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The foremost objective of this study is to reflect the behaviour of hybrid nanofluid towards a permeable porous medium, with consideration of second-order velocity slip and heat absorption impacts on the fluid flow. Two distinct fluids of copper (Cu) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) are reviewed in this study to work out as a hybrid nanofluid flow. The equations of boundary layer flow in the form of partial differential equations are reduced to a system of ODEs by conducting a similarity transformation technique, and the findings that obtained from this study are presented in the respective tables and figures. The effects of involving parameters such as suction, porous medium permeability, heat absorption and second order velocity slip are perceived, as well as our intention in observing the impact of traditional nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid on the fluid flow. Our findings revealed that the hybrid Cu-Al2O3/water nanofluid performs well on the fluid flow behaviour against the mono Al2O3/water nanofluid. Moreover, the participating parameters of porous medium permeability, suction and nanoparticle volume fraction are said to improve the boundary layer thickness, while second-order velocity slip parameter is deemed to decay the fluid flow.

The foremost objective of this study is to reflect the behaviour of hybrid nanofluid towards a permeable porous medium, with consideration of second-order velocity slip and heat absorption impacts on the fluid flow. Two distinct fluids of copper (Cu) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) are reviewed in this study to work out as a hybrid nanofluid flow. The equations of boundary layer flow in the form of partial differential equations are reduced to a system of ODEs by conducting a similarity transformation technique, and the findings that obtained from this study are presented in the respective tables and figures. The effects of involving parameters such as suction, porous medium permeability, heat absorption and second order velocity slip are perceived, as well as our intention in observing the impact of traditional nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid on the fluid flow. Our findings revealed that the hybrid Cu-Al2O3/water nanofluid performs well on the fluid flow behaviour against the mono Al2O3/water nanofluid. Moreover, the participating parameters of porous medium permeability, suction and nanoparticle volume fraction are said to improve the boundary layer thickness, while second-order velocity slip parameter is deemed to decay the fluid flow.

The genetic diversity of the long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from Penang, Malaysia, including Jerejak Island and the mainland area of the state of Penang, Seberang Perai were examined using 1,042 bp control region (CR) segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Twenty haplotypes were described with a single haplotype sharing between the mainland and the island which suggests that it is a remnant of the genetic makeup from the mainland. Compared to previous studies based on the CR, all the Penang haplotypes are newly described with none shared with the other regional populations of M. fascicularis. A single deletion mutation unique to the Penang samples (Groups I and II) could be a good indicator for the conservation of the genetic uniqueness and possibly should be managed as a management unit (MU). A summarised phylogenetic tree (NJ, MP, ML and Bayesian) supports the monophyletic clustering of the M. fascicularis as described in previous studies. The topology separates the Penang haplotypes into three major groups, which generally corresponds to their geographical distribution. We also noted that the Penang haplotypes are of the continental lineage which separated from the insular lineage at around 1.04 mya. Finally, we showed that the CR of the mtDNA is powerful and suitable for the quantification of intraspecific diversity in M. fascicularis.

The genetic diversity of the long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from Penang, Malaysia, including Jerejak Island and the mainland area of the state of Penang, Seberang Perai were examined using 1,042 bp control region (CR) segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Twenty haplotypes were described with a single haplotype sharing between the mainland and the island which suggests that it is a remnant of the genetic makeup from the mainland. Compared to previous studies based on the CR, all the Penang haplotypes are newly described with none shared with the other regional populations of M. fascicularis. A single deletion mutation unique to the Penang samples (Groups I and II) could be a good indicator for the conservation of the genetic uniqueness and possibly should be managed as a management unit (MU). A summarised phylogenetic tree (NJ, MP, ML and Bayesian) supports the monophyletic clustering of the M. fascicularis as described in previous studies. The topology separates the Penang haplotypes into three major groups, which generally corresponds to their geographical distribution. We also noted that the Penang haplotypes are of the continental lineage which separated from the insular lineage at around 1.04 mya. Finally, we showed that the CR of the mtDNA is powerful and suitable for the quantification of intraspecific diversity in M. fascicularis.