los fundamentos psicológicos de la naturaleza humana por las doctrinas utilitaristas, como es el caso de la Economía, han causado diversos problemas que dificultan la formulación de una teoría general del altruismo. Esto se debe principalmente a que el altruismo utilitarista no es realmente altruismo. Explicamos la teoría psicológica que une las doctrinas utilitarias de James y John Stuart Mill, y mostramos cómo sus principales contenidos, y problemas teóricos en relación con el altruismo, aparecen nuevamente replicados en los modernos modelos neoclásicos, como el de Gary S. Becker, que explican el altruismo con un análisis formal más desarrollado. Proponemos la necesidad de actualizar la tradición utilitarista sobre el altruismo, considerando los actuales descubrimientos de la neurociencia cognitiva. Curiosamente, estos hallazgos conectan el funcionamiento del cerebro con los supuestos teóricos considerados por Adam Smith, y la tradición de la psicología de la simpatía., Altruism is an universal experience and kind of behavior that has been studied by economists. However, the assumptions frequently accepted about psychological foundations of human nature in utilitarian doctrines, as it’s the case of Economics, have caused several problems that make difficult to formulate a general theory of altruism. That is mainly because utilitarian altruism is not really altruism. We explain the psychological theory that link James & John S. Mill utilitarian doctrines, and show how it’s principal contents, and theoretical problems dealed with altruism, appear again replicated in modern neoclassical models, as Gary S. Becker’s, that explain altruism by means of more developed formal analysis. We propose the need for updating utilitarian tradition on altruism, taking into account the current findings in cognitive neuroscience. Curiously, these findings connect brain running with the theoretical assumptions considered by Adam Smith, and the psychology of sympathy tradition., Depto. de Economía Aplicada, Estructura e Historia, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

La realidad del voluntariado es sumamente compleja hasta el punto de que resulta complicado definir y caracterizar el trabajo voluntario, dada la gran variedad de interpretaciones, motivaciones, variables sociodemográficas y aspectos culturales que configuran el perfil de los voluntarios. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la influencia conjunta de algunas variables sociodemográficas, así como de los valores culturales de índole secular o tradicional, sobre el perfil de los voluntarios en Europa. Además, se investiga qué variables orientan a los voluntarios hacia un determinado tipo de voluntariado u otro. Para ello se ha aplicado principalmente una metodología de regresión logística a partir de la información disponible en la European Value Study. Los resultados obtenidos ayudan a establecer una caracterización del voluntariado en Europa, y confirman la influencia de los valores culturales, en primer lugar, en la realización o no de trabajos de voluntariado, y en segundo lugar, en la elección que hacen estas personas del tipo de actividad con la que están comprometidos. Al analizar dos tipos de voluntariado de motivación supuestamente muy diferente, se concluye que existe un grupo de valores que influyen en ambos, aunque el sentido y la intensidad en la que lo hacen sea diferente; por otra parte, algunos valores tienen influencia o no en la realización de trabajos de voluntariado, dependiendo del tipo específico al que nos refiramos., It is very difficult to define and typify volunteering due to the huge complexity voluntary work phenomenon has, including a large variety of interpretations, motivations, socio-demographic variables and cultural aspects associated to volunteers profile. The main objective of this study is to analyze the combined influence of some socio-demographic variables and cultural values, secular or traditional ones, over volunteers profile in Europe. Additionally, the study investigates what variables guide volunteers towards each volunteering type. A logistic regression methodology has been applied to the information obtained from the European Value Study. The results help to establish a characterization of volunteering in Europe, and confirm the influence of cultural values, on one hand, over carrying out or not voluntary work, and on the other hand, the influence over volunteers’ choice of the type of activity to be committed to. Analyzing two volunteering types with supposedly very different motivations, we come to the conclusion that a group of cultural values influence both of them, although in different direction and intensity; at the same time, some values have influence or not over volunteering depending on the specific type., Escuela de Estudios Cooperativos, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Social behaviours are typically modelled using neighbour-modulated fitness, which focuses on individuals having their fitness altered by neighbours. However, these models are either interpreted using inclusive fitness, which focuses on individuals altering the fitness of neighbours, or not interpreted at all. This disconnect leads to interpretational mistakes and obscures the adaptive significance of behaviour. We bridge this gap by presenting a systematic methodology for constructing inclusive-fitness models. We find a behaviours inclusive-fitness effect by summing primary and secondary deviations in reproductive value. Primary deviations are the immediate result of a social interaction; for example, the cost and benefit of an altruistic act. Secondary deviations are compensatory effects that arise because the total reproductive value of the population is fixed; for example, the increased competition that follows an altruistic act. Compared to neighbour-modulated fitness methodologies, our approach is often simpler and reveals the models inclusive-fitness narrative clearly. We implement our methodology first in a homogeneous population, with supplementary examples of help under synergy, help in a viscous population and Creels paradox. We then implement our methodology in a class-structured population, where the advantages of our approach are most evident, with supplementary examples of altruism between age classes, and sex-ratio evolution.

Background: After the emergence of the first vaccines against the COVID-19, public health authorities have promoted mass vaccination in order to achieve herd immunity and reduce the effects of the disease. Vaccination rates have differed between countries, depending on supply (availability of resources) and demand (altruism and resistance to vaccination) factors. Methods: This work considers the hypothesis that individuals’ health altruism has been an important factor to explain the different levels of vaccination between countries, using the number of transplants as a proxy for altruism. Taking European Union’s countries to remove, as far as possible, supply factors that might affect vaccination, we carry out cross-sectional regressions for the most favorable date of the vaccination process (maximum vaccination speed) and for each month during the vaccination campaign. Results: Our findings confirm that altruism has affected vaccination rates against the COVID-19. We find a direct relationship between transplants rates (proxy variable) and vaccination rates during periods in which the decision to be vaccinated depended on the individual’s choice, without supply restrictions. The results show that other demand factors have worked against vaccination: political polarization and belonging to the group of countries of the former Eastern bloc. Conclusions: Altruism is a useful tool to define future vaccination strategies, since it favors the individuals’ awareness for vaccination.