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Producción Científica, The aboveground contributions of mangroves to global carbon sequestration reinforce the need to estimate biomass in these systems. The objective was to determine the aboveground biomass storage and quantify the carbon and CO2e content in Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, and Laguncularia racemosa present in southeastern Mexico. Based on the Forest Protocol for Mexico Version 2.0 methodology, published by Climate Action Reserve, 130 circular plots were randomly selected and established in an area of 930 ha of mangrove vegetation, and the aboveground biomass and stored carbon were determined. The mangrove had a density of 3515 ± 428.5 individuals per hectare. The aboveground biomass of the three species was 120.5 Mg ha−1. The biomass of L. racemosa was 99.5 Mg ha−1, which represents 82.6% of the total biomass. The biomass of R. mangle was 20.33 Mg ha−1, and that of A. germinans was 0.32 Mg ha−1. The total carbon retained in the trees was 60.25 Mg C ha−1 and 221.1 Mg CO2e ha−1. Laguncularia racemosa generated the highest contributions of CO2e. The area of mangroves accumulated 112,065 Mg of aboveground biomass. The carbon contained in this biomass corresponds to 205,623 Mg CO2e. This mangrove contributes to mitigating the effects of climate change globally through the reduction in greenhouse gases., Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) - (grant 441771)

The aboveground contributions of mangroves to global carbon sequestration reinforce the need to estimate biomass in these systems. The objective was to determine the aboveground biomass storage and quantify the carbon and CO2e content in Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans, and Laguncularia racemosa present in southeastern Mexico. Based on the Forest Protocol for Mexico Version 2.0 methodology, published by Climate Action Reserve, 130 circular plots were randomly selected and established in an area of 930 ha of mangrove vegetation, and the aboveground biomass and stored carbon were determined. The mangrove had a density of 3515 ± 428.5 individuals per hectare. The aboveground biomass of the three species was 120.5 Mg ha−1. The biomass of L. racemosa was 99.5 Mg ha−1, which represents 82.6% of the total biomass. The biomass of R. mangle was 20.33 Mg ha−1, and that of A. germinans was 0.32 Mg ha−1. The total carbon retained in the trees was 60.25 Mg C ha−1 and 221.1 Mg CO2e ha−1. Laguncularia racemosa generated the highest contributions of CO2e. The area of mangroves accumulated 112,065 Mg of aboveground biomass. The carbon contained in this biomass corresponds to 205,623 Mg CO2e. This mangrove contributes to mitigating the effects of climate change globally through the reduction in greenhouse gases.

The fight against climate change is one of the major concerns of the international community and has led to a search to identify cost-effective ways to manage ecosystems in a way that removes atmospheric carbon-dioxide while providing essential societal benefits. As bamboo ecosystems in Cameroon are poorly known, this study sought to evaluate the distribution of bamboo, develop allometric equations for it and estimate carbon stocks associated with bamboo in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. Landsat 8 OLI imagery was used to increase data on the distribution and carbon stocks of Phyllostachys aurea Carrière ex Rivière & C. Rivière in the study area. P. aurea is reportedly the most exploited species for ecological, socioeconomic and cultural activities in the region, posing a challenge for the sustainability of the species. Twelve circular plots were established in P. aurea stands in the Western Highlands. Five per cent of the bamboo stems were harvested. Every stem was sorted into leaves, branches, and culms. These were weighed, and sub-samples taken to the laboratory. Sub-samples were oven-dried for biomass estimation. Regression analysis was used to develop the allometric equations. The best equation was used to estimate the carbon stocks. The Western Highlands region of Cameroon is estimated to have 241,296 ha of bamboos. The dominant bamboo species identified in the study area include Oldeania alpina (K.Schum.) Stapleton (syn. Yushania alpina K.Schum.), Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C.Wendl. and P. aurea. Focusing on P. aurea the best fit equation with a bias of − 6.98%, Adj.R² = 0.711, AIC = 17 and RSE = 0.262, was selected. The mean density of P. aurea was 38,017 ± 4510 culms.ha−1. The mean culm aboveground biomass was 3.15 ± 0.94 kg. The AGB of P. aurea was estimated at 119.05 ± 3.63 t.ha−1, mean AGC was 55.95 ± 5.81 t C.ha−1 and mean aboveground carbon dioxide equivalence (AGCO2eq) was 205.35 ± 58.01.22 t CO2.ha−1. P. aurea constitutes a significant carbon s

The conservation of urban green areas provides benefits of mitigation and adaptation to climate change, in addition to offering ecosystem services for local populations, where the economic valuation of the goods is a reliable alternative for this purpose. The objective of this study was to determine the total biomass and the economic value of the Carbon reserve of the arboreal resource in the Dr. Claudio Pavetti Park. A forest inventory was carried out identifying and measuring all the trees with d1.30 cm ≥ 10 cm. For the estimation of the total biomass, the allometric equation for the Humid Chaco ecoregion was applied. For the economic valuation, the average price of the first semester of 2020 was used, considering the value of the Emission Rights of the European Union (EUA) reflected in the Stock Exchange of the European CO2 Trading System (SENDECO2). 94 individuals were identified belonging to 22 species, 21 genera and 13 botanical families. The species that obtained the highest accumulated Carbon value were Peltophorum dubium (54.62 Mg ha-1), Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (23.56 Mg ha-1), Pterogyne nitens (18.75 Mg ha-1) and Parapiptadenia rigida (12.21 Mg ha-1). The estimated total biomass was 291.58 Mg ha-1, which is equivalent to 137.04 Mg ha-1 of C and 502.49 Mg ha-1 of CO2 eq. The economic value of the ecosystem service of the reserve for C amounts to US$ 168.11 ha-1., La conservación de las áreas verdes urbanas proporcionan beneficios de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, además de ofrecer servicios ecosistémicos para las poblaciones locales, donde la valoración económica de los bienes resulta una alternativa confiable para dicha finalidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la biomasa total y el valor económico de la reserva de Carbono del recurso arbóreo del Parque Dr. Claudio Pavetti. Fue realizado un inventario forestal identificando y midiendo todos los árboles con d1,30 cm ≥ 10 cm. Para la estimación de la biomasa total se aplicó la ecuación alométrica para la ecorregión Chaco Húmedo. Para la valoración económica se utilizó el precio promedio del primer semestre del año 2020, del valor de los Derechos de Emisión de la Unión Europea (EUA) reflejados en la Bolsa del Sistema Europeo de Negociación de CO2 (SENDECO2). Fueron identificados 94 individuos, pertenecientes a 22 especies, 21 géneros y 13 familias botánicas. Las especies que obtuvieron mayor valor de Carbono acumulado fueron Peltophorum dubium (54,62 Mg ha-1), Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (23,56 Mg ha-1), Pterogyne nitens (18,75 Mg ha-1) y Parapiptadenia rigida (12,21 Mg ha-1). La biomasa total estimada fue de 281,86 Mg ha-1, lo que equivale a 132,47 Mg ha-1 de C y 485,74 Mg ha-1 de CO2 eq. El valor económico del servicio ecosistémico de la reserva de C asciende a 168,11 US$ ha-1., A conservação de zonas verdes urbanas proporciona benefícios de mitigação das alterações climáticas e de adaptação, para além de oferecer serviços ecossistémicos às populações locais, onde a valorização económica dos bens é uma alternativa fiável para este fim. O objectivo deste estudo era determinar a biomassa total e o valor económico do stock de carbono do recurso arbóreo do Parque Dr. Claudio Pavetti. Foi realizado um inventário florestal identificando e medindo todas as árvores com d1,30 cm ≥ 10 cm. A equação alométrica para a ecorregião do Chaco húmido foi utilizada para estimar a biomassa total. Para a avaliação económica utilizámos o preço médio do primeiro semestre de 2020, o valor das Licenças de Emissão da União Europeia (EUA) reflectido na Bolsa Europeia do Sistema de Comércio de CO2 (SENDECO2). Foi identificado um total de 94 indivíduos, pertencentes a 22 espécies, 21 géneros e 13 famílias botânicas. As espécies com o maior valor de carbono acumulado foram Peltophorum dubium (54,62 Mg ha-1), Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (23,56 Mg ha-1), Pterogyne nitens (18,75 Mg ha-1) e Parapiptadenia rigida (12,21 Mg ha-1). A biomassa total estimada foi de 281,86 Mg ha-1, equivalente a 132,47 Mg ha-1 de C e 485,74 Mg ha-1 de CO2 eq. O valor económico do serviço ecossistémico do stock C eleva-se a 168,11 US$ ha-1.

The conservation of urban green areas provides benefits of mitigation and adaptation to climate change, in addition to offering ecosystem services for local populations, where the economic valuation of the goods is a reliable alternative for this purpose. The objective of this study was to determine the total biomass and the economic value of the Carbon reserve of the arboreal resource in the Dr. Claudio Pavetti Park. A forest inventory was carried out identifying and measuring all the trees with d1.30 cm ≥ 10 cm. For the estimation of the total biomass, the allometric equation for the Humid Chaco ecoregion was applied. For the economic valuation, the average price of the first semester of 2020 was used, considering the value of the Emission Rights of the European Union (EUA) reflected in the Stock Exchange of the European CO2 Trading System (SENDECO2). 94 individuals were identified belonging to 22 species, 21 genera and 13 botanical families. The species that obtained the highest accumulated Carbon value were Peltophorum dubium (54.62 Mg ha-1), Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (23.56 Mg ha-1), Pterogyne nitens (18.75 Mg ha-1) and Parapiptadenia rigida (12.21 Mg ha-1). The estimated total biomass was 291.58 Mg ha-1, which is equivalent to 137.04 Mg ha-1 of C and 502.49 Mg ha-1 of CO2 eq. The economic value of the ecosystem service of the reserve for C amounts to US$ 168.11 ha-1., La conservación de las áreas verdes urbanas proporcionan beneficios de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, además de ofrecer servicios ecosistémicos para las poblaciones locales, donde la valoración económica de los bienes resulta una alternativa confiable para dicha finalidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la biomasa total y el valor económico de la reserva de Carbono del recurso arbóreo del Parque Dr. Claudio Pavetti. Fue realizado un inventario forestal identificando y midiendo todos los árboles con d1,30 cm ≥ 10 cm. Para la estimación de la biomasa total se aplicó la ecuación alométrica para la ecorregión Chaco Húmedo. Para la valoración económica se utilizó el precio promedio del primer semestre del año 2020, del valor de los Derechos de Emisión de la Unión Europea (EUA) reflejados en la Bolsa del Sistema Europeo de Negociación de CO2 (SENDECO2). Fueron identificados 94 individuos, pertenecientes a 22 especies, 21 géneros y 13 familias botánicas. Las especies que obtuvieron mayor valor de Carbono acumulado fueron Peltophorum dubium (54,62 Mg ha-1), Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (23,56 Mg ha-1), Pterogyne nitens (18,75 Mg ha-1) y Parapiptadenia rigida (12,21 Mg ha-1). La biomasa total estimada fue de 281,86 Mg ha-1, lo que equivale a 132,47 Mg ha-1 de C y 485,74 Mg ha-1 de CO2 eq. El valor económico del servicio ecosistémico de la reserva de C asciende a 168,11 US$ ha-1., A conservação de zonas verdes urbanas proporciona benefícios de mitigação das alterações climáticas e de adaptação, para além de oferecer serviços ecossistémicos às populações locais, onde a valorização económica dos bens é uma alternativa fiável para este fim. O objectivo deste estudo era determinar a biomassa total e o valor económico do stock de carbono do recurso arbóreo do Parque Dr. Claudio Pavetti. Foi realizado um inventário florestal identificando e medindo todas as árvores com d1,30 cm ≥ 10 cm. A equação alométrica para a ecorregião do Chaco húmido foi utilizada para estimar a biomassa total. Para a avaliação económica utilizámos o preço médio do primeiro semestre de 2020, o valor das Licenças de Emissão da União Europeia (EUA) reflectido na Bolsa Europeia do Sistema de Comércio de CO2 (SENDECO2). Foi identificado um total de 94 indivíduos, pertencentes a 22 espécies, 21 géneros e 13 famílias botânicas. As espécies com o maior valor de carbono acumulado foram Peltophorum dubium (54,62 Mg ha-1), Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (23,56 Mg ha-1), Pterogyne nitens (18,75 Mg ha-1) e Parapiptadenia rigida (12,21 Mg ha-1). A biomassa total estimada foi de 281,86 Mg ha-1, equivalente a 132,47 Mg ha-1 de C e 485,74 Mg ha-1 de CO2 eq. O valor económico do serviço ecossistémico do stock C eleva-se a 168,11 US$ ha-1.

A conservação de zonas verdes urbanas proporciona benefícios de mitigação das alterações climáticas e de adaptação, para além de oferecer serviços ecossistémicos às populações locais, onde a valorização económica dos bens é uma alternativa fiável para este fim. O objectivo deste estudo era determinar a biomassa total e o valor económico do stock de carbono do recurso arbóreo do Parque Dr. Claudio Pavetti. Foi realizado um inventário florestal identificando e medindo todas as árvores com d1,30 cm ≥ 10 cm. A equação alométrica para a ecorregião do Chaco húmido foi utilizada para estimar a biomassa total. Para a avaliação económica utilizámos o preço médio do primeiro semestre de 2020, o valor das Licenças de Emissão da União Europeia (EUA) reflectido na Bolsa Europeia do Sistema de Comércio de CO2 (SENDECO2). Foi identificado um total de 94 indivíduos, pertencentes a 22 espécies, 21 géneros e 13 famílias botânicas. As espécies com o maior valor de carbono acumulado foram Peltophorum dubium (54,62 Mg ha-1), Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (23,56 Mg ha-1), Pterogyne nitens (18,75 Mg ha-1) e Parapiptadenia rigida (12,21 Mg ha-1). A biomassa total estimada foi de 281,86 Mg ha-1, equivalente a 132,47 Mg ha-1 de C e 485,74 Mg ha-1 de CO2 eq. O valor económico do serviço ecossistémico do stock C eleva-se a 168,11 US$ ha-1., The conservation of urban green areas provides benefits of mitigation and adaptation to climate change, in addition to offering ecosystem services for local populations, where the economic valuation of the goods is a reliable alternative for this purpose. The objective of this study was to determine the total biomass and the economic value of the Carbon reserve of the arboreal resource in the Dr. Claudio Pavetti Park. A forest inventory was carried out identifying and measuring all the trees with d1.30 cm ≥ 10 cm. For the estimation of the total biomass, the allometric equation for the Humid Chaco ecoregion was applied. For the economic valuation, the average price of the first semester of 2020 was used, considering the value of the Emission Rights of the European Union (EUA) reflected in the Stock Exchange of the European CO2 Trading System (SENDECO2). 94 individuals were identified belonging to 22 species, 21 genera and 13 botanical families. The species that obtained the highest accumulated Carbon value were Peltophorum dubium (54.62 Mg ha-1), Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (23.56 Mg ha-1), Pterogyne nitens (18.75 Mg ha-1) and Parapiptadenia rigida (12.21 Mg ha-1). The estimated total biomass was 291.58 Mg ha-1, which is equivalent to 137.04 Mg ha-1 of C and 502.49 Mg ha-1 of CO2 eq. The economic value of the ecosystem service of the reserve for C amounts to US$ 168.11 ha-1., La conservación de las áreas verdes urbanas proporcionan beneficios de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, además de ofrecer servicios ecosistémicos para las poblaciones locales, donde la valoración económica de los bienes resulta una alternativa confiable para dicha finalidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la biomasa total y el valor económico de la reserva de Carbono del recurso arbóreo del Parque Dr. Claudio Pavetti. Fue realizado un inventario forestal identificando y midiendo todos los árboles con d1,30 cm ≥ 10 cm. Para la estimación de la biomasa total se aplicó la ecuación alométrica para la ecorregión Chaco Húmedo. Para la valoración económica se utilizó el precio promedio del primer semestre del año 2020, del valor de los Derechos de Emisión de la Unión Europea (EUA) reflejados en la Bolsa del Sistema Europeo de Negociación de CO2 (SENDECO2). Fueron identificados 94 individuos, pertenecientes a 22 especies, 21 géneros y 13 familias botánicas. Las especies que obtuvieron mayor valor de Carbono acumulado fueron Peltophorum dubium (54,62 Mg ha-1), Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (23,56 Mg ha-1), Pterogyne nitens (18,75 Mg ha-1) y Parapiptadenia rigida (12,21 Mg ha-1). La biomasa total estimada fue de 281,86 Mg ha-1, lo que equivale a 132,47 Mg ha-1 de C y 485,74 Mg ha-1 de CO2 eq. El valor económico del servicio ecosistémico de la reserva de C asciende a 168,11 US$ ha-1.

Climate change increases the concentration of the greenhouse effect, this was caused by the lack of trees as a function of carbon sequestration. Therefore, this study aims to map the vegetation distribution in the streets of the city of Malang and to measure its carbon stocks. The used method was vegetation analysis, to calculate the estimation of biomass, carbon storage and CO2 absorption using the allometric equation Brown; Brown and Lugo; and Morikawa. The study was conducted at the street lots of traffic activity, there are six stations representing the city of Malang, those are Tlogomas Street, North of Ahmad Yani Street, Letjend Sutoyo Street, Panglima Sudirman Street, Sudanco Supriadi Street and Kolonel Sugiono Street. The results of this study are that the most carbon-absorbing tree is Albizia saman with a value of 287,656 kg and the region that absorbs the most carbon is Panglima Sudirman Street, that located in the middle of the city.

Climate change increases the concentration of the greenhouse effect, this was caused by the lack of trees as a function of carbon sequestration. Therefore, this study aims to map the vegetation distribution in the streets of the city of Malang and to measure its carbon stocks. The used method was vegetation analysis, to calculate the estimation of biomass, carbon storage and CO2 absorption using the allometric equation Brown; Brown and Lugo; and Morikawa. The study was conducted at the street lots of traffic activity, there are six stations representing the city of Malang, those are Tlogomas Street, North of Ahmad Yani Street, Letjend Sutoyo Street, Panglima Sudirman Street, Sudanco Supriadi Street and Kolonel Sugiono Street. The results of this study are that the most carbon-absorbing tree is Albizia saman with a value of 287,656 kg and the region that absorbs the most carbon is Panglima Sudirman Street, that located in the middle of the city.

Climate change increases the concentration of the greenhouse effect, this was caused by the lack of trees as a function of carbon sequestration. Therefore, this study aims to map the vegetation distribution in the streets of the city of Malang and to measure its carbon stocks. The used method was vegetation analysis, to calculate the estimation of biomass, carbon storage and CO2 absorption using the allometric equation Brown; Brown and Lugo; and Morikawa. The study was conducted at the street lots of traffic activity, there are six stations representing the city of Malang, those are Tlogomas Street, North of Ahmad Yani Street, Letjend Sutoyo Street, Panglima Sudirman Street, Sudanco Supriadi Street and Kolonel Sugiono Street. The results of this study are that the most carbon-absorbing tree is Albizia saman with a value of 287,656 kg and the region that absorbs the most carbon is Panglima Sudirman Street, that located in the middle of the city.

Climate change increases the concentration of the greenhouse effect, this was caused by the lack of trees as a function of carbon sequestration. Therefore, this study aims to map the vegetation distribution in the streets of the city of Malang and to measure its carbon stocks. The used method was vegetation analysis, to calculate the estimation of biomass, carbon storage and CO2 absorption using the allometric equation Brown; Brown and Lugo; and Morikawa. The study was conducted at the street lots of traffic activity, there are six stations representing the city of Malang, those are Tlogomas Street, North of Ahmad Yani Street, Letjend Sutoyo Street, Panglima Sudirman Street, Sudanco Supriadi Street and Kolonel Sugiono Street. The results of this study are that the most carbon-absorbing tree is Albizia saman with a value of 287,656 kg and the region that absorbs the most carbon is Panglima Sudirman Street, that located in the middle of the city.

The tree diversity and carbon stock of all woody plants were investigated in two-hectare square plots (100 m x 100 m) were established in Suryanpet (SP) and Velleripet (VP) which is tropical dry evergreen forest (TDEF) sites on the Coromandel Coast of peninsular India. All trees ? 10 cm girth at breast height measured at 1.3 m from the rooting point were enumerated. A total of 35 tree species (? 10 cm gbh) belonging to 34 genera and 23 families were recorded in tropical dry evergreen forests. Tree species richness in 27 (dominant species Dimorphocalyx glabellus Thw.) and 18 (dominant species Strychnos nux-vomica L.) in SP and VP respectively. A total density of woody plants 671 and 1154 individuals in SP and VP respectively. The basal area of trees in the two study sites SP (40.70 m2 ha-1) and VP (45.46 m2 ha-1). Most abundant families are Loganiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rutaceae and its family index value (FIV) is 56.14, 39.12 and 21.40 respectively. The aboveground biomass (AGB) of trees totaled in site SP (405.3 Mg ha-1) and VP (721.3 Mg ha-1). The extent of tree species diversity and estimated carbon stock of the TDEF sites, which provides the baseline data on the floristic structure and diversity of this forest for better management and conservation.

The objective of this study is to calculate the capacity of CO2 capture from the forest relict of the University of Quindio “Jardín Botánico Cedro Rosado” through the use of techniques that integrate in situ measurements with remote sensing. In the first phase, multispectral images, Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), Improved Vegetation Index (EVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and object-based classification will be obtained. In the second phase, tree variables will be measured, and Leaf Area Index (LAI) and the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (Fapar) biophysical variables will be estimated with the Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies (TRAC) optical instrument, in order to correlate them with the vegetation indexes. This will define the constants of the exponential regression model defining the local allometric equation, which will interpolate the biomass in the entire image., O objetivo deste trabalho é calcular a capacidade de captura de CO2 do relicto arborizado da Universidad del Quindío que recebe o nome de “Jardim Botânico Cedro Rosado” por meio de técnicas que integram medidas in situ e detecção remota. Nessa primeira fase, serão obtidas as imagens multiespectrais, índices de vegetação diferencial normalizada (NDVI), melhorado (EVI) e ajustado ao solo (SAVI), e a classificação baseada em objetos. Numa segunda fase, serão medidas variáveis arbóreas e serão estimadas as variáveis biofísicas índice de área foliar (LAI) e a fração de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa absorvida (Fapar) com o instrumento Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies (Trac) para correlacioná-las com os índices de vegetação. Isso definirá as constantes do modelo exponencial de regressão por meio do estabelecimento da equação alométrica local, para interpolar a biomassa contida na zona de estudo e relacionar com sua capacidade de armazenamento de CO2., El objetivo de este trabajo es calcular la capacidad de captura de CO2del relicto boscoso de la Universidad del Quindío que recibe el nombre de “Jardín Botánico Cedro Rosado” a través de técnicas que integran mediciones in situ y teledetección. En esta primera fase se obtendrán las imágenes multiespectrales, índices de vegetación diferencial normalizado (NDVI), mejorado (EVI) y ajustado al suelo, (SAVI), y la clasificación basada en objetos. En una segunda fase se medirán variables arbóreas y se estimarán las variables biofísicas índice de área foliar (LAI) y fracción de radiación activa fotosintéticamente absorbida (Fapar) con el instrumento Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies (Trac) para correlacionarlas con los índices de vegetación. Esto definirá las constantes del modelo exponencial de regresión a través del establecimiento de la ecuación alométrica local, para interpolar la biomasa contenida en la zona de estudio y relacionarla con su capacidad de almacenamiento de CO2.

Trees sequester and store large amounts of carbon within their biomass, thus helping to mitigate the effects of the greenhouse gasses (GHG). To date, no allometric equations exist to estimate biomass of the forest tree species from Guerrero, Mexico. That is why the aim of the present study was to generate equations to estimate aboveground biomass for Pinus oocarpa Schiede and Quercus resinosa Liebmann. Databases consisted of 33 and 19 sample trees for the pine and oak species, respectively, all of them distributed in temperate forest within Hueyapa river micro-watershed, Guerrero, Mexico. The biomass was estimated based on the dry weight of 6 to 14 samples per tree component, according to tree size. Power models were adjusted in their linear form and with Box-Cox transformation. The model that best estimated the aboveground biomass in P. oocarpa was the power function and for Q. resinosa it was the one obtained with the Box-Cox transformation, using the logarithm of the diameter at breast height ( ) and the transformed combined variable as the independent one, respectively. The allometric equations generated fill the existing vacuum for the estimating the aboveground biomass of these forest species in Guerrero state., Los árboles capturan y almacenan grandes cantidades de carbono en su biomasa e impactan positivamente en la mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Hasta esta fecha, no existen ecuaciones alométricas que estimen la biomasa de árboles del estado de Guerrero, México. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo generar ecuaciones para estimar la biomasa aérea de árboles de Pinus oocarpa Schiede y Quercus resinosa Liebmann. Se realizó un muestreo destructivo de 33 árboles para la primera especie y 19 para la segunda, distribuidos en el bosque templado de la microcuenca del río Hueyapa, Guerrero, México. La biomasa de los componentes del árbol se estimó con base en el peso seco de 6 a 14 muestras por componente arbóreo, según el tamaño del árbol. Se ajustaron modelos potenciales en su forma lineal y con transformación Box-Cox. El modelo que mejor estimó la biomasa aérea en P. oocarpa fue el potencial y para Q. resinosa fue el que se obtuvo con la transformación Box-Cox, usando logaritmo del diámetro normal ( ) y la variable combinada transformada como variable independiente. Las ecuaciones alométricas generadas rellenan el vacío existente para la estimación de la biomasa aérea de estas especies forestales en el estado de Guerrero.

The objective of this study is to calculate the capacity of CO2 capture from the forest relict of the University of Quindio “Jardín Botánico Cedro Rosado” through the use of techniques that integrate in situ measurements with remote sensing. In the first phase, multispectral images, Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), Improved Vegetation Index (EVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and object-based classification will be obtained. In the second phase, tree variables will be measured, and Leaf Area Index (LAI) and the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (Fapar) biophysical variables will be estimated with the Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies (TRAC) optical instrument, in order to correlate them with the vegetation indexes. This will define the constants of the exponential regression model defining the local allometric equation, which will interpolate the biomass in the entire image., O objetivo deste trabalho é calcular a capacidade de captura de CO2 do relicto arborizado da Universidad del Quindío que recebe o nome de “Jardim Botânico Cedro Rosado” por meio de técnicas que integram medidas in situ e detecção remota. Nessa primeira fase, serão obtidas as imagens multiespectrais, índices de vegetação diferencial normalizada (NDVI), melhorado (EVI) e ajustado ao solo (SAVI), e a classificação baseada em objetos. Numa segunda fase, serão medidas variáveis arbóreas e serão estimadas as variáveis biofísicas índice de área foliar (LAI) e a fração de radiação fotossinteticamente ativa absorvida (Fapar) com o instrumento Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies (Trac) para correlacioná-las com os índices de vegetação. Isso definirá as constantes do modelo exponencial de regressão por meio do estabelecimento da equação alométrica local, para interpolar a biomassa contida na zona de estudo e relacionar com sua capacidade de armazenamento de CO2., El objetivo de este trabajo es calcular la capacidad de captura de CO2del relicto boscoso de la Universidad del Quindío que recibe el nombre de “Jardín Botánico Cedro Rosado” a través de técnicas que integran mediciones in situ y teledetección. En esta primera fase se obtendrán las imágenes multiespectrales, índices de vegetación diferencial normalizado (NDVI), mejorado (EVI) y ajustado al suelo, (SAVI), y la clasificación basada en objetos. En una segunda fase se medirán variables arbóreas y se estimarán las variables biofísicas índice de área foliar (LAI) y fracción de radiación activa fotosintéticamente absorbida (Fapar) con el instrumento Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies (Trac) para correlacionarlas con los índices de vegetación. Esto definirá las constantes del modelo exponencial de regresión a través del establecimiento de la ecuación alométrica local, para interpolar la biomasa contenida en la zona de estudio y relacionarla con su capacidad de almacenamiento de CO2.

Trees sequester and store large amounts of carbon within their biomass, thus helping to mitigate the effects of the greenhouse gasses (GHG). To date, no allometric equations exist to estimate biomass of the forest tree species from Guerrero, Mexico. That is why the aim of the present study was to generate equations to estimate aboveground biomass for Pinus oocarpa Schiede and Quercus resinosa Liebmann. Databases consisted of 33 and 19 sample trees for the pine and oak species, respectively, all of them distributed in temperate forest within Hueyapa river micro-watershed, Guerrero, Mexico. The biomass was estimated based on the dry weight of 6 to 14 samples per tree component, according to tree size. Power models were adjusted in their linear form and with Box-Cox transformation. The model that best estimated the aboveground biomass in P. oocarpa was the power function and for Q. resinosa it was the one obtained with the Box-Cox transformation, using the logarithm of the diameter at breast height ( ) and the transformed combined variable as the independent one, respectively. The allometric equations generated fill the existing vacuum for the estimating the aboveground biomass of these forest species in Guerrero state., Los árboles capturan y almacenan grandes cantidades de carbono en su biomasa e impactan positivamente en la mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Hasta esta fecha, no existen ecuaciones alométricas que estimen la biomasa de árboles del estado de Guerrero, México. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo generar ecuaciones para estimar la biomasa aérea de árboles de Pinus oocarpa Schiede y Quercus resinosa Liebmann. Se realizó un muestreo destructivo de 33 árboles para la primera especie y 19 para la segunda, distribuidos en el bosque templado de la microcuenca del río Hueyapa, Guerrero, México. La biomasa de los componentes del árbol se estimó con base en el peso seco de 6 a 14 muestras por componente arbóreo, según el tamaño del árbol. Se ajustaron modelos potenciales en su forma lineal y con transformación Box-Cox. El modelo que mejor estimó la biomasa aérea en P. oocarpa fue el potencial y para Q. resinosa fue el que se obtuvo con la transformación Box-Cox, usando logaritmo del diámetro normal ( ) y la variable combinada transformada como variable independiente. Las ecuaciones alométricas generadas rellenan el vacío existente para la estimación de la biomasa aérea de estas especies forestales en el estado de Guerrero.

Climate change caused by increased greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration causes alterations in the planet’s climate and increases the average global temperature, thereby affecting rainfall patterns. This study’s target area was the town of Tacarimena in the municipality of Yopal; it has eight rural areas. The area is located around 380 masl and has a warm, humid climate, a mean annual rainfall of 2,270 mm, a dry season between December and March and a rainy season from April to November. This research has estimated seven landuse systems’ above- and below-ground biomass and total carbon storage in line with a low-carbon development policy: 1) plantain with shade (SAF + plantain), 2) cocoa with shade (Ca + S), 3) citrus (C), 4) low-lying silvopastoral system (LSS), 5) high-lying silvopastoral system (HSS), 6) gallery forest (GF) and 7) bush (B). A completely randomised experimental design with five repetitions was used, giving 35 experimental units. Temporary sampling plots were established for taking information regarding 832 trees from 66 botanical species. Allometric models were used for estimating above-ground biomass using field data/measurements (diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height (TH). A general tropical forest model was used for estimating below-ground biomass. All the land-use systems being studied had the essential ecosystem service of carbon capture/CO2 sequestration where GF and B had the highest carbon storage; on the contrary, SAF + plantain stored the lowest amount of carbon. Changing from production to forestry systems (GF and B) implies increased carbon capture (additionality), whereas the opposite (i.e. deforestation) represents CO2 emission. Such results represent a key input for policy design and carbon capture projects., A mudança climática, causada pelo aumento da concentração de gases de efeito estufa (GEEs), gera alterações no clima do planeta e um aumento na temperatura média global, afetando os padrões de precipitação. A área de estudo foi localizada no município de Yopal, distrito Tacarimena, composto por oito vilarejos, que tem um clima quente - úmido com precipitação anual média de 2.270 mm, além de uma estação seca de dezembro a março e uma estação chuvosa entre abril e novembro. De acordo com a necessidade de desenvolvimento baixo em carbono, esta pesquisa estima a biomassa acima e abaixo do solo e com eles o total de carbono armazenado em sete sistemas de uso da terra: 1) banana com sombra (SAF + banana), 2) cacau sombreado (Ca + S), 3) cítricos (C), 4) sistema silvopastoril baixo (SSPB), 5) sistema silvopastoril alto (SSPA), 6) floresta riparia (BG), e 7) fragmento de floresta (MM). Desenvolveu-se um desenho experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições, totalizando 35 unidades experimentais. Parcelas temporárias de amostragem foram estabelecidas, tomando dados de 832 árvores de 66 espécies botânicas. A biomassa acima do solo foi estimada com modelos alométricos, inserindo os dados de campo: diâmetro à altura do peito (dap) e a altura total. A biomassa abaixo do solo foi estimada usando um modelo geral para florestas tropicais. Todos os usos da terra em estudo oferecem o serviço ecossistêmico de captura de carbono, sendo BG e MM os que apresentam o maior carbono, enquanto que SAF + banana armazenou a menor quantidade de carbono. Mudanças potenciais de sistemas de produção para sistemas florestais (BG e MM) implicam em ganho de carbono (adicionalidade), entanto que as mudanças opostas, como o desmatamento, representam emissões de CO2. Esses resultados são chaves para orientar políticas e projetos de captura de carbono, El cambio climático, ocasionado por el incremento en la concentración de gases efecto invernadero (GEI), genera alteraciones en el clima del planeta, aumentando la temperatura media global, lo que afecta patrones de precipitación. El área de estudio se ubicó en el Municipio de Yopal, corregimiento Tacarimena, compuesta por ocho veredas, la cual presenta clima cálido – húmedo con promedio de precipitación anual de 2270 mm; temporada seca de diciembre-marzo y lluviosa de abril-noviembre y alturas inferiores a 380 m. En concordancia con la necesidad del desarrollo bajo en carbono, la presente investigación estima la biomasa arriba y abajo del suelo y con éstas el carbono total almacenado en siete sistemas de uso del suelo: 1) plátano con sombrío (SAF+ plátano), 2) cacao con sombrío (Ca+S), 3) cítricos (C), 4) sistema silvopastoril bajo (SSPB), 5) sistema silvopastoril alto (SSPA), 6) bosques de galería (BG), y 7) mata de monte (MM). Se trabajó con diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones, para un total de 35 unidades experimentales. Se establecieron parcelas temporales de muestreo, tomando datos en 832 árboles de 66 especies botánicas. Se estimó la biomasa arriba del suelo mediante modelos alometricos, utilizando datos de campo (diámetro a la altura del pecho dap y la altura total). La biomasa abajo del suelo (raíces) se estimó empleando el modelo general para bosques tropicales. Todos los usos del suelo en estudio ofrecen el servicio ecosistémico de captura de carbono, siendo el BG y la MM los de mayor carbono, mientras que el SAF+plátano almacenó la menor cantidad de carbono. Potenciales cambios de sistemas productivos a sistemas forestales (BG y MM) implican una ganancia de carbono (adicionalidad), mientras que los cambios contrarios, es decir deforestación, representan emisiones de CO2. Estos resultados son claves para la orientación a políticas y proyectos de captura de carbono

Chiapas, Mexico, occupies the first place in surface and production of oil palm, as an alternative to mitigate climate change, for the potential of perennial crops to fix in their biomass the carbon (C) that is released in the form of environmental CO2. The objective of this work was to measure the carbon captured in the aerial fraction of the oil palm plant (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The study was conducted from January 2016 to June 2017 in three producing regions; where to twenty-one plants of twelve years on average, the stipe biomass was determined using the truncated cone technique, while for the leaves the equivalence of 65% of the biomass of the stipe was used. With these data, a descriptive statistic was made to know the biomass values. The amount of C was determined by the Walkley and Black method modified by UV spectrophotometry. The accumulated biomass per plant was 1877.30 kg, representing 268.45 t/ha with an average density of 143 plants/ha. 49.35% and 44.15% were carbon in stipe and leaves, respectively; therefore, the quantity of this element was 877.64 kg of carbon per plant, which represented 125.5 t/ha. An allometric equation was generated estimating the biomass from the volume of the stipe (y = 243.86 + 990.61x), as well as for the amount of carbon from the biomass (y = 149.07 + 0.39x). Two allometric models were determined with the data obtained from oil palm cultivation, which is suggested to be evaluated in the field to determine the degree of reliability in the estimation of biomass and carbon stored under the agroclimatic conditions similar to those of the present study., Chiapas, México, ocupa el primer lugar en superficie y producción de palma de aceite, se puede considerar como alternativa de mitigación del cambio climático, por el potencial de los cultivos perennes para fijar en su biomasa el carbono (C) que se libera en forma de CO2 ambiental. El objetivo de este trabajo fue medir el carbono capturado en la fracción aérea de la planta de la palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). El estudio se realizó de enero del 2016 a junio del 2017 en tres regiones productoras; donde a veintiún plantas de doce años en promedio se les determinó la biomasa del estípite mediante la técnica del cono truncado, mientras que, para las hojas se utilizó la equivalencia del 65% de la biomasa del estípite. Con estos datos se realizó una estadística descriptiva para conocer los valores de biomasa. La cantidad de C se determinó por el método de Walkley y Black modificado por espectrofotometría de UV. La biomasa acumulada por planta fue de 1877,30 kg, que representó 268,45 t/ha con una densidad promedio de 143 plantas/ha. El 49,35% y 44,15% fue carbono en estípite y hojas, respectivamente; por tanto, la cantidad de este elemento fue 877,64 kg de carbono por planta, que representó 125,5 t/ha. Se generó una ecuación alométrica que estima la biomasa a partir del volumen del estípite (y = 243,86 + 990,61x), así como para la cantidad de carbono a partir de la biomasa (y = 149,07 + 0,39x). Se determinaron dos modelos alométricos con los datos obtenidos del cultivo de palma de aceite, los cuales se sugiere sean evaluados en campo para determinar el grado de confiabilidad en la estimación de biomasa y el carbono almacenado bajo condiciones agroclimáticas similares a las del presente estudio.

1. When tree‐species mixtures are more productive than monocultures, higher light absorption is often suggested as a cause. However, few studies have quantified this effect and even fewer have examined which light‐related interactions are most important, such as the effects of species interactions on tree allometric relationships and crown architecture, differences in vertical or horizontal canopy structure, phenology of deciduous species or the mixing effects on tree size and stand density. 2. In this study, measurements of tree sizes and stand structures were combined with a detailed tree‐level light model (Maestra) to examine the contribution of each light‐related interaction on tree‐ and stand‐level light absorption at 21 sites, each of which contained a triplet of plots including a mixture and monocultures of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris (63 plots). These sites were distributed across the current distribution of these species within Europe. 3. Averaged across all sites, the light absorption of mixtures was 14% higher than the mean of the monocultures. At the whole community level, this positive effect of mixing on light absorption increased as canopy volume or site productivity increased, but was unrelated to climate. At the species population or individual tree levels, the mixing effect on light absorption resulted from light‐related interactions involving vertical canopy structure, stand density, the presence of a deciduous species (F. sylvatica), as well as the effects of mixing on tree size and allometric relationships between diameter and height, crown diameter and crown length. 4. The mixing effects on light absorption were only correlated with the mixing effects on growth for P. sylvestris, suggesting that the mixing effects on this species were driven by the light-related interactions, whereas mixing effects on F. sylvatica or whole community growth were probably driven by non-light-related interactions. 5. Synthesis. The overall positive effect

Chiapas, Mexico, occupies the first place in surface and production of oil palm, as an alternative to mitigate climate change, for the potential of perennial crops to fix in their biomass the carbon (C) that is released in the form of environmental CO2. The objective of this work was to measure the carbon captured in the aerial fraction of the oil palm plant (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The study was conducted from January 2016 to June 2017 in three producing regions; where to twenty-one plants of twelve years on average, the stipe biomass was determined using the truncated cone technique, while for the leaves the equivalence of 65% of the biomass of the stipe was used. With these data, a descriptive statistic was made to know the biomass values. The amount of C was determined by the Walkley and Black method modified by UV spectrophotometry. The accumulated biomass per plant was 1877.30 kg, representing 268.45 t/ha with an average density of 143 plants/ha. 49.35% and 44.15% were carbon in stipe and leaves, respectively; therefore, the quantity of this element was 877.64 kg of carbon per plant, which represented 125.5 t/ha. An allometric equation was generated estimating the biomass from the volume of the stipe (y = 243.86 + 990.61x), as well as for the amount of carbon from the biomass (y = 149.07 + 0.39x). Two allometric models were determined with the data obtained from oil palm cultivation, which is suggested to be evaluated in the field to determine the degree of reliability in the estimation of biomass and carbon stored under the agroclimatic conditions similar to those of the present study., Chiapas, México, ocupa el primer lugar en superficie y producción de palma de aceite, se puede considerar como alternativa de mitigación del cambio climático, por el potencial de los cultivos perennes para fijar en su biomasa el carbono (C) que se libera en forma de CO2 ambiental. El objetivo de este trabajo fue medir el carbono capturado en la fracción aérea de la planta de la palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). El estudio se realizó de enero del 2016 a junio del 2017 en tres regiones productoras; donde a veintiún plantas de doce años en promedio se les determinó la biomasa del estípite mediante la técnica del cono truncado, mientras que, para las hojas se utilizó la equivalencia del 65% de la biomasa del estípite. Con estos datos se realizó una estadística descriptiva para conocer los valores de biomasa. La cantidad de C se determinó por el método de Walkley y Black modificado por espectrofotometría de UV. La biomasa acumulada por planta fue de 1877,30 kg, que representó 268,45 t/ha con una densidad promedio de 143 plantas/ha. El 49,35% y 44,15% fue carbono en estípite y hojas, respectivamente; por tanto, la cantidad de este elemento fue 877,64 kg de carbono por planta, que representó 125,5 t/ha. Se generó una ecuación alométrica que estima la biomasa a partir del volumen del estípite (y = 243,86 + 990,61x), así como para la cantidad de carbono a partir de la biomasa (y = 149,07 + 0,39x). Se determinaron dos modelos alométricos con los datos obtenidos del cultivo de palma de aceite, los cuales se sugiere sean evaluados en campo para determinar el grado de confiabilidad en la estimación de biomasa y el carbono almacenado bajo condiciones agroclimáticas similares a las del presente estudio.

The objective of the research was to determine the carbon reserve retained under a silvopastoral system with Pinus patula, located in Amazonas, Peru. For the carbon estimation, 06 plants were used by the direct method, the shafts were sectioned every 2 meters and from these were obtained samples of 5 cm of thickness prior to the total weighing. For the branches and leaves the total weight was weighed and samples of 200 g were selected. For the collection of leaf litter and native herbaceous samples, the quadrant method was used and soil samples were collected around each plant. The data were obtained through the formulation of allometric equations and selection of the highest correlation estimated, based on variables such as diameter at chest height (DAP) and height of the stem (AF). As a result, 92.13 t / ha of stored carbon and 337.20 t / ha of carbon equivalent were found. In addition, the research allowed to establish an equation that allows estimating the amount of carbon and CO2 in the pine tree: Dry biomass = 0.6575 * DAP1,1794 (r2 = 0.91)., La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la reserva de carbono retenida bajo un sistema silvopastoril con Pinus patula, localizado en Amazonas, Perú. Para la estimación de carbono se utilizaron 06 plantas mediante el método directo, los fustes fueron seccionados cada 2 metros y a partir de estos se obtuvieron muestras de 5 cm de espesor previo al pesaje total. Para las ramas y hojas se realizó el pesaje total y se seleccionaron muestras de 200 g. Para la recolección de muestras de hojarasca y herbáceas nativas, se utilizó el método del cuadrante y las muestras de suelo se recolectaron alrededor de cada planta. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante la formulación de ecuaciones alométricas y selección de la mayor correlación estimada, a partir de variables como diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) y altura del fuste (AF). Como resultado, se encontró 92,13 t/ha de carbono almacenado y 337,20 t/ha de carbono equivalente. Además, la investigación permitió establecer una ecuación que ayudó a estimar la cantidad de carbono y CO2 en pino pátula: Biomasa seca = 0,6575*DAP1,1794 (r2 = 0,91).

The objective of the research was to determine the carbon reserve retained under a silvopastoral system with Pinus patula, located in Amazonas, Peru. For the carbon estimation, 06 plants were used by the direct method, the shafts were sectioned every 2 meters and from these were obtained samples of 5 cm of thickness prior to the total weighing. For the branches and leaves the total weight was weighed and samples of 200 g were selected. For the collection of leaf litter and native herbaceous samples, the quadrant method was used and soil samples were collected around each plant. The data were obtained through the formulation of allometric equations and selection of the highest correlation estimated, based on variables such as diameter at chest height (DAP) and height of the stem (AF). As a result, 92.13 t / ha of stored carbon and 337.20 t / ha of carbon equivalent were found. In addition, the research allowed to establish an equation that allows estimating the amount of carbon and CO2 in the pine tree: Dry biomass = 0.6575 * DAP1,1794 (r2 = 0.91)., La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la reserva de carbono retenida bajo un sistema silvopastoril con Pinus patula, localizado en Amazonas, Perú. Para la estimación de carbono se utilizaron 06 plantas mediante el método directo, los fustes fueron seccionados cada 2 metros y a partir de estos se obtuvieron muestras de 5 cm de espesor previo al pesaje total. Para las ramas y hojas se realizó el pesaje total y se seleccionaron muestras de 200 g. Para la recolección de muestras de hojarasca y herbáceas nativas, se utilizó el método del cuadrante y las muestras de suelo se recolectaron alrededor de cada planta. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante la formulación de ecuaciones alométricas y selección de la mayor correlación estimada, a partir de variables como diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) y altura del fuste (AF). Como resultado, se encontró 92,13 t/ha de carbono almacenado y 337,20 t/ha de carbono equivalente. Además, la investigación permitió establecer una ecuación que ayudó a estimar la cantidad de carbono y CO2 en pino pátula: Biomasa seca = 0,6575*DAP1,1794 (r2 = 0,91).

Quantifying terrestrial carbon (C) stocks in vineyards represents an important opportunity for estimating C sequestration in perennial cropping systems. Considering ~230,000 ha in California (8.2% of total land cultivated in CA) are dedicated to wine grape production, annual C capture and storage in woody biomass is substantial. In this study, destructive sampling was used to measure C stocks in the woody biomass of a 15-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon vines from a California Northern San Joaquin Valley vineyard. The objectives were to characterize C stocks in terms of allometric variation between biomass fractions of roots, aboveground wood, canes, leaves and fruit, and then test correlations between easy-to-measure variables such as trunk diameter, pruning weights and harvest index to vine biomass fractions. Carbon stocks were also estimated from the volume of biomass in mounds generated during vineyard removal, and compared with previous estimates of standing biomass.Total vine C was estimated at 12.3 Mg C/ha, of which 8.9 Mg C/ha came from perennial vine biomass, whereas annual biomass was estimated at 1.7 Mg C/ha from leaves and canes and 1.7 Mg C/ha from fruit. High positive correlations were found between the diameter of the trunk and overall woody C stocks (r2 = 0.84), pruning weights and annual C stocks (r2 = 0.93), and between fruit weight and annual C stocks (r2 = 0.95). Carbon estimates in the mounds of vine biomass fractions wood, root and canes (10.25 Mg C/ha) were not significantly different than for individually measured vines (10.02 Mg C/ha).This research demonstrates that allometric equations represent strong predictive power for C estimations due to high correlations and low error between these simple measurements and C stocks. Such equations, using information collected from vineyard management practices, could enable growers to estimate C stocks more easily and would facilitate managing C at a vineyard level. This might also provide the basis to cal

Quantifying terrestrial carbon (C) stocks in vineyards represents an important opportunity for estimating C sequestration in perennial cropping systems. Considering ~230,000 ha in California (8.2% of total land cultivated in CA) are dedicated to wine grape production, annual C capture and storage in woody biomass is substantial. In this study, destructive sampling was used to measure C stocks in the woody biomass of a 15-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon vines from a California Northern San Joaquin Valley vineyard. The objectives were to characterize C stocks in terms of allometric variation between biomass fractions of roots, aboveground wood, canes, leaves and fruit, and then test correlations between easy-to-measure variables such as trunk diameter, pruning weights and harvest index to vine biomass fractions. Carbon stocks were also estimated from the volume of biomass in mounds generated during vineyard removal, and compared with previous estimates of standing biomass.Total vine C was estimated at 12.3 Mg C/ha, of which 8.9 Mg C/ha came from perennial vine biomass, whereas annual biomass was estimated at 1.7 Mg C/ha from leaves and canes and 1.7 Mg C/ha from fruit. High positive correlations were found between the diameter of the trunk and overall woody C stocks (r2 = 0.84), pruning weights and annual C stocks (r2 = 0.93), and between fruit weight and annual C stocks (r2 = 0.95). Carbon estimates in the mounds of vine biomass fractions wood, root and canes (10.25 Mg C/ha) were not significantly different than for individually measured vines (10.02 Mg C/ha).This research demonstrates that allometric equations represent strong predictive power for C estimations due to high correlations and low error between these simple measurements and C stocks. Such equations, using information collected from vineyard management practices, could enable growers to estimate C stocks more easily and would facilitate managing C at a vineyard level. This might also provide the basis to cal

The carbon (C) footprint of palm oil production is needed to judge emissions from potential biofuel use. Relevance includes wider sustainable palm oil debates. Within life cycle analysis, aboveground C debt is incurred if the vegetation replaced had a higher C stock than oil palm plantations. Our study included 25 plantations across Indonesia, in a stratified study design representing the range of conditions in which oil palm is grown. From allometric equations for palm biomass and observed growth rates, we estimated the time-averaged aboveground C stock for 25-year rotation and 95%-confidence interval to be 42.07 (42.04–42.10) Mg C ha−1 for plantations managed by company on mineral soils, 40.03 (39.75–40.30) Mg C ha−1 for plantations managed by company on peat, and 37.76 (37.42–38.09) Mg C ha−1 for smallholder oil palm on mineral soils. Oil palm can be established C debt-free on mineral soils with aboveground C stocks below these values; neutrality of mineral soil C pools was documented in a parallel study. Acknowledging variation in shoot:root ratios, the types of vegetation that can be converted debt-free to oil palm include grasslands and shrub, but not monocultural rubber plantations, rubber agroforest, and similar secondary or logged-over forests of higher C stock.

Background-Right ventricular (RV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF) vary significantly with demographic and anthropometric factors and are associated with poor prognosis in several cardiovascular diseases. This multicenter study was designed to (1) establish the reference values for RV volumes and EF using transthoracic three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography; (2) investigate the influence of age, sex, and body size on RV anatomy; (3) develop normative equations. Methods and Results-RV volumes (end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume), stroke volume, and EF were measured by 3D echocardiography in 540 healthy adult volunteers, prospectively enrolled, evenly distributed across age and sex. The relation of age, sex, and body size parameters was investigated using bivariate and multiple linear regression. Analysis was feasible in 507 (94%) subjects (260 women; age, 45±16 years; range, 18-90). Age, sex, height, and weight significantly influenced RV volumes and EF. Sex effect was significant (P<0.01), with RV volumes larger and EF smaller in men than in women. Older age was associated with lower volumes (end-diastolic volume, -5 mLdecade; end-systolic volume, -3 mL/decade; EF, -2 mL/decade) and higher EF (+1% per decade). Inclusion of body size parameters in the statistical models resulted in improved overall explained variance for volumes (end-diastolic volume, R2=0.43; end-systolic volume, R2=0.35; stroke volume, R2=0.30), while EF was unaffected. Ratiometric and allometric indexing for age, sex, and body size resulted in no significant residual correlation between RV measures and height or weight. Conclusions-The presented normative ranges and equations could help standardize the 3D echocardiography assessment of RV volumes and function in clinical practice, considering the effects of age, sex, and body size.

This study provides different functions for predicting carbon content for Common beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) in Czech Republic for all major tree compartments. The equations are obtained from different studies of Common beech in Central Europe. The data are based on two different inventories of the same stand, making a comparis on between both types, classical and digital inventories. There were compared the obtained results through the data of the different inventories and results from different equations. Eddy-covariance data were given to compare the increment of carbon stored in the studied stand, in order to obtain the best method to predict sequestered carbon in the studied stand.

This study provides different functions for predicting carbon content for Common beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) in Czech Republic for all major tree compartments. The equations are obtained from different studies of Common beech in Central Europe. The data are based on two different inventories of the same stand, making a comparis on between both types, classical and digital inventories. There were compared the obtained results through the data of the different inventories and results from different equations. Eddy-covariance data were given to compare the increment of carbon stored in the studied stand, in order to obtain the best method to predict sequestered carbon in the studied stand.

The exhalant jet flow of mussels in conjunction with currents and/or other mussels may strongly influence the mussels' grazing impact. Literature values of mussel exhalant jet velocity vary considerably and the detailed fluid mechanics of the near-mussel flow generated by the exhalant jet has hitherto been uncertain. Computational modelling of this phenomenon depends on knowledge of the velocity distribution near the exhalant siphon aperture of mussels to provide appropriate boundary conditions for numerical flow models. To be useful such information should be available for a range of mussel shell lengths. Here, we present results of a detailed study of fully open mussels Mytilus edulis in terms of filtration rate, exhalant siphon aperture area, jet velocity, gill area and body dry weight, all as a function of shell length (mean +/- SD) over the range 16.0 +/- 0.4 to 82.6 +/- 2.9 mm, with the corresponding scaling laws also presented. The exhalant jet velocity was determined by 3 methods: (1) measured clearance rate divided by exhalant aperture area, (2) manual particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) using video-microscope recordings, and (3) particle image velocimetry (PIV). The latter provides detailed 2-component velocity distributions near the exhalant siphon in 5 planes parallel to the axis of the jet and the major axis of the oval aperture, and hence estimates of momentum and kinetic energy flows in addition to mean velocity. Data obtained on particles inside the exhalant jet of filtered water was verified by the use of titanium dioxide seeding particles which were de-agglomerated by ultrasound to a size range of 0.7 to 2 mu m prior to addition, to avoid retention by the gill filter of the mussels. We found that exhalant jet velocity was essentially constant at similar to 8 cm s(-1), and independent of shell length. Based on geometric similarity and scaling of mussel pump-system characteristics we found that these characteristics coincide approximately for all siz

The exhalant jet flow of mussels in conjunction with currents and/or other mussels may strongly influence the mussels' grazing impact. Literature values of mussel exhalant jet velocity vary considerably and the detailed fluid mechanics of the near-mussel flow generated by the exhalant jet has hitherto been uncertain. Computational modelling of this phenomenon depends on knowledge of the velocity distribution near the exhalant siphon aperture of mussels to provide appropriate boundary conditions for numerical flow models. To be useful such information should be available for a range of mussel shell lengths. Here, we present results of a detailed study of fully open mussels Mytilus edulis in terms of filtration rate, exhalant siphon aperture area, jet velocity, gill area and body dry weight, all as a function of shell length (mean +/- SD) over the range 16.0 +/- 0.4 to 82.6 +/- 2.9 mm, with the corresponding scaling laws also presented. The exhalant jet velocity was determined by 3 methods: (1) measured clearance rate divided by exhalant aperture area, (2) manual particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) using video-microscope recordings, and (3) particle image velocimetry (PIV). The latter provides detailed 2-component velocity distributions near the exhalant siphon in 5 planes parallel to the axis of the jet and the major axis of the oval aperture, and hence estimates of momentum and kinetic energy flows in addition to mean velocity. Data obtained on particles inside the exhalant jet of filtered water was verified by the use of titanium dioxide seeding particles which were de-agglomerated by ultrasound to a size range of 0.7 to 2 mu m prior to addition, to avoid retention by the gill filter of the mussels. We found that exhalant jet velocity was essentially constant at similar to 8 cm s(-1), and independent of shell length. Based on geometric similarity and scaling of mussel pump-system characteristics we found that these characteristics coincide approximately for all siz

To evaluate the biomass of conifer-broadleaf mixed forests in northern Hokkaido, Japan, the relationships between tree dry masses (including belowground roots) and diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (H) for major three tree species (Quercus crispula Blume, Betula ermanii Cham., and Abies sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Mast.) were calculated. In addition, carbon and nitrogen contents of each tree organ were measured for an accurate estimation of the carbon and nitrogen stocks in the trees. For all three species, one allometric equation explained the relationship between DBH (or DBH2 × H) and the dry masses of whole tree, aboveground total, trunk, branch, and coarse root. Leaf dry mass of Abies, a coniferous species, was higher than that of the two deciduous species at the same DBH. The allometric equations, except that for coniferous leaf, were comparable to previous studies in Hokkaido. The difference in the stand density is a likely reason for the large difference in the coniferous leaf dry mass between studies. Carbon and nitrogen contents for Abies were higher and lower, respectively, than the other two species for all organs (leaf, branch, trunk, and coarse root). Nearly all the measured carbon contents were less than but close to 0.5, and use of the constant value 0.5 caused 1-7% error in the carbon stock estimate of a tree.

To evaluate the biomass of conifer-broadleaf mixed forests in northern Hokkaido, Japan, the relationships between tree dry masses (including belowground roots) and diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (H) for major three tree species (Quercus crispula Blume, Betula ermanii Cham., and Abies sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Mast.) were calculated. In addition, carbon and nitrogen contents of each tree organ were measured for an accurate estimation of the carbon and nitrogen stocks in the trees. For all three species, one allometric equation explained the relationship between DBH (or DBH2 × H) and the dry masses of whole tree, aboveground total, trunk, branch, and coarse root. Leaf dry mass of Abies, a coniferous species, was higher than that of the two deciduous species at the same DBH. The allometric equations, except that for coniferous leaf, were comparable to previous studies in Hokkaido. The difference in the stand density is a likely reason for the large difference in the coniferous leaf dry mass between studies. Carbon and nitrogen contents for Abies were higher and lower, respectively, than the other two species for all organs (leaf, branch, trunk, and coarse root). Nearly all the measured carbon contents were less than but close to 0.5, and use of the constant value 0.5 caused 1-7% error in the carbon stock estimate of a tree.

Cultivation of rubber trees on non-forested land could act as a carbon sink by sequestering carbon in biomass and indirectly in soils. International political and economical interests, following the Kyoto Protocol, require estimates of this carbon sequestration. The carbon stock of two rubber tree plantations (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.) was assessed in two contrasting climatic areas: western region in Ghana (WG; 12-14-year-old) and Mato Grosso (MG; 14-25-year-old) in Brazil. Trees (76 in WG and 210 in MG) spanning a range of stand ages, clone types and planting layouts were felled and partitioned into log, live lignified branches of selected diameter (large, medium and fine), dead branches, non-lignified fine branches, leaves, taproot and lateral roots. Allometric relationships (log-transformed power functions) based on trunk circumference at a height of 170 CM (C] 70) were used to predict the tree foliage, aboveground, belowground and total carbon content (kg C tree(-1)) (r(2) = 0.86-0.99). The way in which carbon content varied as a function of C-170 depended both on components and sites. Sampling plots (25 in WG and 34 in MG) were established in stands of varying ages, clones and planting layouts, to quantify carbon pools. The tree carbon stocks (t C ha(-1)) estimated from the allometric relationships for total tree were fitted as a function of stand age using a non-linear sigmoid curve of Gompertz (total tree r(2) = 0.841 and 0.854 in WG and MG, respectively). Predicted tree carbon stock for 14-year-old stands was 83% higher in WG (76.3 t C ha(-1)) than in MG (41.7 t C ha(-1)), which was partially explained by a difference in tree height growth between the two locations resulting from the contrasting sites. In addition to tree components, the carbon stocks associated with dead wood on the around, understorey vegetation, litter layer, fine roots (0-60 cm), soil organic carbon (0-60 cm) and charcoal (0-60 cm) were assessed using linear mixed models t