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Background: The optic disc examination is critical for the diagnostics of several acute neurological disorders. However, dilation of the pupil is not recommended for neurological patients, which complicates ophthalmoscopy. Aims of the study: Present pilot study compared a portable fundus camera to an ophthalmoscope in fundus examinations of neurological emergency patients. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study of the subject. The fundus photographs were later reviewed with an ophthalmologist. Methods: The study included 60 adults, volunteer neurological emergency patients with either headache, cerebrovascular disorder, or acute confusional state (delirium). Patients’ non‐mydriatic fundus examination was conducted with an ophthalmoscope and a Smartscope Pro fundus camera. Results: Fundus photography succeeded in 56 (93%), partially succeeded in 2 (3%), and failed in 2 (3%) cases compared with ophthalmoscopy that succeeded in 35 (58%), partially succeeded in 14 (23%), and failed in 11 (18%) cases (P < 0.0005). The researcher and the ophthalmologist agreed in the findings in 54 out of 58 cases (93%). In six cases (7%), the researcher had failed to detect a non‐critical ophthalmic finding. Conclusions: The neurological fundus examination by fundus camera seems to be superior to regular ophthalmoscopy in defining the critical optic disc findings in emergency patients.

Silmänpohjan tutkiminen on tärkeä tutkimus osana usean akuutin neurologisen sairauden diagnostiikkaa. Neurologisille potilaille ei kuitenkaan suositella pupillin laajentamista, mikä vaikeuttaa oftalmoskopointia. Epäonnistuneen oftalmoskopoinnin takia potilaalta voi jäädä huomaamatta aivopaineen kohoamiseen tai muuhun välitöntä hoitoa vaativaan sairauteen viittaava löydös. Pilottitutkimuksessamme selvitimme, onnistuuko kannettava silmänpohjakamera paremmin neurologisten päivystyspotilaitten silmänpohjatutkimuksessa kuin oftalmoskooppi. Aineisto koostui 60 potilaasta, jotka olivat hoidossa Oulun yliopistollisen sairaalan neurologian päivystyksessä 18.8.2016–31.5.2017 välisenä aikana. Sisäänottokriteereinä oli täysi-ikäisyys, vapaaehtoisuus ja työdiagnoosina joko päänsärky, AVH tai sekavuus. Osa potilaista täytti useamman oirekuvan. Potilaista 17 oli miehiä ja 43 naisia. Mediaani-ikä oli 59 vuotta. Päänsärkypotilaita oli 30, AVH potilaita 28 ja sekavia potilaita 7. Potilaiden ko-operaatiota arvioitiin määrittämällä modifioitu Rankin score ja Glasgow coma score (GCS). Potilaille tehtiin non-mydriaattinen silmänpohjatutkimus ensin oftalmoskoopilla, ja sitten SmartScope Pro silmänpohjakameralla. Tutkimuksen onnistuminen kummallakin menetelmällä määriteltiin kolmiluokkaisesti: onnistui, onnistui osittain, epäonnistui. Mahdolliset silmänpohjamuutokset kirjattiin ylös myöhempää silmälääkärin tulkintaan tehtävää vertailua varten. Silmänpohjakamerakuvaus onnistui 56 (93,3 %), onnistui osittain 2 (3,3 %) ja epäonnistui 2 (3,3 %) potilaalla silmänpohjatutkimuksessa. Oftalmoskopointi onnistui 35 (58,3 %), onnistui osittain 14 (23,3 %) ja epäonnistui 11 (18,3 %) potilaalla silmänpohjatutkimuksessa. Eron tilastollinen merkitsevyys on p<0,0005. Viidenkymmenen kahdeksan potilaan kuvista tutkija ja silmälääkäri olivat löytäneet samat löydökset 54 tapauksessa (93 %). Kuudessa tapauksessa (7 %) tutkijalta oli jäänyt ei-kriittinen löydös havaitsematta. Silmänpohjakamera soveltuu neurolog

Plant ingredients and processed animal proteins are alternative feedstuffs for fish feeds in aquaculture. However, their use can introduce contaminants like pesticides that are not previously associated with marine Atlantic salmon and gilthead sea bream farming. This study covers the screening of around 800 pesticides by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry in matrices throughout the entire marine food production chain. Prior to analysis of real-world samples, the screening methodology was validated for 252 pesticides to establish the screening detection limit. This was 0.01 mg kg−1 for 113 pesticides (45%), 0.05 mg kg−1 for 73 pesticides (29%) and >0.05 mg kg−1 for 66 pesticides (26%). After that, a quantitative methodology based on GC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (GC-APCI-MS/MS) was optimized for the pesticides found in the screening. Although several polar pesticides, of which pirimiphos methyl and chlorpyriphos-methyl were most dominant, were found in plant material and feeds based on these ingredients, none of them were observed in fillets of Atlantic salmon and gilthead sea bream fed on these feeds

Feather pecking is still a behavioral problem in laying hen flocks, resulting in impaired welfare and economic losses. Environment enrichment, e.g., providing access to litter, to increase foraging behavior in laying hens has been shown to decrease feather pecking. This study investigated the effect of spreading crushed mussel shells (particle size 10 to 20 mm) in the litter area as an environment enrichment and source of calcium for layers receiving a commercial feed and for layers given a feed with 40% less calcium. These treatments were compared with a control involving hens given the commercial feed, but no mussel shells in the litter. The study included 900 Dekalb White layers housed in a single-tier floor system during a production cycle (20 to 72 wk of age). The mussel shells were consumed to a lower extent than predicted, resulting in calcium deficiency in hens fed the low-calcium diet. This in turn was evident as increased degree of keel bone deviations and lower eggshell breaking strength. Daily addition of crushed mussel shells to the litter for laying hens on a balanced or calcium-deficient diets did not generate any positive effects on bird feather cover, eggshell quality, production performance, or fearfulness. Hence, with the particle size of mussel shells used in this study, there was no indication of improved welfare due to environment enrichment.

Feather pecking is still a behavioral problem in laying hen flocks, resulting in impaired welfare and economic losses. Environment enrichment, e.g., providing access to litter, to increase foraging behavior in laying hens has been shown to decrease feather pecking. This study investigated the effect of spreading crushed mussel shells (particle size 10 to 20 mm) in the litter area as an environment enrichment and source of calcium for layers receiving a commercial feed and for layers given a feed with 40% less calcium. These treatments were compared with a control involving hens given the commercial feed, but no mussel shells in the litter. The study included 900 Dekalb White layers housed in a single-tier floor system during a production cycle (20 to 72 wk of age). The mussel shells were consumed to a lower extent than predicted, resulting in calcium deficiency in hens fed the low-calcium diet. This in turn was evident as increased degree of keel bone deviations and lower eggshell breaking strength. Daily addition of crushed mussel shells to the litter for laying hens on a balanced or calcium-deficient diets did not generate any positive effects on bird feather cover, eggshell quality, production performance, or fearfulness. Hence, with the particle size of mussel shells used in this study, there was no indication of improved welfare due to environment enrichment.

Feather pecking is still a behavioral problem in laying hen flocks, resulting in impaired welfare and economic losses. Environment enrichment, e.g., providing access to litter, to increase foraging behavior in laying hens has been shown to decrease feather pecking. This study investigated the effect of spreading crushed mussel shells (particle size 10 to 20 mm) in the litter area as an environment enrichment and source of calcium for layers receiving a commercial feed and for layers given a feed with 40% less calcium. These treatments were compared with a control involving hens given the commercial feed, but no mussel shells in the litter. The study included 900 Dekalb White layers housed in a single-tier floor system during a production cycle (20 to 72 wk of age). The mussel shells were consumed to a lower extent than predicted, resulting in calcium deficiency in hens fed the low-calcium diet. This in turn was evident as increased degree of keel bone deviations and lower eggshell breaking strength. Daily addition of crushed mussel shells to the litter for laying hens on a balanced or calcium-deficient diets did not generate any positive effects on bird feather cover, eggshell quality, production performance, or fearfulness. Hence, with the particle size of mussel shells used in this study, there was no indication of improved welfare due to environment enrichment.

Feather pecking is still a behavioral problem in laying hen flocks, resulting in impaired welfare and economic losses. Environment enrichment, e.g., providing access to litter, to increase foraging behavior in laying hens has been shown to decrease feather pecking. This study investigated the effect of spreading crushed mussel shells (particle size 10 to 20 mm) in the litter area as an environment enrichment and source of calcium for layers receiving a commercial feed and for layers given a feed with 40% less calcium. These treatments were compared with a control involving hens given the commercial feed, but no mussel shells in the litter. The study included 900 Dekalb White layers housed in a single-tier floor system during a production cycle (20 to 72 wk of age). The mussel shells were consumed to a lower extent than predicted, resulting in calcium deficiency in hens fed the low-calcium diet. This in turn was evident as increased degree of keel bone deviations and lower eggshell breaking strength. Daily addition of crushed mussel shells to the litter for laying hens on a balanced or calcium-deficient diets did not generate any positive effects on bird feather cover, eggshell quality, production performance, or fearfulness. Hence, with the particle size of mussel shells used in this study, there was no indication of improved welfare due to environment enrichment.

Feather pecking is still a behavioral problem in laying hen flocks, resulting in impaired welfare and economic losses. Environment enrichment, e.g., providing access to litter, to increase foraging behavior in laying hens has been shown to decrease feather pecking. This study investigated the effect of spreading crushed mussel shells (particle size 10 to 20 mm) in the litter area as an environment enrichment and source of calcium for layers receiving a commercial feed and for layers given a feed with 40% less calcium. These treatments were compared with a control involving hens given the commercial feed, but no mussel shells in the litter. The study included 900 Dekalb White layers housed in a single-tier floor system during a production cycle (20 to 72 wk of age). The mussel shells were consumed to a lower extent than predicted, resulting in calcium deficiency in hens fed the low-calcium diet. This in turn was evident as increased degree of keel bone deviations and lower eggshell breaking strength. Daily addition of crushed mussel shells to the litter for laying hens on a balanced or calcium-deficient diets did not generate any positive effects on bird feather cover, eggshell quality, production performance, or fearfulness. Hence, with the particle size of mussel shells used in this study, there was no indication of improved welfare due to environment enrichment.

Feather pecking is still a behavioral problem in laying hen flocks, resulting in impaired welfare and economic losses. Environment enrichment, e.g., providing access to litter, to increase foraging behavior in laying hens has been shown to decrease feather pecking. This study investigated the effect of spreading crushed mussel shells (particle size 10 to 20 mm) in the litter area as an environment enrichment and source of calcium for layers receiving a commercial feed and for layers given a feed with 40% less calcium. These treatments were compared with a control involving hens given the commercial feed, but no mussel shells in the litter. The study included 900 Dekalb White layers housed in a single-tier floor system during a production cycle (20 to 72 wk of age). The mussel shells were consumed to a lower extent than predicted, resulting in calcium deficiency in hens fed the low-calcium diet. This in turn was evident as increased degree of keel bone deviations and lower eggshell breaking strength. Daily addition of crushed mussel shells to the litter for laying hens on a balanced or calcium-deficient diets did not generate any positive effects on bird feather cover, eggshell quality, production performance, or fearfulness. Hence, with the particle size of mussel shells used in this study, there was no indication of improved welfare due to environment enrichment.

Consumer concerns about the welfare of laying hens are increasing, leading to increased interest in identifying reliable ways to assess welfare. The present study evaluated invasive and non-invasive welfare indicators in relation to a stressful challenge. The study included 126 Lohmann Selected Leghorn hens housed in furnished cages. Welfare indicators were measured between 61 and 70 wk of age in birds excluded from their nests for 5 consecutive d and control birds that had continuous access to nests. Baseline recordings were carried out in both groups prior to and post exclusion period. The assessed indicators were: corticosterone metabolites in droppings (FCM), corticosterone concentration in yolk, corticosterone concentration in plasma, irregularities of eggshells, heterophil to lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, tonic immobility duration, and feather cover. Behavioral observations showed that the birds had a clear preference for using the secluded nest sites, confirming that they were likely to perceive nest exclusion as an undesirable experience. Further, elevated levels of FCM in droppings, yolk corticosterone concentrations, H:L ratios and irregular eggshells were detected in both nest deprived and control birds during the exclusion. This suggests that these indicators were able to detect an increased stress response arising from nest deprivation, and it is hypothesized that the stress spread to birds in adjacent cages with access to nests. There was a positive and consistent correlation between FCM in droppings and eggshell irregularities, also supporting the use of eggshell irregularities as a potential non-invasive welfare indicator. However, the pattern of the stress response varied between indicators and correlations were generally few and inconsistent, highlighting the complexity of the relationship among welfare indicators.

Feather pecking is still a behavioral problem in laying hen flocks, resulting in impaired welfare and economic losses. Environment enrichment, e.g., providing access to litter, to increase foraging behavior in laying hens has been shown to decrease feather pecking. This study investigated the effect of spreading crushed mussel shells (particle size 10 to 20 mm) in the litter area as an environment enrichment and source of calcium for layers receiving a commercial feed and for layers given a feed with 40% less calcium. These treatments were compared with a control involving hens given the commercial feed, but no mussel shells in the litter. The study included 900 Dekalb White layers housed in a single-tier floor system during a production cycle (20 to 72 wk of age). The mussel shells were consumed to a lower extent than predicted, resulting in calcium deficiency in hens fed the low-calcium diet. This in turn was evident as increased degree of keel bone deviations and lower eggshell breaking strength. Daily addition of crushed mussel shells to the litter for laying hens on a balanced or calcium-deficient diets did not generate any positive effects on bird feather cover, eggshell quality, production performance, or fearfulness. Hence, with the particle size of mussel shells used in this study, there was no indication of improved welfare due to environment enrichment.

In order to improve the occupation rate in laying hens held in a single tier floor system, mussel shells (particle size 10-20 mm) were supplied in the litter on every day basis. However, this procedure did not result in any affect on birds’ feather cover, novel object reactions, nor other welfare parameters or production performance. In the present study, it was not possible to partly replace calcium supplementation in the diet with the access to crushed mussel shells. This reduced calcium supplementation in the feed resulted in significantly higher rates of keel bone deviations, lower shell breaking strength and lower dry matter content of feces and litter.

In order to improve the occupation rate in laying hens held in a single tier floor system, mussel shells (particle size 10-20 mm) were supplied in the litter on every day basis. However, this procedure did not result in any affect on birds’ feather cover, novel object reactions, nor other welfare parameters or production performance. In the present study, it was not possible to partly replace calcium supplementation in the diet with the access to crushed mussel shells. This reduced calcium supplementation in the feed resulted in significantly higher rates of keel bone deviations, lower shell breaking strength and lower dry matter content of feces and litter.

In order to improve the occupation rate in laying hens held in a single tier floor system, mussel shells (particle size 10-20 mm) were supplied in the litter on every day basis. However, this procedure did not result in any affect on birds’ feather cover, novel object reactions, nor other welfare parameters or production performance. In the present study, it was not possible to partly replace calcium supplementation in the diet with the access to crushed mussel shells. This reduced calcium supplementation in the feed resulted in significantly higher rates of keel bone deviations, lower shell breaking strength and lower dry matter content of feces and litter.

In order to improve the occupation rate in laying hens held in a single tier floor system, mussel shells (particle size 10-20 mm) were supplied in the litter on every day basis. However, this procedure did not result in any affect on birds’ feather cover, novel object reactions, nor other welfare parameters or production performance. In the present study, it was not possible to partly replace calcium supplementation in the diet with the access to crushed mussel shells. This reduced calcium supplementation in the feed resulted in significantly higher rates of keel bone deviations, lower shell breaking strength and lower dry matter content of feces and litter.

In order to improve the occupation rate in laying hens held in a single tier floor system, mussel shells (particle size 10-20 mm) were supplied in the litter on every day basis. However, this procedure did not result in any affect on birds’ feather cover, novel object reactions, nor other welfare parameters or production performance. In the present study, it was not possible to partly replace calcium supplementation in the diet with the access to crushed mussel shells. This reduced calcium supplementation in the feed resulted in significantly higher rates of keel bone deviations, lower shell breaking strength and lower dry matter content of feces and litter.

The stimulate of this research seeks collaboration of firewalls which, could reach to the capability of distributed points of security policy; the front-end entity may much interact by the invaders so the separation between this entity and back-end entity to make the secure domain protection is necessary; collaborative security entity has the various task in the organization and there is a certain security policy to apply in; the entities like DPFF have to be protected from outsiders. Firewalls are utilized typically to be the main layer of security in the network framework. The research is presented the particular segment of the proposed framework that DPFF based on the developed iptable firewall to be the layers of defense, which is protected front and backend of the framework with a dynamic security and policy update to control the framework's safeguard through proposed portion approach algorithm that utilize to reduce the traffic and efficiency in detection and policy update mechanism. The policy update mechanism for DPFF is given the way of its employment. The complete framework signifies a distributed firewall, where the administrator configures the policy rules set, which could be separately or else from administration nodes' side., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figurs, 4 tables, IJCSI; ISSN (Online): 1694-0814

The goal of this study was to measure characteristics of seat loading in manual wheelchair users with complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Pressure distribution on the seating area of 25 adult males with SCI and eight non-injured adult males was measured in a relaxed and an upright posture on a standardized hard surface. Subjects with SCI were also tested in their wheelchairs. Maximum pressure, contact area, area of the highest pressure, and three asymmetry indices were compared. Subjects with SCI have higher pressure distributed over a smaller area, have a much smaller contact area, and distribute the loading more asymmetrically than non-injured subjects. Upright posture only corrects for some loading problems, while the wheelchair corrects for more loading parameters. Routine clinical seat loading evaluation may lead to improved chair and cushion selection for patients with SCI and may even alert clinicians to patients at high risk for complications due to high or unbalanced loads., QC 20100525

Study Design: Consecutive male patients studied with photographic measurement of a combination of clinical methods. Objectives: To describe seating in individuals with complete thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) by using a combination of clinical methods. Setting: Spinalis SCI unit, Stockholm, Sweden. Methods: Wheelchair specifications were documented. Measurements of posture from photographs in 30 male subjects with complete thoracic SCI, sitting in a relaxed and an upright position on a standardized surface and in a wheelchair were calculated. A comparison was made between positions and seating surfaces. An examiner's classification of lower trunk position in wheelchair was compared to subjects' evaluations. SCI subjects reported sitting support, satisfaction, and wishes for improvement. Results: Most SCI subjects used similar wheelchair specifications. None of the backrests were custom designed. Relatively small differences were found between the relaxed and upright position in the wheelchair regarding measurements of posture and according to the examiner's classification of the lower trunk position. Only 13/30 SCI subjects were sitting with the lower trunk centered relative to the backrest in the upright position. The examiner's classification and the subjects' evaluation of asymmetric sitting were not always in agreement. Only 12/30 SCI subjects were satisfied with their way of sitting. Conclusion: Current wheelchair specifications and adjustments seem to inhibit a postural correction towards upright sitting and fail to provide sufficient lateral support. Findings indicate an inability for SCI subjects to vary their sitting position in a wheelchair to a large extent. Both an examiner's classification and subjects' evaluation of asymmetric sitting are necessary to obtain a sufficient knowledge base for subsequent adjustment. By using methods regarding different aspects of seating, a more comprehensive view of seating was achieved. The combination of clinical meth, QC 20100525